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– ▁Mo ist ure ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁Kar en ▁dro ps ▁locally ▁heavy ▁ra ins ▁across ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁causing ▁minor ▁street ▁flo oding . ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 – ▁H urr icane ▁Arthur ▁passes ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁The ▁storm ▁produces ▁moder ate ▁ra inf all ▁along ▁the ▁coast , ▁though ▁wind s ▁remain ▁generally ▁below ▁tropical ▁storm ▁force . ▁Str ong ▁waves ▁buff et ▁the ▁coast line , ▁and ▁some ▁hol iday ▁celebr ations ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁were ▁cancel led ▁or ▁post pon ed . ▁August ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 – ▁H urr icane ▁Crist ob al ▁passes ▁well ▁off sh ore ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁but ▁generates ▁strong ▁waves ▁and ▁rip ▁curr ents ▁that ▁kill ▁ 2 ▁in ▁Sand y ▁Hook . ▁June ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 – ▁The ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁Bill ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁state , ▁dro pping ▁heavy ▁rain ▁but ▁causing ▁no ▁damage . ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 – ▁H urr icane ▁Jo aqu in ▁briefly ▁threat ens ▁to ▁approach ▁or ▁strike ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁forcing ▁the ▁state ▁to ▁begin ▁storm ▁prepar ations . ▁Official s ▁in ▁Atlantic ▁City ▁discuss ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁ev acu ations , ▁though ▁an ▁order ▁never ▁material izes . ▁Jo aqu in ▁instead ▁turns ▁away ▁long ▁before ▁affect ing ▁the ▁sh or eline . ▁October |
▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 – ▁The ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁H urr icane ▁Pat ric ia ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁N ortheast . ▁In ches ▁of ▁heavy ▁rain ▁and ▁g ust y ▁wind s ▁cause ▁down ed ▁tree ▁lim bs , ▁power ▁out ages , ▁and ▁flo oding ▁throughout ▁the ▁state . ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 – ▁H urr icane ▁Herm ine ▁me and ers ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁as ▁a ▁powerful ▁post - t rop ical ▁cy clone . ▁The ▁state ▁thoroughly ▁prepar es ▁for ▁the ▁storm ' s ▁arrival ▁during ▁the ▁busy ▁hol iday ▁week end . ▁Herm ine ▁moves ▁further ▁east ▁than ▁forec asted ▁and ▁impact s ▁are ▁much ▁less ▁than ▁expected . ▁Str ong ▁waves ▁and ▁minor ▁coast al ▁flo oding ▁occur ▁along ▁the ▁coast line . ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 – ▁H urr icane ▁Matthew ▁interact s ▁with ▁a ▁front al ▁system , ▁bringing ▁light ▁rain ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 – ▁The ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁C ind y ▁bought ▁strong ▁wind s ▁to ▁port ions ▁of ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁N umer ous ▁power lines ▁and ▁trees ▁were ▁down ed ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁southern ▁and ▁central ▁parts ▁of ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁Two ▁EF - 0 ▁torn ado es ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁system ▁touched ▁down ▁in ▁How ell ▁Township , ▁the ▁first ▁one ▁touch ing ▁down ▁in ▁the ▁Fort |
▁Pla ins ▁area ▁dam aging ▁a ▁Home ▁Dep ot , ▁Ch ase ▁Bank , ▁a ▁strip ▁m all , ▁an ▁ice ▁cre am ▁par lor ▁and ▁down ing ▁trees ▁and ▁power lines . ▁The ▁second ▁one ▁hit ▁a ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁Oak ▁Glen ▁area . ▁September ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 – ▁The ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁H urr icane ▁Har vey ▁hit ▁New ▁Jersey ▁on ▁Labor ▁Day ▁week end , ▁causing ▁minimal ▁damage . ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 – ▁Lar ge ▁waves ▁from ▁H urr icane ▁Jose ▁cause ▁beach ▁er os ion ▁along ▁the ▁Jersey ▁Sh ore . ▁Mod er ate ▁ra inf all ▁and ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 2 5 - 4 0 m ph ▁also ▁occur ▁across ▁the ▁state . ▁September ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 – ▁H urr icane ▁Maria ▁brings ▁show ers ▁and ▁some ▁g ust y ▁wind s ▁to ▁the ▁shore . ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 – ▁A ▁post - t rop ical ▁system ▁that ▁was ▁once ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁Philippe ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁passes ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁shore ▁and ▁brings ▁ 1 - 4 ▁inches ▁of ▁rain . ▁The ▁wind s ▁occasionally ▁g usted ▁over ▁ 4 0 m ph ▁and ▁sust ained ▁wind s ▁were ▁ 1 5 - 3 0 m ph . ▁September ▁ 8 – 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 |
– ▁The ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁Gordon ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁affect ▁the ▁state ▁for ▁ 3 ▁days , ▁dro pping ▁amounts ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 - 6 ▁inches ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁along ▁with ▁wind ▁g ust s ▁reaching ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 0 m ph . ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 - ▁The ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁H urr icane ▁Florence ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁brought ▁light ▁to ▁moder ate ▁ra inf all ▁to ▁the ▁state , ▁with ▁South ▁Jersey ▁receiving ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 ▁inches ▁of ▁rain . ▁October ▁ 1 1 - 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 - ▁The ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁H urr icane ▁Michael ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁brought ▁rain ▁and ▁g ust y ▁wind s , ▁especially ▁along ▁the ▁shore . ▁Rain fall ▁reached ▁ 3 ▁inches ▁in ▁sp ots . ▁July ▁ 1 7 - 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 - ▁The ▁remains ▁of ▁H urr icane ▁Barry ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁brought ▁g ust y ▁wind s ▁and ▁th under st orm s ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁Se vere ▁th under st orm s ▁with ▁frequent ▁light ning , ▁strong ▁wind s , ▁and ▁small ▁ha il ▁were ▁seen ▁all ▁across ▁the ▁state . ▁September ▁ 6 th , ▁ 2 0 1 9 - ▁H urr icane ▁Dor ian ▁brought ▁g |
ust y ▁wind s ▁and ▁show ers ▁to ▁the ▁state , ▁especially ▁the ▁Sh ore . ▁W inds ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 4 5 ▁m ph ▁were ▁reported , ▁along ▁with ▁light ▁ra inf all ▁and ▁fog gy , ▁cloud y ▁conditions . ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 s ▁ ▁List ed ▁by ▁month ▁Trop ical ▁cycl ones ▁affect ▁New ▁Jersey ▁the ▁most ▁during ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁September , ▁though ▁the ▁state ▁has ▁experienced ▁tropical ▁cycl ones ▁throughout ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁season , ▁ex cluding ▁November . ▁Storm s ▁affect ▁the ▁state ▁most ▁in ▁September ▁due ▁to ▁peak ▁warm th ▁in ▁water ▁temper atures . ▁No ▁recorded ▁storm ▁has ▁affected ▁the ▁state ▁between ▁November ▁and ▁May . ▁ ▁Dead liest ▁storm s ▁Most ▁tropical ▁cycl ones ▁that ▁impact ▁New ▁Jersey ▁only ▁cause ▁ra inf all ▁or ▁strong ▁waves , ▁though ▁a ▁few ▁have ▁caused ▁death s ▁in ▁the ▁state , ▁including ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁Str ong est ▁storm s ▁The ▁following ▁storm s ▁have ▁caused ▁h urr icane - force ▁wind s ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁New ▁England ▁h urr ican es ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Atlantic ▁h urr icane ▁seasons ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Atlantic ▁h urr ican es ▁ ▁Trop ical ▁cy clone ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁h urr ican es ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : At l antic ▁h urr ican es ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁tropical ▁cycl ones ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁H urr ican es <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁Wil mer |
▁For bes ▁Twe ed ie ▁( 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁natural ist ▁and ▁arch ae ologist ▁working ▁in ▁South ▁East ▁Asia , ▁who ▁was ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁R aff les ▁Museum ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁ ▁Twe ed ie ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Maurice ▁Car m ich ael ▁Twe ed ie , ▁who ▁was ▁Deput y ▁Ins pect or - General ▁in ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Indian ▁Police ▁Service , ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁M ild red ▁Clar ke . ▁ ▁He ▁read ▁Natural ▁Science ▁at ▁Cambridge ▁University , ▁special izing ▁in ▁zo ology ▁and ▁ge ology , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁short ▁spell ▁working ▁as ▁an ▁oil ▁ge ologist ▁in ▁Venezuela . ▁He ▁became ▁assistant ▁cur ator ▁of ▁the ▁R aff les ▁Museum ▁( now ▁the ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁Singapore ' s ▁Lee ▁Kong ▁Ch ian ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁until ▁the ▁Japanese ▁occupation ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁he ▁became ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁museum ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁remaining ▁in ▁that ▁post ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁Twe ed ie ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁many ▁bi ological ▁and ▁arch ae ological ▁exped itions ▁in ▁South ▁East ▁Asia ▁and ▁collected ▁many ▁spec im ens ▁himself . ▁Many ▁of ▁Twe ed ie ' s ▁collections ▁were ▁of ▁species ▁that ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁new ▁to ▁science ▁( such ▁as ▁a ▁le ech , ▁Ph y to bd |
ella ▁c aten if era ). ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁many ▁scientific ▁articles ▁particularly ▁regarding ▁cr ust ace ans , ▁fish , ▁and ▁re pt iles . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁many ▁books ▁to ▁encou rage ▁the ▁lay man ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁natural ▁history ▁and ▁arch ae ology . ▁He ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁honor ary ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Nature ▁Society . ▁ ▁Twe ed ie ▁married ▁El vi ra ▁T oby , ▁of ▁Hob art , ▁Australia , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁and ▁two ▁daughters . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁Twe ed ie ▁is ▁comm emor ated ▁in ▁the ▁scientific ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁s nake , ▁Mac ro cal am us ▁twe ed iei . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Editor ▁of ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁Nature ▁Hand books ▁series ▁published ▁by ▁Long man ▁Malays ia . ▁Twe ed ie ▁M WF ▁( 1 9 5 3 ). ▁" The ▁Stone ▁Age ▁in ▁Mal aya ". ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Branch ▁Royal ▁A si atic ▁Society ▁ 2 6 ▁( 2 ): ▁ 1 - 9 0 . ▁ ▁Twe ed ie ▁M WF , ▁Harrison ▁J L ▁( 1 9 5 4 ). ▁Mal ay an ▁Animal ▁Life . ▁Long man . ▁Twe ed ie ▁M WF ▁( 1 9 8 3 ). ▁The ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁Mal aya . ▁Singapore : ▁Singapore ▁National ▁Pr inter s ▁Ltd . ▁ 1 0 5 ▁pp . ▁AS IN ▁B 0 0 |
0 7 B 4 1 IO . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁bi olog ists ▁Category : English ▁natural ists ▁Category : N atural ▁history ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁Category : English ▁arch ae olog ists ▁Category : B rit ish ▁car cin olog ists ▁Category : B rit ish ▁cur ators ▁Category : B rit ish ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : M useum ▁direct ors ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁zo olog ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Bre ban ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Br é ban , ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Mar ne ▁department ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁France ▁ ▁Family ▁name ▁▁ ▁Vas ile ▁Bre ban ▁( 1 9 0 7 , ▁Here clean , ▁Roman ia ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Cl uj ), ▁Roman ian ▁lingu ist , ▁lex ic ograph er ▁ ▁Nicola e ▁Bre ban ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁Ba ia ▁Mare , ▁Roman ia ), ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁novel ist ▁and ▁ess ay ist ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Bre b ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Bre bi ▁ ▁Bre bu ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Bre b ina ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Bre ben i ▁ ▁Bre b ene i ▁ ▁Bre boa ia ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R oman ian - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁station |
▁in ▁ Ō da , ▁Sh im ane ▁Pref ect ure , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁L ines ▁West ▁Japan ▁Railway ▁Company ▁( J R ▁West ) ▁San in ▁Main ▁Line ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁West ▁Japan ▁Railway ▁Company ▁( J R ▁West ) ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Sh im ane ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : San in ▁Main ▁Line <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Martin ▁C umm ins ▁( born ▁March ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁politician . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁until ▁res ign ing ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁election . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁the ▁r iding ▁of ▁D elta — Rich mond ▁East ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁when ▁he ▁turned ▁to ▁provincial ▁politics ▁becoming ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁una ff ili ated ▁provincial ▁party . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Ge or get own , ▁Ontario , ▁he ▁was ▁first ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁election , ▁as ▁a ▁Reform ▁Party ▁member . ▁He ▁was ▁re - elect ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁( as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Alliance ), ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ |
2 0 0 6 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁( as ▁a ▁Conserv ative ). ▁ ▁Education ▁C umm ins ▁obtained ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Western ▁Ontario ▁where ▁he ▁attended ▁King ' s ▁University ▁College ▁and ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁ ▁Before ▁politics ▁Before ▁entering ▁politics , ▁C umm ins ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁pul p ▁and ▁paper ▁industry ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁the ▁oil ▁fields ▁of ▁Al berta ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Ben nett ▁hydro elect ric ▁dam ▁in ▁Northern ▁BC . ▁He ▁taught ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁North west ▁Territ ories ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Peace ▁River ▁district ▁of ▁Northern ▁Al berta , ▁then ▁spent ▁fifteen ▁years ▁teaching ▁in ▁D elta , ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁C umm ins ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁commercial ▁fish erman ; ▁he ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁commercial ▁fish ing ▁boats ▁in ▁BC ▁for ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁As ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁C umm ins ▁served ▁twice ▁as ▁party ▁critic ▁for ▁Fish eries ▁and ▁O ce ans , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁various ▁other ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁and ▁J oint ▁Comm itte es . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Bill ▁T iele man ▁wrote ▁about ▁John ▁C umm ins ▁convention ▁speech ▁where ▁T iele man ▁writes ▁that ▁" the ▁BC ▁Conserv atives ▁are ▁going ▁to ▁target ▁not ▁only ▁dis gr unt led ▁BC ▁Liberal ▁vot ers ▁but |
▁also ▁the ▁N DP ' s ▁traditional ▁support ▁bases ". ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁C umm ins ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁seeking ▁re - e lection ▁in ▁the ▁federal ▁election ▁held ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁C umm ins ▁announced ▁he ▁would ▁seek ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Conserv ative ▁Party , ▁and ▁was ▁acc laimed ▁leader ▁at ▁the ▁party ' s ▁convention ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁C umm ins ▁recommended ▁that ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Mount ed ▁Police ▁in ▁BC , ▁including ▁whether ▁a ▁provincial ▁police ▁force ▁should ▁be ▁considered . ▁This ▁was ▁announced ▁following ▁a ▁review ▁from ▁Brian ▁Pe ck ford . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁During ▁an ▁interview ▁on ▁C FA X ▁ 1 0 7 0 ▁Radio ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁prior ▁to ▁becoming ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁BC ▁Conserv atives , ▁C umm ins ▁was ▁question ed ▁by ▁the ▁host ▁of ▁the ▁radio ▁show ▁about ▁his ▁st ance ▁on ▁gay ▁rights ▁following ▁a ▁suggestion ▁that ▁hom osex ual ity ▁was ▁a ▁choice . ▁His ▁response ▁was : ▁" That ' s ▁my ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁issue , ". ▁He ▁followed ▁up ▁by ▁stating ▁" There ▁are ▁fol |
ks ▁that ▁will ▁tell ▁you ▁they ' re ▁born ▁that ▁way , ▁and ▁that ' s ▁fine . ▁I ▁don ' t ▁disc rim inate ". ▁He ▁issued ▁an ▁ap ology ▁a ▁couple ▁days ▁later , ▁saying ▁" My ▁comments ▁on ▁C FA X ▁radio ▁this ▁past ▁Wed nes day ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁mis inter pre ted ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁off ended ▁some . ▁I ▁apolog ize ▁for ▁that ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁How ' d ▁They ▁V ote ?: ▁John ▁C umm ins ' ▁voting ▁history ▁and ▁quotes ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Columbia ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁leaders ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁Alliance ▁MP s ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁school te ach ers ▁Category : Con serv ative ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁MP s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁Canada ▁from ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Richmond , ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : Re form ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁MP s ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Western ▁Ontario ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁polit icians ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Columbia ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁candidates ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia ▁provincial ▁elections <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁special ▁election ▁in ▁Michigan ' s ▁ 1 1 th ▁con gression al ▁district ▁was ▁a ▁special ▁election ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Michigan ▁on |
▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁to ▁replace ▁Republican ▁United ▁States ▁Congress man ▁Th ad de us ▁McC ot ter , ▁who ▁res igned ▁after ▁a ▁failed ▁president ial ▁campaign ▁and ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁sc and als . ▁Form er ▁aut ow ork er ▁David ▁Cur son , ▁the ▁Democratic ▁nom ine e , ▁narrow ly ▁defeated ▁Republican ▁nom ine e ▁Ker ry ▁Bent iv ol io , ▁a ▁rein de er ▁far mer , ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁seat ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁few ▁months ▁of ▁McC ot ter ' s ▁term . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁As ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁convenience ▁and ▁cost ▁saving , ▁this ▁special ▁election ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁regularly ▁scheduled ▁general ▁election ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁V ot ers ▁were ▁asked ▁on ▁the ▁November ▁ball ot ▁to ▁select ▁two ▁candidates : ▁one ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁McC ot ter ' s ▁term ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 2 th ▁Congress , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁full ▁ 2 - year ▁term ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 3 th ▁Congress ▁beginning ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Democratic ▁primary ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁ ▁David ▁Cur son , ▁labor ▁activ ist ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁C anton ▁Township ▁Trust ee ▁Sy ed ▁T aj ▁was ▁the ▁Democratic ▁nom ine e ▁in ▁the ▁regularly - sch eduled ▁general ▁election , ▁T aj ▁did ▁not ▁opt ▁to ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁special ▁election |
▁and ▁Cur son ▁did ▁not ▁opt ▁to ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Republican ▁primary ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁ ▁Ker ry ▁Bent iv ol io , ▁rein de er ▁far mer ▁ ▁Nancy ▁Cass is , ▁former ▁State ▁Senator ▁ ▁Kenneth ▁Cr ider , ▁steel ▁worker ▁ ▁Carol yn ▁K avan agh ▁ ▁Steve ▁King , ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liv onia ▁School ▁Board ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁General ▁election ▁The ▁election ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 6 ▁weeks ▁of ▁McC ot ter ' s ▁term ▁was ▁largely ▁ignored ▁as ▁the ▁attention ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁president ial ▁election ▁and ▁the ▁race ▁for ▁the ▁full ▁two - year ▁term ▁between ▁Bent iv ol io ▁and ▁T aj . ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁Ker ry ▁Bent iv ol io , ▁Republican ▁nom ine e ▁David ▁Cur son , ▁Democratic ▁nom ine e ▁John ▁J . ▁T art ar , ▁Libert arian ▁Party ▁nom ine e ▁Marc ▁J . ▁S os now ski , ▁Constitution ▁Party ▁nom ine e ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁special ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Michigan ' s ▁ 1 1 th ▁con gression al ▁district ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁ 1 1 ▁special ▁Michigan ▁ 1 1 ▁special ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ 1 1 ▁special ▁Michigan ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ 1 1 ▁Michigan ▁ 1 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁Kh ush w ant ▁Wal ia ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁television ▁actor . ▁ |
▁Career ▁ ▁Wal ia ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁director ▁on ▁S idd ique ' s ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁action ▁rom antic ▁film ▁Body guard ▁st arring ▁Sal man ▁Khan ▁and ▁K are ena ▁Kap oor . ▁Khan ▁suggested ▁him ▁to ▁try ▁television ▁and ▁he ▁followed ▁his ▁instructions . ▁He ▁eventually ▁deb uted ▁into ▁television , ▁and ▁port rayed ▁Rub al ▁De ew an ▁in ▁P ya ar ▁Ka ▁D ard ▁H ai ▁Me eth a ▁Me eth a ▁P ya ara ▁P ya ara ▁opposite ▁the ▁actress es ▁Ale f ia ▁Kap ad ia ▁and ▁Mon ica ▁Kh anna ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁His ▁second ▁television ▁series ▁Gust akh ▁D il ▁on ▁Life ▁OK , ▁featured ▁him ▁as ▁Ar j un ▁followed ▁by ▁roles ▁as ▁Kab ir ▁Kap oor ▁in ▁M ere ▁Rang ▁Me in ▁Rang ne ▁Wa ali ▁and ▁R aja ▁A was th i ▁in ▁I sh q ▁Ka ▁Rang ▁Saf ed . ▁Wal ia ▁next ▁appeared ▁as ▁A ar av ▁B hard w aj ▁in ▁S as ural ▁Sim ar ▁Ka ▁on ▁Colors ▁and ▁port rayed ▁Ar j un ▁V y as ▁in ▁Ze e ▁TV ' s ▁Pi ya a ▁Alb ela . ▁▁ ▁The ▁ 4 6 th ▁episode ▁of ▁La al ▁I sh q ▁star red ▁him ▁as ▁At ul ▁Singh ▁Ag ni hot ri ▁alongside ▁S hr est h ▁K umar ▁and ▁V ind h ya ▁T iw ari ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 |
8 . ▁Some ▁days ▁later , ▁Wal ia ▁bag ged ▁came o ▁role ▁of ▁Raj ▁in ▁Na agin ▁ 3 , ▁which ▁was ▁shown ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Next , ▁he ▁played ▁Y og i ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 1 st ▁episode ▁of ▁La al ▁I sh q ▁and ▁Ash raf ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁episode ▁of ▁Sh a adi ▁Ke ▁Si ya pe ▁on ▁& TV ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁ro ped ▁in ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁longest - running ▁drama ▁of ▁Star ▁Plus , ▁Ye h ▁Ris ht a ▁K ya ▁Ke hl ata ▁H ai ▁port ray ing ▁Mih ir ▁Kap oor . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁la ▁carte ▁pay ▁television ▁( from ▁the ▁French ▁à ▁la ▁carte , ▁" from ▁the ▁menu "), ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁pick - and - pay , ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁pr icing ▁model ▁for ▁pay ▁television ▁services ▁in ▁which ▁customers ▁sub scribe ▁to ▁individual ▁television ▁channels . ▁For ▁subscription ▁distribution ▁services , ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁pr icing ▁contrast s ▁with ▁the ▁prev ail ing ▁model ▁of ▁bund ling , ▁in ▁which ▁channels ▁are ▁grouped ▁into ▁packages ▁that ▁are ▁offered ▁on ▁an ▁all - or - nothing ▁basis . ▁▁ ▁The ▁term ▁has ▁subsequently ▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁cord ▁cutting — the ▁practice ▁of ▁re lying ▁on |
▁television ▁services ▁that ▁are ▁stream ed ▁over ▁the ▁internet , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁bund ling ▁of ▁various ▁video ▁on ▁demand ▁subscription ▁services , ▁each ▁chosen ▁individually ▁by ▁the ▁consumer , ▁and ▁made ▁accessible ▁through ▁one ▁central ized ▁b illing ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁top ▁view ing ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁Av ail ability ▁ ▁A ▁la ▁carte ▁pr icing ▁has ▁been ▁an ▁often - request ed ▁but ▁s eld om - del iver ed ▁option ▁for ▁cable ▁and ▁satellite ▁distribution ▁services . ▁In ▁the ▁U . S ., ▁pro ponents ▁have ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁model ▁would ▁deliver ▁lower ▁prices , ▁while ▁oppon ents ▁maintain ▁that ▁bund ling ▁offers ▁more ▁customer ▁value ▁and ▁program ▁divers ity . ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁In ▁Canada , ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁service ▁has ▁been ▁required ▁by ▁law ▁since ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁legisl ation ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁when ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Radio - tele vision ▁and ▁Tele communic ations ▁Commission ▁( CR TC ) ▁ruled ▁that ▁consum ers ▁should ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁sub scribe ▁to ▁individual ▁channels , ▁but ▁the ▁fewer ▁channels ▁purchased , ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁cost ▁for ▁each ▁one . ▁No ▁tim eline ▁was ▁set . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Indust ry ▁Minister ▁James ▁Moore ▁said ▁that ▁Canad ians ▁" should n ' t ▁have ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁bund led ▁television ▁channels ▁they ▁don ' t ▁watch " ▁and ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Conserv ative ▁government ▁would ▁make ▁it ▁easier ▁for ▁subscri |
bers ▁to ▁purchase ▁channels ▁individually . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁as ▁per ▁policy ▁implemented ▁by ▁the ▁CR TC ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁all ▁television ▁prov iders ▁in ▁Canada ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁offer ▁an ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁scheme . ▁Ch annels ▁were ▁typically ▁pr iced ▁ ▁between ▁$ 4 ▁and ▁$ 7 , ▁making ▁bund led ▁packages ▁the ▁better ▁deal ▁for ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁most ▁f rug al ▁subscri bers . ▁Cons um ers ▁were ▁incred ul ous ▁about ▁the ▁offer ings , ▁but ▁anal yst s ▁were ▁not ▁surprised , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁the ▁industry ▁would ▁be ▁expected ▁to ▁protect ▁its ▁bottom ▁line . ▁While ▁the ▁CR TC ▁required ▁a ▁basic ▁offering ▁of ▁local ▁television ▁services ▁and ▁mand ated ▁channels ▁cost ing ▁$ 2 5 ▁or ▁less , ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁pr icing ▁of ▁individual ▁stations . ▁ ▁India ▁ ▁In ▁India , ▁terrest rial ▁and ▁free - to - air ▁television ▁is ▁free ▁with ▁no ▁month ly ▁pay ments , ▁while ▁cable , ▁direct ▁to ▁home ▁( D TH ) ▁and ▁IP TV ▁require ▁a ▁month ly ▁payment ▁that ▁var ies ▁depending ▁on ▁how ▁many ▁channels ▁a ▁subscri ber ▁cho oses ▁to ▁pay ▁for . ▁Ch annels ▁are ▁sold ▁in ▁packages / b ou qu ets / bund les ▁or ▁a ▁la ▁carte . ▁All ▁television ▁service ▁prov iders ▁are ▁required , ▁by ▁law , ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁selection ▁of ▁channels |
. ▁India ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁to ▁couple ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁pr icing ▁with ▁a ▁price ▁cap . ▁Multiple - system ▁operator ▁( MS O ) ▁H ath way ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁offer ▁channels ▁on ▁an ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁basis ▁in ▁India , ▁announ cing ▁such ▁a ▁service ▁on ▁September ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Tele com ▁Reg ul atory ▁Author ity ▁of ▁India ▁( T RA I ) ▁issued ▁the ▁Tele communic ation ▁( B road cast ing ▁and ▁C able ▁Services ) ▁Inter connection ▁( F our th ▁Am end ment ) ▁Reg ulation ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁which ▁went ▁into ▁law ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 ; ▁the ▁rules ▁require ▁all ▁broad c aster s ▁to ▁offer ▁channels ▁on ▁an ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁basis . ▁The ▁reg ulation ▁states , ▁" All ▁broad c aster s ▁will ▁comp uls or ily ▁offer ▁all ▁their ▁channels ▁on ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁basis ▁to ▁D TH ▁operators . ▁Additionally , ▁they ▁may ▁also ▁offer ▁bou qu ets , ▁but ▁they ▁will ▁not ▁comp el ▁any ▁D TH ▁operator ▁to ▁include ▁the ▁entire ▁bou quet ▁in ▁any ▁package ▁being ▁offered ▁by ▁D TH ▁operators ▁to ▁their ▁subscri bers ". ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁reg ulation , ▁only ▁customers ▁in ▁areas ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁conditional ▁access ▁system ▁( C AS ), ▁and ▁cable ▁systems ▁providing ▁the ▁services , ▁had ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁choosing ▁to |
▁buy ▁only ▁the ▁channels ▁they ▁were ▁interested ▁in . ▁T RA I ▁interven ed ▁after ▁D TH ▁operators ▁compla ined ▁that ▁broad c aster s ▁were ▁forcing ▁them ▁to ▁carry ▁channels ▁that ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁want . ▁In ▁the ▁Tele communic ation ▁( B road cast ing ▁and ▁C able ) ▁Services ▁( Second ) ▁Tar iff ▁( E ighth ▁Am end ment ) ▁Order , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁( a ▁revision ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁reg ulation ▁issued ▁on ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ), ▁broad c aster s ▁were ▁ordered ▁to ▁offer ▁all ▁channels ▁on ▁an ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁basis ▁to ▁cable ▁prov iders . ▁Like ▁the ▁earlier ▁reg ulation ▁concerning ▁D TH ▁operators , ▁this ▁order ▁took ▁effect ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁It ▁also ▁permitted ▁packages ▁to ▁be ▁offered ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁la ▁carte . ▁ ▁Several ▁broad c aster s , ▁such ▁as ▁ST AR ▁India , ▁Ze e ▁Turner , ▁Set ▁Disc overy ▁and ▁Sun ▁TV , ▁challeng ed ▁T RA I ' s ▁order ▁in ▁the ▁Tele com ▁Dis put es ▁S ett lement ▁App ell ate ▁Trib unal ▁( T DS AT ). ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁T DS AT ▁refused ▁to ▁grant ▁a ▁stay ▁on ▁the ▁appeal ▁challeng ing ▁T RA I ' s ▁directive ; ▁T DS AT ▁over ru led ▁the ▁broad c aster s ' ▁ob jections . ▁The ▁ag ency ▁later |
▁set ▁aside ▁T RA I ' s ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁tar iff ▁regime . ▁T RA I ▁challeng ed ▁T DS AT ' s ▁order ▁in ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁and ▁stated ▁in ▁proceed ings ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁that ▁" in ▁the ▁analog , ▁non - address able ▁environment , ▁the ▁authority ▁is ▁of ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁made ▁mand atory ▁at ▁the ▁wh oles ale ▁level ▁as ▁techn ological ▁constraints ▁in ▁any ▁case ▁make ▁it ▁impossible ▁for ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁provision ing ▁to ▁be ▁passed ▁on ▁to ▁subscri bers ". ▁ ▁T RA I ▁ordered ▁that ▁pay ▁television ▁customers ▁in ▁India ▁must ▁be ▁given ▁a ▁free ▁choice ▁of ▁channels ▁rather ▁than ▁be ▁forced ▁to ▁choose ▁package ▁de als , ▁enfor cing ▁a ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁dead line ▁to ▁implement ▁the ▁changes . ▁The ▁order ▁stated , ▁" Every ▁service ▁provider ▁providing ▁broadcast ing ▁services ▁or ▁cable ▁services ▁to ▁its ▁subscri bers ▁using ▁an ▁address able ▁system ▁shall ▁offer ▁all ▁pay ▁channels ▁to ▁its ▁subscri bers ▁on ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁basis ▁and ▁shall ▁specify ▁the ▁maximum ▁ret ail ▁price ▁for ▁each ▁pay ▁channel ". ▁T ata ▁Sky , ▁A irt el ▁digital ▁TV , ▁Video con ▁d 2 h , ▁In ▁Digital ▁and ▁Rel iance ▁Digital ▁TV ▁launched ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁options ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁preced ent |
▁for ▁distrib utors ▁bund ling ▁channels , ▁rather ▁than ▁offering ▁them ▁a ▁la ▁carte , ▁began ▁shortly ▁after ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁C able ▁Television ▁Cons umer ▁Prote ction ▁and ▁Compet ition ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁which ▁enabled ▁broad c aster s ▁to ▁seek ▁compens ation ▁from ▁distrib utors ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁re trans m itting ▁a ▁signal . ▁Lar ger ▁broad c aster s ▁negoti ated ▁not ▁for ▁higher ▁fe es , ▁but ▁for ▁inclusion ▁of ▁their ▁newer , ▁less er ▁known , ▁non - ter rest rial ▁channels . ▁Fox , ▁for ▁example , ▁obtained ▁distribution ▁for ▁F X ; ▁N BC ▁for ▁C N BC . ▁Hence , ▁bund ling ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁just ▁a ▁market ing ▁choice ▁for ▁distrib utors , ▁but ▁a ▁contract ual ▁oblig ation . ▁ ▁Indust ry ▁resistance ▁to ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁programming ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁has ▁been ▁ent rench ed ▁even ▁during ▁dow nt urn s . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁combined ▁loss ▁of ▁ 1 . 2 ▁million ▁subscri bers ▁to ▁Com cast ▁and ▁Time ▁Warner ▁C able ▁prompt ed ▁rum ors ▁that ▁program ▁distrib utors ▁themselves ▁would ▁push ▁to ▁un bundle ▁at ▁least ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁services . ▁C able ▁anal yst ▁Craig ▁M off ett ▁argued ▁that ▁a ▁modified ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁model , ▁consisting ▁of ▁smaller ▁programming ▁t iers , ▁was ▁more ▁econom ically ▁feas ible ▁for ▁distrib utors ▁and ▁customers ▁al ike . ▁At ▁the ▁time |
, ▁Time ▁Warner ▁C able ▁experiment ed ▁with ▁such ▁an ▁offering ▁in ▁a ▁limited ▁trial , ▁called ▁TV ▁Ess entials . ▁ ▁ID C ▁anal yst ▁Gary ▁Ireland ▁called ▁such ▁skin ny ▁bund les ▁" simp ly ▁a ▁placeholder ▁for ▁a ▁la ▁carte " ▁and ▁predicted ▁that ▁consumer ▁demand ▁for ▁the ▁pr icing ▁scheme ▁would ▁eventually ▁triumph . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁U . S . ▁households ▁had ▁either ▁dropped ▁cable ▁service ▁or ▁never ▁subscri bed ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁place . ▁ ▁The ▁debate ▁ ▁Support ▁ ▁The ▁case ▁for ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁has ▁centered ▁on ▁cost ▁sav ings ▁for ▁subscri bers . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Kevin ▁Martin , ▁then ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Communic ations ▁Commission ▁( F CC ) ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁advoc ates ▁for ▁the ▁pr icing ▁scheme , ▁presented ▁a ▁report ▁to ▁Congress ▁arg uing ▁that , ▁on ▁average , ▁consum ers ▁would ▁save ▁ 1 3 % ▁on ▁their ▁month ly ▁cable ▁subscription ▁rates ▁if ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁sub scribe ▁only ▁to ▁channels ▁that ▁they ▁actually ▁watched . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁U . S . ▁Senator ▁John ▁McC ain ▁introduced ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁encourag ed , ▁through ▁regul atory ▁in cent ives , ▁program mers ▁and ▁distrib utors ▁to ▁offer ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁services . ▁He ▁c ited ▁an ▁F CC ▁survey ▁finding ▁that ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁expanded ▁basic |
▁cable ▁has ▁effectively ▁ris en ▁from ▁about ▁US $ 2 5 ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁over ▁$ 5 4 , ▁greatly ▁exceed ing ▁infl ation . ▁As ▁predicted ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁by ▁obser vers ▁and ▁McC ain ▁himself , ▁the ▁legisl ation ▁did ▁not ▁pass . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Maine ▁en act ed ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁requires ▁cable ▁system ▁operators ▁to ▁" of fer ▁subscri bers ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁purch asing ▁access ▁to ▁cable ▁channels , ▁or ▁programs ▁on ▁cable ▁channels , ▁individually ." ▁ ▁A ▁pair ▁of ▁law su its ▁aim ed ▁at ▁blocking ▁the ▁measure ▁soon ▁followed . ▁Pla int iffs ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁include ▁Com cast , ▁Fox , ▁CBS ▁and ▁Disney , ▁who ▁argue ▁that ▁Federal ▁law ▁su pers edes ▁state ▁legisl ation ▁in ▁dict ating ▁' how ▁cable ▁programming ▁is ▁presented ▁to ▁consum ers ." ▁The ▁second ▁law suit ▁was ▁file d ▁by ▁the ▁N CT A , ▁which ▁represents ▁broad band ▁and ▁cable ▁services . ▁ ▁O pp osition ▁ ▁O pp osition ▁to ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁programming ▁has ▁centered ▁in ▁part ▁on ▁program ▁divers ity . ▁When ▁channels ▁are ▁bund led ▁into ▁large ▁subscription ▁t iers , ▁less ▁popular ▁n iche ▁channels ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁surv ive ▁because ▁their ▁cost ▁is ▁bor ne ▁by ▁both ▁view ers ▁and ▁non - view ers , ▁al ike . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁National ▁Congress ▁of ▁Black ▁Women ▁and |
▁four teen ▁other ▁groups ▁argued ▁that ▁case ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁F CC , ▁writing ▁that ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁pr icing ▁would ▁" w re ak ▁hav oc " ▁on ▁programming ▁divers ity . ▁Te lev angel ist ▁Jerry ▁Fal well ▁opposed ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁pr icing ▁for ▁similar ▁reasons , ▁fear ing ▁that ▁the ▁pr icing ▁model ▁would ▁force ▁Christian ▁broad c aster s ▁off ▁the ▁air , ▁although ▁not ▁all ▁religious ▁broad c aster s ▁agreed . ▁ ▁A ▁la ▁carte ▁oppon ents ▁have ▁also ▁c ited ▁econom ics , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁the ▁perce ived ▁cost ▁sav ings ▁of ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁pr icing ▁would ▁be ▁ill us ory ▁for ▁most ▁subscri bers ▁and ▁dram atically ▁reduce ▁reven ues ▁for ▁program mers . ▁A ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁market ▁by ▁invest ment ▁bank ▁and ▁asset ▁management ▁firm ▁Need ham ▁& ▁Company ▁concluded ▁an ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁scheme ▁would ▁cut ▁$ 8 0 ▁billion ▁to ▁$ 1 1 3 ▁billion ▁of ▁consumer ▁value ▁from ▁the ▁industry , ▁cost ▁at ▁least ▁$ 4 5 ▁billion ▁in ▁advert ising , ▁and ▁eliminate ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 2 4 ▁channels ▁and ▁some ▁ 1 . 4 ▁million ▁media - related ▁jobs . ▁The ▁firm ▁based ▁its ▁estimates ▁on ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁the ▁average ▁annual ▁operating ▁cost ▁of ▁an ▁entertain ment ▁cable ▁channel ▁is ▁$ 2 8 0 ▁million , ▁which ▁would ▁require ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 6 5 , 0 0 0 ▁view ers |
▁to ▁break ▁even . ▁Based ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁view ership , ▁that ▁would ▁leave ▁about ▁ 5 6 ▁channels ▁standing . ▁Anal yst ▁Laura ▁Martin ▁recommended ▁that ▁the ▁current ▁business ▁model ▁of ▁bund led ▁tier ed ▁subscri ptions ▁be ▁kept ▁with ▁no ▁changes . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁column , ▁Josh ▁Bar ro ▁pointed ▁to ▁academic ▁research ▁con cluding ▁that ▁an ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁system ▁would ▁not ▁benefit ▁customers . ▁A ▁typical ▁subscri ber , ▁he ▁wrote , ▁would ▁pay ▁" sl ight ly ▁more ▁on ▁cable ▁under ▁an ▁un bund led ▁system , ▁while ▁watching ▁slightly ▁fewer ▁channels ." ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁study ▁c ited ▁by ▁Bar ro ▁sim ulated ▁a ▁ 4 9 - channel ▁subscription ▁bundle ▁being ▁switched ▁to ▁an ▁la ▁carte ▁scheme . ▁The ▁research ers ▁concluded ▁that ▁subscri bers ▁would ▁pay ▁ 1 0 3 . 0 % ▁more ▁in ▁fe es ▁passed ▁on ▁by ▁distrib utors , ▁while ▁consumer ▁w elf are ▁would ▁likely ▁be ▁worse , ▁changing ▁between ▁- 5 . 4 % ▁and ▁ 0 . 2 %. ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁reason ▁is ▁efficiency : ▁some ▁distribution ▁costs ▁are ▁fixed ▁whether ▁a ▁distrib utor ▁provides ▁a ▁few ▁channels ▁or ▁many . ▁If ▁fewer ▁people ▁sub scribe , ▁the ▁base ▁subscription ▁rate ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁go ▁up . ▁In ▁addition , ▁program mers ▁would ▁receive ▁less ▁re venue ▁in ▁carriage ▁fe es ▁and ▁advert ising ▁reven ues , ▁and |
▁would ▁look ▁to ▁its ▁remaining ▁view ers ▁to ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁difference . ▁However , ▁some ▁subscri bers ▁would ▁benefit ▁from ▁a ▁la ▁carte , ▁including ▁those ▁who ▁have ▁opt ed ▁out ▁of ▁bund led ▁channels , ▁but ▁might ▁sub scribe ▁to ▁just ▁a ▁few , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁subscri bers ▁with ▁no ▁interest ▁in ▁sports . ▁Cas ual ▁sports ▁fans , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁could ▁pay ▁a ▁higher ▁rate . ▁ ▁Sports ▁programming ▁ ▁By ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁out s ized ▁cost ▁of ▁sports ▁programming ▁paid ▁by ▁distrib utors ▁and ▁passed ▁on ▁to ▁subscri bers ▁had ▁influenced ▁the ▁debate . ▁The ▁Need ham ▁study ▁maintained ▁that ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁separate ▁sports ▁tier ▁would ▁reduce ▁industry ▁reven ues ▁by ▁$ 1 3 ▁billion . ▁C able ▁pione er ▁John ▁C . ▁Mal one ▁stated ▁that , ▁for ▁subscri bers ▁un inter ested ▁in ▁television ▁sports , ▁" run away ▁sports ▁rights " ▁costs ▁amount ed ▁to ▁" a ▁high ▁tax ". ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁pron ounced ▁example ▁was ▁the ▁national ▁sports ▁network ▁ESP N , ▁whose ▁month ly ▁per - sub scri ber ▁fee ▁charged ▁ ▁to ▁distrib utors ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁aver aged ▁$ 5 . 5 4 , ▁more ▁than ▁four ▁times ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁cost ly ▁national ▁network . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁report ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁many ▁subscri bers ▁paid ▁for ▁ESP N ▁through ▁bund led ▁subscri ptions , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁watch ▁it . |
▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁million ▁households ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁just ▁ 1 . 3 6 ▁million ▁people ▁viewed ▁ESP N ▁in ▁prime ▁time ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁quarter ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ESP N ▁and ▁its ▁majority ▁parent , ▁The ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁Company , ▁called ▁bund ling ▁a ▁great ▁value ▁and ▁a ▁force ▁for ▁program ▁divers ity , ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁without ▁bund ling , ▁ESP N ' s ▁month ly ▁fee ▁would ▁rise ▁to ▁$ 1 5 . ▁ ▁But ▁fort unes ▁subsequently ▁changed ▁for ▁the ▁network , ▁which ▁lost ▁ 1 0 ▁million ▁subscri bers . ▁The ▁network ▁went ▁through ▁two ▁r ounds ▁of ▁lay - offs , ▁including ▁some ▁ 5 0 ▁broad c aster s ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Anal yst s ▁saw ▁those ▁moves ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁shift ▁in ▁how ▁ESP N ▁dist ributes ▁its ▁programming , ▁including ▁the ▁expected ▁launch ▁of ▁a ▁subscription ▁streaming ▁service : ▁the ▁functional ▁equivalent ▁of ▁an ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁channel . ▁ ▁Regional ▁sports ▁networks ▁sold ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁bund led ▁t iers ▁were ▁also ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁controvers y . ▁A ▁notable ▁example ▁was ▁Time ▁Warner ▁C able ' s ▁agreement ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁D od gers ▁$ 8 . 3 5 ▁billion ▁over ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁to ▁exclus ively ▁carry ▁the ▁team ' s ▁games ▁on ▁a ▁joint ly ▁owned ▁television ▁out let , ▁Sports Net ▁LA ▁( since ▁renamed ▁Spect rum ▁Sports Net |
▁LA ), ▁with ▁the ▁intent ▁of ▁res elling ▁rights ▁to ▁other ▁regional ▁distrib utors . ▁The ▁largest ▁satellite ▁provider , ▁Dire c TV , ▁offered ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁channel ▁on ▁an ▁la ▁carte ▁basis , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁Sports Net ▁LA ▁was ▁most ▁expensive ▁of ▁five ▁regional ▁sports ▁networks ▁and ▁that ▁a ▁bund led ▁offering ▁would ▁unf air ly ▁bur den ▁the ▁company ' s ▁subscri bers . ▁T W C ▁respond ed ▁that ▁bund led ▁sports ▁channels ▁were ▁an ▁industry ▁standard , ▁one ▁that ▁Dire c TV ▁itself ▁ad her ed ▁to ▁in ▁other ▁mark ets . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁season , ▁the ▁dispute ▁resulted ▁in ▁D od gers ▁game ▁tele cast s ▁being ▁un available ▁to ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Southern ▁California ▁households ▁for ▁four ▁consecutive ▁seasons . ▁ ▁Stream ing ▁services ▁While ▁the ▁discussion ▁of ▁" a ▁la ▁carte " ▁services ▁initially ▁centered ▁on ▁cable ▁and ▁satellite ▁services , ▁the ▁term ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁cord ▁cutting — the ▁practice ▁of ▁using ▁internet ▁television ▁services ▁such ▁as ▁Amazon ▁Video ▁and ▁Net fli x ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁traditional ▁subscription ▁television ▁services . ▁In ▁this ▁context , ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁customer ▁subscri bing ▁to ▁individual ▁services , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁purch asing ▁cost lier ▁bund les ▁of ▁service ▁from ▁a ▁traditional ▁television ▁provider . ▁To ▁appeal ▁to ▁these ▁customers ▁and ▁expand ▁the ▁avail ability ▁of ▁their ▁content ▁beyond ▁" linear " ▁television , ▁broad c aster s ▁such |
▁as ▁CBS , ▁H BO , ▁and ▁Show time ▁have ▁launched ▁streaming ▁services , ▁including ▁CBS ▁All ▁Access ▁and ▁H BO ▁Now . ▁ ▁These ▁services ▁feature ▁their ▁networks ' ▁respective ▁content ▁on - dem and , ▁and ▁are ▁purchased ▁as ▁a ▁stand alone ▁service ▁independent ▁of ▁television ▁prov iders . ▁▁ ▁Amazon ▁Video ▁added ▁its ▁own ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁" Ch annels " ▁platform ▁to ▁its ▁service ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁which ▁allows ▁users ▁to ▁sub scribe ▁to ▁third - party ▁content ▁services ▁delivered ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁base ▁Amazon ▁Prime ▁service ; ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁it ▁offered ▁ 1 4 0 ▁different ▁services , ▁including ▁CBS ▁All ▁Access , ▁Show time , ▁and ▁Star z . ▁ ▁Apple ▁followed ▁Amazon ' s ▁lead ▁when ▁it ▁made ▁a ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁announ c ements ▁of ▁its ▁Apple ▁TV ▁Ch annels ▁service , ▁which ▁will ▁allow ▁users ▁of ▁Apple ' s ▁free ▁Apple ▁TV ▁app ▁on ▁numerous ▁devices ▁to ▁bundle ▁various ▁video ▁on ▁demand ▁subscription ▁streaming ▁service ▁and ▁access ▁their ▁content ▁from ▁one ▁location . ▁ ▁Despite ▁having ▁used ▁the ▁term ▁" A ▁la ▁carte " ▁in ▁promotion , ▁S ling ▁TV ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁true ▁a ▁la ▁carte ▁television ▁service , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁distributed ▁in ▁bund les , ▁customers ▁cannot ▁pick ▁and ▁choose ▁individual ▁channels ▁to ▁include ▁in ▁their ▁service ▁or ▁swap ▁them ▁out ▁for ▁different ▁ones ▁individually , ▁and ▁some ▁packages ▁are ▁only ▁available ▁on ▁specific ▁service ▁t iers |
. ▁The ▁service ▁c ited ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁mand atory ▁bund ling ▁by ▁broad c aster s ▁as ▁an ▁influence ▁on ▁this ▁policy . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Car riage ▁dispute ▁ ▁Family ▁and ▁Cons umer ▁Cho ice ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁N CT A ▁( National ▁C able ▁Television ▁Association ) ▁Issue ▁Br ief ▁on ▁A ▁La ▁Car te ▁ ▁Canadian ▁pick - and - pay ▁offer ings ▁from ▁Shaw ▁Communic ations , ▁V media , ▁Rog ers ▁Communic ations ▁and ▁Man it oba ▁Tele com ▁Services , ▁ ▁Category : B road cast ▁law ▁Category : T ele vision ▁termin ology ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁communic ations ▁reg ulation ▁Category : C able ▁television ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁air ports ▁in ▁Bh ut an , ▁sorted ▁by ▁location . ▁ ▁Bh ut an , ▁officially ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Bh ut an , ▁is ▁a ▁land locked ▁country ▁in ▁South ▁Asia , ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁eastern ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁H imal aya ▁Mountains ▁and ▁border ed ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Tib et . ▁Bh ut an ▁was ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁nearby ▁state ▁of ▁Nep al ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁S ik kim , ▁and ▁from ▁Bang l adesh ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁West ▁Beng al . ▁The ▁capital ▁city ▁is ▁Th im ph u . ▁ ▁Air ports |
▁▁ ▁Airport ▁names ▁shown ▁in ▁bold ▁have ▁scheduled ▁passenger ▁service ▁on ▁commercial ▁air lines . ▁ ▁Bag dog ra ▁Airport ▁() ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁India ▁is ▁also ▁accessible ▁for ▁fl ights ▁to ▁Bh ut an . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Transport ▁in ▁Bh ut an ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁air ports ▁by ▁I CA O ▁code : ▁V ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Air ports ▁in ▁Bh ut an ▁World ▁A ero ▁Data ▁ ▁Air ports ▁in ▁Bh ut an ▁Great ▁Circle ▁M apper ▁ ▁Air ports ▁in ▁Bh ut an ▁Fall ing R ain . com ▁▁▁ ▁Bh ut an ▁Air ports ▁Air ports ▁Bh ut an <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Cam pl in ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁right - hand ed ▁b ats man ▁and ▁right - arm ▁medium - fast ▁bow ler ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁Lincoln shire . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Gr ims by . ▁ ▁Cam pl in , ▁who ▁represented ▁Lincoln shire ▁in ▁the ▁Minor ▁Count ies ▁Championship ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁made ▁two ▁List ▁A ▁appearances ▁for ▁the ▁side , ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁seasons . ▁He ▁failed ▁to ▁score ▁a ▁run ▁in ▁either ▁inn ings ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁batt ed . ▁ ▁Cam pl in ▁bow led ▁ 2 4 ▁o vers ▁in ▁his ▁List ▁A ▁career , ▁taking ▁four ▁w ick ets |
, ▁including ▁that ▁of ▁But ch ▁White ▁on ▁his ▁debut . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁George ▁Cam pl in ▁at ▁Cr icket ▁Archive ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Lin coln shire ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Gr ims by <0x0A> </s> ▁McG uff ey ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁William ▁Hol mes ▁McG uff ey , ▁American ▁writer ▁The ▁McG uff ey ▁Read ers , ▁written ▁by ▁William ▁Hol mes ▁McG uff ey ▁McG uff ey , ▁Ohio , ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁McG uff ey ▁School ▁District , ▁a ▁school ▁district ▁in ▁Western ▁Pennsylvania , ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Aleks and ar ▁Bran ek ov ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Bulgar ian ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁centre ▁back . ▁ ▁Career ▁Bran ek ov ▁is ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁C SK A ▁Sof ia ▁Academy . ▁He ▁marked ▁his ▁first - team ▁debut ▁with ▁goal , ▁opening ▁the ▁scoring ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁away ▁win ▁over ▁Lok om ot iv ▁Sof ia ▁on ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Bran ek ov ▁spent ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season ▁on ▁loan ▁with ▁Lok om ot iv ▁P lov div ▁to ▁build ▁up ▁his ▁first ▁team ▁experience , ▁but ▁earned ▁only ▁ 7 ▁appearances ▁in ▁the ▁A ▁Group . |
▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Bran ek ov ▁returned ▁to ▁C SK A . ▁After ▁the ▁game ▁with ▁Lok om ot iv ▁Sof ia ▁on ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in ▁which ▁Bran ek ov ▁scored ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁ 5 – 1 ▁home ▁win , ▁he ▁came ▁into ▁conflict ▁with ▁the ▁fans ▁and ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁team . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁from ▁C SK A . ▁ ▁A ▁month ▁later , ▁Bran ek ov ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁with ▁Vid ima - R akov ski ▁Se v lie vo ▁and ▁quickly ▁established ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁key ▁player . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁with ▁Vid ima , ▁he ▁scored ▁ 4 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 4 1 ▁matches ▁in ▁the ▁A ▁Group . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Bran ek ov ▁signed ▁a ▁one - and - a - half - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Lok om ot iv ▁Sof ia . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁home ▁win ▁over ▁Lok om ot iv ▁P lov div ▁on ▁ 5 ▁March . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Bran ek ov ▁was ▁announced ▁as ▁Lok om ot iv ' s ▁new ▁club ▁captain . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁signed ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁extension , ▁keeping ▁him ▁at ▁Lok om ot iv ▁until |
▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁in ▁a ▁Lok om ot iv ▁sh irt ▁against ▁N ef to ch im ic ▁Burg as , ▁in ▁a ▁ 5 – 1 ▁home ▁league ▁win . ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁March , ▁Bran ek ov ▁scored ▁the ▁only ▁goal ▁in ▁a ▁home ▁win ▁over ▁Ch ern om or ets ▁Burg as ▁in ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Cup . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Bran ek ov ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁favorite ▁club ▁C SK A ▁Sof ia , ▁although ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁team ▁will ▁play ▁amateur ▁football ▁next ▁season . ▁He ▁had ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁enemy ▁Lev ski ▁Sof ia ▁but ▁he ▁rejected ▁the ▁offer ▁from ▁them . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Bran ek ov ▁joined ▁Sept em v ri ▁Sof ia . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁match ▁against ▁Dun av ▁R use . ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁his ▁contract ▁was ▁terminated ▁by ▁mut ual ▁consent . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Bran ek ov ▁signed ▁with ▁Second ▁League ▁club ▁Lok om ot iv ▁Sof ia . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁season , ▁he |
▁announced ▁his ▁ret irement ▁from ▁football . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁C SK A ▁Sof ia ▁ ▁Bulgar ian ▁Cup ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Bulgar ian ▁Super cup ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Player ▁Profile ▁at ▁guard ian . touch - line . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sof ia ▁Category : B ul gar ian ▁football ers ▁Category : P FC ▁C SK A ▁Sof ia ▁players ▁Category : P FC ▁Lok om ot iv ▁P lov div ▁players ▁Category : P FC ▁Vid ima - R akov ski ▁Se v lie vo ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Lok om ot iv ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Sof ia ▁players ▁Category : P FC ▁S lav ia ▁Sof ia ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Sept em v ri ▁Sof ia ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁central ▁def enders ▁Category : First ▁Professional ▁Football ▁League ▁( B ul g aria ) ▁players ▁Category : Second ▁Professional ▁Football ▁League ▁( B ul g aria ) ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Dan ▁Kennedy ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁author , ▁stage ▁perform er , ▁and ▁host ▁of ▁The ▁M oth ▁story t elling ▁pod cast ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Kennedy ' s ▁writing ▁first ▁gained ▁attention ▁at ▁Mc S ween ey ' s , ▁a ▁literary ▁website ▁and ▁quarter ly ▁journal . ▁He ▁started ▁performing |
▁on ▁stage ▁with ▁New ▁York - based ▁story t elling ▁collect ive ▁The ▁M oth ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁live ▁events ▁and ▁instrument al ▁in ▁developing ▁The ▁M oth ▁pod cast . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁W ired ▁Magazine ▁celebrated ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁pod cast ▁in ▁[ H tt ps :// www . w ired . com / story / m oth - pod cast - turn s - 1 0 / ▁a ▁profile ] ▁out lin ing ▁its ▁rise ▁from ▁two ▁thousand ▁subscri bers ▁to ▁forty - six ▁million ▁download s ▁per ▁year . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁pod cast ▁was ▁downloaded ▁ 7 1 ▁million ▁times . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Kennedy ▁published ▁his ▁first ▁book , ▁Los er ▁Go es ▁First : ▁My ▁Th irty - Something ▁Years ▁of ▁D umb ▁L uck ▁and ▁Minor ▁Hum ili ation , ▁with ▁Random ▁House . ▁A ▁mem oir ▁followed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁entitled ▁Rock ▁On : ▁An ▁Office ▁Power ▁Ball ad , ▁which ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁described ▁as ▁"... a ▁succession ▁of ▁g ently ▁m ord ant ▁v ign ettes , ▁with ▁h il ari ously ▁spot - on ▁as ides ▁about ▁media ▁image - making ". ▁He ▁discussed ▁the ▁book , ▁and ▁his ▁time ▁working ▁for ▁Atlantic ▁Records ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁with ▁Terry ▁G ross ▁on ▁N PR |
' s ▁" F resh ▁Air ". ▁Kennedy ' s ▁debut ▁novel ▁American ▁Spirit ▁ ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁receiving ▁the ▁cov et ed ▁star red ▁review ▁from ▁Publish ers ▁Week ly , ▁which ▁her ald ed ▁the ▁book ▁as ▁having , ▁"... far ▁sur pass ed ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁character ▁and ▁conj ured ▁an ▁entity ▁so ▁alive ▁in ▁its ▁knowledge ▁of ▁imp ending ▁death ▁that ▁we ' re ▁captured ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁idea ▁of ▁what ▁it ' s ▁like ▁to ▁live ." ▁Kennedy ' s ▁work ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁G Q ▁Magazine ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁Pe ab ody ▁Award ▁winning ▁M oth ▁Radio ▁H our , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁published ▁in ▁multiple ▁literary ▁anth ologies ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Kennedy ▁began ▁writing ▁in ▁television ▁and ▁film , ▁and ▁has ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁jud ging ▁comm itte es ▁of ▁the ▁P EN ▁America ▁Jean ▁Stein ▁Grant ▁for ▁Liter ary ▁Or al ▁History , ▁and ▁the ▁ ▁Writ ers ▁Gu ild ▁of ▁America ▁East ▁“ M ade ▁in ▁New ▁York ” ▁Fellow ship ▁Program . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Books ▁▁ ▁Los er ▁Go es ▁First : ▁My ▁Th irty - Something ▁Years ▁of ▁D umb ▁L uck ▁and ▁Minor ▁Hum ili ation ▁( Random ▁House / C rown , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Rock ▁On : ▁An ▁Office ▁Power ▁B alled ▁( Alg on quin , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁American ▁Spirit |
: ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( H ought on ▁M if fl in ▁Har court / L itt la ▁a , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Selected ▁Anth ologies ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁M oth ▁Pres ents : ▁Occ as ional ▁Magic . ▁True ▁St ories ▁About ▁Def ying ▁the ▁Im possible , ▁edited ▁by ▁Catherine ▁Burn s ▁▁ ▁Keep ▁Sc rolling ▁Till ▁You ▁Fe el ▁Something : ▁ 2 1 ▁Years ▁of ▁Hum or ▁from ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Internet ▁T endency , ▁edited ▁by ▁Chris ▁Mon ks , ▁Sam ▁R iley ▁▁ ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Issue ▁ 5 0 ▁( Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Qu arter ly ▁Conc ern ), ▁edited ▁by ▁Dave ▁E gg ers ▁ ▁Cre ated ▁in ▁Dark ness ▁by ▁Tr ouble d ▁Americans : ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Hum or , ▁Edit ors ▁Dave ▁E gg ers , ▁Kevin ▁Sh ay , ▁Lee ▁Ep stein , ▁John ▁Warner , ▁Su z anne ▁Kle id ▁ ▁Our ▁No ise : ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁Mer ge ▁Records , ▁by ▁John ▁Cook , ▁Mac ▁McC aug han , ▁Laura ▁Ball ance , ▁Ray ▁Por ter ▁ ▁Hum or ▁Me : ▁An ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Fun ny ▁Contempor ary ▁Writing ▁( Plus ▁Some ▁Great ▁Old ▁St uff ▁To o ), ▁edited ▁by ▁Ian ▁Fra z ier ▁ ▁Book mark ▁Now : ▁Writing ▁in ▁Un reader ly ▁Times , ▁Ed ited ▁by ▁Kevin ▁Sam ps ell ▁ ▁The ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Ex |
es , ▁Ed ited ▁by ▁Mer ed ith ▁Br ouss ard ▁ ▁The ▁Aut obi ograph er ' s ▁Hand book : ▁The ▁ 8 2 6 ▁National ▁Guide ▁to ▁Writing ▁Your ▁Mem oir , ▁edited ▁by ▁Jenn ifer ▁Tra ig ▁ ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Issue ▁ 3 5 ▁( Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Qu arter ly ▁Conc ern ), ▁edited ▁by ▁Dave ▁E gg ers ▁ ▁The ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Book ▁of ▁Polit ics ▁and ▁Musical s , ▁by ▁the ▁Edit ors ▁of ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁ ▁The ▁Ins om nia c ▁Re ader : ▁St ories ▁of ▁the ▁Night , ▁Ed ited ▁by ▁Kevin ▁Sam ps ell ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Internet ▁T endency , ▁Ed ited ▁by ▁Chris ▁Mon ks , ▁John ▁Warner ▁ ▁Love ▁Is ▁a ▁Four - Let ter ▁Word : ▁True ▁St ories ▁of ▁Break ups , ▁Bad ▁Rel ations hips , ▁and ▁Bro ken ▁He arts , ▁Ed ited ▁by ▁Michael ▁T ae ck ens ▁ ▁Mountain ▁Man ▁Dance ▁Mov es : ▁The ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁Book ▁of ▁List s , ▁by ▁the ▁Edit ors ▁of ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Dan ▁Kennedy ▁interview ▁on ▁N PR ' s ▁F resh ▁Air ▁ ▁Bull se ye ▁with ▁J esse ▁Th orn : ▁Christopher ▁Gu est , ▁V amp ire ▁Week end , ▁Dan ▁Kennedy . ▁ ▁Arch ived ▁work |
▁with ▁The ▁M oth ▁ ▁Arch ived ▁work ▁with ▁Mc S ween ey ' s ▁ ▁Category : American ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁men ▁pod c aster s ▁Category : American ▁pod c aster s ▁Category : American ▁humor ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Earl ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁mi xt ape ▁by ▁American ▁ra pper ▁Earl ▁S we at sh irt . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁digital ▁download ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁on ▁the ▁O dd ▁Future ▁website . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁lyr ics ▁Earl ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁dep ra ved ▁and ▁violent ▁lyr ics , ▁which ▁detail ▁the ▁fict ional ▁mis ad vent ures ▁of ▁the ▁young ▁Earl ▁S we at sh irt , ▁as ▁he ▁commits ▁acts ▁of ▁murder , ▁ra pe , ▁kid n apping , ▁and ▁violence . ▁The ▁album ▁features ▁production ▁by ▁Br anden Be at Bo y ▁( cred ited ▁as ▁Beat Bo y ) ▁and ▁fellow ▁O dd ▁Future ▁members ▁Ty ler , ▁the ▁Cre ator ▁and ▁Left ▁Bra in . ▁The ▁album ▁features ▁vocals ▁from ▁Ty ler , ▁the ▁Cre ator , ▁V ince ▁St ap les , ▁H od gy ▁Be ats , ▁and ▁some ▁backing ▁vocals ▁from ▁fellow ▁O dd ▁Future ▁members ▁Syd ▁Th a ▁K yd ▁and ▁T aco ▁Ben nett . ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁were ▁written ▁and ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 0 9 – 2 0 1 0 , ▁when ▁Earl ▁was ▁ 1 5 – 1 6 ▁years ▁old . ▁The ▁content ▁present ▁throughout ▁the ▁album ▁includes ▁various ▁drug ▁references , ▁mac ab re ▁them es ▁of ▁murder , ▁ra pe ▁and ▁sexual ▁lyr ics . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Earl ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁much ▁interest ▁and ▁critical ▁acc laim ▁on ▁the ▁web , ▁upon ▁its ▁release . ▁The ▁t ape ▁also ▁gar ner ed ▁ra ve ▁reviews ▁from ▁music ▁critics . ▁P itch f ork ▁Media ▁called ▁the ▁album ▁" mes mer izing ". ▁P itch f ork ' s ▁sister ▁site ▁Alter ed ▁Z ones ▁listed ▁Earl ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁their ▁top ▁twenty ▁albums ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁pra ising ▁the ▁album ▁for ▁its ▁fer ocity ▁and ▁for ▁making ▁" some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁v ile ▁vers es ▁sound ▁el o quent ". ▁Music ▁site ▁Gor illa ▁vs . ▁Bear ▁listed ▁it ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 2 ▁in ▁its ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 0 ▁best ▁albums ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Complex ▁magazine ▁r ated ▁Earl ▁as ▁the ▁twenty - four th ▁best ▁album ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁The ▁mi xt ape ▁was ▁recognized ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁The ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Best ▁Albums ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade ▁So ▁Far , ▁a ▁list ▁published ▁by ▁P itch f ork ▁Media ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁" This nig |
g aug ly " ▁and ▁" E ar l " ▁feature ▁additional ▁vocals ▁from ▁Ty ler , ▁the ▁Cre ator ▁and ▁T aco . ▁ ▁" W ake up f ag got " ▁features ▁additional ▁vocals ▁from ▁Syd ▁th a ▁K yd . ▁ ▁" ep a R " ▁features ▁additional ▁vocals ▁from ▁H od gy ▁Be ats . ▁ ▁Ty ler , ▁the ▁Cre ator ▁is ▁cred ited ▁as ▁' A ce ▁Cre ator ' ▁on ▁" C ouch ," ▁and ▁as ▁' W olf ▁H ale y ' ▁on ▁" P ig ions ." ▁ ▁Un author ized ▁T idal ▁& ▁Amazon ▁Music ▁re - release ▁▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Earl ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁on ▁music ▁streaming ▁services ▁T idal ▁and ▁Amazon ▁Music . ▁The ▁updated ▁track ▁list ▁combined ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁tracks ▁from ▁Earl ▁( ex cluding ▁" This nig g aug ly " ▁and ▁" W ake up f ag got ") ▁with ▁tracks ▁recorded ▁prior ▁to ▁Earl , ▁back ▁when ▁S we at sh irt ▁went ▁by ▁the ▁stage ▁name ▁S ly ▁T endencies . ▁Other ▁tracks ▁include ▁songs ▁S we at sh irt ▁featured ▁on ▁around ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Earl . ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁una ut hor ized ▁release ▁from ▁the ▁company ▁Classic ▁H its . ▁Despite ▁being ▁available ▁for ▁purchase , ▁most ▁included ▁songs ▁were ▁previously ▁released ▁for ▁free . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁The ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" De ers kin " |
▁is ▁originally ▁the ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" All ▁C aps " ▁by ▁Mad villa in , ▁produced ▁by ▁Mad lib . ▁ ▁The ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" O range ▁Ju ice " ▁is ▁originally ▁the ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" L emon ade " ▁by ▁G ucci ▁M ane , ▁produced ▁by ▁Bang l adesh . ▁ ▁H od gy ▁Be ats ▁was ▁mistaken ly ▁cred ited ▁on ▁the ▁re - release ' s ▁track ▁list ; ▁Ty ler , ▁the ▁Cre ator ▁is ▁the ▁correct ▁feature . ▁ ▁" Ch ord aro y " ▁was ▁originally ▁on ▁M ellow H ype ' s ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁mi xt ape ▁Black ened White . ▁ ▁The ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" Drop " ▁is ▁originally ▁the ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" Drop " ▁by ▁Rich ▁Boy , ▁produced ▁by ▁Cha ▁Lo ▁and ▁Pol ow ▁da ▁Don . ▁ ▁The ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" Sw ag ▁Me ▁Out " ▁is ▁originally ▁the ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" Not ▁a ▁St ain ▁on ▁Me " ▁by ▁Big ▁T uck . ▁ ▁" Home " ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁stand alone ▁song ▁on ▁February ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁day ▁S we at sh irt ▁returned ▁from ▁Sam oa , ▁and ▁the ▁instrument al ▁for ▁it ▁is ▁originally ▁the ▁song ▁" Theme ▁From ▁Paris " ▁by ▁James ▁P ants . ▁ ▁The ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" B lade " ▁is ▁originally ▁the ▁instrument al ▁for ▁" Nothing ' s ▁G onna ▁Stop ▁Me |
" ▁by ▁T error ▁Squad , ▁produced ▁by ▁DJ ▁Kh aled . ▁ ▁" R ick ▁James " ▁was ▁mistaken ly ▁released ▁as ▁an ▁Earl ▁S we at sh irt ▁song . ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁actually ▁titled ▁" B AD BO I 2 2 2 " ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Long ▁Island ▁ra pper ▁" B IG ▁B RE AK FA ST ". ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁mi xt ape ▁albums ▁Category : E ar l ▁S we at sh irt ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Ty ler , ▁the ▁Cre ator ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Left ▁Bra in ▁Category : R ape ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : R ap ▁oper as ▁Category : Con cept ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Phill ips ▁County ▁Cour th ouse ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Phill ips ▁County ▁Cour th ouse ▁( Ar k ansas ), ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NR HP ▁in ▁Ark ansas ▁Phill ips ▁County ▁Cour th ouse ▁( Color ado ), ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NR HP ▁in ▁Colorado <0x0A> </s> ▁Ferr ous ▁cit rate , ▁or ▁iron ( II ) ▁cit rate , ▁describes ▁coord ination ▁complex es ▁containing ▁cit rate ▁an ions ▁with ▁Fe 2 + ▁formed ▁in ▁a que ous ▁solution . ▁ ▁Although ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁complex es ▁are ▁possible ▁( or ▁even ▁likely ), ▁only ▁one ▁complex ▁has ▁been ▁cry st all ized . ▁ ▁That ▁complex ▁is ▁the ▁coord ination ▁polym er ▁with ▁the ▁formula ▁[ Fe ( H 2 |
O ) 6 ] 2 + {[ Fe ( C 6 H 5 O 7 )( H 2 O )] -} 2 . 2 H 2 O , ▁where ▁C 6 H 5 O 7 3 - ▁is ▁H OC ( CH 2 CO 2 -) 2 ( CO 2 -, ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁triple ▁conjug ate ▁base ▁of ▁cit ric ▁acid ▁where in ▁the ▁three ▁car box y lic ▁acid ▁groups ▁are ▁ion ized . ▁Ferr ous ▁cit r ates ▁are ▁all ▁param agnet ic , ▁reflect ing ▁the ▁weak ▁cry stal ▁field ▁of ▁the ▁car box yl ate ▁lig ands . ▁▁ ▁Ferr ous ▁cit r ates ▁are ▁produced ▁by ▁tre ating ▁dis od ium ▁cit rate ▁ ▁with ▁sources ▁of ▁iron ( II ) ▁aqu o ▁complex es , ▁such ▁as ▁iron ( II ) ▁sul f ate . ▁ ▁Ferr ous ▁cit r ates ▁are ▁all ▁highly ▁un stable ▁in ▁air , ▁converting ▁to ▁fer ric ▁cit r ates . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : I ron ( II ) ▁comp ounds <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 4 1 0 ▁Y ellow ▁River ▁flo od ▁was ▁a ▁natural ▁dis aster ▁affect ing ▁the ▁area ▁around ▁Ka if eng , ▁China , ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁M ing ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁It ▁struck ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁us ur ping ▁Y ong le ▁Emperor , ▁dam aging ▁thousands ▁of ▁acres ▁of ▁far ml and ▁and ▁killing ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 4 , 0 |
0 0 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Ka if eng ▁Category : M ing ▁dynast y ▁Ka if eng ▁Flo od , ▁ 1 4 1 0 ▁Y ellow ▁River ▁Flo od , ▁ 1 4 1 0 ▁Category : Y ellow ▁River ▁flo ods ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁flo ods <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H os ford ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁is ▁a ▁function ▁that ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁whether ▁a ▁material ▁has ▁under g one ▁pl astic ▁yield ing ▁under ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁stress . ▁ ▁H os ford ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁for ▁is otrop ic ▁pl astic ity ▁▁ ▁The ▁H os ford ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁for ▁is otrop ic ▁materials ▁is ▁a ▁general ization ▁of ▁the ▁von ▁M ises ▁yield ▁criter ion . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁the ▁form ▁ ▁where ▁, ▁i = 1 , 2 , 3 ▁are ▁the ▁principal ▁str esses , ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁material - dependent ▁exponent ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁yield ▁stress ▁in ▁un ia x ial ▁t ension / com pression . ▁ ▁Alternatively , ▁the ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁may ▁be ▁written ▁as ▁ ▁This ▁expression ▁has ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁an ▁L p ▁norm ▁which ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁ ▁When ▁, ▁the ▁we ▁get ▁the ▁L ∞ ▁norm , ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁Compar ing ▁this ▁with ▁the ▁H os ford ▁criter ion ▁indicates ▁that ▁if ▁n = ▁ ∞ , ▁we ▁have ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁identical ▁to ▁the ▁T res ca ▁yield ▁criter ion . ▁ ▁Therefore |
, ▁when ▁n ▁= ▁ 1 ▁or ▁n ▁goes ▁to ▁infinity ▁the ▁H os ford ▁criter ion ▁reduces ▁to ▁the ▁T res ca ▁yield ▁criter ion . ▁When ▁n ▁= ▁ 2 ▁the ▁H os ford ▁criter ion ▁reduces ▁to ▁the ▁von ▁M ises ▁yield ▁criter ion . ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁the ▁exponent ▁n ▁does ▁not ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁integer . ▁ ▁H os ford ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁for ▁plane ▁stress ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁pract ically ▁important ▁situation ▁of ▁plane ▁stress , ▁the ▁H os ford ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁ ▁A ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁yield ▁loc us ▁in ▁plane ▁stress ▁for ▁various ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁exponent ▁ ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁adjacent ▁figure . ▁ ▁Log an - H os ford ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁for ▁an is otrop ic ▁pl astic ity ▁▁ ▁The ▁Log an - H os ford ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁for ▁an is otrop ic ▁pl astic ity ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁Hill ' s ▁generalized ▁yield ▁criter ion ▁and ▁has ▁the ▁form ▁ ▁where ▁F , G , H ▁are ▁constants , ▁ ▁are ▁the ▁principal ▁str esses , ▁and ▁the ▁exponent ▁n ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁cry stal ▁( b cc , ▁f cc , ▁h cp , ▁etc .) ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁value ▁much ▁greater ▁than ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Accept ed ▁values ▁of ▁ ▁are ▁ 6 ▁for ▁b cc ▁materials ▁and ▁ 8 ▁for ▁f cc ▁materials . ▁ ▁Though ▁the ▁form ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁Hill ' s ▁generalized ▁yield ▁criter |
ion , ▁the ▁exponent ▁n ▁is ▁independent ▁of ▁the ▁R - value ▁unlike ▁the ▁Hill ' s ▁criter ion . ▁ ▁Log an - H os ford ▁criter ion ▁in ▁plane ▁stress ▁ ▁Under ▁plane ▁stress ▁conditions , ▁the ▁Log an - H os ford ▁criter ion ▁can ▁be ▁expressed ▁as ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁R - value ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁yield ▁stress ▁in ▁un ia x ial ▁t ension / com pression . ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁deriv ation ▁of ▁this ▁relation ▁see ▁Hill ' s ▁yield ▁criteria ▁for ▁plane ▁stress . ▁ ▁A ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁yield ▁loc us ▁for ▁the ▁an is otrop ic ▁H os ford ▁criter ion ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁adjacent ▁figure . ▁ ▁For ▁values ▁of ▁ ▁that ▁are ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 , ▁the ▁yield ▁loc us ▁exhib its ▁corners ▁and ▁such ▁values ▁are ▁not ▁recommended . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Y ield ▁surface ▁Y ield ▁( engine ering ) ▁Pl astic ity ▁( physics ) ▁Str ess ▁( physics ) ▁ ▁Category : Pl astic ity ▁( physics ) ▁Category : Sol id ▁mechan ics ▁Category : Me chan ics ▁Category : Y ield ▁criteria <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh weg y in ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Sh weg y in ▁( town ) ▁in ▁B ago ▁Region , ▁My an mar ▁Sh weg y in , ▁Ban m au k , ▁My an mar ▁Sh weg y in , ▁K ale wa , ▁My an mar ▁Sh weg y in ▁Nik |
aya , ▁a ▁Buddh ist ▁order ▁of ▁mon ks <0x0A> </s> ▁" The ▁Village ▁School master ", ▁or ▁" The ▁Gi ant ▁M ole " ▁(" Der ▁Dorf sch ulle hrer " ▁or ▁" Der ▁R iesen ma ul w ur f ") ▁is ▁an ▁un fin ished ▁short ▁story ▁by ▁Franz ▁K afka . ▁The ▁story , ▁written ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁was ▁not ▁published ▁in ▁K afka ' s ▁lifetime . ▁It ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁Be im ▁Bau ▁der ▁Ch ines ischen ▁M auer ▁( Ber lin , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ). ▁The ▁first ▁English ▁translation ▁by ▁W illa ▁and ▁Ed win ▁Mu ir ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Martin ▁Se cker ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁It ▁appeared ▁in ▁The ▁Great ▁Wall ▁of ▁China . ▁St ories ▁and ▁Ref lections ▁( New ▁York : ▁Sch ock en ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 4 6 ). ▁ ▁Plot ▁introduction ▁ ▁The ▁narr ator ▁discuss es ▁the ▁phenomen on ▁of ▁a ▁giant ▁mole ▁in ▁a ▁far ▁village , ▁and ▁the ▁attempt ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁school master ▁to ▁bring ▁its ▁existence ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁attention , ▁only ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁object ▁of ▁der ision ▁to ▁the ▁scientific ▁community . ▁Without ▁knowing ▁the ▁school master , ▁the ▁narr ator ▁tries ▁to ▁defend ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁hon esty ▁in ▁a ▁paper ▁about ▁the ▁giant ▁mole . ▁The ▁narr ator ' s ▁attempts ▁to ▁help , ▁stretch ed ▁out |
▁in ▁an ▁un spec ified ▁stretch ▁of ▁years , ▁are ▁even ▁more ▁un success ful , ▁only ▁insp iring ▁the ▁teacher ' s ▁je alous y ▁and ▁bit tern ess . ▁In ▁an ▁argument ▁during ▁Christmas ▁he ▁and ▁the ▁village ▁school master ▁reve al ▁the ▁wild ly ▁different ▁out comes ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁hoping ▁for ▁all ▁along . ▁Without ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁conversation , ▁they ▁reach ▁a ▁st alem ate ▁and ▁the ▁story ▁ends ▁ab rupt ly . ▁ ▁Process ▁of ▁writing ▁K afka ▁discuss es ▁the ▁story ▁in ▁a ▁di ary ▁entry ▁from ▁December ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 : ▁Y esterday ▁wrote ▁" The ▁village ▁school master " ▁almost ▁without ▁knowing ▁it , ▁but ▁was ▁afraid ▁to ▁go ▁on ▁writing ▁later ▁than ▁a ▁quarter ▁to ▁two ; ▁the ▁fear ▁was ▁well ▁founded , ▁I ▁sle pt ▁hardly ▁at ▁all , ▁merely ▁suffered ▁through ▁perhaps ▁three ▁short ▁dream s ▁and ▁was ▁then ▁in ▁the ▁office ▁in ▁the ▁condition ▁one ▁would ▁expect . ▁Y esterday ▁father ' s ▁repro aches ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁factory : ▁' you ▁talked ▁me ▁into ▁it .' ▁Then ▁went ▁home ▁and ▁calm ly ▁wrote ▁for ▁three ▁hours ▁in ▁the ▁conscious ness ▁that ▁my ▁gu ilt ▁is ▁beyond ▁question , ▁though ▁not ▁so ▁great ▁as ▁father ▁pictures ▁it . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁entry ▁K afka ▁mentions ▁abandon ing ▁the ▁story . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁K afka , ▁Franz ▁( ed . ▁N ah |
um ▁N . ▁G lat zer ). ▁The ▁Complete ▁St ories ▁of ▁Franz ▁K afka . ▁New ▁York : ▁Sch ock en ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁short ▁stories ▁Category : Short ▁stories ▁by ▁Franz ▁K afka ▁Category : Un fin ished ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁M . ▁" C ockey e " ▁D unn ▁( August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁July ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁O ss ining , ▁New ▁York ) ▁was ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁mob ster ▁who ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁numbers ▁ra cket ▁and ▁labor ▁ra ck ete ering ▁as ▁a ▁top ▁enfor cer ▁for ▁his ▁brother - in - law , ▁Edd ie ▁Mc Gr ath . ▁He ▁was ▁conv icted , ▁together ▁with ▁Andrew ▁" S qu int " ▁Sher idan , ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁murder ▁of ▁Green wich ▁Village ▁h iring ▁ste ved ore ▁Anthony ▁" And y " ▁H int z , ▁and ▁executed ▁by ▁electric ▁chair ▁on ▁July ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁aged ▁ 3 8 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁John ▁M . ▁D unn ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁child ▁born ▁to ▁Irish ▁em igr ant ▁parents , ▁Tom ▁and ▁K itt y ▁D unn , ▁who ▁left ▁Ireland ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁Queens , ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁New ▁York . ▁He ▁was ▁in |
▁and ▁out ▁of ▁Catholic ▁reform ▁schools ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father , ▁a ▁sail or ▁in ▁the ▁Mer chant ▁Marine ▁who ▁was ▁lost ▁at ▁sea ▁when ▁D unn ▁was ▁four . ▁ ▁C riminal ▁career ▁With ▁arr ests ▁for ▁rob ber y ▁and ▁assault ▁during ▁his ▁te en age ▁years , ▁D unn ▁was ▁finally ▁conv icted ▁of ▁ro bb ing ▁a ▁card ▁game ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁two ▁years ▁imprison ment ▁at ▁Sing ▁Sing ▁Pr ison . ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁release , ▁D unn ▁was ▁h ired ▁as ▁an ▁enfor cer ▁for ▁Mc Gr ath ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁part ▁owner ▁of ▁Var ick ▁Enter pr ises , ▁a ▁front ▁company ▁which ▁made ▁collections ▁for ▁the ▁water front ▁dock ▁b oss es ▁of ▁Manh attan ' s ▁West ▁Side . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁he ▁and ▁Mc Gr ath ▁were ▁arrested ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁a ▁tr ucker ▁but ▁the ▁charges ▁were ▁eventually ▁dismiss ed ▁for ▁lack ▁of ▁evidence . ▁▁ ▁Later ▁he ▁formed ▁a ▁labor ▁union ▁( Local ▁ 2 1 5 1 0 , ▁Motor ▁and ▁Bus ▁Terminal ▁Check ers , ▁Platform ▁and ▁Office ▁Work ers ) ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Federation ▁of ▁Labor ▁( AF L ) ▁and ▁eventually ▁o vers aw ▁water front ▁ra ck ete ering ▁on ▁Manh attan ' s ▁Lower ▁West ▁Side ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁He ▁established ▁under world ▁connections ▁including ▁Joseph ▁P . ▁Ryan , ▁who ▁had ▁spons ored ▁him ▁for |
▁union ▁membership , ▁and ▁Meyer ▁L ans ky ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁discuss ions ▁regarding ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁long sh orem en ' s ▁union ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁the ▁import ation ▁of ▁hero in ▁and ▁c oca ine ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁H int z ▁case ▁At ▁ 7 : 4 0 ▁a . m . ▁on ▁January ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁Andrew ▁" And y " ▁H int z , ▁h iring ▁b oss ▁on ▁Pier ▁Fif ty - One , ▁was ▁shot ▁six ▁times ▁on ▁the ▁st airs ▁just ▁outside ▁his ▁a partment ▁when ▁leaving ▁for ▁work . ▁He ▁surv ived ▁the ▁attack ▁and ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁St . ▁Vincent ' s ▁Hospital , ▁where ▁he ▁dr ift ed ▁in ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁conscious ness ▁for ▁three ▁weeks ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 9 . ▁Before ▁having ▁been ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁hospital ▁he ▁had ▁told ▁his ▁wife ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁shot ▁by ▁John ▁D unn . ▁D unn ▁was ▁arrested ▁immediately ▁and ▁held ▁as ▁a ▁material ▁witness . ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 1 , ▁H int z ▁identified ▁D unn , ▁Andy ▁Sher idan ▁and ▁another ▁man ▁as ▁his ▁ass ail ants ▁in ▁a ▁dying ▁declaration . ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁he ▁made ▁another ▁dying ▁declaration ▁because ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁one ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁express ▁clearly ▁enough ▁his ▁belief ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁die . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁the ▁police ▁arrested ▁Andrew ▁" S |
qu int " ▁Sher idan ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Hollywood , ▁Florida . ▁He ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁by ▁the ▁F BI ▁on ▁a ▁federal ▁charge ▁and ▁later ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁County ▁District ▁Att orney ▁office . ▁Form er ▁prize ▁f ighter ▁D anny ▁Gent ile ▁turned ▁himself ▁in ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March , ▁appearing ▁with ▁his ▁lawyer ▁in ▁Ass istant ▁D . A . ▁William ▁J . ▁Ke ating ' s ▁office . ▁All ▁three ▁accused ▁men ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁cust ody ▁without ▁b ail . ▁Due ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁extensive ▁press ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁and ▁D unn ' s ▁under world ▁connections , ▁there ▁was ▁concern ▁that ▁the ▁state ' s ▁star ▁witness , ▁the ▁dece ased ' s ▁wid ow ▁Mais ie ▁H int z , ▁might ▁be ▁in ▁danger ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁go ▁into ▁hiding ▁until ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁trial . ▁The ▁trial , ▁before ▁Judge ▁George ▁L . ▁D onn ellan , ▁began ▁on ▁December ▁ 4 ▁with ▁the ▁selection ▁of ▁the ▁j ury , ▁and ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁all ▁three ▁– ▁D unn , ▁Sher idan ▁and ▁Gent ile ▁– ▁were ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁degree ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁the ▁electric ▁chair . ▁ ▁Exec ution ▁D unn ▁and ▁Gent ile ▁then ▁offered ▁information ▁against ▁water front ▁ra ck ete ers ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁life ▁imprison ment . ▁Since ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁information |
▁– ▁inc rimin ating ▁dead ▁people ▁or ▁talking ▁about ▁cases ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁the ▁authorities ▁knew ▁was ▁false ▁– ▁was ▁useless , ▁the ▁deal ▁with ▁D unn ▁fell ▁through . ▁He ▁and ▁Sher idan ▁were ▁executed ▁at ▁Sing ▁Sing ▁on ▁July ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁before , ▁Gent ile ' s ▁death ▁sentence ▁was ▁comm uted ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁by ▁Governor ▁Thomas ▁E . ▁De we y , ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁favor able ▁letter ▁from ▁D . A . ▁Frank ▁Hog an , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁claimed ▁that ▁" G ent ile ▁has ▁done ▁everything ▁within ▁his ▁power ▁to ▁assist ▁this ▁office ▁in ▁its ▁investigation ▁of ▁water front ▁criminal ▁activity ." ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁mur ders ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁mob sters ▁of ▁Irish ▁descent ▁Category : Exec uted ▁mob sters ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁for ▁murder ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁execution s ▁by ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁by ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁by ▁electric ▁chair ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁execution s ▁of ▁American ▁people ▁Category : American ▁people ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁Category : Pe ople ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁by ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Queens , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Exec uted ▁people |
▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁article ▁is ▁about ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁National ▁Security ▁Council ▁during ▁the ▁Eisen h ower ▁Administration , ▁ 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁Under ▁President ▁D w ight ▁D . ▁Eisen h ower , ▁the ▁National ▁Security ▁Council ▁system ▁evol ved ▁into ▁the ▁principal ▁arm ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁in ▁form ulating ▁and ▁executing ▁policy ▁on ▁military , ▁international , ▁and ▁internal ▁security ▁affairs . ▁Where ▁Harry ▁S . ▁Tr uman ▁was ▁un com fort able ▁with ▁the ▁NS C ▁system ▁and ▁only ▁made ▁regular ▁use ▁of ▁it ▁under ▁the ▁pressure ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁War , ▁Eisen h ower ▁emb rac ed ▁the ▁NS C ▁concept ▁and ▁created ▁a ▁struct ured ▁system ▁of ▁integrated ▁policy ▁review . ▁Eisen h ower ▁had ▁a ▁pen chant ▁for ▁careful ▁staff ▁work , ▁and ▁believed ▁that ▁effective ▁planning ▁involved ▁a ▁cre ative ▁process ▁of ▁discussion ▁and ▁debate ▁among ▁advis ers ▁comp elled ▁to ▁work ▁toward ▁cons ensus ▁recommend ations . ▁ ▁The ▁gen esis ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁NS C ▁system ▁was ▁a ▁report ▁prepared ▁for ▁the ▁President ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁by ▁Robert ▁C ut ler , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁President ' s ▁Special ▁Ass istant ▁for ▁National ▁Security ▁Affairs . ▁C ut ler ▁proposed ▁a ▁system atic ▁flow ▁of ▁recommendation , ▁decision , ▁and ▁implementation ▁that ▁he ▁later ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁" policy ▁hill " ▁process . ▁At ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁hill , ▁concerned ▁ag encies |
▁such ▁as ▁State ▁and ▁Def ense ▁produced ▁draft ▁policy ▁recommend ations ▁on ▁specific ▁topics ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁cons ensus ▁at ▁the ▁ag ency ▁level . ▁These ▁draft ▁NS C ▁papers ▁went ▁up ▁the ▁hill ▁through ▁the ▁Pl anning ▁Board , ▁created ▁to ▁review ▁and ▁ref ine ▁the ▁recommend ations ▁before ▁passing ▁them ▁on ▁for ▁full ▁NS C ▁consideration . ▁The ▁NS C ▁Pl anning ▁Board ▁met ▁on ▁T ues day ▁and ▁Friday ▁af tern o ons ▁and ▁was ▁composed ▁of ▁officials ▁at ▁the ▁Ass istant ▁Secretary ▁level ▁from ▁the ▁ag encies ▁with ▁permanent ▁or ▁standing ▁representation ▁on ▁the ▁Council , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁advis ers ▁from ▁the ▁J oint ▁Chief s ▁of ▁Staff ▁and ▁Central ▁Int elligence ▁Agency . ▁H undred s ▁of ▁hours ▁were ▁spent ▁by ▁the ▁Board ▁review ing ▁and ▁re construct ing ▁proposed ▁papers ▁for ▁the ▁NS C . ▁C ut ler ▁res igned ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁in ▁exhaust ion . ▁The ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁foreign ▁policy - making ▁hill ▁was ▁the ▁NS C ▁itself , ▁cha ired ▁by ▁the ▁President , ▁which ▁met ▁regularly ▁on ▁Th urs day ▁m orn ings . ▁ ▁The ▁Council ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁stat ut ory ▁members : ▁the ▁President , ▁Vice ▁President , ▁Secret aries ▁of ▁State ▁and ▁Def ense , ▁and ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁Def ense ▁M obil ization . ▁Depending ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁under ▁discussion , ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁other ▁senior ▁Cab inet ▁members ▁and ▁advis ers , ▁including ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of |
▁the ▁Tre as ury , ▁the ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁J oint ▁Chief s ▁of ▁Staff , ▁and ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁Central ▁Int elligence , ▁attended ▁and ▁participated . ▁The ▁ag enda ▁included ▁regular ▁brief ings ▁by ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁Central ▁Int elligence ▁on ▁world wide ▁develop ments ▁affect ing ▁U . S . ▁security , ▁and ▁consideration ▁of ▁the ▁policy ▁papers ▁advanced ▁by ▁the ▁Pl anning ▁Board . ▁The ▁ups hot ▁of ▁the ▁discuss ions ▁were ▁recommend ations ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁NS C ▁A ctions . ▁The ▁President , ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁discussion , ▁normally ▁end ors ed ▁the ▁NS C ▁Action , ▁and ▁the ▁decision ▁went ▁down ▁the ▁hill ▁for ▁implementation ▁to ▁the ▁Oper ations ▁Co ordin ating ▁Board . ▁ ▁President ▁Eisen h ower ▁created ▁the ▁Oper ations ▁Co ordin ating ▁Board ▁( OC B ) ▁to ▁follow ▁up ▁on ▁all ▁NS C ▁dec isions . ▁The ▁O CB ▁met ▁regularly ▁on ▁Wed nes day ▁af tern o ons ▁at ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁State , ▁and ▁was ▁composed ▁of ▁the ▁Under ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Political ▁Affairs , ▁Deput y ▁Secretary ▁of ▁Def ense , ▁the ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁the ▁C IA , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Information ▁Agency , ▁and ▁I CA , ▁and ▁the ▁Special ▁Ass ist ants ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁for ▁National ▁Security ▁Affairs ▁and ▁Security ▁Oper ations ▁Co ord ination . ▁The ▁O CB ▁was ▁the ▁coordin ating ▁and ▁implementing ▁arm ▁of ▁the ▁NS C ▁for ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁implementation ▁of |
▁national ▁security ▁policy . ▁NS C ▁action ▁papers ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁a ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁O CB ▁for ▁follow - up . ▁More ▁than ▁ 4 0 ▁inter ag ency ▁working ▁groups ▁were ▁established ▁with ▁exper ts ▁for ▁various ▁countries ▁and ▁subjects . ▁This ▁ 2 4 - person ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁O CB ▁supported ▁these ▁working ▁groups ▁in ▁which ▁officials ▁from ▁various ▁ag encies ▁met ▁each ▁other ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁President ' s ▁Special ▁Ass istant ▁for ▁National ▁Security ▁Affairs , ▁a ▁post ▁held ▁under ▁Eisen h ower ▁by ▁C ut ler , ▁D illon ▁Anderson , ▁William ▁Hard ing ▁Jackson , ▁and ▁finally ▁Gordon ▁Gray , ▁o vers aw ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁recommend ations ▁and ▁dec isions ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁the ▁policy ▁hill , ▁and ▁function ed ▁in ▁Council ▁meet ings ▁to ▁brief ▁the ▁Council ▁and ▁summar ize ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁discussion . ▁The ▁Special ▁Ass istant ▁was ▁an ▁essential ▁facil it ator ▁of ▁the ▁decision - making ▁system , ▁but , ▁unlike ▁the ▁National ▁Security ▁Ad vis er ▁created ▁under ▁Kennedy , ▁had ▁no ▁substant ive ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁The ▁NS C ▁staff ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁Special ▁Ass istant ▁grew ▁during ▁the ▁Eisen h ower ▁years , ▁but ▁again ▁had ▁no ▁independent ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁policy ▁process . ▁ ▁President ▁Eisen h ower ▁had ▁great ▁confidence ▁in ▁the ▁effic acy ▁of ▁cover t ▁operations ▁as ▁a ▁vi able ▁supp lement ▁or ▁alternative ▁to ▁previous ▁normal ▁foreign ▁policy ▁initi atives . ▁The ▁seem ing ▁clear |
▁success ▁of ▁the ▁operations ▁to ▁over throw ▁Iran ian ▁popul ist ▁leader ▁M oss ade geh ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁and ▁over throw ▁the ▁dem ocrat ically ▁elected , ▁left - lean ing ▁President ▁Jacob o ▁Á r ben z ▁Gu zm án ▁in ▁Gu atem ala ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁was ▁not ▁without ▁their ▁crisis ▁moments ▁in ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁NS C ▁ 5 4 1 2 ▁provided ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁panel ▁of ▁designated ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁the ▁Secret aries ▁of ▁State ▁and ▁Def ense ▁to ▁meet ▁regularly ▁to ▁review ▁and ▁recommend ▁cover t ▁operations . ▁Gordon ▁Gray ▁assumed ▁the ▁chair mans hip ▁of ▁the ▁" 5 4 1 2 ▁Committee " ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁called , ▁and ▁all ▁succeed ing ▁National ▁Security ▁Ad vis ers ▁have ▁cha ired ▁similar ▁successor ▁comm itte es , ▁various ly ▁named ▁" 3 0 3 ", ▁" 4 0 ", ▁" Special ▁Co ordin ating ▁Committee ," ▁which , ▁in ▁later ▁President ial ▁administr ations , ▁were ▁charged ▁with ▁the ▁review ▁of ▁C IA ▁cover t ▁operations . ▁ ▁President ▁Eisen h ower ▁also ▁created ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁staff ▁secretary ▁with ▁the ▁responsibility ▁to ▁screen ▁all ▁foreign ▁policy ▁and ▁military ▁documents ▁coming ▁to ▁the ▁President . ▁While ▁Colonel ▁Andrew ▁Good p aster ▁held ▁this ▁position , ▁he ▁t ended ▁to ▁eclipse ▁the ▁Special ▁Ass istant ▁for ▁National ▁Security . ▁ ▁The ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁NS C ▁system ▁under |
▁Eisen h ower ▁was ▁that ▁it ▁provided ▁for ▁regular , ▁fully ▁staff ed , ▁inter ag ency ▁review ▁of ▁major ▁foreign ▁and ▁national ▁security ▁issues , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁discussion ▁and ▁decision ▁at ▁the ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁government . ▁The ▁resulting ▁President ial ly ▁approved ▁NS C ▁papers ▁provided ▁policy ▁guidance ▁at ▁every ▁level ▁of ▁implementation . ▁Eisen h ower ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁regular ▁policy ▁discuss ions ▁kept ▁his ▁principal ▁advis ers ▁fully ▁informed , ▁in ▁step ▁with ▁one ▁another , ▁and ▁prepared ▁to ▁react ▁knowledge ably ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁crisis . ▁His ▁commit ment ▁to ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁such ▁that ▁he ▁cha ired ▁every ▁Council ▁meeting ▁he ▁could ▁attend ▁( 3 2 9 ▁of ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 6 6 ). ▁The ▁NS C ▁meet ings , ▁including ▁prior ▁brief ings ▁and ▁subsequent ▁review ▁of ▁NS C ▁A ctions , ▁constit uted ▁the ▁largest ▁single ▁item ▁on ▁his ▁week ly ▁ag enda . ▁ ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁John ▁F oster ▁D ul les , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁had ▁res erv ations ▁about ▁the ▁NS C ▁system . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁strong est ▁person ality ▁in ▁the ▁Eisen h ower ▁Cab inet ▁and ▁je al ously ▁guard ed ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁principal ▁advis er ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁on ▁foreign ▁policy . ▁He ▁had ▁constant , ▁direct ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁feel ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁sensitive ▁issues ▁should ▁be ▁discussed ▁in ▁groups ▁as ▁large ▁as ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁most ▁NS C ▁meet ings . |
▁He ▁drew ▁a ▁sharp ▁line ▁between ▁the ▁NS C ▁policy ▁review ▁process ▁and ▁the ▁day - to - day ▁operations ▁of ▁foreign ▁policy , ▁which ▁he ▁maintained ▁were ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁State . ▁D ul les ▁and ▁his ▁deput ies ▁also ▁were ▁not ▁comfortable ▁with ▁the ▁scope ▁the ▁NS C ▁review ▁system ▁gave ▁to ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Tre as ury ▁George ▁Hum ph rey , ▁another ▁strong ▁figure ▁in ▁the ▁Cab inet , ▁to ▁intr ude ▁budget ary ▁limitations ▁into ▁policy ▁consider ations . ▁D ul les ▁successfully ▁resist ed ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁substitute ▁the ▁Vice ▁President ▁for ▁the ▁Under ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁as ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁O CB , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁change ▁would ▁imp inge ▁on ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁principal ▁advis er ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁on ▁foreign ▁policy . ▁ ▁Crit ics ▁of ▁the ▁Eisen h ower ▁NS C ▁system ▁have ▁argued ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁inf lex ible , ▁over st aff ed , ▁unable ▁to ▁anticip ate ▁and ▁react ▁to ▁immediate ▁cr ises , ▁and ▁we ighed ▁down ▁by ▁comm itte es ▁reporting ▁in ▁great ▁detail ▁on ▁long ▁check lists ▁of ▁minor ▁policy ▁concerns . ▁The ▁most ▁thorough ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁emer ged ▁from ▁the ▁hear ings ▁conducted ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ( 1 9 6 1 ▁by ▁the ▁Senate ▁Sub comm ittee ▁on ▁National ▁Policy ▁Mach in ery , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Jackson ▁Sub comm ittee ▁for ▁its ▁chairman , ▁Senator ▁Henry ▁Jackson . ▁C ut ler ▁and ▁NS C ▁Executive |
▁Secretary ▁James ▁L ay ▁test ified ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁the ▁system , ▁but ▁their ▁testim ony ▁was ▁offset ▁by ▁that ▁of ▁former ▁Tr uman ▁administration ▁officials ▁such ▁as ▁George ▁Kenn an , ▁Paul ▁N it ze , ▁and ▁Robert ▁Lov ett . ▁They ▁argued ▁that ▁foreign ▁policy ▁was ▁being ▁made ▁by ▁a ▁pass ive ▁President ▁influenced ▁by ▁a ▁National ▁Security ▁Council ▁rendered ▁virt ually ▁useless ▁by ▁p onder ous , ▁b ureau cr atic ▁mach in ery . ▁Basically , ▁they ▁argued , ▁the ▁NS C ▁was ▁a ▁huge ▁committee , ▁and ▁suffered ▁from ▁all ▁the ▁weak ness es ▁of ▁comm itte es . ▁Com posed ▁of ▁represent atives ▁of ▁many ▁ag encies , ▁its ▁members ▁were ▁not ▁free ▁to ▁adopt ▁the ▁broad , ▁states man like ▁attitude ▁desired ▁by ▁the ▁President , ▁but , ▁rather , ▁were ▁amb ass adors ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁depart ments , ▁cl ing ing ▁to ▁department al ▁rather ▁than ▁national ▁views . ▁To ▁make ▁matters ▁worse , ▁critics ▁added , ▁the ▁NS C ▁system ▁by ▁its ▁very ▁nature ▁was ▁restricted ▁to ▁continu ing ▁and ▁developing ▁already ▁established ▁policies ▁and ▁was ▁in cap able ▁of ▁origin ating ▁new ▁ideas ▁or ▁major ▁innov ations . ▁The ▁critics ▁suggested ▁replacement ▁of ▁the ▁formal , ▁" over - inst itution al ized " ▁NS C ▁structure ▁with ▁a ▁smaller , ▁less ▁formal ▁NS C ▁which ▁would ▁offer ▁the ▁President ▁a ▁clear ▁choice ▁of ▁alternatives ▁on ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁major ▁problems . ▁ ▁Eisen h ower ▁was |
▁certainly ▁not ▁a ▁pass ive ▁President , ▁domin ated ▁by ▁his ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁on ▁foreign ▁policy ▁and ▁national ▁security ▁issues . ▁In ▁fact , ▁Eisen h ower ▁was ▁act ively ▁in ▁command ▁of ▁his ▁administration ' s ▁foreign ▁policy , ▁and ▁the ▁established ▁NS C ▁system ▁met ▁his ▁instinct s ▁and ▁requirements ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁he ▁used ▁them . ▁Although ▁there ▁is ▁subst ance ▁in ▁the ▁criticism ▁that ▁the ▁Eisen h ower ▁NS C ▁became ▁to ▁some ▁extent ▁the ▁prisoner ▁of ▁a ▁rig id ly ▁b ureau cr atic ▁process , ▁the ▁criticism ▁miss es ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁Eisen h ower ▁and ▁D ul les ▁did ▁not ▁attempt ▁to ▁manage ▁fast - bre aking ▁foreign ▁policy ▁cr ises ▁or ▁day - to - day ▁operation ▁through ▁the ▁NS C ▁appar atus . ▁An ▁exam ination ▁of ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁foreign ▁policy ▁dec isions ▁that ▁confront ed ▁the ▁Eisen h ower ▁administration ▁reve als ▁that ▁the ▁NS C ▁system ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁manage ▁some , ▁but ▁was ▁essentially ▁by pass ed ▁in ▁others . ▁The ▁established ▁NS C ▁process ▁was ▁used ▁when ▁the ▁question ▁involved ▁a ▁policy ▁debate ▁between ▁depart ments ▁with ▁strongly ▁held , ▁cont ending ▁positions , ▁as ▁it ▁did ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁debate ▁between ▁the ▁Depart ments ▁of ▁State ▁and ▁Def ense ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 / 1 9 5 7 ▁over ▁whether ▁to ▁introduce ▁a ▁more ▁modern ▁generation ▁of ▁weapons ▁into ▁Korea , ▁where ▁it ▁focused ▁debate ▁and ▁produced ▁the ▁necessary ▁agreed - up |
on ▁decision ▁after ▁discussion ▁of ▁three ▁draft ▁policy ▁papers . ▁ ▁In ▁fast - bre aking ▁crisis ▁situations ▁however , ▁including ▁the ▁concurrent ▁S uez ▁crisis ▁and ▁Hung arian ▁Revolution ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁Second ▁Taiwan ▁Stra it ▁Cris is ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Leb anon ▁crisis , ▁these ▁were ▁typically ▁managed ▁through ▁small ▁meet ings ▁with ▁the ▁President ▁in ▁the ▁White ▁House , ▁normally ▁involving ▁D ul les ▁and ▁other ▁concerned ▁advis ers , ▁and ▁through ▁tele phone ▁convers ations ▁between ▁Eisen h ower , ▁D ul les , ▁and ▁other ▁principal ▁advis ers . ▁Eisen h ower ▁sometimes ▁used ▁trust ed ▁NS C ▁staff ers ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁an ▁inter medi ary ▁to ▁gain ▁information ▁outside ▁the ▁chain ▁of ▁command ▁as ▁he ▁did ▁with ▁Colonel ▁Good p aster ▁during ▁the ▁stra its ▁crisis ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁There ▁was ▁great ▁similarity ▁between ▁this ▁process ▁of ▁crisis ▁management ▁and ▁that ▁adopted ▁by ▁subsequent ▁Pres idents , ▁such ▁as ▁Kennedy , ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁N ixon , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁ad ▁h oc ▁meet ings ▁in ▁the ▁Eisen h ower ▁White ▁House ▁did ▁not ▁involve ▁a ▁National ▁Security ▁Ad vis er ▁as ▁a ▁substant ive ▁particip ant . ▁And ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁that ▁aspects ▁of ▁crisis ▁management ▁dep ended ▁on ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁critical ▁man - on - the - spot , ▁as ▁it ▁did |
▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁when ▁Deput y ▁Under ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁Robert ▁Mur phy ▁was ▁dispatch ed ▁to ▁Leb anon ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁def use ▁the ▁crisis , ▁his ▁instructions ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁State ▁and ▁he ▁reported ▁to ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁rather ▁than ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁White ▁House , ▁as ▁became ▁the ▁practice ▁during ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War . ▁ ▁When ▁Eisen h ower ▁brief ed ▁President - elect ▁Kennedy ▁on ▁the ▁NS C ▁system , ▁as ▁when ▁Gordon ▁Gray ▁brief ed ▁his ▁successor ▁Mc Ge orge ▁Bund y , ▁they ▁both ▁emphas ized ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁established ▁NS C ▁mach in ery ▁in ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁foreign ▁policy ▁and ▁national ▁security ▁affairs . ▁They ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁more ▁persu as ive ▁in ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁system ▁had ▁they ▁pointed ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁NS C ▁appar atus ▁was ▁essentially ▁limited ▁to ▁policy ▁review , ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁used ▁by ▁them ▁to ▁manage ▁foreign ▁policy ▁cr ises ▁or ▁day - to - day ▁dec isions . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁National ▁Security ▁Council ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁National ▁Security ▁Council ▁Category : Pres iden cy ▁of ▁D w ight ▁D . ▁Eisen h ower <0x0A> </s> ▁Pi eter ▁W ins em ius ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Dutch ▁politician ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Party ▁for ▁Fre edom ▁and ▁Dem ocracy ▁( V VD ) ▁and ▁business man . ▁ ▁W ins |
em ius ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁research er ▁at ▁the ▁Le iden ▁University ▁from ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁until ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁management ▁consult ant ▁at ▁the ▁McK in sey ▁& ▁Company ▁from ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁until ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁After ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁W ins em ius ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁H ous ing , ▁Sp atial ▁Pl anning ▁and ▁the ▁Environment ▁in ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁Lub bers ▁I , ▁taking ▁office ▁on ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁After ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁W ins em ius ▁was ▁not ▁giving ▁a ▁minister ial ▁post ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁cabinet . ▁The ▁Cab inet ▁Lub bers ▁I ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁Lub bers ▁II ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁W ins em ius ▁semi - ret ired ▁from ▁active ▁politics ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁private ▁sector ▁and ▁the ▁public ▁sector ▁and ▁occupied ▁numerous ▁seats ▁as ▁a ▁corpor ate ▁director ▁and ▁non pro fit ▁director ▁on ▁several ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors ▁and ▁super vis ory ▁bo ards ▁( World ▁W ide ▁Fund ▁for ▁Nature , ▁Ver enig ing ▁N atuur mon ument en , ▁St icht ing ▁Max ▁Hav ela ar , ▁European ▁Centre ▁for ▁Nature ▁Conserv ation , ▁St icht ing ▁P ens io enf onds ▁AB P ▁and ▁the ▁Energy ▁Research ▁Centre ) ▁and ▁served ▁on |
▁several ▁state ▁comm issions ▁and ▁coun c ils ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁( Organ isation ▁for ▁Scient ific ▁Research , ▁National ▁In sur ance ▁Bank , ▁Staats bos be he er , ▁Meteor ological ▁Institute ▁and ▁the ▁Scient ific ▁Council ▁for ▁Government ▁Policy ). ▁W ins em ius ▁also ▁returned ▁as ▁a ▁senior ▁management ▁consult ant ▁of ▁the ▁McK in sey ▁& ▁Company ▁from ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁until ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁distinguished ▁professor ▁of ▁Environment al ▁management ▁at ▁the ▁T il burg ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁until ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁W ins em ius ▁was ▁appointed ▁again ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁H ous ing , ▁Sp atial ▁Pl anning ▁and ▁the ▁Environment ▁in ▁the ▁care t aker ▁Cab inet ▁Bal ken ende ▁III ▁following ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁Sy b illa ▁De k ker , ▁taking ▁office ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁Cab inet ▁Bal ken ende ▁III ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁Bal ken ende ▁IV ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁active ▁political ▁career , ▁W ins em ius ▁again ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁private ▁sector ▁and ▁the ▁public ▁sector ▁and ▁res umed ▁his ▁previous ▁positions ▁( V eren ig ing ▁N atuur mon ument en , ▁Energy ▁Research ▁Centre , ▁St icht ing ▁P ens io enf onds ▁AB |
P ▁and ▁the ▁Scient ific ▁Council ▁for ▁Government ▁Policy ) ▁and ▁as ▁an ▁advoc ate , ▁lo bb y ist ▁and ▁activ ist ▁for ▁Conserv ation , ▁Environment al ism , ▁S ust ain able ▁development ▁and ▁Cl imate ▁change ▁issues . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁W ins em ius ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁econom ist ▁Albert ▁W ins em ius . ▁Tra ined ▁as ▁a ▁physics ▁scient ist , ▁and ▁active ▁as ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁business ▁consult ancy ▁firm ▁McK in sey , ▁he ▁was ▁Minister ▁of ▁H ous ing , ▁Sp atial ▁Pl anning ▁and ▁the ▁Environment ▁( V ROM ) ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁Lub bers ▁cabinet , ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁the ▁V VD . ▁As ▁a ▁young ▁minister , ▁he ▁brought ▁environmental ▁laws ▁to ▁effect , ▁including ▁the ▁rules ▁for ▁environmental ▁impact ▁assess ments . ▁After ▁his ▁minister ial ▁period , ▁he ▁became ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Ver enig ing ▁N atuur mon ument en . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁again ▁became ▁minister ▁of ▁V ROM , ▁tempor arily ▁succeed ing ▁Sy b illa ▁De k ker ▁during ▁the ▁Third ▁Bal ken ende ▁cabinet , ▁until ▁a ▁completely ▁new ▁government ▁had ▁been ▁formed ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Jac qu eline ▁C ram er . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁until ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Scient ific ▁Council ▁for |
▁Government ▁Policy , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁grade ▁of ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Orange - N ass au ▁upon ▁his ▁ret irement . ▁ ▁W ins em ius ▁has ▁written ▁books ▁about ▁management ▁and ▁social ▁issues , ▁including ▁Spe el ▁no oit ▁een ▁uit wed strij d ▁( lit . ▁' ne ver ▁play ▁away ▁games ') ▁( 1 9 8 8 ), ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁compared ▁man aging ▁to ▁professional ▁s occer . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁W ins em ius ▁was ▁co - host ▁of ▁the ▁television ▁show ▁Akt ua ▁in ▁bed rij f . ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁career ▁Since ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁W ins em ius ▁holds ▁a ▁professor ate ▁for ▁Management ▁of ▁S ust ain able ▁Development , ▁at ▁the ▁T il burg ▁University . ▁On ▁ 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁most ▁influ ential ▁sust ain able ▁Dutch man ▁in ▁the ▁De ▁Du urz ame ▁ 1 0 0 ▁investigation ▁by ▁the ▁newspaper ▁Tr ouw ▁and ▁broadcast ing ▁group ▁L Link . ▁ ▁Dec or ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁▁ ▁Prof . Dr . ▁P . ▁( Pi eter ) ▁W ins em ius ▁Par lement ▁& ▁Polit iek ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Command ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Orange - N ass au ▁Category : C lim ate ▁change ▁environmental ists ▁Category |
: D utch ▁academic ▁administr ators ▁Category : D utch ▁business ▁writers ▁Category : D utch ▁conservation ists ▁Category : D utch ▁corpor ate ▁direct ors ▁Category : D utch ▁education ▁writers ▁Category : D utch ▁environmental ists ▁Category : D utch ▁natural ▁scient ists ▁Category : D utch ▁non pro fit ▁direct ors ▁Category : D utch ▁non pro fit ▁execut ives ▁Category : D utch ▁lo bb y ists ▁Category : D utch ▁management ▁consult ants ▁Category : D utch ▁science ▁writers ▁Category : D utch ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : D utch ▁public ▁administration ▁sch ol ars ▁Category : D utch ▁publish ers ▁( people ) ▁Category : Environment al ▁social ▁scient ists ▁Category : Environment al ▁studies ▁sch ol ars ▁Category : Environment al ▁writers ▁Category : Hy brid ▁electric ▁vehicle ▁advoc ates ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Lion ▁Category : Le iden ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Mc K in sey ▁& ▁Company ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Netherlands ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Scient ific ▁Council ▁for ▁Government ▁Policy ▁Category : Min ister s ▁of ▁H ous ing ▁and ▁Sp atial ▁Pl anning ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T il burg ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Voor burg ▁Category : Pe ople ' s ▁Party ▁for ▁Fre edom ▁and ▁Dem ocracy ▁polit icians ▁Category : S ust ain ability ▁advoc ates ▁Category : T il burg ▁University ▁fac |
ulty ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dutch ▁business people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dutch ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dutch ▁educ ators ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dutch ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dutch ▁polit icians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dutch ▁scient ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dutch ▁business people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dutch ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dutch ▁educ ators ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dutch ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dutch ▁polit icians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dutch ▁scient ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Ber th old ▁Wol t ze ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁August ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁in ▁H avel berg ; ▁died ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁in ▁We imar ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁genre ▁painter , ▁portrait ▁painter , ▁and ▁illustr ator . ▁ ▁Ber th old ▁Wol t ze ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁We imar ▁Sax on ▁Grand ▁Du cal ▁Art ▁School . ▁In ▁the ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁he ▁published ▁numerous ▁of ▁his ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁G arten la ube ▁newspaper . ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁famous ▁works ▁is ▁Der ▁l äst ige ▁K aval ier , ▁translated ▁as ▁" The ▁Ir rit ating ▁Gent le man " ▁or ▁" The ▁An no |
ying ▁Caval ier ." ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁architect ural ▁painter ▁Peter ▁Wol t ze ▁( 1 8 6 0 – 1 9 2 5 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : Gen re ▁pain ters ▁Category : 1 8 9 6 ▁death s ▁Category : G erman ▁pain ters <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁United ▁States ▁president ial ▁election ▁in ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁November ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁All ▁ 5 0 ▁states ▁and ▁The ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁United ▁States ▁president ial ▁election . ▁State ▁vot ers ▁chose ▁ 3 ▁elect ors ▁to ▁the ▁Elect oral ▁College , ▁who ▁voted ▁for ▁president ▁and ▁vice ▁president . ▁ ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁former ▁California ▁Governor ▁Ron ald ▁Re agan ▁( R ) ▁by ▁a ▁ 3 8 - point ▁lands lide . ▁With ▁ 6 4 . 2 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁vote , ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁would ▁prove ▁to ▁by ▁Re agan ' s ▁fourth ▁strong est ▁state ▁after ▁Ut ah , ▁Id aho ▁and ▁Neb r aska . ▁ ▁, ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁last ▁election ▁in ▁which ▁Si oux ▁County ▁voted ▁for ▁the ▁Republican ▁candidate . ▁ ▁State wide ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁elections <0x0A> </s> ▁Ville vey |
rac ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁H éra ult ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁Occ it anie ▁region ▁in ▁southern ▁France . ▁ ▁Population ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁H éra ult ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁H éra ult <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Rav iz ▁K oll am ▁() ▁or ▁The ▁Rav iz ▁As ht am udi ▁is ▁a ▁five - star ▁hotel ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁As ht am udi ▁lake ▁in ▁K oll am ▁city , ▁India , ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Rav iz ▁Hot els ▁& ▁Res ort s ▁company ▁and ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁noted ▁Indian ▁architect ▁Eug ene ▁P and ala , ▁an ▁Arch itect ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁commit ments ▁to ▁environmental ▁sust ain ability . ▁The ▁Rav iz ▁has ▁ 9 0 ▁rooms , ▁suite ▁rooms ▁and ▁c ott ages , ▁vill as ▁with ▁private ▁sw imming ▁po ols , ▁Ay ur ved ic ▁Sp a ▁and ▁restaur ants . ▁Bol lywood ▁actor ▁Shah ru kh ▁Khan ▁and ▁Mal ay al am ▁actor ▁Moh an l al ▁inaugur ated ▁the ▁hotel ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁K oll am ▁ ▁Islands ▁of ▁K oll am ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁K oll am ▁Category : Hot el ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Category : Hot els ▁in ▁Ker ala ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁establish ments ▁in |
▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Just o ▁Past or ▁Lyn ch ▁( 1 7 5 5 – 1 8 3 0 ), ▁an ▁Argent ine ▁land owner , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁on ▁the ▁family ▁" est ancia ", ▁a ▁ran ch ▁by ▁the ▁River ▁de ▁la ▁Pl ata . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁surv iving ▁son ▁of ▁Patrick ▁Lyn ch ▁of ▁L yd ican ▁Castle ▁in ▁Cla reg al way ▁ ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁Rosa ▁de ▁Gal aya ▁de ▁la ▁Camera . ▁At ▁times ▁his ▁name ▁was ▁recorded ▁as ▁Past or in ▁or ▁Past or ino ▁Lyn ch ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁large ▁land owned ▁by ▁his ▁family ▁dedicated ▁to ▁horses . ▁ ▁Des c end ants ▁Just o ' s ▁fortune ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁region , ▁properties ▁and ▁business ▁he ▁received ▁from ▁his ▁family , ▁in ▁addition ▁he ▁married ▁the ▁Spanish ▁he ir ess ▁Ana ▁Bern ardo ▁Ro o ▁( d . 1 8 3 6 ), ▁who ▁double d ▁the ▁extent ▁and ▁value ▁of ▁his ▁properties ; ▁consequ ently ▁his ▁sons ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁wealth y ▁life ▁like ▁no ▁other ▁Irish ▁imm igr ants ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁His ▁el dest ▁son ▁Pat ric io ▁( P atr ick ) ▁Lyn ch , ▁born ▁ 1 7 8 9 , ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁sh ipping ▁company . ▁He ▁owned ▁the ▁fr ig ate , ▁Hero ína , ▁which ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁claim ▁of ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁F alk land ▁Islands ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 |
0 . ▁Pat ric io ▁Lyn ch ▁is ▁the ▁great ▁great ▁grand father ▁of ▁Che ▁G ue var a . ▁ ▁Another ▁son ▁Est an is la o ▁Lyn ch , ▁born ▁ 1 7 9 3 , ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Argent ine ▁independence ▁war ▁with ▁the ▁grade ▁of ▁colon el . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁the ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁city ▁council ▁appointed ▁Est an is la o ▁as ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁Bar rac as . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁C og hl an , ▁Edu ardo ▁A ., ▁Los ▁Ir land eses ▁en ▁la ▁Argentina : ▁Su ▁Act u ación ▁y ▁Des c endencia ▁( Bu en os ▁Aires , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁p . 6 2 6 . ▁ ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁City ▁Council , ▁Arch ivo ▁General ▁de ▁la ▁N ación , ▁Series ▁IV , ▁Vol . ▁VII , ▁Se ctions ▁L XX IV ▁to ▁L XX IX , ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁( Bu en os ▁Aires , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ). ▁ ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Irish ▁Latin ▁American ▁Biography , ▁by ▁Gonz alo ▁Can é ▁ ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Category : I r ish ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : 1 8 3 0 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 7 5 5 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁polym er ▁chem istry ▁and ▁materials ▁science , ▁res in ▁is ▁a ▁solid ▁or ▁highly ▁vis c ous ▁subst ance ▁of ▁plant |
▁or ▁synth etic ▁origin ▁that ▁is ▁typically ▁convert ible ▁into ▁polym ers . ▁Res ins ▁are ▁usually ▁mi xt ures ▁of ▁organ ic ▁comp ounds . ▁ ▁This ▁article ▁focus es ▁on ▁naturally ▁occurr ing ▁res ins . ▁ ▁Pl ants ▁se crete ▁res ins ▁for ▁their ▁protect ive ▁benefits ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁injury . ▁The ▁res in ▁protect s ▁the ▁plant ▁from ▁insect s ▁and ▁path og ens . ▁Res ins ▁conf ound ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁her b iv ores , ▁insect s , ▁and ▁path og ens , ▁while ▁the ▁vol atile ▁phen ol ic ▁comp ounds ▁may ▁attract ▁benef act ors ▁such ▁as ▁par as ito ids ▁or ▁pred ators ▁of ▁the ▁her b iv ores ▁that ▁attack ▁the ▁plant . ▁ ▁Com position ▁Most ▁plant ▁res ins ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁ter pen es . ▁Specific ▁components ▁are ▁alpha - pin ene , ▁beta - pin ene , ▁delta - 3 ▁car ene , ▁and ▁sab in ene , ▁the ▁mon oc yc lic ▁ter pen es ▁lim on ene ▁and ▁ter pin ol ene , ▁and ▁smaller ▁amounts ▁of ▁the ▁tr icy clic ▁ses qu iter pen es , ▁long if ol ene , ▁c ary oph yll ene , ▁and ▁delta - c adin ene . ▁Some ▁res ins ▁also ▁contain ▁a ▁high ▁proportion ▁of ▁res in ▁ac ids . ▁ ▁Ros ins ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand ▁are ▁less ▁vol atile ▁and ▁consist , ▁inter ▁al ia , ▁of ▁d iter pen es . ▁ ▁Ex amples |
▁Ex amples ▁of ▁plant ▁res ins ▁include ▁am ber , ▁Bal m ▁of ▁G ile ad , ▁b als am , ▁Canada ▁b als am , ▁Bos well ia , ▁cop al ▁from ▁trees ▁of ▁Pro t ium ▁cop al ▁and ▁H ym ena ea ▁cour bar il , ▁dam mar ▁g um ▁from ▁trees ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁D ip ter oc ar pace ae , ▁Dragon ' s ▁blood ▁from ▁the ▁drag on ▁trees ▁( D rac a ena ▁species ), ▁elem i , ▁fran k inc ense ▁from ▁Bos well ia ▁sac ra , ▁gal ban um ▁from ▁Fer ula ▁g umm osa , ▁g um ▁gu a iac um ▁from ▁the ▁l ign um ▁vita e ▁trees ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Gu a iac um , ▁ka uri ▁g um ▁from ▁trees ▁of ▁Ag ath is ▁austral is , ▁hash ish ▁( C ann ab is ▁res in ) ▁from ▁C ann ab is ▁ind ica , ▁lab dan um ▁from ▁med iter rane an ▁species ▁of ▁C ist us , ▁m astic ▁( plant ▁res in ) ▁from ▁the ▁m astic ▁tree ▁P ist acia ▁l ent is cus , ▁my r rh ▁from ▁shr ubs ▁of ▁Comm i ph ora , ▁sand ar ac ▁res in ▁from ▁T etra cl in is ▁art icul ata , ▁the ▁national ▁tree ▁of ▁Mal ta , ▁sty ra x ▁( a ▁Ben zo in ▁res in ▁from ▁various ▁St y ra x ▁species ), ▁spin if ex ▁res in ▁from ▁Australian ▁grass |
es , ▁and ▁tur pent ine , ▁dist illed ▁from ▁p ine ▁res in . ▁ ▁Am ber ▁is ▁foss il ▁res in ▁( also ▁called ▁res in ite ) ▁from ▁con ifer ous ▁and ▁other ▁tree ▁species . ▁Cop al , ▁ka uri ▁g um , ▁dam mar ▁and ▁other ▁res ins ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁as ▁sub f oss il ▁depos its . ▁Sub f oss il ▁cop al ▁can ▁be ▁distinguished ▁from ▁genu ine ▁foss il ▁am ber ▁because ▁it ▁becomes ▁tack y ▁when ▁a ▁drop ▁of ▁a ▁sol vent ▁such ▁as ▁ac et one ▁or ▁ch lor o form ▁is ▁placed ▁on ▁it . ▁African ▁cop al ▁and ▁the ▁ka uri ▁g um ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁are ▁also ▁proc ured ▁in ▁a ▁semi - f oss il ▁condition . ▁ ▁Ros in ▁ ▁Sol id ified ▁res in ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁vol atile ▁ter pen es ▁have ▁been ▁removed ▁by ▁dist ill ation ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁ro sin . ▁Typ ical ▁ro sin ▁is ▁a ▁transparent ▁or ▁transl uc ent ▁mass , ▁with ▁a ▁vit re ous ▁f ract ure ▁and ▁a ▁faint ly ▁yellow ▁or ▁brown ▁colour , ▁non - odor ous ▁or ▁having ▁only ▁a ▁slight ▁tur pent ine ▁od our ▁and ▁taste . ▁Ros in ▁is ▁ins ol ub le ▁in ▁water , ▁mostly ▁sol ub le ▁in ▁alco hol , ▁essential ▁o ils , ▁ ether , ▁and ▁hot ▁fat ty ▁o ils . ▁ ▁Ros in ▁soft ens ▁and ▁mel ts ▁when ▁he ated |
▁and ▁burn s ▁with ▁a ▁bright ▁but ▁sm ok y ▁fl ame . ▁ ▁Ros in ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁complex ▁mixture ▁of ▁different ▁subst ances ▁including ▁organ ic ▁ac ids ▁named ▁the ▁res in ▁ac ids . ▁Rel ated ▁to ▁the ▁ter pen es , ▁res in ▁acid ▁is ▁ox id ized ▁ter pen es . ▁Res in ▁ac ids ▁dissol ve ▁in ▁alk alis ▁to ▁form ▁res in ▁so aps , ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁res in ▁ac ids ▁are ▁reg ener ated ▁upon ▁treatment ▁with ▁ac ids . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁res in ▁ac ids ▁are ▁ab iet ic ▁acid ▁( s yl vic ▁acid ), ▁C 2 0 H 3 0 O 2 , ▁p lic atic ▁acid ▁contained ▁in ▁ced ar , ▁and ▁p imar ic ▁acid , ▁C 2 0 H 3 0 O 2 , ▁a ▁constitu ent ▁of ▁gal ip ot ▁res in . ▁Ab iet ic ▁acid ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁extracted ▁from ▁ro sin ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁hot ▁alco hol . ▁P imar ic ▁acid ▁closely ▁res emb les ▁ab iet ic ▁acid ▁into ▁which ▁it ▁passes ▁when ▁dist illed ▁in ▁a ▁vac u um ; ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁supposed ▁to ▁consist ▁of ▁three ▁is om ers . ▁ ▁Ros in ▁is ▁obtained ▁from ▁p ines ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁plants , ▁mostly ▁con if ers . ▁Plant ▁res ins ▁are ▁generally ▁produced ▁as ▁stem ▁secret ions , ▁but ▁in ▁some ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁American ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁Eu ph orb ia ▁d ale ch amp ia |
▁and ▁Cl us ia ▁species ▁ ▁they ▁are ▁produced ▁as ▁pol lin ation ▁re wards , ▁and ▁used ▁by ▁some ▁st ing less ▁be e ▁species ▁to ▁construct ▁their ▁n ests . ▁Pro pol is , ▁consisting ▁largely ▁of ▁res ins ▁collected ▁from ▁plants ▁such ▁as ▁pop l ars ▁and ▁con if ers , ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁h oney ▁be es ▁to ▁se al ▁small ▁g aps ▁in ▁their ▁h ives , ▁while ▁larger ▁g aps ▁are ▁filled ▁with ▁be es w ax . ▁ ▁Pet role um - ▁and ▁insect - der ived ▁res ins ▁Sh ella c ▁and ▁lac quer ▁are ▁examples ▁of ▁insect - der ived ▁res ins . ▁ ▁As ph alt ite ▁and ▁Ut ah ▁res in ▁are ▁pet role um ▁bit um ens , ▁not ▁a ▁product ▁secret ed ▁by ▁plants , ▁although ▁it ▁was ▁ultimately ▁derived ▁from ▁plants . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁et ym ology ▁ ▁Human ▁use ▁of ▁plant ▁res ins ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁long ▁history ▁that ▁was ▁documented ▁in ▁ancient ▁Greece ▁by ▁The op hr ast us , ▁in ▁ancient ▁Rome ▁by ▁Pl iny ▁the ▁E lder , ▁and ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁res ins ▁known ▁as ▁fran k inc ense ▁and ▁my r rh , ▁pri zed ▁in ▁ancient ▁Egypt . ▁These ▁were ▁highly ▁pri zed ▁subst ances , ▁and ▁required ▁as ▁inc ense ▁in ▁some ▁religious ▁r ites . ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁res in ▁comes ▁from ▁French ▁res ine , ▁from ▁Latin ▁res ina ▁" res in ", ▁which ▁either ▁der ives ▁from |
▁or ▁is ▁a ▁cogn ate ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁ ▁rh ē t in ē ▁" res in ▁of ▁the ▁p ine ", ▁of ▁unknown ▁earlier ▁origin , ▁though ▁probably ▁non - Ind o - Europe an . ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁" res in " ▁has ▁been ▁applied ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁world ▁to ▁nearly ▁any ▁component ▁of ▁a ▁liquid ▁that ▁will ▁set ▁into ▁a ▁hard ▁lac quer ▁or ▁en am el - like ▁finish . ▁An ▁example ▁is ▁n ail ▁pol ish . ▁C ertain ▁" cast ing ▁res ins " ▁and ▁synth etic ▁res ins ▁( such ▁as ▁epo xy ▁res in ) ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁given ▁the ▁name ▁" res in ." ▁ ▁Some ▁res ins ▁when ▁soft ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁' ole ores ins ', ▁and ▁when ▁containing ▁ben zo ic ▁acid ▁or ▁c inn am ic ▁acid ▁they ▁are ▁called ▁b als ams . ▁Ole ores ins ▁are ▁naturally ▁occurr ing ▁mi xt ures ▁of ▁an ▁oil ▁and ▁a ▁res in ; ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁extracted ▁from ▁various ▁plants . ▁Other ▁res in ous ▁products ▁in ▁their ▁natural ▁condition ▁are ▁a ▁mix ▁with ▁g um ▁or ▁m uc il agin ous ▁subst ances ▁and ▁known ▁as ▁g um ▁res ins . ▁ ▁Several ▁natural ▁res ins ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁ing red ients ▁in ▁perf umes , ▁e . g ., ▁b als ams ▁of ▁Peru ▁and ▁to lu , ▁elem i , ▁sty ra x , ▁and ▁certain ▁tur pent ines . ▁ ▁Non - res in ous ▁ex ud |
ates ▁Other ▁liquid ▁comp ounds ▁found ▁inside ▁plants ▁or ▁ex ud ed ▁by ▁plants , ▁such ▁as ▁sap , ▁late x , ▁or ▁m uc il age , ▁are ▁sometimes ▁confused ▁with ▁res in ▁but ▁are ▁not ▁the ▁same . ▁S aps , ▁in ▁particular , ▁serve ▁a ▁nut rit ive ▁function ▁that ▁res ins ▁do ▁not . ▁ ▁Us es ▁ ▁Plant ▁res ins ▁Plant ▁res ins ▁are ▁val ued ▁for ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁var n ishes , ▁ad hes ives , ▁and ▁food ▁gla zing ▁agents . ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁pri zed ▁as ▁raw ▁materials ▁for ▁the ▁synth esis ▁of ▁other ▁organ ic ▁comp ounds ▁and ▁provide ▁constitu ents ▁of ▁inc ense ▁and ▁perf ume . ▁The ▁oldest ▁known ▁use ▁of ▁plant ▁res in ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁Middle ▁Stone ▁Age ▁in ▁Southern ▁Africa ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁ad hes ive ▁for ▁ha ft ing ▁stone ▁tools . ▁ ▁The ▁hard ▁transparent ▁res ins , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁cop als , ▁d amm ars , ▁m astic , ▁and ▁sand ar ac , ▁are ▁princip ally ▁used ▁for ▁var n ishes ▁and ▁ad hes ives , ▁while ▁the ▁so fter ▁od or ifer ous ▁o le o - res ins ▁( f rank inc ense , ▁elem i , ▁tur pent ine , ▁cop a iba ), ▁and ▁g um ▁res ins ▁containing ▁essential ▁o ils ▁( am mon iac um , ▁as a fo et ida , ▁g amb oge , ▁my r rh , ▁and ▁sc amm |
ony ) ▁are ▁more ▁used ▁for ▁th era pe ut ic ▁purposes , ▁food ▁ ▁and ▁inc ense . ▁ ▁The ▁res in ▁of ▁the ▁Ale ppo ▁P ine ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁flav our ▁re ts ina , ▁a ▁Greek ▁res in ated ▁wine . ▁ ▁Syn th etic ▁res ins ▁ ▁Many ▁materials ▁are ▁produced ▁via ▁the ▁conversion ▁of ▁synth etic ▁res ins ▁to ▁sol ids . ▁ ▁Import ant ▁examples ▁are ▁bis phen ol ▁A ▁dig ly cid yl ▁ ether , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁res in ▁converted ▁to ▁epo xy ▁gl ue ▁upon ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁hard ener . ▁ ▁Sil ic ones ▁are ▁often ▁prepared ▁from ▁sil ic one ▁res ins ▁via ▁room ▁temperature ▁vul can ization . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Am ber ▁ ▁Res in ▁extra ction ▁– ▁method ▁of ▁har vest ing ▁res in ▁from ▁trees ▁ ▁B als am ▁of ▁Peru ▁– ▁a ▁b als am ▁used ▁in ▁food ▁and ▁drink ▁for ▁flav oring , ▁in ▁perf umes ▁and ▁to ile t ries ▁for ▁fra gr ance , ▁and ▁in ▁medicine ▁and ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁items . ▁ ▁M astic ▁( plant ▁res in ) ▁– ▁res in ▁from ▁the ▁P ist acia ▁l ent is cus ▁tree ▁ ▁P itch ▁( res in ) ▁ ▁K ino ▁( g um ) ▁– ▁a ▁plant ▁g um ▁similar ▁to ▁res in ▁ ▁Bi ode grad able ▁– ▁plant ▁res ins ▁are ▁naturally ▁bi ode grad able ▁in ▁many ▁circumstances . ▁ ▁Res |
in ▁casting ▁– ▁casting ▁with ▁a ▁res in , ▁usually ▁using ▁a ▁synth etic ▁not ▁a ▁natural ▁res in . ▁ ▁Poly res in ▁– ▁a ▁hard , ▁synth etic ▁res in ▁for ▁casting ▁in ▁m olds ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Non - tim ber ▁forest ▁products ▁Category : P ap erm aking ▁Category : Tree ▁t apping <0x0A> </s> ▁Fred ▁or ▁Frederick ▁Chap man ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Frederick ▁Chap man ▁( B rit ish ▁Army ▁officer ) ▁( 1 8 1 5 - 1 8 9 3 ), ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁and ▁colonial ▁official ▁▁ ▁Frederick ▁Chap man ▁( p ala e ont ologist ) ▁( 1 8 6 4 – 1 9 4 3 ), ▁English - born ▁Australian ▁p ala e ont ologist ▁ ▁Frederick ▁Chap man ▁( football er ) ▁( 1 8 8 3 – 1 9 5 1 ), ▁English ▁s occer ▁player , ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁Olympic ▁gold ▁med all ist ▁ ▁Fred ▁Chap man ▁( base ball ) ▁( 1 9 1 6 – 1 9 9 7 ), ▁American ▁baseball ▁player ▁ ▁Frederick ▁Chap man ▁( s ports man ) ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 6 4 ), ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter ▁and ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁ ▁Frederick ▁Chap man ▁( jud ge ) ▁( 1 8 4 9 – 1 9 3 6 ), ▁New ▁Zealand ▁judge ▁ ▁Fred die ▁Sp encer ▁Chap man ▁( 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 |
7 1 ), ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁ ▁Frederick ▁William ▁Chap man ▁ ▁( 1 8 0 6 - 1 8 7 6 ), ▁American ▁minister ▁and ▁gene alog ist ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Frederick ▁Chap man ▁Rob b ins ▁( 1 9 1 6 – 2 0 0 3 ), ▁American ▁doctor <0x0A> </s> ▁Russell ▁Jan ney ▁( A pril ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁the atr ical ▁producer ▁and ▁author . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁best - s elling ▁book ▁and ▁first ▁novel , ▁The ▁Mi racle ▁of ▁the ▁B ells , ▁which ▁was ▁made ▁into ▁a ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁produced ▁and ▁co - author ed ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁musical ▁The ▁V ag ab ond ▁King , ▁working ▁with ▁Brian ▁Hook er ▁and ▁composer ▁Rudolf ▁Fr im l . ▁ ▁Jan ney ▁also ▁produced ▁other ▁plays ▁including ▁Mar j ola ine ▁( 1 9 2 2 ) ▁( based ▁on ▁Pom ander ▁Walk ▁by ▁Louis ▁N . ▁Parker ), ▁White ▁E agle ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁( based ▁on ▁Ed win ▁Mil ton ▁Ro yle ' s ▁The ▁S qu aw ▁Man ), ▁June ▁Love , ▁B ally ho o ▁( 1 9 2 7 ), ▁and ▁an ▁ad a ption ▁of ▁The ▁O ' F lyn n ▁( 1 |
9 3 4 ) ▁by ▁Justin ▁H unt ly ▁Mc Car thy . ▁ ▁His ▁second ▁novel , ▁So ▁Long ▁As ▁Love ▁Rem embers , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁short ▁novel ▁Cur tain ▁Call ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁Jan ney ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Wil ming ton , ▁Ohio ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁Y ale ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁ ▁While ▁at ▁college , ▁he ▁put ▁on ▁plays ▁for ▁his ▁frat ern ity , ▁B eta ▁Th eta ▁Pi . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁of ▁natural ▁causes ▁at ▁his ▁a partment ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁Jan ney ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁jur or ▁in ▁a ▁high - profile ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁trial , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Smith ▁Act ▁tri als ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁leaders . ▁ ▁Jan ney ▁married ▁Ed ith ▁H ul da ▁C ram er ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ; ▁they ▁later ▁divor ced . ▁ ▁Their ▁son ▁William ▁Jan ney ▁was ▁a ▁film ▁actor ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Wil ming ton , ▁Ohio ▁Category : 1 8 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists |
▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁San ▁Miguel ▁is ▁a ▁suff rag an ▁dioc ese ▁of ▁the ▁Buenos ▁Aires . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁VI ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁B ish ops ▁ ▁Ord in aries ▁H ora cio ▁Alberto ▁B ó zz oli ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 1 9 8 3 ), ▁appointed ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁T uc um án ▁José ▁Manuel ▁Lorenzo ▁( 1 9 8 3 – 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Ab el ardo ▁Francisco ▁Silva ▁( 1 9 9 4 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁José ▁Luis ▁M oll ag han ▁( 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 5 ), ▁appointed ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Ros ario ▁Ser gio ▁Alfred o ▁F eno y ▁( 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 1 8 ), ▁appointed ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁de ▁la ▁V era ▁Cruz ▁D ami án ▁N ann ini ▁( 2 0 1 8 – present ) ▁ ▁Co adj utor ▁bishop ▁Ab el ardo ▁Francisco ▁Silva ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Other ▁priest ▁of ▁this ▁dioc ese ▁who ▁became ▁bishop ▁Nicol ás ▁B ais i , ▁appointed ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁La ▁Pl ata ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Catholic ▁Hier archy ▁ ▁San ▁Miguel ▁San ▁Miguel ▁San ▁Miguel <0x0A> </s> ▁Al ast air ▁Mo ock ▁( |
born ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁New ▁York , ▁New ▁York , ▁United ▁States ) ▁is ▁a ▁G RA MM Y - n omin ated ▁American ▁folk ▁and ▁family ▁music ▁perform er ▁from ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁gru ff ▁voice , ▁play ful ▁lyr ics , ▁and ▁finger pick ing ▁guitar ▁style . ▁ ▁History ▁Mo ock ' s ▁interest ▁in ▁traditional ▁music ▁started ▁at ▁a ▁young ▁age ▁when ▁his ▁father ▁took ▁him ▁to ▁see ▁P ete ▁Se eg er ▁and ▁Ar lo ▁Gut hr ie ▁in ▁concert . ▁What ▁he ▁heard ▁and ▁saw ▁that ▁evening ▁affected ▁him ▁strongly . ▁While ▁inv ig or ated ▁by ▁the ▁music , ▁he ▁noticed ▁how ▁the ▁audience ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁by ▁joining ▁in ▁the ▁singing . ▁A ▁few ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁discovered ▁Wo ody ▁Gut hr ie ' s ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁record ings . ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Williams ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Mo ock ▁moved ▁to ▁Boston ▁and ▁launched ▁his ▁performing ▁career ▁at ▁open ▁m ikes ▁and ▁local ▁coffee h ouses . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁he ▁released ▁his ▁debut ▁album , ▁Walk ing ▁S ounds , ▁and ▁followed ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁eight - song ▁mini - album ▁Bad ▁Mo ock ▁R ising ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Mo ock ▁had ▁tra ve led ▁extens ively ▁throughout ▁the ▁East ▁and ▁Mid west , ▁performing ▁at ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁listening |
▁rooms ▁and ▁out door ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁including ▁the ▁New port ▁Fol k ▁Festival , ▁the ▁Fal con ▁R idge ▁Fol k ▁Festival , ▁the ▁Boston ▁Fol k ▁Festival , ▁the ▁Old ▁Town ▁School ▁of ▁Fol k ▁Music ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁The ▁Bir ch m ere ▁in ▁Washington ▁D . C ., ▁and ▁the ▁Blue bird ▁Ca fe ▁in ▁Nash ville . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁trip ▁to ▁Europe , ▁where ▁he ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Music ▁Fest ▁in ▁Norway . ▁Many ▁more ▁European ▁t ours ▁would ▁follow , ▁with ▁performances ▁in ▁Norway , ▁France , ▁Germany , ▁Belg ium , ▁Poland , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁and ▁the ▁UK . ▁Back ▁in ▁the ▁U . S ., ▁Mo ock ▁won ▁some ▁pr estig ious ▁song writing ▁compet itions , ▁including ▁those ▁at ▁the ▁Fal con ▁R idge ▁Fol k ▁Festival , ▁Sister s ▁Fol k ▁Festival , ▁and ▁the ▁Great ▁W aters ▁Music ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Al ast air ▁says ▁that ▁he ' s ▁always ▁been ▁moved ▁by ▁music ▁" that ▁connect s ▁me ▁to ▁progress ive ▁issues ▁and ▁social ▁invol vement . ▁It ' s ▁always ▁been ▁a ▁big ▁part ▁of ▁what ▁I ' ve ▁wanted ▁to ▁do ▁as ▁a ▁music ian ." ▁That ▁social ▁invol vement ▁has ▁resulted ▁in ▁Mo ock ▁often ▁organ izing ▁benefits ▁to ▁help ▁those ▁in ▁need . ▁ ▁His ▁last ▁adult ▁album , ▁Fort une ▁Street , ▁produced ▁by ▁David ▁" Go ody " ▁Good rich , ▁was |
▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Europe ▁by ▁Cor az ong ▁Records ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁In ▁his ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁for ▁Sing ▁Out !, ▁Scott ▁Sh eld on ▁wrote ▁" There ▁are ▁no ▁simple ▁songs ▁on ▁Fort une ▁Street ; ▁each ▁gra pp les ▁with ▁hard ▁times , ▁deep ▁feelings , ▁or ▁dram atic ▁moments ▁in ▁history ." ▁The ▁album ▁includes ▁two ▁historical ▁ball ads : ▁" W o ody ' s ▁L ament " ▁expl oring ▁Wo ody ▁Gut hr ie ' s ▁internal ▁conflict ▁between ▁his ▁family ▁and ▁the ▁pull ▁of ▁the ▁road , ▁and ▁" Cloud split ter ," ▁a ▁modal ▁mountain ▁dir ge ▁based ▁on ▁Russell ▁B anks ' ▁novel ▁about ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁abol ition ist ▁John ▁Brown . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Mo ock ▁began ▁to ▁turn ▁his ▁attention ▁to ▁performing ▁for ▁k ids ▁and ▁families . ▁That ▁year , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁ro ster ▁of ▁Young ▁Aud ien ces ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁to ▁teach ▁programs ▁on ▁music ▁and ▁social ▁change ▁and ▁language ▁arts ▁skills ▁to ▁students . ▁He ▁also ▁released ▁his ▁first ▁album ▁for ▁k ids , ▁" A ▁Cow ▁S ays ▁Mo ock ." ▁That ▁album ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁he ▁has ▁released ▁since ▁have ▁won ▁critical ▁pra ise ▁and ▁high ▁hon ors ▁from ▁N AP PA ▁( The ▁National ▁Parent ing ▁Publications ▁Awards ) ▁and ▁the ▁Par ents ' ▁Cho ice ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁But ▁Mo ock ▁says ▁that ▁his ▁new est ▁album , ▁" Sing |
ing ▁Our ▁Way ▁Through : ▁Songs ▁for ▁the ▁World ’ s ▁Bra vest ▁K ids ," ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁" near est ▁and ▁dear est ▁to ▁his ▁heart ." ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁one ▁of ▁Al ast air ’ s ▁tw in ▁daughter ’ s ▁was ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁Ac ute ▁L ym ph ob last ic ▁Le uk emia . ▁The ▁Sing ing ▁Our ▁Way ▁Through ▁project ▁began ▁when ▁Al ast air ▁started ▁co - writing ▁songs ▁with ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁hospital . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁several ▁months , ▁Mo ock ▁continued ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁collect ▁songs ▁that ▁reflected ▁his ▁family ’ s ▁experiences . ▁ ▁Mo ock ▁decided ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁record ▁an ▁album ▁for ▁other ▁families ▁travel ing ▁similar ▁paths . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁a ▁crowd ▁fund ing ▁campaign ▁which ▁raised ▁nearly ▁$ 2 8 , 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁money ▁he ▁needed ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁album ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁record . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Mo ock ▁went ▁into ▁the ▁studio ▁with ▁friends ▁and ▁collabor ators ▁from ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁Amer icana ▁music , ▁including ▁Chris ▁Sm ither , ▁Mark ▁E rel li , ▁A o ife ▁O ' Don ovan ▁( v ocal ist ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Gram my - win ning ▁" Go at ▁R ode o ▁S essions ," ▁Best ▁Fol k ▁Album ), ▁and ▁family ▁music ▁artists ▁R ani ▁Ar bo , ▁The ▁O kee ▁Do |
kee ▁Brothers ▁( 2 0 1 3 ▁Gram my - w inners , ▁Best ▁Children ’ s ▁Album ), ▁Elizabeth ▁Mitchell ▁( 2 0 1 3 ▁Gram my - nom ine e , ▁Best ▁Children ’ s ▁Album ), ▁and ▁co - produ cer ▁An and ▁N ay ak . ▁ ▁Upon ▁its ▁release ▁in ▁July , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁" Sing ing ▁Our ▁Way ▁Through " ▁was ▁called ▁" a ▁master pie ce " ▁by ▁Sal on . com ▁and ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁a ▁" Best ▁K ids ▁Music " ▁pick ▁by ▁People ▁Magazine . ▁Mo ock ▁was ▁also ▁interview ed ▁by ▁K atie ▁Cour ic ▁and ▁on ▁G MA ▁Live ▁( the ▁“ Good ▁Mor ning ▁America ” ▁web cast ). ▁Event ually , ▁" Sing ing ▁Our ▁Way ▁Through " ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁gar ner ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Gram my ▁Award ▁nom ination . ▁and ▁gold ▁med als ▁from ▁the ▁Par ents ' ▁Cho ice ▁Foundation ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Parent ing ▁Publications ▁Awards . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁album ▁sales ▁and ▁his ▁crowd ▁fund ing ▁campaign , ▁Mo ock ▁has ▁so ▁far ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁send ▁out ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁free ▁physical ▁and ▁digital ▁copies ▁to ▁patient ▁families ▁and ▁hosp it als ▁around ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Walk ing ▁S ounds ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Bad ▁Mo ock ▁R ising ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Life ▁I ▁Never ▁Had ▁( |
2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Let ▁it ▁Go ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Fort une ▁Street ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Cow ▁S ays ▁Mo ock ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁These ▁Are ▁My ▁Fri ends ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Sing ing ▁Our ▁Way ▁Through : ▁Songs ▁for ▁the ▁World ' s ▁Bra vest ▁K ids ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Mo ock ' s ▁G row nu ps ▁Music ▁Site ▁ ▁Mo ock ' s ▁Family ▁Music ▁Site ▁ ▁Sing ing ▁Our ▁Way ▁Through ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : American ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Will iams ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : S ong writ ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁An il ▁M ali ▁is ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Legisl ative ▁assembly ▁from ▁De od ar ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁Gu jar at ▁for ▁its ▁ 1 2 th ▁legisl ative ▁assembly ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁polit icians ▁from ▁Gu jar at ▁Category : Gu jar at ▁ML As ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 2 ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Laura ▁Anton |
i ou ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁novel ist . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁The ▁Market place ▁series ▁of ▁B DS M - th emed ▁nov els , ▁which ▁were ▁originally ▁published ▁under ▁the ▁pen ▁name ▁of ▁S ara ▁Adam son . ▁ ▁Anton i ou ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁work ▁as ▁an ▁editor ▁and ▁pione er ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁contemporary ▁er otic ▁fiction ▁and ▁in ▁particular ▁as ▁editor ▁of ▁les bian ▁er ot ica ▁anth ologies ▁including ▁the ▁three ▁volume ▁Le ather ▁Women ▁series , ▁Some ▁Women , ▁By ▁Her ▁Sub du ed , ▁No ▁Other ▁T ribute , ▁and ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁her ▁own ▁short ▁stories ▁and ▁ess ays ▁titled ▁The ▁Catal yst ▁and ▁Other ▁Works . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁John ▁Pr eston ▁Short ▁F iction ▁award ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Le ather ▁Association ▁for ▁her ▁short ▁story ▁" That ' s ▁Har sh ," ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁e - book ▁edition ▁of ▁The ▁S lave . ▁( She ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁N LA ▁L if etime ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 .) ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁she ▁received ▁the ▁Master ▁Jack ▁Mc Ge orge ▁Ex cell ence ▁in ▁Education ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Master / s lave ▁Conference . ▁ ▁Anton i ou ' s ▁fiction ▁and ▁her ▁ess ays ▁on ▁alternate ▁views ▁of ▁sexual ▁roles ▁have ▁been ▁c ited ▁by ▁writers ▁on ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁er otic ▁fiction |
, ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁social ▁politics ▁of ▁gender ▁roles . ▁Document ary ▁film maker ▁and ▁author ▁T anya ▁T rep an ier ' s ▁described ▁Anton i ou ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁growing ▁tr end ▁of ▁novel ists ▁expl oring ▁hy brid ▁forms ▁of ▁identity , ▁including ▁cultural ▁and ▁sexual ▁identity , ▁that ▁don ' t ▁fit ▁into ▁simple ▁categories , ▁using ▁narr ative ▁story t elling ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁understanding ▁ident ities ▁that ▁can ' t ▁be ▁easily ▁defined ▁in ▁a ▁traditional ▁manner . ▁In ▁an ▁analysis ▁of ▁contemporary ▁novel ists ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁women ' s ▁er otic ▁fiction , ▁Carol yn ▁Allen ▁c ites ▁Anton i ou ' s ▁writ ings ▁as ▁describing ▁the ▁concept ▁that ▁all ▁relationships ▁between ▁people ▁include ▁elements ▁of ▁power ▁exchange , ▁with ▁one ▁partner ▁taking ▁the ▁more ▁dominant ▁role ▁even ▁in ▁day - to - day ▁interactions . ▁ ▁Nik ki ▁S ull ivan , ▁lect urer ▁in ▁Cultural ▁and ▁Crit ical ▁Studies ▁at ▁Mac qu arie ▁University , ▁in ▁her ▁ess ay ▁Sad omas och ism ▁as ▁Res istance ? ▁refers ▁to ▁Anton i ou ' s ▁description ▁of ▁sexual ▁roles ▁as ▁a ▁loose ▁structure , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁many ▁choices ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁participants , ▁with ▁the ▁key ▁element ▁being ▁the ▁choice ▁of ▁which ▁particip ant ▁gu ides ▁the ▁activities . ▁ ▁Writ ings ▁by ▁Anton i ou ▁are ▁at ▁the ▁Le ather ▁Archives ▁and ▁Museum . ▁ ▁Part ial ▁bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁writing ▁as ▁An |
onymous : ▁Lady ▁F , ▁Mas qu erade , ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁ ▁( out ▁of ▁print ) ▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁Looking ▁for ▁Mr . ▁Pr eston , ▁Richard ▁Kas ak ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁ ▁( out ▁of ▁print ) ▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁writing ▁as ▁Christopher ▁Morgan , ▁Mus cle bound ▁and ▁Other ▁St ories , ▁A ly son ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁( pre viously ▁published ▁by ▁Mas qu erade ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁The ▁Market place , ▁Circ let ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁( origin ally ▁published ▁by ▁Mas qu erade ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁then ▁Myst ic ▁Rose ▁Books ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁The ▁S lave , ▁Myst ic ▁Rose ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁( origin ally ▁published ▁by ▁Mas qu erade ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁The ▁Tra iner , ▁Myst ic ▁Rose ▁Books ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁( origin ally ▁published ▁by ▁Mas qu erade ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁The ▁Academy : ▁T ales ▁of ▁the ▁Market place , ▁Ed . ▁Kar en ▁Taylor . ▁Myst ic ▁Rose ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , |
▁The ▁Re union , ▁Myst ic ▁Rose ▁books , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁No ▁Other ▁T ribute : ▁E rot ic ▁T ales ▁of ▁Women ▁in ▁Sub mission , ▁Rh in oc eros ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁Le ather w omen , ▁Rose bud ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁The ▁Catal yst ▁and ▁Other ▁Works , ▁Myst ic ▁Rose ▁Books ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ ▁( pre viously ▁published ▁by ▁Mas qu erade ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁L ori ▁Sel ke ▁( Ed .), ▁T ough ▁Girls : ▁Down ▁and ▁D irty ▁Dy ke ▁E rot ica , ▁Black ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁Christ ina ▁A bern ath y , ▁E rot ic ▁S lave hood : ▁A ▁Miss ▁A bern ath y ▁Om n ibus , ▁Green ery ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁The ▁K iller ▁W ore ▁Le ather : ▁An ▁S / M ▁Myst ery , ▁Cle is ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁▁ ▁Laura ▁Anton i ou , ▁The ▁In her itor , ▁Circ let ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁birth s ▁Category |
: 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : B DS M ▁writers ▁Category : Les bian ▁writers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : American ▁er ot ica ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁writers ▁of ▁Greek ▁descent ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : L GB T ▁writers ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : L GB T ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : W omen ▁er ot ica ▁writers ▁Category : Nov el ists ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Radio ▁station ▁ 2 X G , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" High bridge ▁station ", ▁was ▁an ▁experimental ▁station ▁located ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁lic ensed ▁to ▁the ▁De ▁Forest ▁Radio ▁Tele phone ▁and ▁Te legraph ▁Company ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 - 1 9 1 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁radio ▁station ▁employ ing ▁a ▁vac u um - t ube ▁transmit ter ▁to ▁make ▁news ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁broadcast s ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁schedule , ▁and , ▁on ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁broadcast ▁U . S . ▁president ial ▁election ▁returns ▁by ▁spoken ▁word ▁instead ▁of ▁Mor se |