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▁son at inas , ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁variations ▁( 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁and ▁I kon ost as ▁for ▁a ▁guitar ▁tun ed ▁in ▁G ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁ ▁The ▁St udi ▁di ▁virt u os ità ▁e ▁di ▁tr asc enden za ▁represent ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁guitar ▁re per toire ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁The ▁title ▁places ▁the ▁collection ▁in ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁Trans c endent al ▁Et udes ▁by ▁Franz ▁Lis zt . ▁Num bers ▁ 1 ▁through ▁ 4 8 ▁have ▁dedic ations ▁that ▁play ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁ident ifying ▁influ ences ▁and ▁trad itions ▁that ▁are ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁composer , ▁and ▁help ▁provide ▁a ▁context ▁in ▁which ▁to ▁interpret ▁the ▁individual ▁et udes . ▁These ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁the ▁guitar ist ▁Crist iano ▁Por qu ed du ▁for ▁Br illiant ▁Class ics . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁written ▁four ▁works ▁for ▁guitar ▁with ▁guitar ▁or chestra , ▁seven ▁concert os ▁for ▁guitar , ▁some ▁in ▁combination ▁with ▁other ▁instruments ▁( including ▁mand olin ▁and ▁accord ion ), ▁and ▁several ▁du ets ▁( for ▁guitar ▁with ▁bass oon , ▁c ello , ▁viol in ▁and ▁v ib raph one ). ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gil ard ino ▁super vised ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁new ▁guitar ▁works ▁by ▁Ed izioni ▁Musical i ▁B è r ben . |
▁He ▁has ▁also ▁discovered ▁the ▁V aria zioni ▁by ▁Ott or ino ▁Res p igh i ▁and ▁several ▁works ▁written ▁for ▁the ▁guitar ist ▁And rés ▁Seg ov ia ▁by ▁Cy ril ▁Scott , ▁Pierre ▁de ▁Br é ville , ▁Len no x ▁Ber keley ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁He ▁was ▁art istic ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁And rés ▁Seg ov ia ▁Foundation ▁of ▁Lin ares ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁the ▁Gu itar ▁Foundation ▁of ▁America ▁con ferred ▁upon ▁him ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Art istic ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁which ▁is ▁reserved ▁for ▁perform ers , ▁compos ers , ▁ped agog ues , ▁and ▁sch ol ars ▁who ▁have ▁made ▁monument al ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁art ▁and ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁classical ▁guitar . ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁" I ▁am ▁not ▁a ▁good ▁interpreter ▁of ▁my ▁own ▁music ▁- ▁I ▁never ▁played ▁it ▁and ▁I ▁avoid ▁giving ▁less ons ▁with ▁my ▁music ▁on ▁the ▁stand . ▁" ▁- ▁rec . music . class ical . gu itar ▁( Jan ▁ 2 3 ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁" I ▁have ▁no ▁connection ▁with ▁my ▁pieces , ▁except ▁when ▁I ▁am ▁compos ing ▁them . ▁Since ▁then , ▁especially ▁when ▁published , ▁they ▁belong ▁to ▁everybody , ▁and ▁I ▁am ▁no ▁longer ▁especially ▁fond ▁of ▁a ▁piece ▁or ▁of ▁another . ▁I ▁feel ▁ins ign ific ant ▁and ▁un important ▁in ▁respect ▁of ▁the ▁music |
▁I ▁write . ▁I ▁have ▁to ▁add ▁- ▁to ▁be ▁quite ▁honest ▁- ▁that ▁when ▁teaching ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁like ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁my ▁own ▁music . ▁[...] ▁when ▁it ▁happens ▁I ▁have ▁to ▁teach ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁my ▁own , ▁I ▁feel ▁rather ▁uncertain ▁about ▁what ▁to ▁say ." ▁- ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Ang elo ▁Gil ard ino ▁" Act ually , ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁to ▁March ▁of ▁this ▁year ▁I ▁was ▁active ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁in ▁a ▁conserv atory ▁and ▁- ▁even ▁without ▁giving ▁concert s ▁- ▁I ▁followed ▁learning ▁a ▁lot ▁about ▁guitar , ▁due ▁mainly ▁to ▁the ▁excell ence ▁of ▁students ▁who ▁have ▁co oper ated ▁with ▁me . ▁But , ▁I ▁confirm , ▁you ▁are ▁right , ▁I ▁am ▁no ▁techn ician ▁at ▁all ▁- ▁my ▁work ▁with ▁players ▁has ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁interpretation . ▁I ▁have ▁taught ▁people ▁who ▁could ▁play ▁much ▁better ▁than ▁I ▁did ▁even ▁when ▁I ▁was ▁a ▁concert ▁player ." ▁rec . music . class ical . gu itar ▁( A ug ▁ 3 1 ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁works ▁ ▁Solo ▁guitar ▁Can zone ▁Not turn a ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁Est rell as ▁para ▁Est are ll as ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁A bre u ana ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁Ara uc aria ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁App alo osa ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁Lu ce at ▁( 1 9 7 |
2 ) ▁T rep id azioni ▁per ▁The bit ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁O c ram ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁Ten eb ra e ▁fact ae ▁sunt ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁St udi ▁di ▁virt u os ità ▁e ▁di ▁tr asc enden za ▁( 1 9 8 1 - 1 9 8 8 ) ▁Son ata ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁( Om aggio ▁ad ▁Antonio ▁Font an esi ) ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁Son ata ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁( H iver n ▁flor it ) ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁V aria zioni ▁sulla ▁F oll ì a ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁Mus ica ▁per ▁l ' ang elo ▁della ▁Mel anch ol ì a ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁V aria zioni ▁sulla ▁Fort una ▁( N ell ' ant ologia ▁Fort une ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁Winter zeit ▁after ▁Robert ▁Sch umann ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Col lo qu io ▁con ▁And rés ▁Seg ov ia ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Son at ine ▁des ▁fle urs ▁et ▁des ▁o ise aux ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Tr í pt ico ▁de ▁las ▁vis iones ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Cat sk ill ▁P ond ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁La ▁casa ▁del ▁far o ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁Son ata ▁Mediter rane a ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Son |
ata ▁del ▁Gu adal qu iv ir ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Ann uncia zione ▁( Om aggio ▁al ▁Be ato ▁Angel ico ) ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁I kon ost as ▁( Om aggio ▁a ▁P avel ▁Flor ensk ij ) ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Memory ▁of ▁Ant in ous ▁( Om aggio ▁a ▁Mar guer ite ▁Your cen ar ) ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁A ▁Qu iet ▁Song ▁- ▁To ▁the ▁Memory ▁of ▁John ▁W . ▁Du arte ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Cant ico ▁di ▁G ub bio ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Son ata ▁di ▁L agon eg ro ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Winter ▁T ales ▁( 2 0 0 8 ; ▁for ▁Russian ▁ 7 - string ▁guitar ) ▁S ette ▁P rel udi ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Gu itar ▁and ▁guitar ▁ensemble ▁Con cer to ▁d ' est ate ▁for ▁guitar ▁and ▁guitar ▁quart et ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁Con cier to ▁de ▁C ór dob a ▁for ▁guitar ▁and ▁guitar ▁quart et ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁Po ema ▁d ' in ver no ▁for ▁guitar ▁and ▁guitar ▁du o ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁Con cer to ▁d ' aut un no ▁for ▁guitar ▁and ▁small ▁guitar ▁or chestra ▁( 1 9 9 4 - 1 9 9 5 ) ▁F este ▁l ont ane ▁for ▁four ▁gu it ars ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Son |
etti ▁gi ul iani ▁for ▁four ▁gu it ars ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Gu itar ▁and ▁or chestra ▁Le ç ons ▁de ▁T én è bres ▁- ▁con cer to ▁for ▁guitar ▁and ▁chamber ▁or chestra ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁F ior i ▁di ▁novembre ▁- ▁con cer to ▁for ▁mand olin , ▁guitar ▁and ▁chamber ▁or chestra ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁Con cer to ▁Ital iano ▁for ▁four ▁gu it ars ▁and ▁or chestra ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁La ▁casa ▁delle ▁om bre ▁- ▁con cer to ▁for ▁fl ute , ▁guitar ▁and ▁strings ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁L ieder kon z ert ▁for ▁two ▁gu it ars ▁and ▁chamber ▁or chestra ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁En ▁las ▁tier ras ▁alt as ▁- ▁con cer to ▁for ▁accord ion , ▁guitar ▁and ▁strings ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁Star ▁of ▁the ▁Mor ning ▁for ▁guitar , ▁c ello ▁and ▁or chestra ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Con cer to - Ser en ata ▁for ▁bass ▁clar inet , ▁guitar ▁and ▁strings ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Con cer to ▁di ▁Nov gor od ▁for ▁Russian ▁seven - string ▁guitar ▁and ▁or chestra ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Con cer to ▁di ▁O li ena ▁for ▁guitar ▁and ▁or chestra ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Chamber ▁music ▁P reg hi ere ▁per ▁gli ▁innoc enti ▁for ▁voice ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 1 9 9 7 |
) ▁Can z oni ▁d iment icate ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁Son at ina - L ied ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁for ▁bass oon ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁Son at ina - L ied ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁for ▁viol in ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Fant asia ▁concert ante ▁sul ▁Gran ▁Solo ▁op . ▁ 1 4 ▁di ▁Sor ▁for ▁viol in , ▁vi ola , ▁c ello ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Ret r ato ▁de ▁And rés ▁Seg ov ia ▁for ▁string ▁or chestra ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁Son ata ▁Rom ant ica ▁( Hom age ▁to ▁Franz ▁Sch ub ert ) ▁for ▁c ello ▁and ▁guitar : ▁an ▁elabor ation ▁of ▁the ▁piece ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁by ▁Manuel ▁M . ▁P once ▁for ▁solo ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Ret r ato ▁de ▁Francisco ▁T ár reg a ▁for ▁chamber ▁or chestra ▁with ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Part ita ▁for ▁v ib raph one ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Son at ina - L ied ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁for ▁fl ute ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁I ber ia ▁( da ▁Alb én iz ▁e ▁T ár reg a ) ▁for ▁fl ute , ▁vi ola ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Son at ina - L ied ▁No . ▁ 4 ▁for ▁mand olin ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 |
0 6 ) ▁Quart etto ▁" I ▁cast elli ▁d ' ac qua " ▁for ▁two ▁mand ol ins , ▁mand ola ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Son at ina - L ied ▁No . ▁ 5 ▁for ▁ob oe ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Quint etto ▁di ▁Lu ced io ▁for ▁guitar ▁and ▁string ▁quart et ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁T rio ▁- ▁F ior i ▁del ▁deser to ▁for ▁fl ute , ▁vi ola ▁and ▁guitar ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Ch itar ra ▁Batt ente ▁▁▁ ▁Al bero ▁solit ario ▁- ▁ric ordo ▁della ▁grande ▁pit tr ice ▁Luc ana ▁Maria ▁Pad ula ▁for ▁Ch itar ra ▁batt ente ▁and ▁Gu itar ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁for ▁Cord amin azioni ▁( Mar cel lo ▁De ▁Carol is ▁and ▁Lu ca ▁Fab riz io ) ▁ ▁Con cer to ▁di ▁M ater a ▁for ▁ch itar ra ▁batt ente ▁and ▁ten ▁instruments ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁for ▁Marcel lo ▁De ▁Carol is ▁ ▁Complete ▁disc ography ▁ ▁Gil ard ino ▁as ▁perform er ▁LP : ▁Series ▁of ▁Contempor ary ▁Gu itar ▁Music ▁- ▁Ang elo ▁Gil ard ino ▁plays ▁H aug , ▁W iss mer , ▁Du arte , ▁T ans man , ▁Ber keley ▁La ▁Ch itar ra ▁Nel ▁Sec olo ▁XX ▁- ▁Vol . ▁I , ▁Compos itori ▁Italian i ▁( R os etta , ▁Ch ail ly , ▁Mag h ini , ▁B ett |
in elli , ▁Mos so ) ▁ ▁Gil ard ino ' s ▁compos itions ▁played ▁by ▁others ▁L UI G I ▁AT TA DE MO ▁- ▁plays ▁" V aria zioni ▁sulla ▁F oll ì a " ▁CD ▁" F ol ías " ▁Gu it art ▁Collection ▁Gu it ▁ 2 0 2 6 ▁www . lu ig iat ta demo . it ▁ ▁G I AN L U CA ▁B AR BER O ▁plays ▁" Studio ▁n . ▁ 6 ▁– ▁So led ad ▁- ▁Om aggio ▁a ▁Francisco ▁Go ya " ▁" Studio ▁n . ▁ 4 7 ▁– ▁Le ▁rose ▁sulla ▁ne ve ▁– ▁In ▁memor iam ▁E so ▁Pel uz zi " ▁Map ▁– ▁L r ▁C d ▁ 1 1 6 ▁ ▁L UI G I ▁B IS C AL DI ▁and ▁Q U ART ET TO ▁DI ▁A ST I ▁plays ▁" Con cer to ▁d ' est ate " ▁per ▁ch itar ra ▁sol a ▁e ▁quart etto ▁di ▁ch itar re ▁" Con cier to ▁de ▁C ór dob a " ▁para ▁guitar ra ▁sol ista ▁y ▁cu art eto ▁de ▁gu it arr as ▁B ER CD ▁ 8 3 3 - 2 ▁B è r ben ▁ ▁P I ER O ▁B ON AG URI ▁es eg ue ▁" Col lo qu io ▁con ▁And rés ▁Seg ov ia " ▁" P oc ci ▁ 2 0 0 4 " ▁Gu itar ▁Reference ▁V P ▁Music ▁Media ▁ ▁Ch itar rist a ▁M |
IC HA EL ▁BR ACK EN ▁plays ▁" S on ata ▁n . ▁ 2 ▁– ▁H iver n ▁Flor it " ▁" Good ▁News " ▁At ma ▁Dis ques ▁ ▁T RI O ▁C ITH A RO ED IA ▁plays ▁" Po ema ▁d ' in ver no " ▁per ▁tre ▁ch itar re ▁" F er enc ▁F ark as , ▁Ang elo ▁Gil ard ino ▁Complete ▁works ▁for ▁Gu itar ▁T rio " ▁N IC ▁ 1 0 5 1 ▁- ▁Gu it art ▁Collection ▁ ▁AN GE LO ▁COL ONE ▁plays ▁" Studio ▁n . ▁ 1 8 ▁– ▁Om aggio ▁a ▁de ▁F alla " ▁" S int esi " ▁Map ▁– ▁L r ▁C d ▁ 0 8 7 ▁ ▁AN GE LO ▁COL ONE ▁es eg ue ▁plays ▁" T ema ▁con ▁var ia zioni ▁( Om aggio ▁a ▁Fernando ▁Sor )" ▁" Gi à ▁la ▁pi og gia ▁è ▁con ▁no i ▁( Om aggio ▁a ▁Salv atore ▁Qu as im odo )" ▁" S ac r ific io " ▁( Om aggio ▁ad ▁Ag ust in ▁Bar rios ▁Mang or é ) ▁" Con cer to ▁per ▁ch itar ra ▁e ▁or chestra ▁da ▁camera ▁– ▁Le ç ons ▁de ▁T én è bres " ▁" J ondo ▁( Om aggio ▁a ▁Jo aqu in ▁Tur ina ) ▁" So led ad ▁( Om aggio ▁a ▁Francisco ▁Go ya ) ▁" Pa es aggio ▁luc ano ▁( Om aggio ▁al ▁pitt ore ▁Mau ro |
▁M asi )" ▁CD ▁" Ang elo ▁Ang elo " ▁www . angel oc ol one . it ▁ ▁MAR CO ▁DE ▁S ANT I ▁plays ▁" Qu attro ▁St udi ▁di ▁virt u os ità ▁e ▁di ▁tr asc enden za " ▁" O c ram " ▁E MI ▁I . 0 7 1 ▁ ▁W ILL I AM ▁F E AS LE Y ▁plays ▁" So led ad ▁( Om aggio ▁a ▁Francisco ▁Go ya )" ▁" E cho es ▁of ▁Go ya " ▁S ON OR A ▁SO 2 2 5 8 7 CD ▁ ▁F AB IO ▁F ED ER IC O ▁plays ▁" E leg ia ▁di ▁marzo " ▁" Med iter rane a " ▁" Al le lu ia " ▁" El ▁ros ario " ▁" J ondo " ▁CD ▁" Est ud ios " ▁Et now orld ▁Class ical ▁www . fab io f eder ico . com ▁ ▁RE Z A ▁G AN J AV I ▁plays ▁" C anz oni ▁D iment icate " ▁per ▁var ie ▁forma zioni ▁a ▁du o ▁con ▁ch itar ra ▁CD ▁" In ▁Friend ship " ▁ ▁T IL MAN ▁H OP P ST O CK ▁plays ▁" E t ude ▁n . ▁ 3 " ▁CD ▁" The ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Gu itar " ▁Sign um ▁Sig X 9 0 - 0 0 ▁ ▁L UI G I ▁G IF FI ▁plays ▁" E leg ia ▁di ▁marzo " ▁" S ac r ific io |
" ▁" Qu att u or ▁in ▁Mus ica " ▁ ▁MAR TH A ▁MA ST ERS ▁plays ▁" Col lo qu io ▁con ▁And rés ▁Seg ov ia " ▁CD ▁" V i aggio ▁in ▁Italia " ▁G SP 1 0 3 1 CD ▁ ▁L UC IO ▁M AT AR A Z Z O ▁plays ▁" Qu attro ▁St udi ▁di ▁virt u os ità ▁e ▁di ▁tr asc enden za " ▁CD ▁" LM ▁& ▁friends " ▁CD ▁G U IT ART ▁COL LECT ION ▁ ▁AL BER TO ▁M ES IR CA ▁plays ▁" An n uncia zione ▁– ▁Om aggio ▁al ▁Be ato ▁Angel ico " ▁" I kon ost as ▁– ▁Om aggio ▁a ▁P avel ▁Flor ensk ij ▁" I kon ost as " ▁Map ▁– ▁L r ▁C d ▁ 1 1 2 ▁ ▁M IC HA EL ▁P ART ING T ON ▁plays ▁" Studio ▁n . ▁ 1 2 ▁( Om aggio ▁a ▁Pro k of iev )" ▁" 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Gu itar " ▁Ros ere cord ▁Rose ▁ 1 0 0 4 CD ▁ ▁C RI ST I AN O ▁P OR QU ED DU ▁plays ▁" S on ata ▁n . ▁ 2 ▁- ▁H iver n ▁Flor it " ▁" Em bar qu ement ▁pour ▁C ith ère " ▁" Om aggio ▁a ▁Serge j ▁Pro k of ' ev " ▁" Les ▁ar bres ▁r oug es " ▁Se ic orde ▁ 1 8 8 IT ▁www |
. c rist ian op or qu ed du . com ▁ ▁C RI ST I AN O ▁P OR QU ED DU ▁plays ▁" St ud ies ▁ 1 - 1 2 " ▁CD ▁Tr asc endent ia ▁Vol . I ▁Se ic orde ▁ 1 8 8 IT ▁www . tr asc endent ia . com ▁ ▁C RI ST I AN O ▁P OR QU ED DU ▁plays ▁" St ud ies ▁ 1 3 - 2 4 " ▁Tr asc endent ia ▁Vol . II ▁Se ic orde ▁ 1 8 8 IT ▁www . tr asc endent ia . com ▁ ▁C RI ST I AN O ▁P OR QU ED DU ▁plays ▁" St ud ies ▁ 2 5 - 3 6 " ▁Tr asc endent ia ▁Vol . III ▁Se ic orde ▁ 1 8 8 IT ▁www . tr asc endent ia . com ▁ ▁C RI ST I AN O ▁P OR QU ED DU ▁plays ▁" St ud ies ▁ 3 7 - 4 8 " ▁Tr asc endent ia ▁Vol ▁IV ▁Se ic orde ▁S NR 0 1 9 ▁www . tr asc endent ia . com ▁ ▁C RI ST I AN O ▁P OR QU ED DU ▁plays ▁" St ud ies ▁ 4 9 - 6 0 " ▁Tr asc endent ia ▁Vol ▁V ▁www . tr asc endent ia . com ▁ ▁MAR CE LL O ▁R IVE LL I ▁plays ▁" S on ata ▁n . ▁ |
2 ▁- ▁H iver n ▁Flor it " ▁Gu it art ▁Collection ▁Gu it ▁ 2 0 3 0 ▁ ▁G I AN L U CA ▁S AB B AD IN ▁plays ▁" Studio ▁n . ▁ 4 7 ▁– ▁Le ▁rose ▁sulla ▁ne ve " ▁" Studio ▁n , ▁ 1 8 ▁– ▁El ▁ros ario " ▁" Studio ▁n . ▁ 4 ▁– ▁E leg ia ▁di ▁marzo " ▁CD ▁" Rec ital ▁per ▁ch itar ra ▁sol a " ▁ ▁G I U LI O ▁T AMP AL IN I ▁plays ▁" Work s ▁for ▁Gu itar ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 4 " ▁www . gi uli ot amp al ini . it ▁ ▁C ORD AM IN A Z ION I ▁( MA R CE LL O ▁DE ▁CA RO L IS ▁- ▁L U CA ▁F AB RI Z IO ) ▁plays ▁" Al bero ▁solit ario ▁- ▁ric ordo ▁della ▁grande ▁pit tr ice ▁luc ana ▁Maria ▁Pad ula " ▁www . cord amin azioni . com ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁Ann ala , ▁Hann u ▁and ▁M ät lik , ▁He iki , ▁" G il ard ino , ▁Ang elo ", ▁Hand book ▁of ▁Gu itar ▁and ▁L ute ▁Compos ers , ▁Mel ▁Bay ▁Publications , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁p . 7 7 . ▁ ▁Col onna , ▁Maur izio , ▁" G il ard ino , ▁Ang elo " ▁in ▁Ch itar rist i |
- compos itori ▁del ▁XX ▁secolo : ▁le ▁ide e ▁e ▁le ▁loro ▁consegu enze , ▁F . ▁M uzz io , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁p . 3 1 5 . ▁ ▁Gu itar ▁Foundation ▁of ▁America , ▁Art istic ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁( 2 0 0 9 ): ▁Ang elo ▁Gil ard ino ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ang elo ▁Gil ard ino ▁Website ▁Ang elo ▁Gil ard ino ▁official ▁website ▁AG ▁B log ▁ ▁Ang elo ▁Gil ard ino ▁official ▁blog ▁ ▁Inter views ▁Inter view ▁( by ▁Is ol de ▁Sch au pp ) ▁ ▁Record ings ▁LP ▁record ings ▁/ ▁Lin er ▁Notes ▁( O vi att ▁Library ▁Digital ▁Col lections ▁- ▁restricted ▁access ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Com pos ers ▁for ▁the ▁classical ▁guitar ▁Category : Ital ian ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Ital ian ▁classical ▁guitar ists ▁Category : M ale ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Ital ian ▁male ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Ital ian ▁music olog ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ver cel li ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁guitar ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁guitar ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Italian ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Italian ▁male ▁mus icians ▁Category : 2 1 st |
- century ▁male ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Cook , ▁Ser ve , ▁Del icious ! ▁ 3 ▁( st yl ized ▁as ▁ 3 ? !) ▁is ▁an ▁up coming ▁restaurant ▁simulation ▁game ▁developed ▁by ▁Vert igo ▁G aming . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁Ste am ▁early ▁access ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁and ▁will ▁be ▁fully ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁sequ el ▁to ▁Cook , ▁Ser ve , ▁Del icious ! ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁Cook , ▁Ser ve , ▁Del icious ! ▁ 3 ▁narr atively ▁follows ▁the ▁previous ▁game ▁in ▁a ▁d yst op ian ▁America ▁in ▁ 2 0 4 2 ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁rav aged ▁by ▁war , ▁which ▁had ▁caused ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁restaurant . ▁Two ▁search ▁and ▁recovery ▁android s , ▁ ▁Cle aver ▁and ▁Wh isk ▁( vo iced ▁by ▁Hav ana ▁Mah oney ▁and ▁ ▁N ega ory x , ▁respectively ) ▁find ▁the ▁chef ▁( the ▁player - character ) ▁still ▁alive , ▁and ▁offer ▁them ▁their ▁tr uck ▁to ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁food ▁tr uck ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁restaurant . ▁They ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁food ▁tr uck ▁championship ▁as ▁the ▁game ▁progress es . ▁ ▁As ▁with ▁previous ▁Cook , ▁Ser ve , ▁Del icious ▁games , ▁the ▁player ▁is ▁challeng ed ▁to ▁make ▁d ishes ▁to ▁customer ▁order ▁at ▁various ▁prep ▁and ▁holding ▁stations ▁within ▁the ▁food ▁tr uck . ▁Prior ▁to ▁each ▁day |
, ▁the ▁player ▁assemb les ▁a ▁menu ▁of ▁five ▁to ▁eight ▁d ishes , ▁each ▁d ish ▁having ▁a ▁point ▁value ▁from ▁zero ▁to ▁five ▁representing ▁how ▁difficult ▁it ▁is ▁to ▁prep . ▁C ertain ▁days ▁may ▁require ▁a ▁minimum ▁point ▁value ▁or ▁specific ▁number ▁of ▁d ishes ▁with ▁a ▁specific ▁point ▁value , ▁or ▁feature ▁food s ▁of ▁a ▁specific ▁type ▁or ▁requiring ▁a ▁specific ▁cook ing ▁step . ▁After ▁establish ing ▁a ▁menu ▁for ▁the ▁day , ▁the ▁food ▁tr uck ▁sets ▁off ▁for ▁the ▁day , ▁making ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁stops . ▁Prior ▁to ▁each ▁stop , ▁the ▁player ▁can ▁use ▁holding ▁stations ▁to ▁cook ▁ready - to - serve ▁me als , ▁and ▁make ▁get ▁special ▁orders ▁to ▁prepare ▁at ▁the ▁prep ▁stations ▁to ▁serve ▁once ▁at ▁the ▁next ▁stop . ▁At ▁each ▁stop , ▁the ▁player ▁either ▁can ▁serve ▁completed ▁d ishes ▁from ▁the ▁prep ▁or ▁holding ▁stations , ▁or ▁make ▁need ▁to ▁make ▁custom ▁orders ▁for ▁certain ▁d ishes , ▁but ▁has ▁a ▁limited ▁amount ▁of ▁time ▁to ▁serve ▁all ▁waiting ▁customers . ▁Pre par ing ▁d ishes ▁requires ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁keyboard - and - mouse ▁or ▁controller ▁actions , ▁item ized ▁on - screen , ▁though ▁with ▁most ▁d ishes ▁the ▁customer ▁may ▁wish ▁for ▁custom ▁prepar ation ▁on ▁their ▁d ish ▁( such ▁as ▁cond iments ▁on ▁a ▁h amb urger ) ▁which ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁follow . ▁The ▁player ▁is ▁ranked ▁based ▁on ▁how ▁many ▁orders ▁they ▁serve ▁both ▁in ▁a ▁fixed ▁time |
▁period ▁once ▁the ▁order ▁is ▁placed , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁custom ▁prepar ation , ▁and ▁pen al ized ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁complete ▁orders ▁or ▁for ▁missing ▁key ▁cook ing ▁steps ▁like ▁cook ing ▁meat . ▁After ▁comple ting ▁the ▁day , ▁the ▁player ▁is ▁reward ed ▁with ▁in - game ▁currency ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁buy ▁new ▁reci pes ▁and ▁improved ▁equipment ▁for ▁the ▁tr uck . ▁▁ ▁Some ▁game play ▁changes ▁are ▁made ▁in ▁Cook , ▁Ser ve , ▁Del icious ! ▁ 3 ▁from ▁past ▁titles . ▁With ▁the ▁food ▁tr uck ▁setting ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁any ▁ch ores ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁completed . ▁The ▁player ▁also ▁has ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁use ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁android ▁drivers ▁to ▁serve ▁off ▁all ▁completed ▁orders ▁while ▁the ▁player ▁comple tes ▁other ▁orders . ▁Each ▁day ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁run ▁in ▁a ▁" Ch ill " ▁mode , ▁reducing ▁the ▁number ▁and ▁rate ▁of ▁orders ▁to ▁be ▁processed ▁but ▁reducing ▁the ▁potential ▁re wards ▁the ▁player ▁ear ns ▁from ▁comple ting ▁a ▁run . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this ▁main ▁campaign ▁mode , ▁the ▁game ▁introdu ces ▁a ▁" Z en ▁campaign " ▁that ▁is ▁less ▁inten se ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁timing ▁dem ands . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁early ▁access ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁for ▁Microsoft ▁Windows , ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁release ▁for ▁Microsoft ▁Windows , ▁Play Station ▁ 4 , ▁X box ▁One ▁and ▁N intendo ▁Switch ▁in ▁ 2 0 |
2 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Cook , ▁Ser ve , ▁Del icious ! ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Up coming ▁video ▁games ▁scheduled ▁for ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Category : E ar ly ▁access ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Multi player ▁and ▁single - player ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Cook ing ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Windows ▁games ▁Category : Play Station ▁ 4 ▁games ▁Category : X box ▁One ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁Switch ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Bag h - e ▁Mol la ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁B ā gh - e ▁M oll ā ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ch ah ar ▁Gon bad ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Sir jan ▁County , ▁K erman ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁in ▁ 3 1 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sir jan ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathematics , ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁is ▁a ▁result ▁in ▁measure ▁theory . ▁It ▁involves ▁a ▁meas urable ▁space ▁ ▁on ▁which ▁two ▁ σ - finite ▁measures ▁are ▁defined , ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁It ▁states ▁that , ▁if ▁ ▁( i . e . ▁ ▁is ▁absolutely ▁continuous ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁), ▁then ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁meas urable ▁function ▁, ▁such ▁that ▁for ▁any ▁meas urable ▁set ▁, ▁ |
▁The ▁function ▁ ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁derivative ▁and ▁is ▁denoted ▁by ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁theorem ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Johann ▁Rad on , ▁who ▁proved ▁the ▁theorem ▁for ▁the ▁special ▁case ▁where ▁the ▁underlying ▁space ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁and ▁for ▁Otto ▁Nik od ym ▁who ▁proved ▁the ▁general ▁case ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Hans ▁Fre udent hal ▁generalized ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁by ▁prov ing ▁the ▁Fre udent hal ▁spectral ▁theorem , ▁a ▁result ▁in ▁R iesz ▁space ▁theory ; ▁this ▁contains ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁case . ▁ ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Ban ach ▁space ▁and ▁the ▁general ization ▁of ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁also ▁holds , ▁mut atis ▁mut andis , ▁for ▁functions ▁with ▁values ▁in ▁, ▁then ▁ ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁property . ▁All ▁Hil bert ▁spaces ▁have ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁property . ▁ ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁derivative ▁The ▁function ▁ ▁satisfying ▁the ▁above ▁equality ▁is ▁uniqu ely ▁defined ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁- null ▁set , ▁that ▁is , ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁another ▁function ▁which ▁satisfies ▁the ▁same ▁property , ▁then ▁ ▁- al most ▁everywhere . ▁ ▁is ▁commonly ▁written ▁ ▁and ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym |
▁derivative . ▁The ▁choice ▁of ▁notation ▁and ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁function ▁reflect s ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁function ▁is ▁analog ous ▁to ▁a ▁derivative ▁in ▁calculus ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁that ▁it ▁describes ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁change ▁of ▁density ▁of ▁one ▁measure ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁another ▁( the ▁way ▁the ▁Jacob ian ▁determin ant ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁mult ivari able ▁integration ). ▁A ▁similar ▁theorem ▁can ▁be ▁proven ▁for ▁signed ▁and ▁complex ▁measures : ▁namely , ▁that ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁non negative ▁ σ - finite ▁measure , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁finite - valu ed ▁signed ▁or ▁complex ▁measure ▁such ▁that ▁, ▁i . e . ▁ ▁is ▁absolutely ▁continuous ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁, ▁then ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁- inte gra ble ▁real - ▁or ▁complex - valu ed ▁function ▁ ▁on ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁for ▁every ▁meas urable ▁set ▁, ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁examples , ▁the ▁set ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁real ▁interval ▁[ 0 , 1 ], ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁Bor el ▁s igma - algebra ▁on ▁. ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁length ▁measure ▁on ▁. ▁ ▁assign s ▁to ▁each ▁subset ▁ ▁of ▁, ▁twice ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁. ▁Then , ▁. ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁length ▁measure ▁on ▁. ▁ ▁assign s ▁to ▁each ▁subset ▁ ▁of ▁, ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁points ▁from ▁the ▁set ▁{ 0 . 1 , ▁... , ▁ 0 . 9 } ▁that ▁are ▁contained ▁in ▁. ▁Then , ▁ ▁is ▁not ▁absolutely - continu ous ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁ |
▁since ▁it ▁assign s ▁non - zero ▁measure ▁to ▁zero - length ▁points . ▁Indeed , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁derivative ▁: ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁finite ▁function ▁that , ▁when ▁integrated ▁e . g . ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁, ▁gives ▁ ▁for ▁all ▁. ▁ ▁, ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁length ▁measure ▁on ▁X ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁Di rac ▁measure ▁on ▁ 0 ▁( it ▁assign s ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁ 1 ▁to ▁any ▁set ▁containing ▁ 0 ▁and ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁ 0 ▁to ▁any ▁other ▁set ). ▁Then , ▁ ▁is ▁absolutely ▁continuous ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁– ▁the ▁derivative ▁is ▁ 0 ▁at ▁ ▁and ▁ 1 ▁at ▁. ▁ ▁App lications ▁The ▁theorem ▁is ▁very ▁important ▁in ▁extending ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁probability ▁theory ▁from ▁probability ▁masses ▁and ▁probability ▁dens ities ▁defined ▁over ▁real ▁numbers ▁to ▁probability ▁measures ▁defined ▁over ▁arbitrary ▁sets . ▁It ▁tells ▁if ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁change ▁from ▁one ▁probability ▁measure ▁to ▁another . ▁Specifically , ▁the ▁probability ▁density ▁function ▁of ▁a ▁random ▁variable ▁is ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁derivative ▁of ▁the ▁induced ▁measure ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁some ▁base ▁measure ▁( us ually ▁the ▁Leb es gue ▁measure ▁for ▁continuous ▁random ▁variables ). ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁prove ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁conditional ▁expectation ▁for ▁probability ▁measures . ▁The ▁latter ▁itself ▁is ▁a ▁key ▁concept ▁in ▁probability ▁theory , ▁as ▁conditional ▁probability ▁is ▁just ▁a ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁it . ▁ ▁Among st ▁other |
▁fields , ▁financial ▁mathematics ▁uses ▁the ▁theorem ▁extens ively , ▁in ▁particular ▁via ▁the ▁G irs an ov ▁theorem . ▁Such ▁changes ▁of ▁probability ▁measure ▁are ▁the ▁corner stone ▁of ▁the ▁rational ▁pr icing ▁of ▁derivatives ▁and ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁converting ▁actual ▁prob abilities ▁into ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁risk ▁neutral ▁prob abilities . ▁ ▁Properties ▁ ▁Let ▁ ν , ▁ μ , ▁and ▁ λ ▁be ▁ σ - finite ▁measures ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁measure ▁space . ▁If ▁ ν ▁ <0xE2> <0x89> <0xAA> ▁ λ ▁and ▁ μ ▁ <0xE2> <0x89> <0xAA> ▁ λ ▁( ν ▁and ▁ μ ▁are ▁both ▁ ▁absolutely ▁continuous ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁ λ ), ▁then ▁▁▁ ▁If ▁ ν ▁ <0xE2> <0x89> <0xAA> ▁ μ ▁ <0xE2> <0x89> <0xAA> ▁ λ , ▁then ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁particular , ▁if ▁ μ ▁ <0xE2> <0x89> <0xAA> ▁ ν ▁and ▁ ν ▁ <0xE2> <0x89> <0xAA> ▁ μ , ▁then ▁▁▁ ▁If ▁ μ ▁ <0xE2> <0x89> <0xAA> ▁ λ ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁ μ - inte gra ble ▁function , ▁then ▁▁▁ ▁If ▁ ν ▁is ▁a ▁finite ▁signed ▁or ▁complex ▁measure , ▁then ▁ ▁Further ▁applications ▁ ▁Information ▁diver gen ces ▁If ▁ μ ▁and ▁ ν ▁are ▁measures ▁over ▁, ▁and ▁ μ ▁ <0xE2> <0x89> <0xAA> ▁ ν ▁▁ ▁The ▁K ull back – Le ib ler ▁diver gence ▁from ▁ μ ▁to ▁ ν ▁is ▁defined ▁to ▁be ▁▁▁ ▁For ▁α ▁> ▁ 0 , ▁α ▁ ≠ ▁ 1 ▁the ▁Ré |
ny i ▁diver gence ▁of ▁order ▁α ▁from ▁ μ ▁to ▁ ν ▁is ▁defined ▁to ▁be ▁ ▁The ▁assumption ▁of ▁ σ - f init eness ▁The ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁makes ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁the ▁measure ▁ μ ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁which ▁one ▁comput es ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁change ▁of ▁ ν ▁is ▁ σ - finite . ▁Here ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁when ▁ μ ▁is ▁not ▁ σ - finite ▁and ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁fails ▁to ▁hold . ▁ ▁Consider ▁the ▁Bor el ▁ σ - algebra ▁on ▁the ▁real ▁line . ▁Let ▁the ▁counting ▁measure , ▁, ▁of ▁a ▁Bor el ▁set ▁ ▁be ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁elements ▁of ▁ ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁finite , ▁and ▁ ▁otherwise . ▁One ▁can ▁check ▁that ▁ ▁is ▁indeed ▁a ▁measure . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁- finite , ▁as ▁not ▁every ▁Bor el ▁set ▁is ▁at ▁most ▁a ▁count able ▁union ▁of ▁finite ▁sets . ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁usual ▁Leb es gue ▁measure ▁on ▁this ▁Bor el ▁algebra . ▁Then , ▁ ▁is ▁absolutely ▁continuous ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁, ▁since ▁for ▁a ▁set ▁ ▁one ▁has ▁ ▁only ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁empty ▁set , ▁and ▁then ▁ ▁is ▁also ▁zero . ▁ ▁Assume ▁that ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁holds , ▁that ▁is , ▁for ▁some ▁meas urable ▁function ▁ ▁one ▁has ▁ ▁for ▁all ▁Bor el ▁sets . ▁T aking ▁ ▁to ▁be |
▁a ▁singleton ▁set , ▁ ▁and ▁using ▁the ▁above ▁equality , ▁one ▁finds ▁ ▁for ▁all ▁real ▁numbers ▁. ▁This ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁function ▁, ▁and ▁therefore ▁the ▁Leb es gue ▁measure ▁, ▁is ▁zero , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁contradiction . ▁ ▁Proof ▁This ▁section ▁gives ▁a ▁measure - the or etic ▁proof ▁of ▁the ▁theorem . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁functional - anal yt ic ▁proof , ▁using ▁Hil bert ▁space ▁methods , ▁that ▁was ▁first ▁given ▁by ▁von ▁Ne umann . ▁ ▁For ▁finite ▁measures ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁the ▁idea ▁is ▁to ▁consider ▁functions ▁ ▁with ▁. ▁The ▁supre m um ▁of ▁all ▁such ▁functions , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁monot one ▁convergence ▁theorem , ▁then ▁furn ishes ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁derivative . ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁remaining ▁part ▁of ▁ ▁is ▁singular ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁ ▁follows ▁from ▁a ▁technical ▁fact ▁about ▁finite ▁measures . ▁Once ▁the ▁result ▁is ▁established ▁for ▁finite ▁measures , ▁extending ▁to ▁- finite , ▁signed , ▁and ▁complex ▁measures ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁naturally . ▁The ▁details ▁are ▁given ▁below . ▁ ▁For ▁finite ▁measures ▁First , ▁suppose ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁both ▁finite - valu ed ▁non negative ▁measures . ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁those ▁meas urable ▁functions ▁ ▁such ▁that : ▁ ▁, ▁since ▁it ▁contains ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁zero ▁function . ▁Now ▁let ▁, ▁and ▁suppose ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁meas urable ▁set , ▁and ▁define : ▁ ▁Then ▁one ▁has ▁ ▁and ▁therefore , ▁. ▁ |
▁Now , ▁let ▁be ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁functions ▁in ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁ ▁By ▁replacing ▁ ▁with ▁the ▁maximum ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁ ▁functions , ▁one ▁can ▁assume ▁that ▁the ▁sequence ▁ ▁is ▁increasing . ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁an ▁extended - valu ed ▁function ▁defined ▁as ▁ ▁By ▁Leb es gue ' s ▁monot one ▁convergence ▁theorem , ▁one ▁has ▁ ▁for ▁each ▁, ▁and ▁hence , ▁. ▁Also , ▁by ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁, ▁ ▁Now , ▁since ▁, ▁ ▁defines ▁a ▁non negative ▁measure ▁on ▁. ▁Suppose ▁; ▁then , ▁since ▁ ▁is ▁finite , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁. ▁Let ▁( P , N ) ▁be ▁a ▁H ahn ▁decomposition ▁for ▁the ▁signed ▁measure ▁. ▁Note ▁that ▁for ▁every ▁ ▁one ▁has ▁, ▁and ▁hence , ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁indicator ▁function ▁of ▁. ▁Also , ▁note ▁that ▁; ▁for ▁if ▁, ▁then ▁( since ▁ ▁is ▁absolutely ▁continuous ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁) ▁, ▁so ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁contradict ing ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁. ▁ ▁Then , ▁since ▁▁ ▁and ▁satisfies ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁impossible ; ▁therefore , ▁the ▁initial ▁assumption ▁that ▁ ▁must ▁be ▁false . ▁Hence , ▁, ▁as ▁desired . ▁ ▁Now , ▁since ▁ ▁is ▁- inte gra ble , ▁the ▁set ▁is ▁- null . ▁Therefore , ▁if ▁a ▁ ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁ ▁then ▁ ▁has ▁the ▁desired ▁properties . ▁ ▁As ▁for ▁the ▁uniqu eness , ▁let ▁ ▁be ▁meas urable ▁functions ▁satisfying ▁ ▁for ▁every ▁meas urable ▁set |
▁. ▁Then , ▁ ▁is ▁- inte gra ble , ▁and ▁ ▁In ▁particular , ▁for ▁ ▁or ▁ ▁It ▁follows ▁that ▁ ▁and ▁so , ▁that ▁ ▁- al most ▁everywhere ; ▁the ▁same ▁is ▁true ▁for ▁, ▁and ▁thus , ▁ ▁- al most ▁everywhere , ▁as ▁desired . ▁ ▁For ▁- finite ▁positive ▁measures ▁If ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁- finite , ▁then ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁written ▁as ▁the ▁union ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁ ▁of ▁dis joint ▁sets ▁in ▁, ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁finite ▁measure ▁under ▁both ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁For ▁each ▁, ▁by ▁the ▁finite ▁case , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁- me as urable ▁function ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁ ▁for ▁each ▁- me as urable ▁subset ▁ ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁sum ▁of ▁those ▁functions ▁is ▁then ▁the ▁required ▁function ▁such ▁that ▁. ▁▁ ▁As ▁for ▁the ▁uniqu eness , ▁since ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁is ▁- al most ▁everywhere ▁unique , ▁then ▁so ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁For ▁signed ▁and ▁complex ▁measures ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁- finite ▁signed ▁measure , ▁then ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁H ahn – J ord an ▁decom posed ▁as ▁ ▁where ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁measures ▁is ▁finite . ▁App lying ▁the ▁previous ▁result ▁to ▁those ▁two ▁measures , ▁one ▁obtain s ▁two ▁functions , ▁, ▁satisfying ▁the ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁for ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁respectively , ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁- inte gra ble ▁( i . e ., ▁its ▁integral ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁ ▁is ▁finite |
). ▁It ▁is ▁clear ▁then ▁that ▁ ▁satisfies ▁the ▁required ▁properties , ▁including ▁uniqu eness , ▁since ▁both ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁unique ▁up ▁to ▁- al most ▁everywhere ▁equality . ▁ ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁complex ▁measure , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁decom posed ▁as ▁, ▁where ▁both ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁finite - valu ed ▁signed ▁measures . ▁App lying ▁the ▁above ▁argument , ▁one ▁obtain s ▁two ▁functions , ▁, ▁satisfying ▁the ▁required ▁properties ▁for ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁respectively . ▁Clear ly , ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁required ▁function . ▁ ▁The ▁Leb es gue ▁decomposition ▁theorem ▁Leb es gue ' s ▁decomposition ▁theorem ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁assumptions ▁of ▁the ▁Rad on - N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁even ▁in ▁a ▁situation ▁which ▁is ▁seem ingly ▁more ▁general . ▁Consider ▁a ▁ σ - finite ▁positive ▁measure ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁measure ▁space ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁ σ - finite ▁signed ▁measure ▁ ▁on ▁, ▁without ▁assuming ▁any ▁absolute ▁continu ity . ▁Then ▁there ▁exist ▁unique ▁signed ▁measures ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁on ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁The ▁Rad on - N ik od ym ▁theorem ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁pair ▁. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁G irs an ov ▁theorem ▁Rad on – N ik od ym ▁set ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Cont ains ▁a ▁proof ▁for ▁vector ▁measures ▁assuming ▁values ▁in ▁a ▁Ban ach ▁space . ▁▁ ▁Cont ains ▁a ▁luc id ▁proof ▁in ▁case ▁the ▁measure ▁ ν ▁is ▁not ▁ σ - |
finite . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Cont ains ▁a ▁proof ▁of ▁the ▁general isation . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : The or ems ▁in ▁measure ▁theory ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁proofs ▁Category : General izations ▁of ▁the ▁derivative ▁Category : Integr al ▁representations <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁table ▁shows ▁the ▁European ▁record ▁pro gression ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁ 8 0 0 ▁metres , ▁as ▁rat ified ▁by ▁the ▁E AA ▁ ▁Hand ▁timing ▁▁ ▁(* ) ▁Performance ▁tim ed ▁over ▁ 8 8 0 ▁yards ▁ ▁Autom atic ▁timing ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ 8 0 0 ▁m ▁European ▁record ▁European ▁ 8 0 0 ▁metres ▁record <0x0A> </s> ▁E ud onia ▁comm ort alis ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Harrison ▁Gray ▁D yar ▁Jr . ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁where ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁from ▁Al aska ▁to ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Washington ▁and ▁California . ▁ ▁Ad ult s ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁on ▁wing ▁from ▁April ▁to ▁September . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Category : Sc op ari inae <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁actor . ▁ ▁Career ▁Sug ata ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Y aman ashi ▁Pref ect ure . ▁ ▁He ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁film ▁Conf essions ▁of ▁a ▁Dog . ▁ ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁Am ir ▁N ader i ' s ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁film ▁C |
ut . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Film ▁▁ ▁Ab un ai ▁De ka ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ ▁B aka ▁Y aro ! ▁ 2 : ▁Sh ia w ase ▁ni ▁Nar it ai ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Water ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Dance ▁Till ▁Tom orrow ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁To ei ▁Hero ▁Da ish ugo ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁K oi ▁to ▁Han abi ▁to ▁Kan r ans ha ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Sh ura ▁ga ▁Yu ku ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Y om iga er u ▁K int ar ou ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Tab oo ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Tom ie : ▁Re play ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁P ulse ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁I chi ▁the ▁K iller ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Gun ▁Cra zy ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁M om ant ai ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Gra vey ard ▁of ▁Honor ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁A live ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Ky oki ▁no ▁Sak ura ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Kill ▁Bill : ▁Volume ▁ 1 ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁Sam ur ai ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁He at ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ |
▁I zo ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁S ats uj in ▁Net ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Lady ▁J oker ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Ghost ▁Sh out ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁G ok ud ou ▁no ▁On na ▁T achi ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Sh is so ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Conf essions ▁of ▁a ▁Dog ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Dor oro ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Ton ari ▁Mach i ▁S ens ou ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Zero ▁Woman ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Gl ory ▁to ▁the ▁Fil mm aker ! ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Captain ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Sak ig ake !! ▁O to ko ju ku ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Ch ame le on ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁In ju : ▁The ▁Be ast ▁in ▁the ▁Sh adow ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Tokyo ▁G ore ▁Police ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁To ch ka ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Bun ra ku ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Str angers ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Heaven ' s ▁Story ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁D irty ▁He arts ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁C ut ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Play |
back ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Out rage ▁Bey ond ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁He ise i ▁R iders ▁vs . ▁Sh ō wa ▁R iders : ▁K amen ▁R ider ▁T ais en ▁fe at . ▁Super ▁Sent ai ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Gon in ▁S aga ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁▁ 6 4 : ▁Part ▁I ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁▁ 6 4 : ▁Part ▁II ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁R oupe iro ▁no ▁Y ū ut su ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁But ter fly ▁S leep ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁B irth ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ! ▁K amen ▁R iders ▁All ▁T ogether !! ▁( 1 9 8 4 , ▁TV ▁Movie ) ▁as ▁R yo ▁Mur as ame ▁/ ▁K amen ▁R ider ▁Z X ▁ ▁K ek ko ▁K amen ▁ 3 ▁( 1 9 9 3 , ▁Video ) ▁ ▁Tok us ou ▁Rob o ▁Jan person ▁( 1 9 9 3 - 1 9 9 4 ) ▁as ▁Ry uz ab ur ou ▁T ate w aki ▁/ ▁Bill ▁Gold y ▁ ▁Ju uk ou ▁B - F ighter ▁( 1 9 9 5 - 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Be - B op ▁High ▁School ▁( 1 9 9 6 - 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Sh iz uka ▁nar u ▁Don ▁( 1 9 9 7 |
) ▁ ▁Nan b ak iny u uden ▁Min ami ▁no ▁Te io ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁O re ▁no ▁S ora ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Engine ▁Sent ai ▁Go - ong er ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁as ▁Gang ▁Father ▁ ▁Ten ch ij in ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁as ▁Sh ib ata ▁K ats u ie ▁ ▁I sh its ub ute ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Support ing ▁Act ors ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : J apan ese ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Act ors ▁from ▁Y aman ashi ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : K amen ▁R ider ▁Category : J apan ese ▁male ▁actors <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Women ' s ▁First ▁Football ▁League ▁is ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁season ▁of ▁Turkey ' s ▁premier ▁women ' s ▁football ▁league . ▁Kon ak ▁Be led i yes por ▁is ▁the ▁champion ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁ ▁Teams ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Top sc or ers ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁K ad ı n lar ▁ 1 . ▁L igi ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Se zon u ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁Category : 2 0 1 |
5 – 1 6 ▁domestic ▁women ' s ▁association ▁football ▁le agues ▁Women ' s <0x0A> </s> ▁River ton ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁several ▁places : ▁In ▁Australia ▁River ton , ▁South ▁Australia , ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁and ▁former ▁railway ▁j unction ▁in ▁the ▁mid ▁north ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁River ton , ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Per th , ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Elect oral ▁district ▁of ▁River ton , ▁an ▁elect or ate ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly , ▁cent red ▁on ▁the ▁sub urb ▁ ▁In ▁Canada ▁River ton , ▁Man it oba , ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁River ton , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia , ▁a ▁small ▁community ▁in ▁P ict ou ▁County ▁ ▁In ▁J ama ica ▁River ton ▁City , ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁In ▁New ▁Zealand ▁River ton , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁Island ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁In ▁South ▁Africa ▁River ton , ▁a ▁resort ▁on ▁the ▁Va al ▁River ▁outside ▁Kim ber ley , ▁Northern ▁Cape ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America ▁River ton , ▁California ▁River ton ▁Historic ▁District ▁( B ark ham sted , ▁Connecticut ) ▁River ton , ▁Illinois ▁River ton , ▁Indiana ▁River ton , ▁Iowa ▁River ton , ▁Kansas ▁River ton , ▁Kentucky ▁River ton , ▁Minnesota ▁River ton , ▁Missouri ▁River ton , ▁Neb r aska ▁River ton , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁River ton , ▁New ▁York ▁River ton ▁H ouses , ▁a ▁resident ial ▁development ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City |
▁River ton , ▁Ut ah ▁River ton , ▁Washington ▁River ton , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁River ton , ▁Wy oming ▁ ▁River ton ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁River ton ▁Prize , ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁crime ▁fiction ▁award ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁M ia ▁River ton ▁ ▁Ri vert own ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Town ▁River <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Albert ▁L . ▁Morgan ▁( 3 ▁November ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁– ▁after ▁ 1 9 2 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁footballer ▁born ▁in ▁Old ▁Hill , ▁C rad ley ▁He ath , ▁Staff ord shire , ▁who ▁played ▁either ▁at ▁outside ▁left ▁or ▁inside ▁left . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁B irmingham , ▁Cov entry ▁City ▁and ▁Cry stal ▁Palace ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League , ▁and ▁was ▁c apped ▁once ▁for ▁a ▁Football ▁League ▁representative ▁side . ▁ ▁Morgan ' s ▁appearance ▁for ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁XI ▁came ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁against ▁the ▁Scottish ▁League ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁ground ▁of ▁St ▁Andrew ' s , ▁B irmingham , ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁representative ▁match ▁played ▁after ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁He ▁set ▁up ▁the ▁second ▁goal ▁for ▁Bob ▁Wh itting ham ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁win , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Daily ▁Express ▁rep orter , ▁" the ▁pick " ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁XI ▁were ▁Morgan , ▁Wh itting ham ▁and ▁Joe ▁Cl enn ell . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : Pe ople |
▁from ▁C rad ley ▁He ath ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : C rad ley ▁He ath ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B irmingham ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C ov entry ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C ry stal ▁Palace ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁representative ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Andreas ▁O ls en ▁H ø la as ▁( 2 8 ▁July ▁ 1 8 3 2 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁civil ▁servant , ▁aud itor ▁and ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Le ks vik ▁as ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁far mers . ▁He ▁finished ▁secondary ▁education ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁candidate ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁and ▁took ▁the ▁cand . j ur . ▁degree ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁He ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁cl erk ▁in ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Ministry ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ▁and ▁Post al ▁Affairs ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁h ired ▁in ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Aud iting ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁From ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Aud itors - General . ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Norway , ▁where ▁he |
▁had ▁contacts , ▁among ▁others ▁to ▁Johan ▁Sver d rup , ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁invol vement ▁since ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁in ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁involved ▁in ▁Krist ian ia ▁Arbe iders am fund , ▁and ▁edited ▁their ▁publications ▁Sam fund et ▁and ▁Dem ok r aten . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁Land sm å l / N yn or sk ▁pro ponent . ▁From ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁Vog t ▁in ▁Set es d alen . ▁ ▁H ø la as ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁J oc um ine ▁O line ▁Jon as d atter ▁St ø re ▁( 1 8 3 3 – 1 8 8 1 ) ▁from ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁to ▁her ▁death . ▁From ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁he ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Anna ▁Christ ine ▁Bak ke ▁( 1 8 4 5 – 1 9 2 0 ). ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁pat ernal ▁great - grand father ▁of ▁O dd ▁H ø la as . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁in ▁Ev je . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Le ks vik ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁jur ists ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁aud itors ▁Category : L iber al ▁Party ▁( N or way |
) ▁polit icians ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁magazine ▁edit ors <0x0A> </s> ▁W W AB ▁( 1 3 3 0 ▁AM ) ▁is ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁broadcast ing ▁a ▁variety ▁format . ▁Lic ensed ▁to ▁Lak eland , ▁Florida , ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁station ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Wal co ▁Enter prise ▁L LC . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁historical ▁information ▁at ▁Radio Year s . com ▁ ▁W AB ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁Category : L ak eland , ▁Florida ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Florida <0x0A> </s> ▁Mis communic ation ▁(" mis " ▁+ ▁" communic ation ") ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁failure ▁to ▁communicate ▁ade qu ately ▁and ▁properly . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁types ▁of ▁Communic ation ▁bar rier . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁instant ▁where ▁either ▁the ▁speaker ▁is ▁unable ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁proper ▁and ▁ade qu ate ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁hear er ▁or ▁the ▁hear er ▁mis per ce ived ▁and ▁couldn ' t ▁recogn ised ▁the ▁communication ▁from ▁the ▁speaker . ▁The ▁cases ▁of ▁mis communic ation ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁situation ▁and ▁persons ▁included ▁in ▁it , ▁but ▁often ▁result ▁in ▁confusion ▁and ▁fr ustration . ▁Mis communic ation ▁may , ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁even ▁open ▁up ▁the ▁triangle ▁of ▁other ▁factors ▁that ▁in ev it ably ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁conflict . ▁ ▁Mis communic ation ▁is ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁alignment ▁of ▁agents ' ▁intellectual ▁state , ▁especially ▁when |
▁they ▁diver ge ▁on ▁the ▁out comes ▁of ▁communication . ▁The ▁type ▁of ▁mis communic ation ▁can ▁now ▁be ▁class ified ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁non - align ment ▁about ▁the ▁communic ative ▁act . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Aber rant ▁dec oding ▁Pol ys emy ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Inter person al ▁communication ▁Category : Comm unic ation ▁theory ▁Category : H uman ▁communication <0x0A> </s> ▁Joseph ▁Allen ▁" Jo ey " ▁Pear son ▁( born ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁pop ▁and ▁R & B ▁singer ▁and ▁actor ▁from ▁H ines ville , ▁Georgia , ▁lives ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California . ▁Jo ey ▁began ▁performing ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁nine . ▁ ▁Pear son ▁was ▁a ▁semi - final ist ▁on ▁the ▁renew ed ▁United ▁States ▁nation ally ▁synd ic ated ▁talent ▁show , ▁Star ▁Search , ▁st arring ▁Ar sen io ▁Hall ▁but ▁has ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁Christmas ▁episode ▁of ▁Jen ny ▁Jones ' ▁talk ▁show , ▁performed ▁at ▁Universal ▁Studios ▁in ▁Hollywood , ▁The ▁Del ▁Mar ▁Fair ▁located ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁and ▁performed ▁twice ▁at ▁the ▁f amed ▁House ▁of ▁Blues ▁in ▁Hollywood , ▁CA , ▁among ▁other ▁ven ues . ▁ ▁He ▁earned ▁awards ▁from ▁Ed ▁Mc M ah on ' s ▁Next ▁Big ▁Star ▁internet ▁contest , ▁a ▁K ids T alk ▁Young ▁Ach ie vers ▁Award ▁and ▁a ▁Billy ▁Gil man ▁Billy head s ▁R ising ▁Star ▁Award . ▁Jo ey |
▁is ▁an ▁animal ▁lo ver , ▁animal ▁right ' s ▁activ ist ▁and ▁veget arian . ▁ ▁Jo ey ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁Jos quin ▁Des ▁Pres , ▁producer , ▁song writer , ▁best - s elling ▁author ▁and ▁former ▁Warner ▁Ch app ell ▁song writer ▁and ▁co - writer ▁with ▁Bern ie ▁T au pin ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁represented ▁by ▁Scott ▁Carl son , ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁rock ▁band ▁Ver uca ▁Salt ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Core y ▁Ha im ▁and ▁Core y ▁Feld man , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Jo ey ▁categor izes ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁pop / r & b / s oul ▁singer ▁and ▁music ian ▁and ▁c ites ▁as ▁his ▁biggest ▁influ ences , ▁Ste vie ▁Wonder , ▁Don ny ▁H ath away , ▁Ot is ▁Red ding , ▁Curt is ▁May field , ▁Ray ▁Charles , ▁Are tha ▁Franklin , ▁and ▁more ▁currently , ▁John ▁Leg end , ▁and ▁El ton ▁John . ▁ ▁Jo ey ▁continues ▁to ▁sing ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁San ▁Diego ▁area ▁in ▁his ▁local ▁church ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁school ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁employed . ▁He ▁also ▁frequently ▁posts ▁songs ▁on ▁his ▁Facebook ▁account , ▁accomp any ing ▁himself ▁on ▁the ▁piano . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁Something ▁to ▁Say , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Nov el , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Auth entic , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁EP s ▁Mir ror ▁Image , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁The ▁Jen ny ▁Jones ▁Show ▁( 2 |
0 0 0 ) ▁Star ▁Search ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Mys pace ▁Channel ▁YouTube ▁Channel ▁Track ▁Star ▁Studios ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Part icip ants ▁in ▁American ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁San ▁Diego ▁Category : American ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁child ▁sing ers ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁H ines ville , ▁Georgia ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : American ▁contemporary ▁R & B ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁male ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁M aked ons ki ▁Glas ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁period ical ▁free ▁newspaper ▁published ▁for ▁the ▁B lag o ev grad , ▁Bulg aria . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Bulg aria ▁Category : B ul gar ian - language ▁newsp apers ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Bulg aria ▁Category : Mac ed onian - language ▁newsp apers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁second ▁UEFA ▁Women ' s ▁Cup ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 ▁season . ▁It ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Swedish ▁Dam alls v ensk an ▁side ▁U me å ▁in |
▁a ▁two - leg ged ▁final ▁against ▁Fort una ▁H j ør ring ▁of ▁Den mark . ▁ ▁First ▁qual ifying ▁round ▁ ▁Second ▁qual ifying ▁round ▁ ▁Group ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Group ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Group ▁ 3 ▁ ▁Group ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Group ▁ 5 ▁ ▁Group ▁ 6 ▁ ▁Group ▁ 7 ▁ ▁Group ▁ 8 ▁ ▁Qu arter - final s ▁ ▁First ▁Leg ▁ ▁Second ▁Leg ▁ ▁Sem i - final s ▁ ▁First ▁Leg ▁ ▁Second ▁Leg ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁First ▁Leg ▁ ▁Second ▁Leg ▁ ▁Top ▁goals cor ers ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 ▁season ▁at ▁UEFA ▁website ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Women ' s ▁Cup ▁results ▁at ▁R SS SF ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 0 3 ▁UEFA ▁UEFA <0x0A> </s> ▁San ▁Juan ▁Colorado ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁municipality ▁in ▁O ax aca ▁in ▁south - western ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁municipality ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 8 5 . 4 8 ▁km ². ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁J amil te pec ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Costa ▁Region . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁municipality ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 8 6 6 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁O ax aca ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁O ax aca <0x0A> </s> ▁Gil berto ▁R igh i ▁( 1 9 3 7 – 1 9 9 9 ) |
▁was ▁an ▁important ▁earth w orm ▁tax onom ist ▁from ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁Brazil , ▁who ▁helped ▁define ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁his ▁country ' s ▁diverse ▁soil ▁fa una . ▁ ▁During ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 0 ▁highly ▁product ive ▁years ▁as ▁professor ▁and ▁research er ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁R igh i ▁published ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁scientific ▁papers , ▁ 8 5 ▁of ▁which ▁treat ▁earth w orm ▁tax onomy , ▁ 5 ▁treat ▁earth w orm ▁phys i ology , ▁ 5 ▁treat ▁earth w orm ▁e col ogy , ▁and ▁ 3 ▁treat ▁earth w orm ▁bi oge ography . ▁Besides ▁these , ▁he ▁issued ▁ 1 6 ▁papers ▁on ▁micro d rile ▁o lig och a etes ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁on ▁other ▁in verte br ate ▁groups , ▁mainly ▁on ▁cr ust ace ans ▁and ▁m oll us cs . ▁Most ▁of ▁R igh i ' s ▁tax onom ic ▁work ▁was ▁on ▁Brazil ian ▁earth w orm s , ▁but ▁he ▁also ▁studied ▁species ▁from ▁other ▁Ne otrop ical ▁countries , ▁including ▁Per uv ian ▁earth w orm s . ▁R igh i ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁one ▁new ▁family , ▁ 2 5 ▁new ▁gener a , ▁and ▁ 2 2 4 ▁new ▁species ▁of ▁earth w orm s , ▁mostly ▁from ▁Brazil ▁( F rag oso , ▁Brown ▁& ▁Fe ij oo , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁R igh i ' s ▁vast ▁collection ▁of ▁earth w |
orm s , ▁in ▁over ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁spirit ▁containers , ▁is ▁depos ited ▁in ▁the ▁O lig och a eta ▁collection ▁of ▁the ▁Muse u ▁de ▁Zo ologia ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo ▁( M oren o ▁& ▁M isch is , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁his ▁Amazon ian ▁material ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁at ▁both ▁the ▁Instituto ▁Nacional ▁de ▁P es quis as ▁da ▁Ama z ô nia , ▁in ▁Man aus , ▁and ▁the ▁Muse u ▁Para ense ▁Em í lio ▁Go eld i , ▁in ▁Bel ém . ▁ ▁A ▁complete ▁bibli ography ▁of ▁R igh i ' s ▁publications ▁on ▁earth w orm s ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁M isch is ▁& ▁Reyn olds ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁Dr . ▁M isch is , ▁R igh i ' s ▁student ▁and ▁co - worker : ▁" Pro f essor ▁Gil berto ▁R igh i ▁was ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁science ▁who ▁over ▁and ▁above ▁his ▁achiev ements ▁in ▁the ▁scientific ▁field ▁was ▁a ▁teacher ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁all ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁good ness " ▁( M oren o ▁& ▁M isch is , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁zo olog ists ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁scient ists ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁bi olog ists ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 |
th - century ▁zo olog ists <0x0A> </s> ▁K up fer str ang ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁river ▁of ▁Lower ▁Sax ony , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Inner ste ▁in ▁H ild es heim . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Lower ▁Sax ony ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Lower ▁Sax ony ▁ 0 K up fer str ang ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Sing am ada i ▁A yy an ar ▁Temple ▁is ▁a ▁A i yan ar ▁temple ▁in ▁N al li , ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 1 8 km ▁from ▁S att ur ▁in ▁Vir ud h un agar ▁district ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁( Ind ia ). ▁ ▁Pres iding ▁de ity ▁The ▁pres iding ▁de ity ▁of ▁the ▁temple ▁is ▁Sing am ada i ▁A yy an ar . ▁He ▁is ▁fl ank ed ▁by ▁his ▁cons ort s ▁Pur ana ▁and ▁P ush k ala . ▁ ▁Other ▁de ities ▁In ▁this ▁temple , ▁N ond i ▁Kar upp as amy , ▁Path in ett amp adi ▁Kar upp as amy , ▁P etch i ▁Am man , ▁Vin ay aka , ▁S apt am at as , ▁N ā ga , ▁V air as amy , ▁N and hi , ▁Ve er ab adr ar , ▁Vill adi ▁Kar upp as amy , ▁M uth uk au pp an , ▁L ada ▁S any asi , ▁and ▁Vall ad am uth u ▁are ▁found . |
▁Rak k achi , ▁Ma ada an , ▁Mad ath i , ▁Bad h ala ▁and ▁K and ig ai ▁are ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁this ▁temple . ▁ ▁Festival ▁During ▁T amil ▁month ▁of ▁M asi , ▁Mah a ▁Sh iv ar atri ▁held ▁in ▁grand ▁manner . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H indu ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Vir ud h un agar ▁district ▁Category : Reg ional ▁H indu ▁gods ▁Category : T amil ▁de ities <0x0A> </s> ▁M ula ▁Ram ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁minister ▁of ▁social ▁justice ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir , ▁India . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁Indian ▁National ▁Congress . ▁He ▁elected ▁was ▁Ra ip ur - Dom ana ▁and ▁Mar h ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁Category : Ind ian ▁National ▁Congress ▁polit icians ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Sc iss ure lla ▁k ais era e ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁minute ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Sc iss ure ll idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Ge iger ▁D . L . ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁E ight ▁new ▁species ▁of ▁Sc iss ure |
ll idae ▁and ▁An atom idae ▁( M oll us ca : ▁Gast rop oda : ▁V et ig ast rop oda ) ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁with ▁discussion ▁of ▁two ▁senior ▁syn onym s . ▁Z oot ax a ▁ 1 1 2 8 : 1 - 3 3 . ▁ ▁Ge iger ▁D . L . ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Mon ograph ▁of ▁the ▁little ▁sl it ▁shell s . ▁Volume ▁ 1 . ▁Introduction , ▁Sc iss ure ll idae . ▁pp . ▁ 1 - 7 2 8 . ▁Volume ▁ 2 . ▁An atom idae , ▁Lar o che idae , ▁De press izon idae , ▁S util izon idae , ▁Tem noc in cl idae . ▁pp . 7 2 9 – 1 2 9 1 . ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁Mon ograph s ▁Number ▁ 7 ▁ ▁Category : Sc iss ure ll idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Eu pro tom us ▁aur ora ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usc ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁St rom b idae , ▁the ▁true ▁con chs . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : St rom b idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁P ten og loss a ▁is ▁an ▁inform al ▁tax onom ic ▁group ▁of ▁sea ▁sn |
ails . ▁This ▁group ▁was ▁considered ▁par ap hy let ic ▁or ▁poly phy let ic ▁by ▁P onder ▁and ▁Lind berg ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁in ▁their ▁classification ▁of ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll us cs . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁Super family ▁Ep it onio idea ▁Family ▁Ep it oni idae ▁Family ▁Jan th in idae ▁Family ▁N yst i ell idae ▁Super family ▁E ul imo idea ▁Family ▁E ul im idae ▁Family ▁A cl id idae ▁Super family ▁Tri ph oro idea ▁Family ▁Tri ph or idae ▁Family ▁Cer ith i ops idae ▁Family ▁Newton i ell idae ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Sea ▁Sl ug ▁Forum ▁ ▁Category : P ten og loss a <0x0A> </s> ▁Tu ining ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ch ur ach and pur ▁district ▁of ▁Man ip ur , ▁India . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Ch ur ach and pur ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Marc ▁Sim m ons ▁( born ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁in ▁Texas ) ▁is ▁a ▁historian ▁who ▁special izes ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁independent ▁scholar , ▁he ▁is ▁cred ited ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Press ▁with ▁publishing ▁at ▁least ▁ 4 2 ▁books ▁and ▁numerous ▁articles ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁his ▁home ▁state , ▁with ▁particular ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁her itage ▁of ▁Native ▁American , ▁Spanish ▁Col onial , ▁and ▁Mexican ▁Col |
onial ▁elements ▁within ▁this ▁overall ▁history . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Sim m ons ▁em igr ated ▁from ▁Texas ▁to ▁New ▁Mexico ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age , ▁purs uing ▁a ▁passion ate ▁attachment ▁to ▁the ▁Land ▁of ▁En chant ment ▁and ▁its ▁horse ▁culture . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁history ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico ▁and ▁ran ch ▁life ▁from ▁New ▁Mex icans , ▁and ▁rep orter ▁Howard ▁H ought on ▁said ▁Sim m ons ▁“ may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁only ▁working ▁far rier ▁around ▁with ▁a ▁Ph . D .” ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Sim m ons ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁G ug gen heim ▁Fellow ship ▁in ▁U . S . ▁history . ▁▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sim m ons ▁wrote ▁a ▁week ly ▁column ▁for ▁the ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁New ▁Mexican . ▁ ▁Ph yll is ▁Morgan ▁has ▁published ▁a ▁bi ographical ▁ess ay ▁and ▁bibli ography ▁of ▁Sim m ons ' s ▁work . ▁▁▁ ▁Sim m ons ▁has , ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁don ated ▁his ▁papers ▁to ▁an ▁archive ▁in ▁the ▁Wit l iff ▁Col lections ▁at ▁Texas ▁State ▁University . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁histor ians ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁C ú ▁Ch onn acht ▁Ó ▁C ian á in , ▁d . ▁ 1 6 1 5 , ▁was ▁a ▁r ym er ▁or ▁chron ic ler ▁to ▁R |
ory ▁Mag u ire . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁apparently ▁the ▁first ▁man ▁ra ck ed ▁in ▁Ireland , ▁the ▁instrument ▁being ▁used ▁most ▁sever ely ▁upon ▁him ▁during ▁an ▁inter rog ation ▁into ▁a ▁b ung led ▁ins urre ction ▁in ▁early ▁summer ▁ 1 6 1 5 . ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁he ▁and ▁five ▁others ▁were ▁condem ned ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁Der ry , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁h anged ▁shortly ▁afterwards . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁ye oman ▁of ▁Mo yg h , ▁a ▁place ▁somewhere ▁between ▁B ally m oney ▁and ▁the ▁B ann , ▁County ▁An trim . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁brother ▁of ▁T ad h g ▁Og ▁Ó ▁C ian á in . ▁ ▁The ▁surname ▁Ó ▁C ian á in ▁is ▁now ▁generally ▁rendered ▁as ▁Ke en an . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁The ▁Lear ned ▁Family ▁of ▁Ó ▁C ian á in / Ke en an , ▁N ol la ig ▁Ó ▁M ura í le , ▁in ▁Cl ough er ▁Record , ▁pp . 3 8 7 – 4 3 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Tur as ▁na ▁d T ao ise ach ▁n U lt ach ▁as ▁É ir inn ▁from ▁R á th ▁Ma ol á in ▁to ▁Rome : ▁T ad h g ▁O ▁C ian á in ’ s ▁contemporary ▁narr ative ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁‘ F light ▁of ▁the ▁Ear ls |
, ▁ 1 6 0 7 - 8 , ▁N ol la ig ▁Ó ▁M ura í le ( editor ), ▁Four ▁Cour ts ▁Press , ▁Dublin , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 6 1 5 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Irish ▁writers ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Irish ▁histor ians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁County ▁An trim ▁Category : I r ish - language ▁literature ▁Category : I r ish ▁writers ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁C em illi ▁Castle ▁( , ▁also ▁called ▁K ale burn u ▁Castle ) ▁is ▁a ▁medieval ▁castle ▁in ▁the ▁rural ▁area ▁of ▁M ers in ▁in ▁southern ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁Geography ▁The ▁castle ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁s lop es ▁of ▁Tor os ▁Mountains ▁at ▁. ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁C em illi ▁ ▁village ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁M ers in . ▁Its ▁distance ▁to ▁M ers in ▁is ▁. ▁Its ▁alt itude ▁is ▁. ▁It ▁over look s ▁to ▁village ▁and ▁the ▁road ▁connecting ▁M ers in ▁to ▁F ı nd ı k p ı nar ı . ▁ ▁Building ▁Both ▁C em illi ▁and ▁K ale burn u ▁are ▁Turkish ▁names . ▁The ▁original ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁castle ▁is ▁not ▁known . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁medieval ▁age ▁castle . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁probably ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁north . ▁Pres ently ▁most |
▁of ▁the ▁building ▁has ▁been ▁demol ished ▁. ▁There ▁are ▁crack ed ▁pieces ▁of ▁cer am ic ▁co ating ▁from ▁the ▁By z antine , ▁Sel j uk ▁and ▁Ott oman ▁er as ▁around ▁the ▁castle . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Cast les ▁in ▁M ers in ▁Province ▁Category : R u ined ▁cast les ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Arch ae ological ▁sites ▁in ▁M ers in ▁Province , ▁Turkey <0x0A> </s> ▁P avel ▁Vik tor ov ich ▁K ud rin ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Russian ▁professional ▁football ▁player . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Football ▁National ▁League ▁for ▁FC ▁F ak el ▁Vor one zh ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Russ ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : FC ▁F ak el ▁Vor one zh ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Rot or ▁Vol g og rad ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁appreci ating ▁Japanese ▁inc ense , ▁and ▁involves ▁using ▁inc ense ▁within ▁a ▁structure ▁of ▁cod ified ▁conduct . ▁K ō d ō ▁includes ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁inc ense ▁process , ▁from ▁the ▁, ▁to ▁activities ▁such ▁the ▁inc ense - com par ing ▁games ▁k um ik ō ▁() ▁and ▁gen j ik ō ▁( ). ▁K ō d ō ▁is ▁counted ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three |
▁classical ▁Japanese ▁arts ▁of ▁ref in ement , ▁along ▁with ▁k ad ō ▁for ▁flower ▁arrangement , ▁and ▁ch ad ō ▁for ▁tea ▁and ▁the ▁tea ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁▁ ▁The ▁word ▁ 香 ▁k ō ▁is ▁written ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁K ang xi ▁radical ▁ 1 8 6 ▁composed ▁of ▁nine ▁stro kes , ▁which ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁expanded ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 8 ▁stro kes ▁ <0xE9> <0xA6> <0xAB> . ▁Trans l ated ▁it ▁means ▁" fra gr ance "; ▁however ▁in ▁this ▁context ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁translated ▁as ▁" inc ense ". ▁▁ ▁The ▁word ▁ 道 ▁d ō ▁( written ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁character ▁as ▁Chinese ▁t ao / da o ) ▁means ▁" way ", ▁both ▁literally ▁( street ) ▁and ▁met ap hor ically ▁( a ▁stream ▁of ▁life ▁experience ). ▁The ▁suffix ▁- 道 ▁generally ▁denotes , ▁in ▁the ▁broad est ▁sense , ▁the ▁tot ality ▁of ▁a ▁movement ▁as ▁ende avor , ▁tradition , ▁practice ▁and ▁eth os . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁search ▁for ▁a ▁suitable ▁term , ▁transl ations ▁of ▁such ▁words ▁into ▁English ▁sometimes ▁focus ▁on ▁a ▁nar ro wer ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁term . ▁ ▁One ▁common ▁translation ▁in ▁context ▁is ▁" cer em ony ", ▁which ▁ent ails ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁prepar ation ▁and ▁sm elling ▁in ▁general , ▁but ▁not ▁a ▁specific ▁instance . ▁ ▁In ▁some ▁instances , ▁it ▁functions ▁similarly ▁to ▁the ▁English ▁suffix ▁- ism , ▁and ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁tea |
▁( ch ad ō / s ad ō ▁ 茶 道 ) ▁one ▁sees ▁tea ism ▁in ▁works ▁d ating ▁from ▁early ▁efforts ▁at ▁illustr ating ▁sad ō ▁in ▁English , ▁foc using ▁on ▁its ▁philosophy ▁and ▁eth os . ▁▁ ▁Con vers ely , ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁phrase ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁X ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁bro aden ed ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁translate ▁such ▁terms , ▁and ▁to ▁have ▁become ▁more ▁product ive ▁with ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁describe ▁with ▁a ▁similar ▁bread th ▁of ▁comp ass ▁certain ▁things ▁in ▁Western ▁experience . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁legend , ▁ag ar wood ▁( alo es wood ) ▁first ▁came ▁to ▁Japan ▁when ▁a ▁log ▁of ▁inc ense ▁wood ▁dr ift ed ▁ash ore ▁on ▁Aw aj i ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁year ▁of ▁Em press ▁Su iko ' s ▁reign ▁( 5 9 5 ▁CE ). ▁People ▁who ▁found ▁the ▁inc ense ▁wood ▁noticed ▁that ▁the ▁wood ▁sm elled ▁mar vel ous ▁when ▁they ▁put ▁it ▁near ▁a ▁fire . ▁Then ▁they ▁presented ▁the ▁wood ▁to ▁local ▁officials . ▁▁ ▁Japan ▁was ▁the ▁eastern ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road . ▁Inc ense ▁was ▁brought ▁from ▁China ▁over ▁Korea ▁and ▁developed ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁years . ▁The ▁history ▁starts ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁CE ▁when ▁Buddh ism ▁arrived ▁during ▁the ▁As uka ▁period . ▁Ag ar wood ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁come ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁supplies ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁temple ▁in ▁ 5 |
3 8 ▁CE . ▁A ▁rit ual ▁known ▁as ▁son a ek ō ▁became ▁established . ▁K ō b oku , ▁fra gr ant ▁wood ▁combined ▁with ▁her bs ▁and ▁other ▁a rom atic ▁subst ances , ▁was ▁burn ed ▁to ▁provide ▁inc ense ▁for ▁religious ▁purposes . ▁The ▁custom ▁of ▁burning ▁inc ense ▁was ▁further ▁developed ▁and ▁bl oss omed ▁amongst ▁the ▁court ▁nob ility . ▁Past ime ▁of ▁tak im ono , ▁a ▁pow der ed ▁mixture ▁of ▁a rom atic ▁subst ances , ▁developed . ▁Fra gr ant ▁sc ents ▁played ▁a ▁vital ▁role ▁at ▁court ▁life ▁during ▁the ▁He ian ▁period , ▁ro bes ▁and ▁even ▁fans ▁were ▁perf umed ▁and ▁po ems ▁written ▁about ▁them , ▁it ▁also ▁featured ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁the ▁ep ic ▁The ▁T ale ▁of ▁Gen ji ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century . ▁▁ ▁Sam ur ai ▁war riors ▁would ▁prepare ▁for ▁battle ▁by ▁pur ifying ▁their ▁minds ▁and ▁bodies ▁with ▁the ▁inc ense ▁of ▁k ō b oku . ▁They ▁also ▁developed ▁an ▁appreci ation ▁for ▁its ▁fra gr ances . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁Mur om achi ▁period ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁this ▁a est h etic ▁aw aren ess ▁would ▁develop ▁into ▁the ▁accomplish ment ▁known ▁as ▁k ō d ō , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁enjo ying ▁the ▁inc ense ▁of ▁sm ould ering ▁k ō b oku . ▁The ▁present ▁style ▁of ▁k ō d ō ▁has ▁largely ▁retained ▁the ▁structure ▁and |
▁manner ▁of ▁the ▁Mur om achi ▁period , ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁tea ▁ceremony ▁and ▁the ▁i ke b ana ▁style ▁of ▁flower ▁arrangement ▁developed ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Ex pert ise ▁concerning ▁tiny ▁pieces ▁of ▁ex otic ▁a rom atic ▁woods ▁led ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 6 th ▁centuries ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁various ▁games ▁or ▁cont ests . ▁Some ▁dep ended ▁on ▁the ▁memor ization ▁of ▁sc ents , ▁some ▁involved ▁sequences ▁that ▁held ▁cl ues ▁to ▁classic ▁po ems , ▁some ▁merely ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁ident ifying ▁matching ▁a rom as . ▁Inc ense ▁games ▁became ▁a ▁" way " ▁( d ō ), ▁an ▁av ocation . ▁The ▁way ▁of ▁inc ense ▁eventually ▁spread ▁from ▁el ite ▁circles ▁to ▁towns men . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁T ens h ō ▁era ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁the ▁master ▁craft s men ▁K ō ju ▁was ▁employed ▁at ▁the ▁Ky oto ▁Imperial ▁Palace ▁and ▁pract iced ▁inc ense ▁ceremony . ▁The ▁third ▁K ō ju ▁served ▁under ▁Toy ot omi ▁H ide y oshi , ▁the ▁fourth ▁under ▁Tok ug awa ▁I ey as u . ▁The ▁e ighth ▁K ō ju ▁Tak ae ▁J y u emon ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁particular ▁master ▁of ▁inc ense ▁of ▁note . ▁▁ ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁“ T en ▁V irt ues ▁of ▁K ō ” ▁( 香 の 十 <0xE5> <0xBE> <0xB3> , ▁k ō no j ū to ku ) ▁were |
▁form ulated , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ▁listing ▁of ▁the ▁benefits ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁proper ▁and ▁correct ▁use ▁of ▁quality ▁inc ense : ▁▁▁ <0xE6> <0x84> <0x9F> 格 鬼 神 ▁: ▁Sh arp ens ▁the ▁sens es ▁▁ 清 <0xE6> <0xB5> <0x84> 心 身 ▁: ▁Pur ifies ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁the ▁spirit ▁▁ 能 <0xE6> <0x89> <0x95> <0xE6> <0xB1> <0x9A> <0xE7> <0xA9> <0xA2> ▁: ▁El imin ates ▁poll ut ants ▁▁ 能 <0xE8> <0xA6> <0x9A> <0xE7> <0x9D> <0xA1> <0xE7> <0x9C> <0xA0> ▁: ▁Aw ak ens ▁the ▁spirit ▁▁ <0xE9> <0x9D> <0x99> 中 成 友 ▁: ▁He als ▁l onel iness ▁▁ <0xE5> <0xA1> <0xB5> <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x8F> <0xE6> <0x84> <0x89> <0xE9> <0x96> <0x91> ▁: ▁Cal ms ▁in ▁tur bul ent ▁times ▁▁ 多 而 不 <0xE5> <0x8E> <0xAD> ▁: ▁Is ▁not ▁un ple asant , ▁even ▁in ▁abund ance ▁▁ <0xE5> <0x8B> <0x9F> 而 知 足 ▁: ▁Even ▁in ▁small ▁amounts ▁is ▁sufficient ▁▁ 久 <0xE8> <0x94> <0xB5> 不 <0xE6> <0x9C> <0xBD> ▁: ▁Does ▁not ▁break ▁down ▁after ▁a ▁very ▁long ▁time ▁▁ 常 用 無 <0xE9> <0x9A> <0x9C> ▁: ▁A ▁common ▁use ▁is ▁not ▁harm ful ▁ ▁Even ▁today , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁strong ▁relationship ▁and ▁hol istic ▁approach ▁in ▁k ō d ō ▁between ▁fra gr ant ▁sc ent , ▁the ▁sens es , ▁the ▁human ▁spirit , ▁and ▁nature . ▁The ▁spiritual ity ▁and ▁ref ined ▁concentration ▁that ▁is ▁central ▁to ▁k ō d ō ▁places ▁it ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁level ▁as ▁k ad ō ▁and ▁ch ad ō . |
▁ ▁Material ▁ ▁In ▁k ō d ō , ▁a ▁small ▁piece ▁of ▁fra gr ant ▁wood ▁is ▁he ated ▁on ▁a ▁small ▁M ica ▁plate ▁( G in - yo ), ▁which ▁is ▁he ated ▁from ▁below ▁by ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁char co al ▁that ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁ash . ▁All ▁this ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁cer am ic ▁cens er ▁that ▁can ▁look ▁like ▁a ▁cup . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁usual ▁for ▁wood ▁or ▁inc ense ▁st icks ▁to ▁be ▁burn ed ▁because ▁that ▁would ▁create ▁smoke ; ▁only ▁the ▁essential ▁a rom atic ▁o ils ▁should ▁be ▁released ▁from ▁the ▁wood ▁through ▁the ▁heat ▁below ▁it . ▁▁ ▁Alo es wood , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁ag ar wood ▁( <0xE6> <0xB2> <0x88> 香 ▁j ink ō ), ▁is ▁produced ▁in ▁certain ▁parts ▁of ▁sout heast ▁Asia ▁such ▁as ▁Vietnam . ▁The ▁trees ▁se crete ▁an ▁a rom atic ▁res in , ▁which ▁over ▁time ▁then ▁turns ▁into ▁k ō b oku ▁( 香 木 ). ▁One ▁particular ▁grade ▁of ▁k ō b oku ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁oil ▁content ▁and ▁superior ▁fra gr ance ▁is ▁called ▁k y ara ▁( <0xE4> <0xBC> <0xBD> 羅 ). ▁▁ ▁Another ▁important ▁material ▁is ▁sand al wood ▁( 白 <0xE6> <0xAA> <0x80> ▁by ak ud an ), ▁which ▁origin ates ▁primarily ▁from ▁India , ▁Indones ia , ▁southern ▁China ▁or ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁sout heast ▁Asia . ▁Sand al wood ▁trees ▁need ▁around ▁ 6 0 ▁years ▁to ▁produce ▁their ▁signature ▁fra gr ance |
▁that ▁can ▁be ▁de emed ▁acceptable ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁k ō do . ▁▁ ▁Other ▁materials ▁used ▁are ▁c inn am on ▁b ark ▁( <0xE6> <0xA1> <0x82> <0xE7> <0x9A> <0xAE> ▁ke i hi ), ▁che bul ic ▁my ro bal an ▁( <0xE8> <0xAF> <0x83> 子 ▁k ashi ), ▁clo ve ▁( 丁 子 ▁cho ji ), ▁g inger ▁l ily ▁( s anna ), ▁lav ender , ▁lic or ice ▁( <0xE7> <0x94> <0x98> 草 属 k anz ō ), ▁patch ou li ▁( <0xE5> <0xBB> <0xA3> <0xE8> <0x97> <0xBF> 香 ▁k ak k ō ), ▁sp iken ard ▁( <0xE5> <0x8C> <0x99> 葉 <0xE7> <0x94> <0x98> <0xE9> <0xAC> <0x86> ▁k ans ho ), ▁cam om ile , ▁rh ub ar b ▁( 大 黄 ▁da io h ), ▁sa ff lower ▁( <0xE7> <0xB4> <0x85> 花 ▁ben ib ana ), ▁star ▁an ise ▁( 大 <0xE8> <0x8C> <0xB4> 香 ▁dai ▁u ik yo ) ▁and ▁other ▁her bs . ▁Sh ell ▁fra gr ances ▁( <0xE8> <0xB2> <0x9D> 香 ▁ka ik ō ) ▁and ▁other ▁animal - der ived ▁a rom atic ▁materials ▁are ▁also ▁used . ▁▁ ▁Raw ▁materials ▁such ▁as ▁ag ar wood ▁are ▁becoming ▁increasing ly ▁rare ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁de ple tion ▁of ▁the ▁wild ▁resource . ▁This ▁has ▁made ▁prime ▁material ▁very ▁expensive . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁lower ▁grade ▁k y ara ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁y en ▁per ▁gram . ▁Top ▁quality ▁k y |
ara ▁costs ▁over ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁y en ▁per ▁gram , ▁or ▁many ▁times ▁the ▁equivalent ▁weight ▁of ▁gold ▁( as ▁of ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁Though ▁it ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁war med ▁and ▁used ▁once ▁for ▁a ▁formal ▁ceremony , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁stored ▁for ▁hundreds ▁of ▁years . ▁▁ ▁If ▁the ▁particular ▁piece ▁of ▁inc ense ▁wood ▁has ▁a ▁history , ▁the ▁price ▁can ▁be ▁even ▁higher . ▁The ▁highest ▁regarded ▁wood , ▁Ran j y ata i ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0xAD> <0xE5> <0xA5> <0xA2> <0xE5> <0xBE> <0x85> ), ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁century ▁and ▁is ▁k y ara ▁wood ▁from ▁La os ▁or ▁Vietnam , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁em per ors ▁and ▁war l ords ▁for ▁its ▁fra gr ance . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁contain ▁so ▁much ▁res in ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁many ▁times ▁over . ▁The ▁wood ▁is ▁kept ▁at ▁the ▁Sh ō s ō in ▁tre as ury ▁in ▁N ara , ▁which ▁is ▁under ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁House hold . ▁▁ ▁The ▁high ▁costs ▁and ▁difficulty ▁in ▁obtain ing ▁acceptable ▁raw ▁material ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁reasons ▁why ▁k ō d ō ▁is ▁not ▁as ▁widely ▁pract iced ▁or ▁known ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁flower ▁arrangement ▁or ▁the ▁tea ▁ceremony . ▁▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁traditional ▁inc ense ▁companies ▁in ▁Japan ▁is ▁Ba ie ido , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 7 ▁with ▁roots ▁going |
▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Mur om achi ▁period . ▁Other ▁traditional ▁and ▁still ▁operating ▁companies ▁include ▁Ky uky odo ▁( 1 6 6 3 , ▁Ky oto ) ▁and ▁Sho ye ido , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 5 . ▁N ipp on ▁K odo ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁major ▁supp lier ▁of ▁inc ense ▁material . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁inc ense ▁S as aki ▁D ō y ō ▁( 1 3 0 6 – 1 3 7 3 ), ▁who ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁par agon ▁of ▁eleg ance ▁and ▁lux ury ▁and ▁the ▁qu int ess ential ▁military ▁arist ocrat ▁during ▁Nan b oku - ch ō ▁period , ▁owned ▁many ▁inc ense ▁woods ▁and ▁named ▁them . ▁ ▁Sh ō gun ▁Ash ik aga ▁Y osh im asa ▁( 1 4 3 6 – 1 4 9 0 ) ▁himself ▁appreciated ▁pre cious ▁sc ented ▁woods ▁and ▁collected ▁some ▁or ▁inherited ▁them ▁from ▁S as aki . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁properly ▁organ ise ▁the ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁inc ense ▁wood , ▁he ▁appointed ▁the ▁exper ts ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁San jon ishi ▁San et aka , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁O ie ▁School , ▁and ▁Sh ino ▁S osh in , ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ino ▁School . ▁They ▁established ▁a ▁class ifying ▁system ▁called ▁r ikk oku ▁g omi , ▁which ▁means ▁" six ▁countries , ▁five ▁sc ents ". ▁▁ ▁* ▁Man aban ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁word ▁nan ban ▁which ▁means ▁" s ou thern ▁bar |
bar ian ", ▁and ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁Japan ▁by ▁Portuguese ▁trad ers ▁with ▁unknown ▁origin . ▁ ▁Inc ense ▁ut ens ils ▁ ▁Inc ense ▁ut ens ils ▁or ▁equipment ▁is ▁called ▁. ▁A ▁range ▁of ▁k ō d ō gu ▁are ▁available ▁and ▁different ▁styles ▁and ▁mot ifs ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁different ▁events ▁and ▁in ▁different ▁seasons . ▁All ▁the ▁tools ▁for ▁inc ense ▁ceremony ▁are ▁handled ▁with ▁ex quis ite ▁care . ▁They ▁are ▁sc rup ul ously ▁clean ed ▁before ▁and ▁after ▁each ▁use ▁and ▁before ▁storing . ▁Much ▁like ▁the ▁objects ▁and ▁tools ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁tea ▁ceremony , ▁these ▁can ▁be ▁val ued ▁as ▁high ▁art . ▁▁ ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁a ▁few ▁of ▁the ▁essential ▁components : ▁▁▁ ▁three - t ier ed ▁container ▁( j uk ō b ako ▁ 重 香 <0xE7> <0xAE> <0xB1> ), ▁for ▁the ▁inc ense , ▁new ▁m ica ▁pl ates , ▁and ▁burn ed ▁out ▁inc ense ▁with ▁its ▁used ▁m ica ▁plate ▁▁ ▁long ▁t ray ▁( n ag ab on ▁ 長 <0xE7> <0x9B> <0x86> ) ▁▁ ▁cens er ▁( k ō r ō ▁ 香 <0xE7> <0x82> <0x89> ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁te - k ō ro ▁( 手 香 <0xE7> <0x82> <0x89> ▁" hand - h eld ▁cens er ") ▁▁ ▁M ica ▁pl ates ▁( gin - yo ▁ 銀 葉 ), ▁where ▁the ▁inc ense ▁wood ▁is ▁placed ▁to ▁stop ▁it ▁from ▁burning ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁placed ▁directly ▁on ▁the ▁ash ▁▁ |
▁Inc ense ▁holder ▁board ▁( h onk ō ban ▁ 本 香 <0xE7> <0x9B> <0xA4> ), ▁a ▁small , ▁wooden ▁table t ▁with ▁a ▁flower - sh aped ▁mother - of - pe ar l ▁f itt ings ▁upon ▁which ▁the ▁small ▁inc ense ▁pieces ▁on ▁m ica ▁pl ates ▁are ▁kept ▁on ▁top ▁for ▁display ▁after ▁use , ▁normally ▁ 6 ▁or ▁ 1 0 ▁in ▁number ▁▁ ▁white ▁ash ▁( T rap a . ▁Japon ica ), ▁but ▁also ▁red ▁ash ▁or ▁other ▁pre cious ▁ash ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁ ▁Sh ino ▁inc ense ▁packet ▁( sh ino ori ▁ 志 野 <0xE6> <0x8A> <0x98> ), ▁fol ded ▁paper ▁packet ▁used ▁to ▁keep ▁inc ense ▁wood ▁ch ips ▁( th ems el ves ▁in ▁their ▁individual ▁packets ), ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Sh ino ▁School ▁ ▁box ▁( g iny ō - b ako ▁ 銀 葉 <0xE7> <0xAE> <0xB1> ), ▁silver ▁box ▁for ▁containing ▁the ▁m ica ▁pl ates ▁ ▁char co al ▁( t ad on ▁ <0xE7> <0x82> <0xAD> <0xE5> <0x9C> <0x98> ), ▁a ▁special , ▁and ▁nearly ▁od our less , ▁char co al ▁b ri qu ette ▁▁ ▁A ▁small ▁v ase ▁( k ō ji - t ate ▁ 香 <0xE7> <0xAD> <0xAF> 建 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁koji - t ate ▁( 火 <0xE7> <0xAE> <0xB8> 立 ), ▁keeps ▁the ▁fire ▁ut ens ils ▁( h id ō gu ▁ 火 道 <0xE5> <0x85> <0xB7> ): ▁▁ ▁metal ▁twe ez ers ▁or ▁tong s ▁( |
g iny o - bas ami ▁ 銀 葉 <0xE6> <0x8C> <0xBE> ) ▁for ▁handling ▁the ▁square ▁m ica ▁pl ates ▁▁ ▁eb ony ▁ch op st icks ▁( 香 <0xE7> <0xAD> <0xAF> ), ▁for ▁pick ing ▁up ▁pieces ▁of ▁inc ense ▁wood ▁ ▁small ▁sp at ula ▁( 香 <0xE5> <0x8C> <0x99> ), ▁for ▁transfer ring ▁inc ense ▁wood ▁onto ▁the ▁m ica ▁plate ▁ ▁metal ▁ch op st icks ▁( ko ji ▁ 火 <0xE7> <0xAE> <0xB8> ), ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁char co al ▁▁ ▁tam per ▁( ha ▁i - oshi ▁ <0xE7> <0x81> <0xB0> <0xE6> <0x8A> <0xBC> ), ▁an ▁object ▁sh aped ▁rather ▁like ▁a ▁closed ▁fol ding - fan , ▁used ▁to ▁g ently ▁t amp ▁and ▁smooth ▁the ▁as hes ▁in ▁the ▁cens er ▁into ▁a ▁cone ▁around ▁the ▁burning ▁char co al ▁▁ ▁fe ather ▁br ush ▁( ko - h ane ▁ 小 <0xE7> <0xBE> <0xBD> ), ▁to ▁clean ▁and ▁br ush ▁off ▁any ▁as hes ▁ ▁answer ▁sheet ▁holder ▁( <0xE9> <0xB6> <0xAF> ), ▁for ▁se cur ing ▁the ▁sheet ▁of ▁paper ▁with ▁answers ▁onto ▁the ▁t at ami ▁mat ▁ ▁Some ▁other ▁items ▁can ▁be ▁included : ▁▁ ▁small ▁inc ense ▁container ▁( k ō g ō ▁ 香 合 ), ▁for ▁keeping ▁inc ense ▁in , ▁mainly ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁tea ▁ceremony , ▁or ▁in ▁general ▁▁ ▁ash ▁container ▁( t ak ig ara - ire ▁ <0xE7> <0x82> <0xB7> 空 入 ), ▁where ▁fresh ▁ash ▁is ▁kept ▁ ▁Most |
▁of ▁the ▁ut ens ils ▁could ▁be ▁kept ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁cabinet ▁( dog u - d ana ). ▁In flu ential ▁families ▁would ▁order ▁elaborate ▁and ▁expensive ▁cabin ets ▁made ▁out ▁pre cious ▁woods ▁and ▁lac quer ▁and ▁gold work . ▁ ▁Mon k ō ▁ ▁The ▁art ▁of ▁enjo ying ▁inc ense , ▁with ▁all ▁its ▁prepar atory ▁aspects , ▁is ▁called ▁mon k ō ▁( <0xE8> <0x81> <0x9E> 香 ), ▁which ▁translated ▁means ▁" list ening ▁to ▁inc ense " ▁( although ▁the ▁ <0xE8> <0x81> <0x9E> ▁Kan ji ▁also ▁means ▁" to ▁sm ell " ▁in ▁Chinese ). ▁The ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁let ▁the ▁a rom a ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁inf use ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁soul ▁and ▁" listen " ▁to ▁its ▁ess ence ▁in ▁a ▁hol istic ▁manner , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁just ▁reducing ▁it ▁to ▁sm elling . ▁Mon k ō ▁has ▁been ▁dep icted ▁in ▁Japanese ▁art , ▁with ▁a ▁well - known ▁dep iction ▁by ▁the ▁artist ▁Sh ins ui ▁It ō ▁( 1 8 9 8 – 1 9 7 2 ). ▁ ▁Part icip ants ▁sit ▁near ▁one ▁another ▁and ▁take ▁turns ▁sm elling ▁inc ense ▁from ▁a ▁cens er ▁as ▁they ▁pass ▁it ▁around ▁the ▁group . ▁Part icip ants ▁comment ▁on ▁and ▁make ▁observations ▁about ▁the ▁inc ense , ▁and ▁play ▁games ▁to ▁guess ▁the ▁inc ense ▁material . ▁Gen j ik ō ▁is ▁one ▁such ▁game , ▁in ▁which ▁participants ▁are ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁of ▁five ▁prepared ▁cens ers ▁contain |
▁different ▁sc ents , ▁and ▁which ▁contain ▁the ▁same ▁sc ent . ▁Play ers ' ▁determin ations ▁( and ▁the ▁actual ▁answers ) ▁are ▁recorded ▁using ▁symbols ▁in ▁k ō ▁no ▁zu ( 香 の <0xE5> <0x9B> <0xB3> ). ▁ ▁The ▁k ō ▁no ▁zu ▁for ▁Gen j ik ō ▁is ▁Gen j ik ō ▁no ▁zu ( 源 氏 香 の <0xE5> <0x9B> <0xB3> ). ▁The ▁geometric ▁pattern ▁of ▁these ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁mon ▁( called ▁as ▁Gen j ik ō - mon ( 源 氏 香 <0xE7> <0xB4> <0x8B> )), ▁for ▁decor ation ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁k im ono , ▁Japanese ▁lac quer ware ▁and ▁Japanese ▁pot tery . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : D ō ▁Category : In c ense ▁Category : J apan ese ▁culture <0x0A> </s> ▁Ag as ar aval li ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁state ▁of ▁K arn ata ka , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Bel ur ▁tal uk ▁of ▁Hass an ▁district ▁in ▁K arn ata ka . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Hass an ▁ ▁Mang al ore ▁ ▁District s ▁of ▁K arn ata ka ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Hass an ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Cra ug ast or ▁tra chy der mus ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁f rog ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cra ug ast or idae . ▁It ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁Gu atem ala ▁and ▁only ▁known ▁from ▁its ▁type ▁local |
ity , ▁X ia cam ▁in ▁the ▁Sierra ▁de ▁Santa ▁Cruz , ▁Iz ab al ▁Department , ▁where ▁the ▁type ▁series ▁was ▁collected ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁The ▁species ▁might ▁already ▁be ▁ext inct . ▁However , ▁spec im ens ▁collected ▁some ▁ 1 0 km ▁from ▁the ▁type ▁local ity ▁might ▁belong ▁to ▁this ▁species . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁specific ▁name ▁tra chy der mus ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁tra ch ys ▁(= rough ) ▁and ▁der ma ▁(= sk in ). ▁The ▁name ▁all udes ▁to ▁the ▁extremely ▁rug ose ▁nature ▁of ▁this ▁species . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁type ▁series ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁adult ▁males ▁and ▁two ▁adult ▁females . ▁The ▁males ▁measure ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁females ▁ ▁in ▁sn out – vent ▁length . ▁The ▁sn out ▁is ▁o void ▁in ▁d ors al ▁view ▁and ▁trunc ate ▁in ▁profile . ▁The ▁can th us ▁ro str alis ▁is ▁well - defined . ▁The ▁tym pan um ▁is ▁ind ist inct ▁in ▁males ▁and ▁hidden ▁in ▁females . ▁The ▁fingers ▁and ▁to es ▁bear ▁disc s ; ▁the ▁to es ▁have ▁moder ate ▁we bb ing ▁while ▁the ▁fingers ▁are ▁un we bb ed . ▁The ▁upper ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁body , ▁fl anks , ▁and ▁upper ▁surface ▁of ▁lim bs ▁are ▁strongly ▁gran ular , ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁t uber cles ▁on ▁the ▁fl anks . ▁D ors al ▁color ation ▁is ▁brown ▁with ▁some ▁ind ist inct ▁mark ings ; ▁the |
▁t uber cles ▁are ▁dark ▁brown ▁to ▁black . ▁The ▁v enter ▁is ▁yellow ish ▁brown ▁with ▁some ▁white ▁bl ot ches . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁and ▁conservation ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁an ▁old - g row th ▁prem ont ane ▁wet ▁forest ▁at ▁about ▁ ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁Ind ividual s ▁were ▁seen ▁on ▁rocks ▁at ▁night ▁along ▁a ▁stream . ▁ ▁Cra ug ast or ▁tra chy der mus ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss ▁caused ▁by ▁human ▁settlement , ▁agricult ural ▁enc ro achment , ▁and ▁wood ▁extra ction . ▁Ch y tr idi omy cos is ▁is ▁possibly ▁behind ▁dram atic ▁decl ines ▁seen ▁in ▁many ▁other ▁stream - d well ing ▁fro gs , ▁and ▁could ▁also ▁affect ▁this ▁species . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁tra chy der mus ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁A . ▁Campbell ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Ole ▁Christian ▁Wend el ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁cross - country ▁sk ier ▁and ▁ski ▁j um per . ▁He ▁was ▁National ▁Junior ▁Champion ▁in ▁both ▁ski ▁jump ing , ▁cross ▁country ▁ski ing ▁and ▁Nord ic ▁combined ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁and ▁Junior ▁World ▁Champion ▁in ▁Nord |
ic ▁Com b ined ▁( team ▁competition ). ▁ ▁He ▁represented ▁Norway ▁in ▁Nord ic ▁Com b ined ▁Ski ing ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁in ▁V ancouver . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁male ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁ ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁male ▁ski ▁jump ers ▁ ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁male ▁Nord ic ▁combined ▁ski ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁L inden ▁Park ▁Place - B elle ▁Avenue ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁resident ial ▁historic ▁district ▁in ▁High land ▁Park , ▁Illinois . ▁The ▁district ▁includes ▁ 3 4 ▁houses ▁along ▁L inden ▁Park ▁Place , ▁Park ▁Avenue , ▁L inden ▁Avenue , ▁El m ▁Place , ▁Park ▁Lane , ▁and ▁Belle ▁Avenue . ▁The ▁district ▁includes ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁not ew orth y ▁architect s ▁such ▁as ▁George ▁W . ▁Mah er ▁and ▁Robert ▁Se y far th . ▁It ▁also ▁includes ▁several ▁homes ▁built ▁from ▁pattern ▁books ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁wave ▁of ▁High land ▁Park ' s ▁development ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s . ▁Arch itect ural ▁styles ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁include ▁Victor ian ▁Goth ic , ▁Italian ate , ▁and ▁Pra irie ▁School . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 |
3 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Lake ▁County , ▁Illinois ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : High land ▁Park , ▁Illinois . <0x0A> </s> ▁Hur rah ! ▁were ▁a ▁British ▁j angle ▁pop ▁band ▁formed ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁active ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁Two ▁band ▁members ▁trad ed ▁off ▁lead ▁vocals ▁on ▁track - by - track ▁basis , ▁giving ▁the ▁band ▁two ▁distinct ly ▁different ▁sounds . ▁ ▁Band ▁history ▁ ▁Line - up ▁Form ed ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁originally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Green - E yed ▁Children , ▁Hur rah ! ▁initially ▁consisted ▁of ▁Paul ▁Hand ys ide ▁( born ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁New castle - up on - Ty ne ; ▁guitar / v oc als ), ▁David ▁' T aff y ' ▁Hugh es ▁( b . ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁South mo or , ▁North umber land ; ▁guitar / v oc als ), ▁David ▁P orth ouse ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁G ates head ; ( b ass ), ▁and ▁Mark ▁Sim ▁( d rum s ). ▁Sim ▁was ▁soon ▁replaced ▁by ▁Dam ien ▁Mah oney . ▁ ▁When ▁Mah oney ▁left ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 |
▁to ▁join ▁the ▁police ▁force , ▁after ▁exhaust ive ▁aud itions , ▁the ▁band ▁eventually ▁rec ru ited ▁Steve ▁Price ▁( b . ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁New port ; ▁drums ) ▁as ▁a ▁permanent ▁replacement ▁drum mer . ▁Ad rian ▁Evans ▁( b . ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁County ▁Dur ham , ▁England ) ▁became ▁the ▁band ' s ▁fourth ▁drum mer ▁when ▁Steve ▁Price ▁left ▁the ▁band ▁and ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁America . ▁ ▁Re leases ▁Hur rah ! ▁were ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁acts ▁signed ▁to ▁K itchen ware ▁Records , ▁who ▁issued ▁the ▁band ' s ▁debut ▁single , ▁" The ▁Sun ▁Sh ines ▁Here ", ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁Second ▁single ▁" H ip ▁H ip " ▁was ▁released ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁and ▁gave ▁the ▁band ▁an ▁ind ie ▁chart ▁hit , ▁reaching ▁No . ▁ 2 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁single , ▁" Who ' d ▁Have ▁Th ought ," ▁was ▁another ▁ind ie ▁hit ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁reaching ▁No . ▁ 7 ▁on ▁the ▁British ▁charts . ▁After ▁one ▁more ▁single , ▁" G l oria " ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Miller , ▁the ▁band ' s ▁early ▁record ings ▁were ▁compiled ▁on ▁the ▁Box ed ▁album ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Hur rah ! ▁signed ▁to ▁Ar ista ▁Records ▁via ▁K itchen ware ' s ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁major ▁label , |
▁and ▁the ▁Tell ▁God ▁I ' m ▁Here ▁album ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁by ▁the ▁record ▁company . ▁On ▁Ar ista ' s ▁release , ▁the ▁future ▁single ▁" How ▁Many ▁R ivers " ▁was ▁re - record ed ▁with ▁new ▁drum mer ▁Steve ▁Price , ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Steve ▁Brown . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Hur rah ! ▁released ▁their ▁first ▁major - label ▁album ▁and ▁the ▁single , ▁" S weet ▁San ity ," ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁the ▁US . ▁The ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁song , ▁which ▁featured ▁two ▁women ▁holding ▁hands , ▁was ▁b anned ▁from ▁some ▁American ▁television ▁stations ▁for ▁being ▁too ▁controvers ial . ▁ ▁Hur rah ' s ▁major ▁label ▁debut ▁album , ▁Tell ▁God ▁I ' m ▁Here , ▁reached ▁No . ▁ 7 1 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁Albums ▁Chart ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁a ▁live ▁album , ▁Way ▁A head , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁Es ur ient ▁label . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁band ▁released ▁their ▁second ▁major - label ▁album , ▁The ▁Beautiful , ▁produced ▁by ▁Simon ▁Han hart ▁and ▁Chris ▁Kim sey . ▁The ▁tracks ▁were ▁primarily ▁recorded ▁over ▁six ▁weeks ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁at ▁R idge ▁Farm , ▁a ▁pictures que ▁resident ial ▁recording ▁studio ▁in ▁Sur rey , ▁England . ▁The ▁only ▁single ▁from ▁this ▁album ▁was ▁" Big ▁Sky ." ▁ |
▁Ar ista ▁released ▁Hur rah ! ▁from ▁their ▁record ▁contract ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Steve ▁Price ▁left ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁America , ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁split ▁up ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁after ▁re le asing ▁their ▁last ▁single ▁" That ▁dream ' s ▁over ▁now ". ▁A ▁ret ros pective ▁album ▁of ▁dem os ▁and ▁live ▁tracks , ▁The ▁Sound ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁During ▁the ▁interven ing ▁years ▁there ▁was ▁much ▁talk ▁of ▁an ▁un re leased ▁' lost ▁album ' ▁of ▁record ings ▁made ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁split . ▁This ▁album ▁was ▁rum oured ▁to ▁feature ▁previously ▁un re leased ▁material ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁band ' s ▁latter ▁day ▁live ▁sets . ▁Sus pic ions ▁of ▁this ▁album ' s ▁existence ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁well ▁founded ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁The ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁cool ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Cher ry ▁Red ▁record ▁label . ▁ ▁T ours ▁The ▁band ▁were ▁invited ▁to ▁support ▁U 2 ▁at ▁W emble y , ▁and ▁played ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁opening ▁act ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁few ▁dates ▁of ▁The ▁Josh ua ▁Tree ▁tour ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁Later ▁that ▁summer , ▁Hur rah ! ▁played ▁at ▁a ▁music ▁festival ▁in ▁Germany , ▁supporting ▁David ▁B owie ▁on ▁the ▁G lass ▁Spider ▁tour . |
▁ ▁Hur rah ! ▁tou red ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁during ▁October / Nov ember ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁appearing ▁on ▁the ▁Co ors - sp ons ored ▁" F our ▁Play " ▁tour ▁along ▁with ▁bands ▁Royal ▁Court ▁of ▁China , ▁Will ▁( S ext on ) ▁& ▁the ▁Kill ▁and ▁Northern ▁P ikes . ▁The ▁four ▁bands ▁rot ated ▁the ▁head line ▁slot , ▁and ▁played ▁free ▁shows ▁at ▁club ▁ven ues ▁and ▁colleg es ▁in ▁most ▁major ▁met ro ▁areas ▁across ▁the ▁US . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Hur rah ! ▁played ▁live ▁shows ▁in ▁Ira q , ▁Egypt ▁and ▁Jordan ▁after ▁accepting ▁an ▁inv itation ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Arts ▁Council . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁" western " ▁bands ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁esc orted ▁by ▁armed ▁troops ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁their ▁visit . ▁Public ity ▁materials ▁from ▁their ▁Arts ▁Council ▁tour ▁listed ▁the ▁album ' s ▁name ▁as ▁Tell ▁Th em ▁I ' m ▁Here ▁to ▁avoid ▁off ending ▁the ▁host ▁countries . ▁ ▁Post ▁break - up ▁After ▁Hur rah !, ▁David ▁' T aff y ' ▁Hugh es ▁formed ▁Star ▁Wit ness , ▁later ▁called ▁C andy ▁Col oured ▁C low ns , ▁and ▁released ▁a ▁c ass ette ▁of ▁rough ▁dem os ▁called ▁" Wel come ▁to ▁Raz or ▁Town " ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁Hugh es ▁also ▁plays ▁guitar ▁with ▁The ▁Girl ▁with ▁the ▁Replace able |
▁Head , ▁a ▁du o ▁formed ▁with ▁female ▁singer ▁Syl via . ▁ ▁Paul ▁Hand ys ide ▁has ▁since ▁released ▁two ▁albums ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Bron ze . ▁His ▁first ▁solo ▁album , ▁Future ' s ▁Dream , ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Mal ady ▁Music ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Hand ys ide ' s ▁second ▁solo ▁album ▁Way ward ▁Son ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁also ▁on ▁Mal ady ▁Music . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁contrib uting ▁drums , ▁mel ode on ▁and ▁backing ▁vocals ▁on ▁several ▁of ▁Paul ▁Hand ys ide ' s ▁post - H ur rah ! ▁releases , ▁David ▁P orth ouse ▁trained ▁as ▁a ▁l uth ier , ▁producing ▁custom ▁built ▁instruments ▁and ▁special ising ▁in ▁lap ▁steel ▁gu it ars . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁Box ed ▁( 1 9 8 5 , ▁K itchen ware ) ▁ ▁Tell ▁God ▁I ' m ▁Here ▁( 1 9 8 7 , ▁K itchen ware / Ar ista ) ▁( UK ▁Albums ▁Chart ▁No . ▁ 7 1 ) ▁ ▁Way ▁A head ▁( 1 9 8 7 , ▁Es uri ant ) ▁( UK ▁Ind ie ▁No . ▁ 2 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Beautiful ▁( 1 9 8 9 , ▁K itchen ware / Ar ista ) ▁ ▁Sound ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁( 1 9 9 3 , ▁Cre ation ▁Rev - O la ) ▁ ▁The ▁Return ▁of ▁the ▁C ool ▁( 2 0 1 0 ▁Cher ry ▁Red |
) ▁ ▁Singles ▁" The ▁Sun ▁Sh ines ▁Here " ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁K itchen ware ▁" H ip ▁H ip " ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁K itchen ware ▁( UK ▁Ind ie ▁No . ▁ 2 1 ) ▁" Who ' d ▁Have ▁Th ought " ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁K itchen ware ▁( UK ▁Ind ie ▁No . ▁ 7 ) ▁" G l oria " ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁K itchen ware ▁( UK ▁Ind ie ▁No . ▁ 1 2 ) ▁" S weet ▁San ity " ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁K itchen ware / Ar ista ▁" If ▁Love ▁Could ▁Kill " ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁K itchen ware / Ar ista ▁" How ▁Many ▁R ivers ?" ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁K itchen ware / Ar ista ▁" S weet ▁San ity " ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁K itchen ware / Ar ista ▁" Big ▁Sky " ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁K itchen ware / Ar ista ▁" That ▁Dream ' s ▁Over ▁Now " ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁K itchen ware / Ar ista ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : English ▁pop ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁C ator hin tha ▁selector ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁leaf - fo oted ▁bug ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Core idae . ▁It ▁is |
▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea , ▁Central ▁America , ▁North ▁America , ▁and ▁South ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Core ini ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁magnet obre ms stra hl ung ▁radiation ) ▁is ▁the ▁elect romagnet ic ▁radiation ▁em itted ▁when ▁charged ▁particles ▁are ▁acceler ated ▁radial ly , ▁e . g ., ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁subject ▁to ▁an ▁acceleration ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁their ▁velocity ▁( ). ▁It ▁is ▁produced , ▁for ▁example , ▁in ▁syn ch ro tr ons ▁using ▁b ending ▁magnet s , ▁und ul ators ▁and / or ▁w ig gl ers . ▁If ▁the ▁particle ▁is ▁non - rel ativ istic , ▁then ▁the ▁emission ▁is ▁called ▁cycl ot ron ▁emission . ▁If , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁particles ▁are ▁relativ istic , ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁ ▁ult ra rel ativ istic , ▁the ▁emission ▁is ▁called ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁emission . ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁may ▁be ▁achieved ▁artificial ly ▁in ▁syn ch ro tr ons ▁or ▁storage ▁rings , ▁or ▁naturally ▁by ▁fast ▁electrons ▁moving ▁through ▁magnetic ▁fields . ▁The ▁radiation ▁produced ▁in ▁this ▁way ▁has ▁a ▁characteristic ▁polar ization ▁and ▁the ▁frequencies ▁generated ▁can ▁range ▁over ▁the ▁entire ▁elect romagnet ic ▁spectrum ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁continu um ▁radiation . |
▁ ▁History ▁S ync rad iation ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁Sch en ect ady , ▁New ▁York ▁from ▁a ▁General ▁Electric ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁acceler ator ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁announced ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁by ▁Frank ▁E lder , ▁An ato le ▁G ure w itsch , ▁Robert ▁Lang mu ir ▁and ▁Her b ▁Pol lock ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁entitled ▁" Rad iation ▁from ▁Elect rons ▁in ▁a ▁Syn ch ro tr on ". ▁Pol lock ▁rec ount s : ▁ ▁Properties ▁of ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁ ▁Broad ▁Spect rum ▁( which ▁covers ▁from ▁mic row aves ▁to ▁hard ▁X - ray s ): ▁the ▁users ▁can ▁select ▁the ▁w avel ength ▁required ▁for ▁their ▁experiment ; ▁ ▁High ▁Fl ux : ▁high ▁intensity ▁phot on ▁beam ▁allows ▁rapid ▁experiments ▁or ▁use ▁of ▁weak ly ▁scatter ing ▁cry st als ; ▁ ▁High ▁Br ill iance : ▁highly ▁col lim ated ▁phot on ▁beam ▁generated ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁diver gence ▁and ▁small ▁size ▁source ▁( sp atial ▁coh er ence ); ▁ ▁High ▁St ability : ▁subm ic ron ▁source ▁stability ; ▁ ▁Pol ar ization : ▁both ▁linear ▁and ▁circular ; ▁ ▁P uls ed ▁Time ▁Str ucture : ▁p uls ed ▁length ▁down ▁to ▁tens ▁of ▁pic ose cond s ▁allows ▁the ▁resolution ▁of ▁process ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁scale . ▁ ▁Em ission ▁mechanism ▁When ▁high - energy ▁particles ▁are ▁in ▁acceleration , ▁including |
▁electrons ▁forced ▁to ▁travel ▁in ▁a ▁cur ved ▁path ▁by ▁a ▁magnetic ▁field , ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁is ▁produced . ▁This ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁radio ▁anten na , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁difference ▁that , ▁in ▁theory , ▁the ▁relativ istic ▁speed ▁will ▁change ▁the ▁observed ▁frequency ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Do pp ler ▁effect ▁by ▁the ▁Lor ent z ▁factor , ▁. ▁Rel ativ istic ▁length ▁contra ction ▁then ▁b umps ▁the ▁frequency ▁observed ▁by ▁another ▁factor ▁of ▁, ▁thus ▁multip lying ▁the ▁G Hz ▁frequency ▁of ▁the ▁reson ant ▁cav ity ▁that ▁acceler ates ▁the ▁electrons ▁into ▁the ▁X - ray ▁range . ▁The ▁radi ated ▁power ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁relativ istic ▁L arm or ▁formula ▁while ▁the ▁force ▁on ▁the ▁em itting ▁electron ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁Abraham – L or ent z – Di rac ▁force . ▁ ▁The ▁radiation ▁pattern ▁can ▁be ▁dist orted ▁from ▁an ▁is otrop ic ▁di pole ▁pattern ▁into ▁an ▁extremely ▁forward - point ing ▁cone ▁of ▁radiation . ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁is ▁the ▁bright est ▁artificial ▁source ▁of ▁X - ray s . ▁ ▁The ▁plan ar ▁acceleration ▁geometry ▁appears ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁radiation ▁linear ly ▁polar ized ▁when ▁observed ▁in ▁the ▁orb ital ▁plane , ▁and ▁circular ly ▁polar ized ▁when ▁observed ▁at ▁a ▁small ▁angle ▁to ▁that ▁plane . ▁Am plit ude ▁and ▁frequency ▁are ▁however ▁focused ▁to ▁the ▁polar ▁e cli ptic . ▁ ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁from ▁acceler ators ▁ |
▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁may ▁occur ▁in ▁acceler ators ▁either ▁as ▁a ▁n uis ance , ▁causing ▁und es ired ▁energy ▁loss ▁in ▁particle ▁physics ▁context s , ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁deliber ately ▁produced ▁radiation ▁source ▁for ▁numerous ▁labor atory ▁applications . ▁Elect rons ▁are ▁acceler ated ▁to ▁high ▁spe eds ▁in ▁several ▁stages ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁final ▁energy ▁that ▁is ▁typically ▁in ▁the ▁Ge V ▁range . ▁In ▁the ▁L HC ▁pro ton ▁bunch es ▁also ▁produce ▁the ▁radiation ▁at ▁increasing ▁amplitude ▁and ▁frequency ▁as ▁they ▁acceler ate ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁vac u um ▁field , ▁propag ating ▁photo elect rons , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁propag ate ▁secondary ▁electrons ▁from ▁the ▁pipe ▁walls ▁with ▁increasing ▁frequency ▁and ▁density ▁up ▁to ▁ 7 × 1 0 1 0 . ▁Each ▁pro ton ▁may ▁lose ▁ 6 . 7 ▁ke V ▁per ▁turn ▁due ▁to ▁this ▁phenomen on . ▁ ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁in ▁astronom y ▁ ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁is ▁also ▁generated ▁by ▁astronom ical ▁objects , ▁typically ▁where ▁relativ istic ▁electrons ▁spir al ▁( and ▁hence ▁change ▁velocity ) ▁through ▁magnetic ▁fields . ▁Two ▁of ▁its ▁characteristics ▁include ▁non - ther mal ▁power - law ▁spect ra , ▁and ▁polar ization . ▁It ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁powerful ▁tools ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁extra - sol ar ▁magnetic ▁fields ▁wherever ▁relativ istic ▁charged ▁particles ▁are ▁present . ▁Most ▁known ▁cos mic ▁radio ▁sources ▁emit ▁syn ch ro tr on |
▁radiation . ▁It ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁estimate ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁large ▁cos mic ▁magnetic ▁fields ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁analyze ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁and ▁inter gal actic ▁media . ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁detection ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁detected ▁in ▁a ▁jet ▁em itted ▁by ▁Mess ier ▁ 8 7 ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁by ▁Geoff rey ▁R . ▁Bur b idge , ▁who ▁saw ▁it ▁as ▁confirm ation ▁of ▁a ▁prediction ▁by ▁I os if ▁S . ▁Sh k lov sky ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁but ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁predicted ▁earlier ▁by ▁Hann es ▁Alf v én ▁and ▁Nicol ai ▁Her lo f son ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁Sol ar ▁fl ares ▁acceler ate ▁particles ▁that ▁emit ▁in ▁this ▁way , ▁as ▁suggested ▁by ▁R . ▁Giov anel li ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁described ▁crit ically ▁by ▁J . H . ▁P idd ington ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁T . ▁K . ▁Bre us ▁noted ▁that ▁questions ▁of ▁priority ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁ast ro phys ical ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁are ▁complicated , ▁writing : ▁ ▁Super mass ive ▁black ▁holes ▁have ▁been ▁suggested ▁for ▁producing ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation , ▁by ▁e jection ▁of ▁j ets ▁produced ▁by ▁grav itation ally ▁acceler ating ▁ ions ▁through ▁the ▁super ▁cont orted ▁' t ub ular ' ▁polar ▁areas ▁of ▁magnetic ▁fields . ▁Such ▁j ets , ▁the ▁nearest ▁being ▁in |
▁Mess ier ▁ 8 7 , ▁have ▁been ▁confirmed ▁by ▁the ▁Hub ble ▁teles cope ▁as ▁apparently ▁super l um inal , ▁trav elling ▁at ▁ ▁( six ▁times ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁light ) ▁from ▁our ▁planet ary ▁frame . ▁This ▁phenomen on ▁is ▁caused ▁because ▁the ▁j ets ▁are ▁trav elling ▁very ▁near ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁light ▁and ▁at ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁angle ▁towards ▁the ▁observer . ▁Because ▁at ▁every ▁point ▁of ▁their ▁path ▁the ▁high - vel ocity ▁j ets ▁are ▁em itting ▁light , ▁the ▁light ▁they ▁emit ▁does ▁not ▁approach ▁the ▁observer ▁much ▁more ▁quickly ▁than ▁the ▁jet ▁itself . ▁Light ▁em itted ▁over ▁hundreds ▁of ▁years ▁of ▁travel ▁thus ▁arriv es ▁at ▁the ▁observer ▁over ▁a ▁much ▁smaller ▁time ▁period ▁( ten ▁or ▁twenty ▁years ) ▁giving ▁the ▁ill usion ▁of ▁faster ▁than ▁light ▁travel . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁viol ation ▁of ▁special ▁relativ ity . ▁ ▁P uls ar ▁wind ▁ne b ula e ▁A ▁class ▁of ▁astronom ical ▁sources ▁where ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁emission ▁is ▁important ▁is ▁the ▁p uls ar ▁wind ▁ne b ula e , ▁a . k . a . ▁pl er ions , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁C rab ▁ne b ula ▁and ▁its ▁associated ▁p uls ar ▁are ▁arch et yp al . ▁P uls ed ▁emission ▁g amma - ray ▁radiation ▁from ▁the ▁C rab ▁has ▁recently ▁been ▁observed ▁up ▁to ▁ ≥ 2 5 Ge V , ▁probably ▁due ▁to ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁emission ▁by |
▁electrons ▁tra pped ▁in ▁the ▁strong ▁magnetic ▁field ▁around ▁the ▁p uls ar . ▁Pol ar ization ▁in ▁the ▁C rab ▁at ▁energ ies ▁from ▁ 0 . 1 ▁to ▁ 1 . 0 ▁Me V ▁illustr ates ▁a ▁typical ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation . ▁ ▁Inter stell ar ▁and ▁Inter gal actic ▁Media ▁Much ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁magnetic ▁environment ▁of ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁medium ▁and ▁inter gal actic ▁medium ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁observations ▁of ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation . ▁Cos mic ▁ray ▁electrons ▁moving ▁through ▁the ▁medium ▁interact ▁with ▁relativ istic ▁pl asma ▁and ▁emit ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁which ▁is ▁detected ▁on ▁Earth . ▁The ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁radiation ▁allow ▁astronom ers ▁to ▁make ▁infer ences ▁about ▁the ▁magnetic ▁field ▁strength ▁and ▁orientation ▁in ▁these ▁regions , ▁however ▁accurate ▁calculations ▁of ▁field ▁strength ▁cannot ▁be ▁made ▁without ▁knowing ▁the ▁relativ istic ▁electron ▁density . ▁ ▁Form ulation ▁ ▁Li én ard – W iech ert ▁Field ▁We ▁start ▁with ▁the ▁expressions ▁for ▁the ▁Li én ard – W iech ert ▁field ▁of ▁a ▁point ▁charge ▁of ▁mass ▁ ▁and ▁charge ▁: ▁ ▁where ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁, ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁unit ▁vector ▁between ▁the ▁observation ▁point ▁and ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁charge ▁at ▁the ▁ret arded ▁time , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁ret arded ▁time . ▁ ▁In ▁equation ▁( ), ▁and ▁( ), ▁the ▁first ▁terms ▁for ▁B ▁and ▁E ▁resulting ▁from ▁the ▁particle ▁fall ▁off ▁as ▁the ▁inverse ▁square |
▁of ▁the ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁particle , ▁and ▁this ▁first ▁term ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁generalized ▁C oul omb ▁field ▁or ▁velocity ▁field . ▁These ▁terms ▁represents ▁the ▁particle ▁static ▁field ▁effect , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁component ▁of ▁its ▁motion ▁that ▁has ▁zero ▁or ▁constant ▁velocity , ▁as ▁seen ▁by ▁a ▁distant ▁observer ▁at ▁r . ▁By ▁contrast , ▁the ▁second ▁terms ▁fall ▁off ▁as ▁the ▁inverse ▁first ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁source , ▁and ▁these ▁second ▁terms ▁are ▁called ▁the ▁acceleration ▁field ▁or ▁radiation ▁field ▁because ▁they ▁represent ▁components ▁of ▁field ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁charge ' s ▁acceleration ▁( ch anging ▁velocity ), ▁and ▁they ▁represent ▁E ▁and ▁B ▁which ▁are ▁em itted ▁as ▁elect romagnet ic ▁radiation ▁from ▁the ▁particle ▁to ▁an ▁observer ▁at ▁r . ▁ ▁If ▁we ▁ignore ▁the ▁velocity ▁field ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁em itted ▁EM ▁radiation ▁only , ▁the ▁radial ▁component ▁of ▁Po ynt ing ' s ▁vector ▁resulting ▁from ▁the ▁Li én ard – W iech ert ▁fields ▁can ▁be ▁calculated ▁to ▁be ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁ ▁The ▁spatial ▁relationship ▁between ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁determ ines ▁the ▁detailed ▁angular ▁power ▁distribution . ▁The ▁relativ istic ▁effect ▁of ▁transform ing ▁from ▁the ▁rest ▁frame ▁of ▁the ▁particle ▁to ▁the ▁observer ' s ▁frame ▁manifest s ▁itself ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁factors ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁denomin ator ▁of ▁Eq . ▁( ). ▁For ▁ult ra rel ativ istic ▁particles ▁the ▁latter ▁effect ▁domin ates ▁the ▁whole ▁angular ▁distribution . |
▁ ▁The ▁energy ▁radi ated ▁into ▁per ▁solid ▁angle ▁during ▁a ▁finite ▁period ▁of ▁acceleration ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁ ▁is ▁ ▁Integr ating ▁Eq . ▁() ▁over ▁the ▁all ▁solid ▁angles , ▁we ▁get ▁the ▁relativ istic ▁general ization ▁of ▁L arm or ' s ▁formula ▁ ▁| ▁ ▁However , ▁this ▁also ▁can ▁be ▁derived ▁by ▁relativ istic ▁transformation ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 - ac cel er ation ▁in ▁L arm or ' s ▁formula . ▁ ▁Vel ocity ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁acceleration ▁( v ▁ <0xE2> <0x9F> <0x82> ▁a ): ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁charge ▁is ▁in ▁instant aneous ▁circular ▁motion , ▁its ▁acceleration ▁ ▁is ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁its ▁velocity ▁. ▁Cho osing ▁a ▁coordinate ▁system ▁such ▁that ▁instant ane ously ▁ ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁direction ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁direction , ▁with ▁the ▁polar ▁and ▁az im uth ▁angles ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁defining ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁observation , ▁the ▁general ▁formula ▁Eq . ▁() ▁reduces ▁to ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁relativ istic ▁limit ▁, ▁the ▁angular ▁distribution ▁can ▁be ▁written ▁approximately ▁as ▁ ▁The ▁factors ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁denomin ators ▁tip ▁the ▁angular ▁distribution ▁forward ▁into ▁a ▁narrow ▁cone ▁like ▁the ▁beam ▁of ▁a ▁head light ▁pointing ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁particle . ▁A ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁angular ▁distribution ▁( ▁vs . ▁) ▁shows ▁a ▁sharp ▁peak ▁around ▁. ▁ ▁If ▁we ▁neglect ▁any ▁electric ▁force ▁on ▁the ▁particle , ▁the ▁total ▁power ▁radi ated ▁( over ▁all ▁solid ▁angle ) |
▁from ▁Eq . ▁() ▁is ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁particle ' s ▁total ▁( kin etic ▁plus ▁rest ) ▁energy , ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁magnetic ▁field , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁radius ▁of ▁curv ature ▁of ▁the ▁track ▁in ▁the ▁field . ▁Note ▁that ▁the ▁radi ated ▁power ▁is ▁proportional ▁to ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁In ▁some ▁cases ▁the ▁surfaces ▁of ▁vac u um ▁ch amb ers ▁hit ▁by ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁co o led ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁high ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁radiation . ▁ ▁Using ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁angle ▁between ▁the ▁velocity ▁and ▁the ▁magnetic ▁field ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁radius ▁of ▁the ▁circular ▁acceleration , ▁the ▁power ▁em itted ▁is : ▁ ▁Thus ▁the ▁power ▁em itted ▁scales ▁as ▁energy ▁to ▁the ▁fourth , ▁and ▁decre ases ▁with ▁the ▁square ▁of ▁the ▁radius ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁power ▁of ▁particle ▁mass . ▁This ▁radiation ▁is ▁what ▁limits ▁the ▁energy ▁of ▁an ▁electron - pos it ron ▁circular ▁coll ider . ▁Gener ally , ▁pro ton - pro ton ▁coll iders ▁are ▁instead ▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁maximum ▁magnetic ▁field ; ▁this ▁is ▁why , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁L HC ▁has ▁a ▁center - of - mass ▁energy ▁ 7 0 ▁times ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁LE P ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁pro ton ▁mass ▁is ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁times ▁the ▁electron ▁mass . ▁ ▁Rad iation ▁integral ▁The ▁energy ▁received ▁by ▁an ▁observer ▁( per ▁unit ▁solid ▁angle ▁at ▁the ▁source ) ▁is |
▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁Fourier ▁transformation ▁we ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁frequency ▁space ▁ ▁Angular ▁and ▁frequency ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁energy ▁received ▁by ▁an ▁observer ▁( cons ider ▁only ▁the ▁radiation ▁field ) ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁if ▁we ▁know ▁the ▁particle ' s ▁motion , ▁cross ▁products ▁term , ▁and ▁phase ▁factor , ▁we ▁could ▁calculate ▁the ▁radiation ▁integral . ▁However , ▁calculations ▁are ▁generally ▁quite ▁length y ▁( even ▁for ▁simple ▁cases ▁as ▁for ▁the ▁radiation ▁em itted ▁by ▁an ▁electron ▁in ▁a ▁b ending ▁magnet , ▁they ▁require ▁Air y ▁function ▁or ▁the ▁modified ▁B essel ▁functions ). ▁ ▁Example ▁ 1 : ▁b ending ▁magnet ▁ ▁Integr ating ▁ ▁Tra ject ory ▁of ▁the ▁arc ▁of ▁circum ference ▁is ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁limit ▁of ▁small ▁angles ▁we ▁compute ▁ ▁Sub st itut ing ▁into ▁the ▁radiation ▁integral ▁and ▁introdu cing ▁ ▁where ▁the ▁function ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁modified ▁B essel ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁kind . ▁ ▁Fre quency ▁distribution ▁of ▁radi ated ▁energy ▁ ▁From ▁Eq . ▁( ), ▁we ▁observe ▁that ▁the ▁radiation ▁intensity ▁is ▁neg lig ible ▁for ▁. ▁Crit ical ▁frequency ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁frequency ▁when ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁So , ▁ ▁and ▁critical ▁angle ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁angle ▁for ▁which ▁ ▁and ▁is ▁approximately ▁ ▁For ▁frequencies ▁much ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁critical ▁frequency ▁and ▁angles ▁much ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁critical ▁angle , ▁the ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁emission ▁is ▁neg lig ible . ▁ ▁Integr ating ▁on ▁all ▁angles , ▁we ▁get ▁the |
▁frequency ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁energy ▁radi ated . ▁ ▁If ▁we ▁define ▁▁▁▁ ▁where ▁. ▁Then ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁, ▁if ▁, ▁and ▁, ▁if ▁▁ ▁The ▁formula ▁for ▁spectral ▁distribution ▁of ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation , ▁given ▁above , ▁can ▁be ▁expressed ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁a ▁rapidly ▁conver ging ▁integral ▁with ▁no ▁special ▁functions ▁involved ▁( see ▁also ▁modified ▁B essel ▁functions ▁) ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁the ▁relation : ▁ ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁emission ▁as ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁beam ▁energy ▁ ▁First , ▁define ▁the ▁critical ▁phot on ▁energy ▁as ▁ ▁Then , ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁radi ated ▁power ▁and ▁phot on ▁energy ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁graph ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side . ▁The ▁higher ▁the ▁critical ▁energy , ▁the ▁more ▁phot ons ▁with ▁high ▁energ ies ▁are ▁generated . ▁Note ▁that , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁dependence ▁on ▁the ▁energy ▁at ▁longer ▁w avel ength . ▁ ▁Pol ar ization ▁of ▁syn ch ro tr on ▁radiation ▁In ▁Eq . ▁( ), ▁the ▁first ▁term ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁radiation ▁power ▁with ▁polar ization ▁in ▁the ▁orbit ▁plane , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁term ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁polar ization ▁orthogonal ▁to ▁the ▁orbit ▁plane . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁orbit ▁plane ▁, ▁the ▁polar ization ▁is ▁purely ▁horizontal . ▁Integr ating ▁on ▁all ▁frequencies , ▁we ▁get ▁the ▁angular ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁energy ▁radi ated ▁ ▁Integr ating ▁on ▁all ▁the ▁angles , ▁we ▁find ▁that ▁seven ▁times ▁as ▁much ▁energy ▁is ▁radi ated ▁with ▁parallel ▁polar ization ▁as |
▁with ▁per pend icular ▁polar ization . ▁The ▁radiation ▁from ▁a ▁relativ ist ically ▁moving ▁charge ▁is ▁very ▁strongly , ▁but ▁not ▁completely , ▁polar ized ▁in ▁the ▁plane ▁of ▁motion . ▁ ▁Example ▁ 2 : ▁und ulator ▁ ▁Solution ▁of ▁equation ▁of ▁motion ▁and ▁und ulator ▁equation ▁ ▁An ▁und ulator ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁periodic ▁array ▁of ▁magnet s , ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁provide ▁a ▁sin us oid al ▁magnetic ▁field . ▁ ▁Solution ▁of ▁equation ▁of ▁motion ▁is ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁parameter ▁ ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁und ulator ▁parameter . ▁ ▁Cond ition ▁for ▁the ▁construct ive ▁inter ference ▁of ▁radiation ▁em itted ▁at ▁different ▁pol es ▁is ▁ ▁Exp and ing ▁ ▁and ▁neglect ing ▁the ▁terms ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁resulting ▁equation , ▁one ▁obtain s ▁ ▁For ▁, ▁one ▁finally ▁gets ▁ ▁This ▁equation ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁und ulator ▁equation . ▁ ▁Rad iation ▁from ▁the ▁und ulator ▁Rad iation ▁integral ▁is ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁period icity ▁of ▁the ▁traject ory , ▁we ▁can ▁split ▁the ▁radiation ▁integral ▁into ▁a ▁sum ▁over ▁ ▁terms , ▁where ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁b ending ▁magnet s ▁of ▁the ▁und ulator . ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁ ▁, ▁and ▁, , and ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁radiation ▁integral ▁in ▁an ▁und ulator ▁can ▁be ▁written ▁as ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁frequency ▁difference ▁to ▁the ▁n - th ▁harm onic . ▁The ▁sum ▁of ▁ ▁generates ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁sharp ▁pe aks ▁in ▁the |
▁frequency ▁spectrum ▁harm on ics ▁of ▁fundamental ▁w avel ength ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁angles ▁of ▁observations ▁and ▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁axis ▁( ), ▁the ▁radiation ▁integral ▁becomes ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁where ▁▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁only ▁odd ▁harm on ics ▁are ▁radi ated ▁on - axis , ▁and ▁as ▁ ▁increases ▁higher ▁harm onic ▁becomes ▁stronger . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bre ms stra hl ung ▁Cy cl ot ron ▁turn over ▁Free - elect ron ▁las er ▁Rad iation ▁reaction ▁Rel ativ istic ▁be aming ▁S ok ol ov – T ern ov ▁effect ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁Bra u , ▁Charles ▁A . ▁Modern ▁Problem s ▁in ▁Class ical ▁Elect rod ynam ics . ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁. ▁Jackson , ▁John ▁David . ▁Class ical ▁Elect rod ynam ics . ▁John ▁W iley ▁& ▁S ons , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Cos mic ▁Mag net obre ms stra hl ung ▁( syn ch ro tr on ▁Rad iation ), ▁by ▁G in zburg , ▁V . ▁L ., ▁Sy ro vat sk ii , ▁S . ▁I ., ▁A RA A , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁Develop ments ▁in ▁the ▁Theory ▁of ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁Rad iation ▁and ▁its ▁Re abs or ption , ▁by ▁G in zburg , ▁V . ▁L ., ▁Sy ro vat sk ii , ▁S . ▁I ., ▁A RA A , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁L ights ources |
. org ▁Bio Sync ▁– ▁a ▁struct ural ▁bi ologist ' s ▁resource ▁for ▁high ▁energy ▁data ▁collection ▁facilities ▁X - R ay ▁Data ▁Book let ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Part icle ▁physics ▁Category : Syn ch ro tr on - related ▁techniques ▁Category : E lect romagnet ic ▁radiation ▁Category : Ex perimental ▁particle ▁physics <0x0A> </s> ▁K ops ia ▁lar ut ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ap oc yn aceae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Pen ins ular ▁Malays ia , ▁Bor neo ▁and ▁Th ailand . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁lar ut ensis ▁Category : Data ▁def ic ient ▁plants ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Pen ins ular ▁Malays ia ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Sar aw ak ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Th ailand ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Al bat ross es ▁are ▁large ▁se ab ird s ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Di om ede idae . ▁They ▁are ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁pro cell ari ids , ▁storm ▁pet rel s , ▁and ▁div ing ▁pet rel s ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁Pro cell ari iformes ▁( the ▁t uben oses ). ▁They ▁range ▁widely ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Ocean ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific . ▁They ▁are ▁absent ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic , ▁although ▁foss il ▁remains ▁show ▁they ▁once ▁occurred ▁there ▁and ▁occas ional ▁v agr ants ▁are ▁found . ▁Al bat ross es ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁flying |
▁birds , ▁and ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Di om ede a ▁( gre at ▁al bat ross es ) ▁have ▁the ▁longest ▁wings p ans ▁of ▁any ▁ext ant ▁birds , ▁reaching ▁up ▁to ▁. ▁The ▁al bat ross es ▁are ▁usually ▁regarded ▁as ▁falling ▁into ▁four ▁gener a , ▁but ▁disag re ement ▁exists ▁over ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁species . ▁ ▁They ▁feed ▁on ▁squ id , ▁fish , ▁and ▁kr ill ▁by ▁either ▁sc av eng ing , ▁surface ▁se izing , ▁or ▁div ing . ▁Al bat ross es ▁are ▁colonial , ▁nest ing ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁part ▁on ▁remote ▁ocean ic ▁islands , ▁often ▁with ▁several ▁species ▁nest ing ▁together . ▁P air ▁b onds ▁between ▁males ▁and ▁females ▁form ▁over ▁several ▁years , ▁with ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁" rit ual ised ▁d ances ", ▁and ▁ ▁last ▁for ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁pair . ▁A ▁bre eding ▁season ▁can ▁take ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁from ▁lay ing ▁to ▁fled ging , ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁egg ▁laid ▁in ▁each ▁bre eding ▁attempt . ▁A ▁L ays an ▁al bat ross , ▁named ▁Wis dom , ▁on ▁Mid way ▁Island ▁is ▁recogn ised ▁as ▁the ▁oldest ▁wild ▁bird ▁in ▁the ▁world ; ▁she ▁was ▁first ▁band ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁by ▁Ch and ler ▁Rob b ins . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 2 2 ▁species ▁of ▁al bat ross es ▁recogn ised ▁by ▁the ▁IU CN , ▁all ▁are ▁listed ▁as ▁at ▁some ▁level ▁of ▁concern ; ▁three |
▁species ▁are ▁crit ically ▁end anger ed , ▁five ▁species ▁are ▁end anger ed , ▁seven ▁species ▁are ▁near ▁threatened , ▁and ▁seven ▁species ▁are ▁vulner able . ▁Num bers ▁of ▁al bat ross es ▁have ▁decl ined ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁due ▁to ▁har vest ing ▁for ▁fe athers . ▁Al bat ross es ▁are ▁threatened ▁by ▁introduced ▁species , ▁such ▁as ▁r ats ▁and ▁fer al ▁c ats ▁that ▁attack ▁eggs , ▁ch icks , ▁and ▁nest ing ▁adult s ; ▁by ▁poll ution ; ▁by ▁a ▁serious ▁decl ine ▁in ▁fish ▁stock s ▁in ▁many ▁regions ▁largely ▁due ▁to ▁over f ishing ; ▁and ▁by ▁long line ▁fish ing . ▁Long line ▁fish eries ▁pose ▁the ▁greatest ▁threat , ▁as ▁feed ing ▁birds ▁are ▁attract ed ▁to ▁the ▁b ait , ▁become ▁hook ed ▁on ▁the ▁lines , ▁and ▁d rown . ▁Ident ified ▁st ake hold ers ▁such ▁as ▁govern ments , ▁conservation ▁organis ations , ▁and ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁fish ing ▁industry ▁are ▁all ▁working ▁toward ▁reducing ▁this ▁by catch . ▁ ▁Science ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁and ▁evolution ▁ ▁The ▁" al bat ross " ▁design ation ▁compr ises ▁between ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ▁species ▁( the ▁number ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁some ▁debate , ▁ 2 1 ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁commonly ▁accepted ▁number ) ▁in ▁four ▁gener a . ▁These ▁gener a ▁are ▁the ▁great ▁al bat ross es ▁( Di om ede a ), ▁the ▁mol ly ma w ks ▁( Th al |
ass ar che ), ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁al bat ross es ▁( P ho eb ast ria ), ▁and ▁the ▁so oty ▁al bat ross es ▁or ▁so ot ies ▁( P ho eb et ria ). ▁The ▁North ▁Pacific ▁al bat ross es ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁sister ▁tax on ▁to ▁the ▁great ▁al bat ross es , ▁while ▁the ▁so oty ▁al bat ross es ▁are ▁considered ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁mol ly ma w ks . ▁ ▁The ▁tax onomy ▁of ▁the ▁al bat ross ▁group ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁much ▁debate . ▁The ▁S ible y - A hl qu ist ▁tax onomy ▁places ▁se ab ird s , ▁birds ▁of ▁pre y , ▁and ▁many ▁others ▁in ▁a ▁greatly ▁en larg ed ▁order , ▁the ▁C icon i iformes , ▁whereas ▁the ▁orn ith ological ▁organis ations ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁Europe , ▁South ▁Africa , ▁Australia , ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁retain ▁the ▁more ▁traditional ▁order ▁Pro cell ari iformes . ▁The ▁al bat ross es ▁can ▁be ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁other ▁Pro cell ari iformes ▁both ▁gen et ically ▁and ▁through ▁morph ological ▁characteristics , ▁size , ▁their ▁legs , ▁and ▁the ▁arrangement ▁of ▁their ▁nas al ▁tub es ▁( see ▁below : ▁Mor ph ology ▁and ▁flight ). ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁family , ▁the ▁assignment ▁of ▁gener a ▁has ▁been ▁deb ated ▁for ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years . ▁Origin ally ▁placed ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁genus , ▁Di om ede a , ▁they ▁were |
▁re arr anged ▁by ▁Reich en bach ▁into ▁four ▁different ▁gener a ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁then ▁l ump ed ▁back ▁together ▁and ▁split ▁apart ▁again ▁several ▁times , ▁acqu iring ▁ 1 2 ▁different ▁genus ▁names ▁in ▁total ▁( though ▁never ▁more ▁than ▁eight ▁at ▁one ▁time ) ▁by ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁( Di om ede a , ▁Pho eb ast ria , ▁Th al ass ar che , ▁Pho eb et ria , ▁Th al ass ager on , ▁Di omed ella , ▁Ne al b atr us , ▁Rh oth onia , ▁Jul iet ata , ▁Gal ap ag orn is , ▁L ays an orn is , ▁and ▁P enth ir enia ). ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁bring ▁some ▁order ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁classification ▁of ▁al bat ross es , ▁they ▁were ▁l ump ed ▁into ▁two ▁gener a , ▁Pho eb et ria ▁( the ▁so oty ▁al bat ross es ▁which ▁most ▁closely ▁seemed ▁to ▁res emble ▁the ▁pro cell ar ids ▁and ▁were ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁considered ▁" prim itive " ▁) ▁and ▁Di om ede a ▁( the ▁rest ). ▁Though ▁a ▁case ▁was ▁made ▁for ▁the ▁simpl ification ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁( part icular ly ▁the ▁nom en cl ature ), ▁the ▁classification ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁morph ological ▁analysis ▁by ▁Elli ott ▁Cou es ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 , ▁and ▁paid ▁little ▁attention ▁to ▁more ▁recent ▁studies ▁and |
▁even ▁ignored ▁some ▁of ▁Cou es ' s ▁suggestions . ▁ ▁More ▁recent ▁research ▁by ▁Gary ▁N unn ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁and ▁other ▁research ers ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁studied ▁the ▁mit och ond rial ▁DNA ▁of ▁all ▁ 1 4 ▁accepted ▁species , ▁finding ▁four , ▁not ▁two , ▁mon oph y let ic ▁groups ▁within ▁the ▁al bat ross es . ▁They ▁proposed ▁the ▁res urre ction ▁of ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁genus ▁names , ▁Pho eb ast ria ▁for ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁al bat ross es ▁and ▁Th al ass ar che ▁for ▁the ▁mol ly ma w ks , ▁with ▁the ▁great ▁al bat ross es ▁retain ing ▁Di om ede a ▁and ▁the ▁so oty ▁al bat ross es ▁stay ing ▁in ▁Pho eb et ria . ▁Both ▁the ▁British ▁Or n ith olog ists ' ▁Union ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁authorities ▁split ▁the ▁al bat ross es ▁into ▁four ▁gener a ▁as ▁N unn ▁suggested , ▁and ▁the ▁change ▁has ▁been ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁research ers . ▁ ▁While ▁some ▁agree ▁on ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁gener a , ▁fewer ▁agree ▁on ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁species . ▁Histor ically , ▁up ▁to ▁ 8 0 ▁different ▁tax a ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁by ▁different ▁research ers ; ▁most ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁incorrectly ▁identified ▁ju ven ile ▁birds . ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁on ▁al bat ross ▁gener a , ▁Robert son ▁and ▁N unn ▁went ▁on ▁in |
▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁propose ▁a ▁re vised ▁tax onomy ▁with ▁ 2 4 ▁different ▁species , ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 4 ▁then ▁accepted . ▁This ▁expanded ▁tax onomy ▁elev ated ▁many ▁established ▁sub species ▁to ▁full ▁species , ▁but ▁was ▁critic ised ▁for ▁not ▁using , ▁in ▁every ▁case , ▁peer ▁review ed ▁information ▁to ▁justify ▁the ▁spl its . ▁Since ▁then , ▁further ▁studies ▁have ▁in ▁some ▁instances ▁supported ▁or ▁dis pro ved ▁the ▁spl its ; ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁paper ▁anal ys ing ▁the ▁mit och ond rial ▁DNA ▁and ▁mic ros at ell ites ▁agreed ▁with ▁the ▁conclusion ▁that ▁the ▁Ant ip ode an ▁al bat ross ▁and ▁the ▁Tr istan ▁al bat ross ▁were ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁wand ering ▁al bat ross , ▁per ▁Robert son ▁and ▁N unn , ▁but ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁suggested ▁Gib son ' s ▁al bat ross , ▁Di om ede a ▁g ib son i , ▁was ▁not ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁Ant ip ode an ▁al bat ross . ▁For ▁the ▁most ▁part , ▁an ▁inter im ▁tax onomy ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁species ▁is ▁accepted ▁by ▁IT IS ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁research ers , ▁though ▁by ▁no ▁means ▁all — in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Pen hall ur ick ▁and ▁W ink ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁species ▁to ▁be ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁( including ▁the ▁l ump ing ▁of ▁the ▁Amsterdam ▁al bat ross ▁with ▁the ▁wand ering ▁al bat ross |
), ▁although ▁this ▁paper ▁was ▁itself ▁controvers ial . ▁On ▁all ▁sides ▁is ▁the ▁w ides p read ▁agreement ▁on ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁further ▁research ▁to ▁clarify ▁the ▁issue . ▁ ▁S ible y ▁and ▁A hl qu ist ' s ▁mole cular ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁bird ▁families ▁has ▁put ▁the ▁radiation ▁of ▁the ▁Pro cell ari iformes ▁in ▁the ▁O lig oc ene ▁period ▁ 3 5 – 3 0 ▁ ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁( My a ), ▁though ▁this ▁group ▁probably ▁origin ated ▁earlier , ▁with ▁a ▁foss il ▁sometimes ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁order , ▁a ▁se ab ird ▁known ▁as ▁T yt th ost ony x , ▁being ▁found ▁in ▁late ▁C ret ace ous ▁rocks ▁( 7 0 ▁My a ). ▁The ▁mole cular ▁evidence ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁storm ▁pet rel s ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁diver ge ▁from ▁the ▁ancest ral ▁stock , ▁and ▁the ▁al bat ross es ▁next , ▁with ▁the ▁pro cell ar ids ▁and ▁div ing ▁pet rel s ▁separ ating ▁later . ▁The ▁earliest ▁foss il ▁al bat ross es ▁were ▁found ▁in ▁E oc ene ▁to ▁O lig oc ene ▁rocks , ▁although ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁are ▁only ▁tent atively ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁and ▁none ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁particularly ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁living ▁forms . ▁They ▁are ▁Mur unk us ▁( Middle ▁E oc ene ▁of ▁U z bek istan ), ▁Man u ▁( ear ly ▁O lig oc ene ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ), ▁and ▁an ▁und es |
cribed ▁form ▁from ▁the ▁Late ▁O lig oc ene ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁The ▁oldest ▁widely ▁accepted ▁foss il ▁al bat ross ▁is ▁Ty de a ▁sept entr ional is ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁O lig oc ene ▁of ▁Belg ium . ▁Di omed av us ▁kn app ton ensis ▁is ▁smaller ▁than ▁all ▁ext ant ▁al bat ross es ▁and ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁late ▁O lig oc ene ▁str ata ▁of ▁Washington ▁State , ▁USA . ▁Plot orn is ▁was ▁formerly ▁often ▁considered ▁a ▁pet rel ▁but ▁is ▁now ▁accepted ▁as ▁an ▁al bat ross . ▁It ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁Middle ▁Mi oc ene ▁of ▁France , ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁four ▁modern ▁gener a ▁was ▁already ▁under way ▁as ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁Pho eb ast ria ▁cal iforn ica ▁and ▁Di om ede a ▁mill eri , ▁both ▁being ▁mid - M i oc ene ▁species ▁from ▁Sh ark to oth ▁Hill , ▁California . ▁These ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁great ▁al bat ross es ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁al bat ross es ▁occurred ▁by ▁ 1 5 ▁My a . ▁Similar ▁foss il ▁finds ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Hem is phere ▁put ▁the ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁so ot ies ▁and ▁mol ly ma w ks ▁at ▁ 1 0 ▁My a . ▁The ▁foss il ▁record ▁of ▁the ▁al bat ross es ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Hem is phere ▁is ▁more ▁complete ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Southern , ▁and ▁many ▁foss il ▁forms ▁of ▁al bat ross |
▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic , ▁which ▁today ▁has ▁no ▁al bat ross es . ▁The ▁remains ▁of ▁a ▁col ony ▁of ▁short - ta iled ▁al bat ross es ▁have ▁been ▁un cover ed ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁B erm uda , ▁and ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁foss il ▁al bat ross es ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁have ▁been ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Pho eb ast ria ▁( the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁al bat ross es ); ▁one , ▁Pho eb ast ria ▁ang lica , ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁depos its ▁in ▁both ▁North ▁Carolina ▁and ▁England . ▁Due ▁to ▁conver gent ▁evolution ▁in ▁particular ▁of ▁the ▁leg ▁and ▁foot ▁b ones , ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁pre histor ic ▁pseud oto oth ▁birds ▁( P el ag orn ith idae ) ▁may ▁be ▁mistaken ▁for ▁those ▁of ▁ext inct ▁al bat ross es ; ▁Man u ▁may ▁be ▁such ▁a ▁case , ▁and ▁quite ▁certainly ▁the ▁supposed ▁giant ▁al bat ross ▁fem ur ▁from ▁the ▁Early ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁D ain ichi ▁Form ation ▁at ▁K ak eg awa , ▁Japan , ▁actually ▁is ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁pseud oto oth ▁birds . ▁Ald iom edes ▁ang ust iro str is ▁was ▁a ▁uniqu ely ▁narrow - be aked ▁species ▁from ▁the ▁P li oc ene ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁The ▁articles ▁on ▁Di om ede a , ▁Pho eb ast ria , ▁and ▁Th al ass ar che ▁contain ▁more ▁data ▁on ▁foss il ▁species ▁of ▁living ▁al bat |