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scale ▁agricult ural ▁development ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁The ▁government ▁launched ▁an ▁extensive ▁program ▁to ▁promote ▁modern ▁far ming ▁technology ; ▁to ▁establish ▁rural ▁roads , ▁ir rig ation ▁networks ▁and ▁storage ▁and ▁export ▁facilities ; ▁and ▁to ▁encou rage ▁agricult ural ▁research ▁and ▁training ▁institutions . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁phenomen al ▁growth ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁all ▁basic ▁food s . ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁is ▁now ▁completely ▁self - su fficient ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁food st uff s , ▁including ▁meat , ▁milk ▁and ▁eggs . ▁The ▁country ▁exports ▁whe at , ▁dates , ▁da iry ▁products , ▁eggs , ▁fish , ▁p oul try , ▁f ruits , ▁veget ables ▁and ▁flowers ▁to ▁mark ets ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁D ates , ▁once ▁a ▁st ap le ▁of ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁di et , ▁are ▁now ▁mainly ▁grown ▁for ▁global ▁human itar ian ▁aid . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Sa udi ▁far mers ▁grow ▁substantial ▁amounts ▁of ▁other ▁gra ins ▁such ▁as ▁bar ley , ▁s org hum ▁and ▁mil let . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁in ▁the ▁interest ▁of ▁pres erving ▁pre cious ▁water ▁resources , ▁domestic ▁production ▁of ▁whe at ▁has ▁ended . ▁ ▁The ▁Kingdom ▁like wise ▁has ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁modern ▁and ▁largest ▁da iry ▁far ms ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁Mil k ▁production ▁bo asts ▁a ▁remark ably ▁product ive ▁annual ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 , 8 0 |
0 ▁gall ons ▁per ▁cow , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁local ▁da iry ▁manufact uring ▁company ▁Al mar ai ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁vert ically ▁integrated ▁da iry ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁ ▁The ▁Kingdom ' s ▁most ▁dram atic ▁agricult ural ▁accomplish ment , ▁noted ▁world wide , ▁was ▁its ▁rapid ▁transformation ▁from ▁im porter ▁to ▁exp orter ▁of ▁whe at . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁the ▁country ▁built ▁its ▁first ▁gra in ▁sil os . ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁it ▁had ▁become ▁self - su fficient ▁in ▁whe at . ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁began ▁export ing ▁whe at ▁to ▁some ▁ 3 0 ▁countries , ▁including ▁China ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁major ▁producing ▁areas ▁of ▁Tab uk , ▁H ail ▁and ▁Q as im , ▁average ▁yields ▁reached ▁ 3 . 6 ▁tons ▁per ▁a cre . ▁The ▁Kingdom ▁has , ▁however , ▁stepped ▁up ▁fruit ▁and ▁veget able ▁production , ▁by ▁impro ving ▁both ▁agricult ural ▁techniques ▁and ▁the ▁roads ▁that ▁link ▁far mers ▁with ▁urban ▁consum ers . ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁exp orter ▁of ▁f ruits ▁and ▁veget ables ▁to ▁its ▁neighb ors . ▁Among ▁its ▁most ▁product ive ▁cro ps ▁are ▁wat erm el on , ▁g rap es , ▁cit rus ▁f ruits , ▁on ions , ▁squ ash ▁and ▁tom atoes . ▁At ▁J iz an ▁in ▁the ▁country |
' s ▁well - water ed ▁south west , ▁the ▁Al - H ik ma h ▁Research ▁Station ▁is ▁producing ▁tropical ▁f ruits ▁including ▁p ine app les , ▁p aw - p aws , ▁ban anas , ▁m ango es ▁and ▁gu avas . ▁ ▁The ▁o live ▁tree ▁is ▁ind igen ous ▁to ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁the ▁Al ▁J ou f ▁Agricult ural ▁Development ▁Company ▁received ▁a ▁certificate ▁of ▁mer it ▁from ▁The ▁Gu in ness ▁World ▁Records ▁for ▁the ▁largest ▁modern ▁o live ▁plant ation ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁farm ▁covers ▁ 7 7 3 0 ▁hect ares ▁and ▁has ▁ 5 ▁million ▁o live ▁trees . ▁The ▁Gu in ness ▁World ▁Records ▁also ▁took ▁into ▁consideration ▁their ▁production ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 0 0 ▁t onnes ▁of ▁high ▁quality ▁of ▁o live ▁oil , ▁while ▁the ▁kingdom ▁cons umes ▁double ▁that . ▁The ▁Al ▁J ou f ▁far ms ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁Sak aka , ▁a ▁city ▁in ▁the ▁north - western ▁part ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁deeply - root ed ▁in ▁history . ▁Sak aka ▁dates ▁back ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁years . ▁The ▁Al ▁J ou f ▁region ▁has ▁millions ▁of ▁o live ▁trees ▁and ▁the ▁expected ▁number ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁go ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁trees ▁soon . ▁ ▁Cons uming ▁non - ren ew able ▁ground water ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁an |
▁estimated ▁four ▁fifth s ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁ground water ▁res erves ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Water ▁supply ▁and ▁san itation ▁ ▁Water ▁supply ▁and ▁san itation ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁significant ▁invest ments ▁in ▁se aw ater ▁des al ination , ▁water ▁distribution , ▁se wer age ▁and ▁waste water ▁treatment ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁substantial ▁increase ▁in ▁access ▁to ▁drink ing ▁water ▁and ▁san itation ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁dec ades . ▁About ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁drink ing ▁water ▁comes ▁from ▁des al ination , ▁ 4 0 % ▁from ▁the ▁min ing ▁of ▁non - ren ew able ▁ground water ▁and ▁ 1 0 % ▁from ▁surface ▁water , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁mountain ous ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁capital ▁R iy ad h , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁is ▁supplied ▁with ▁des alin ated ▁water ▁p ump ed ▁from ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf ▁over ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 4 6 7 km . ▁Given ▁the ▁substantial ▁oil ▁wealth , ▁water ▁is ▁provided ▁almost ▁for ▁free . ▁Despite ▁improvements ▁service ▁quality ▁remains ▁poor . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁R iy ad h ▁water ▁was ▁available ▁only ▁once ▁every ▁ 2 . 5 ▁days ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁while ▁in ▁Jed d ah ▁it ▁is ▁available ▁only ▁every ▁ 9 ▁days . ▁Institution al ▁capacity ▁and ▁govern ance ▁in ▁the ▁sector ▁are ▁weak , ▁reflect ing ▁general ▁characteristics ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁sector |
▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁government ▁has ▁increasing ly ▁re lied ▁on ▁the ▁private ▁sector ▁to ▁operate ▁water ▁and ▁san itation ▁infrastr ucture , ▁beginning ▁with ▁des al ination ▁and ▁waste water ▁treatment ▁plants . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁operation ▁of ▁urban ▁water ▁distribution ▁systems ▁is ▁being ▁gradually ▁deleg ated ▁to ▁private ▁companies ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Tour ism ▁ ▁Although ▁most ▁tour ism ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁still ▁largely ▁involves ▁religious ▁pil gr images , ▁there ▁is ▁growth ▁in ▁the ▁le is ure ▁tour ism ▁sector . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁World ▁Bank , ▁approximately ▁ 1 4 . 3 ▁million ▁people ▁visited ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁world ' s ▁ 1 9 th - most - vis ited ▁country . ▁Tour ism ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁V ision ▁ 2 0 3 0 ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁report ▁conducted ▁by ▁B MI ▁Research ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁both ▁religious ▁and ▁non - rel ig ious ▁tour ism ▁have ▁significant ▁potential ▁for ▁expansion . ▁ ▁Starting ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁kingdom ▁will ▁offer ▁an ▁electronic ▁vis a ▁for ▁foreign ▁visitors ▁to ▁attend ▁sport ▁events ▁and ▁concert s . ▁The ▁" share k " ▁vis a ▁process ▁will ▁start ▁with ▁ 1 5 ▁December , ▁Sa ud ia ▁Ad ▁Di ri y ah ▁E ▁Prix ▁race . ▁ ▁In |
▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁announced ▁its ▁plans ▁to ▁open ▁vis a ▁applications ▁for ▁visitors , ▁where ▁people ▁from ▁about ▁ 5 0 ▁countries ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁get ▁tour ist ▁vis as ▁to ▁Sa udi . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁as ▁of ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁ 2 6 . 9 ▁million , ▁including ▁between ▁ 5 . 5 ▁million ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁million ▁non - n ational ized ▁imm igr ants , ▁though ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁population ▁has ▁long ▁proved ▁difficult ▁to ▁accur ately ▁estimate ▁due ▁to ▁Sa udi ▁leaders ' ▁historical ▁t endency ▁to ▁infl ate ▁census ▁results . ▁Sa udi ▁population ▁has ▁grown ▁rapidly ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁ 3 ▁million , ▁and ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁had ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁birth r ates ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁at ▁around ▁ 3 ▁percent ▁a ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁eth nic ▁composition ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁citizens ▁is ▁ 9 0 % ▁Arab ▁and ▁ 1 0 % ▁Af ro - As ian . ▁Most ▁Sa ud is ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁He j az ▁( 3 5 % ), ▁Naj d ▁( 2 8 % ), ▁and ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Province ▁( 1 5 %). ▁He j az ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁populated ▁region ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁ ▁As ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁most ▁Sa ud is ▁lived ▁a ▁subs |
istence ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁rural ▁provinces , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁the ▁kingdom ▁has ▁urban ized ▁rapidly . ▁ ▁about ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁Sa ud is ▁live ▁in ▁urban ▁metropol itan ▁areas — specific ally ▁R iy ad h , ▁Jed d ah , ▁or ▁D amm am . ▁ ▁Its ▁population ▁is ▁also ▁quite ▁young ▁with ▁over ▁half ▁the ▁population ▁under ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁old . ▁A ▁large ▁fraction ▁are ▁foreign ▁national s . ▁( The ▁C IA ▁Fact book ▁estimated ▁that ▁ ▁foreign ▁national s ▁living ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁made ▁up ▁about ▁ 2 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁Other ▁estimates ▁are ▁ 3 0 % ▁or ▁ 3 3 %) ▁ ▁As ▁recently ▁as ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ' s ▁slave ▁population ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁S la very ▁was ▁officially ▁abol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁L anguages ▁The ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁is ▁Arab ic . ▁The ▁three ▁main ▁regional ▁variants ▁spoken ▁by ▁Sa ud is ▁are ▁He j azi ▁Arab ic ▁( about ▁ 6 ▁million ▁speak ers ), ▁Naj di ▁Arab ic ▁( about ▁ 8 ▁million ▁speak ers ), ▁and ▁G ulf ▁Arab ic ▁( about ▁ 0 . 2 ▁million ▁speak ers ). ▁Fa ifi ▁is ▁spoken ▁by ▁about ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 |
. ▁Sa udi ▁Sign ▁Language ▁is ▁the ▁principal ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁de af ▁community . ▁The ▁large ▁exp atri ate ▁communities ▁also ▁speak ▁their ▁own ▁languages , ▁the ▁most ▁numerous ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁Tag alog ▁( 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ), ▁R oh ing ya ▁( 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ), ▁Ur du ▁( 3 8 0 , 0 0 0 ), ▁Egypt ian ▁Arab ic ▁( 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ), ▁and ▁Indones ian ▁( 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ). ▁ ▁Relig ions ▁ ▁V irt ually ▁all ▁Sa udi ▁citizens ▁are ▁Muslim ▁( o fficial ly , ▁all ▁are ), ▁and ▁almost ▁all ▁Sa udi ▁residents ▁are ▁Muslim . ▁Est im ates ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ni ▁population ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁range ▁between ▁ 7 5 % ▁and ▁ 9 0 %, ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 1 0 – 2 5 % ▁being ▁Sh ia ▁Muslim . ▁The ▁official ▁and ▁dominant ▁form ▁of ▁Sun ni ▁Islam ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁is ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁W ah hab ism ▁( pro ponents ▁prefer ▁the ▁name ▁Sal af ism , ▁considering ▁W ah hab i ▁der og atory ) ▁, ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen ins ula ▁by ▁Muhammad ▁ibn ▁Abd ▁al - W ah hab ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁Other ▁denomin ations , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁minor ity ▁Sh ia ▁Islam , ▁are ▁system atically ▁suppress ed . ▁ ▁According ▁to |
▁estimates ▁there ▁are ▁about ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Christians ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁almost ▁all ▁foreign ▁workers . ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁allows ▁Christians ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁country ▁as ▁foreign ▁workers ▁for ▁temporary ▁work , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁practice ▁their ▁faith ▁open ly . ▁The ▁percentage ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ian ▁citizens ▁who ▁are ▁Christians ▁is ▁officially ▁zero , ▁as ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁forb ids ▁religious ▁conversion ▁from ▁Islam ▁( ap ost asy ) ▁and ▁pun ishes ▁it ▁by ▁death . ▁According ▁to ▁P ew ▁Research ▁Center ▁there ▁are ▁ 3 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁H ind us ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁almost ▁all ▁foreign ▁workers . ▁ ▁There ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁significant ▁fraction ▁of ▁at he ists ▁and ▁ag nost ics ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁although ▁they ▁are ▁officially ▁called ▁" ter ror ists ". ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁religious ▁freedom ▁report , ▁the ▁US ▁State ▁Department ▁named ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁a ▁Country ▁of ▁Part icular ▁Conc ern ▁( CP C ). ▁ ▁Foreign ers ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ' s ▁Central ▁Department ▁of ▁Statistics ▁& ▁Information ▁estimated ▁the ▁foreign ▁population ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁ 3 3 % ▁( 1 0 . 1 ▁million ). ▁The ▁C IA ▁Fact book ▁estimated ▁that ▁ ▁foreign ▁national s ▁living ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁made ▁up ▁about ▁ 2 1 % ▁of ▁the |
▁population . ▁Other ▁sources ▁report ▁differ ing ▁estimates . ▁Indian : ▁ 1 . 5 ▁million , ▁Pak ist ani : ▁ 1 . 3 ▁million , ▁Egypt ian : ▁ 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁Y em eni : ▁ 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁Bang l ades hi : ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁Filip ino : ▁ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁Jordan ian / Pal est in ian : ▁ 2 6 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁Indones ian : ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁Sri ▁L ank an : ▁ 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁Sud an ese : ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁Sy rian : ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁Turkish : ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁There ▁are ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Western ers ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁most ▁of ▁whom ▁live ▁in ▁comp ounds ▁or ▁g ated ▁communities . ▁ ▁Foreign ▁Muslim s ▁who ▁have ▁res ided ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom ▁for ▁ten ▁years ▁may ▁apply ▁for ▁Sa udi ▁citizens hip . ▁( P riority ▁is ▁given ▁to ▁hold ers ▁of ▁degrees ▁in ▁various ▁scientific ▁fields , ▁and ▁exception ▁made ▁for ▁Palest ini ans ▁who ▁are ▁ex cluded ▁unless ▁married ▁to ▁a ▁Sa udi ▁national , ▁because ▁of ▁Arab ▁League ▁instructions ▁bar ring ▁the ▁Arab ▁states |
▁from ▁grant ing ▁them ▁citizens hip .) ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁sign atory ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁UN ▁Ref uge e ▁Convention . ▁ ▁As ▁Sa udi ▁population ▁grows ▁and ▁oil ▁export ▁reven ues ▁st agn ate , ▁pressure ▁for ▁" S aud ization " ▁( the ▁replacement ▁of ▁foreign ▁workers ▁with ▁Sa ud is ) ▁has ▁grown , ▁and ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁government ▁hopes ▁to ▁decrease ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁foreign ▁national s ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁exp elled ▁ 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Y emen is ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁and ▁has ▁built ▁a ▁Sa udi – Y emen ▁bar rier ▁against ▁an ▁infl ux ▁of ▁illegal ▁imm igr ants ▁and ▁against ▁the ▁sm ugg ling ▁of ▁dru gs ▁and ▁weapons . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁exp elled ▁thousands ▁of ▁illegal ▁Eth iop ian ▁residents ▁from ▁the ▁Kingdom . ▁Vari ous ▁Human ▁Rights ▁entities ▁have ▁critic ised ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ' s ▁handling ▁of ▁the ▁issue . ▁Over ▁ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁und ocument ed ▁migr ant ▁workers ▁— ▁mostly ▁from ▁Som alia , ▁Eth iop ia , ▁and ▁Y emen ▁— ▁have ▁been ▁det ained ▁and ▁deport ed ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Mon arch s ▁( 1 9 3 2 – present ) ▁▁ ▁King ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 1 9 3 |
2 – 1 9 5 3 ); ▁second ▁longest ▁reign ing ▁Sa udi ▁monarch . ▁ ▁King ▁Sa ud ▁( 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 6 4 ); ▁third ▁longest ▁reign ing ▁Sa udi ▁monarch . ▁ ▁King ▁F ais al ▁( 1 9 6 4 – 1 9 7 5 ); ▁fourth ▁longest ▁reign ing ▁Sa udi ▁monarch . ▁ ▁King ▁K hal id ▁( 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 8 2 ); ▁sixth ▁longest ▁reign ing ▁Sa udi ▁monarch . ▁ ▁King ▁F ah d ▁( 1 9 8 2 – 2 0 0 5 ); ▁longest ▁reign ing ▁Sa udi ▁monarch . ▁ ▁King ▁Abd ul lah ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 1 5 ); ▁fifth ▁longest ▁reign ing ▁Sa udi ▁monarch . ▁ ▁King ▁Sal man ▁( 2 0 1 5 – present ); ▁current ▁monarch . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prin ces ▁( 1 9 3 3 – present ) ▁▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Sa ud ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 1 9 3 3 – 1 9 5 3 ); ▁became ▁King . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁Abd ul az iz . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁F ais al ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 6 4 ); ▁became ▁King . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁Sa ud . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Muhammad ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 1 9 6 4 – 1 9 6 5 ); ▁Res igned ▁from ▁post . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of |
▁King ▁F ais al . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁K hal id ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 7 5 ); ▁became ▁King . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁F ais al . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁F ah d ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 8 2 ); ▁became ▁King . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁K hal id . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Abd ul lah ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 1 9 8 2 – 2 0 0 5 ); ▁became ▁King . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁F ah d . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Sultan ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 1 1 ); ▁died ▁in ▁office . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁Abd ul lah . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁N ay ef ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 2 ); ▁died ▁in ▁office . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁Abd ul lah . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Sal man ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 5 ); ▁became ▁King . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁Abd ul lah . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Mu q rin ▁bin ▁Abd ul az iz ▁( 2 0 1 5 ); ▁removed ▁from ▁post . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁Sal man . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Moh amm ad ▁bin ▁N ay ef ▁( 2 0 1 5 – 2 0 1 7 ); ▁removed ▁from |
▁post . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁Sal man . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Moh amm ad ▁bin ▁Sal man ▁( 2 0 1 7 – present ); ▁inc umb ent . ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁King ▁Sal man . ▁ ▁Second ▁Deput y ▁Prime ▁Minister / Second - in - line ▁( 1 9 6 5 – 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Prince ▁F ah d ▁( 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 7 5 ); ▁became ▁Crown ▁Prince . ▁ ▁Prince ▁Abd ul lah ▁( 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 8 2 ); ▁became ▁Crown ▁Prince . ▁ ▁Prince ▁Sultan ▁( 1 9 8 2 – 2 0 0 5 ); ▁became ▁Crown ▁Prince . ▁ ▁Prince ▁N ay ef ▁( 2 0 0 9 – 2 0 1 1 ); ▁became ▁Crown ▁Prince . ▁ ▁Deput y ▁Crown ▁Prince / Second - in - line ▁( 2 0 1 4 – present ) ▁ ▁Prince ▁Mu q rin ▁( 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5 ); ▁became ▁Crown ▁Prince . ▁ ▁Prince ▁Moh amm ad ▁( 2 0 1 5 ); ▁became ▁Crown ▁Prince . ▁Son ▁of ▁Prince ▁N ay ef . ▁ ▁Prince ▁Moh amm ad ▁( 2 0 1 5 – 2 0 1 7 ); ▁became ▁Crown ▁Prince . ▁Def ense ▁Minister ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁Son ▁of ▁King ▁Sal man . ▁ ▁Culture ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁has ▁centuries - old ▁att itudes ▁and ▁trad itions , ▁often ▁derived |
▁from ▁Arab ▁civil ization . ▁The ▁main ▁factors ▁that ▁influence ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁are ▁Islam ic ▁her itage ▁and ▁Bed ou in ▁trad itions ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁its ▁historical ▁role ▁as ▁an ▁ancient ▁trade ▁center . ▁ ▁Religion ▁in ▁society ▁ ▁The ▁ej azi ▁region , ▁where ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁holy ▁cities ▁of ▁Me cca ▁and ▁Med ina ▁are ▁located , ▁is ▁the ▁destination ▁of ▁the ▁ Ḥ aj j ▁pil gr image , ▁and ▁often ▁de emed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁cr ad le ▁of ▁Islam . ▁ ▁Islam ▁is ▁the ▁state ▁religion ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁and ▁its ▁law ▁requires ▁that ▁all ▁citizens ▁be ▁Muslim s . ▁Ne ither ▁Sa udi ▁citizens ▁nor ▁guest ▁workers ▁have ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion . ▁The ▁official ▁and ▁dominant ▁form ▁of ▁Islam ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom — W ah hab ism — ar ose ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁region ▁of ▁Naj d , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁Pro ponents ▁call ▁the ▁movement ▁" Sal af ism ", ▁and ▁believe ▁that ▁its ▁teach ings ▁pur ify ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁Islam ▁of ▁innov ations ▁or ▁practices ▁that ▁devi ate ▁from ▁the ▁sevent h - century ▁teach ings ▁of ▁Muhammad ▁and ▁his ▁compan ions . ▁The ▁Sa udi ▁government ▁has ▁often ▁been ▁viewed ▁as ▁an ▁active ▁opp ress or ▁of ▁Sh ia ▁Muslim s ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁fund ing ▁of ▁the ▁W ah hab i ▁ide ology ▁which ▁den oun ces ▁the ▁Sh ia ▁faith . ▁Prince ▁Band ar ▁bin |
▁Sultan , ▁Sa udi ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁stated : ▁" The ▁time ▁is ▁not ▁far ▁off ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁when ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁literally ▁' G od ▁help ▁the ▁Sh ia '. ▁More ▁than ▁a ▁billion ▁S unn is ▁have ▁simply ▁had ▁enough ▁of ▁them ." ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁countries ▁that ▁have ▁" rel ig ious ▁police " ▁( known ▁as ▁Ha ia ▁or ▁M uta ween ), ▁who ▁pat rol ▁the ▁streets ▁" en jo ining ▁good ▁and ▁forb idd ing ▁wrong " ▁by ▁enfor cing ▁dress ▁codes , ▁strict ▁separation ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women , ▁attend ance ▁at ▁prayer ▁( sal at ) ▁five ▁times ▁each ▁day , ▁the ▁ban ▁on ▁alco hol , ▁and ▁other ▁aspects ▁of ▁Sh aria ▁( I sl am ic ▁law ). ▁( In ▁the ▁priv acy ▁of ▁the ▁home ▁behavior ▁can ▁be ▁far ▁lo oser , ▁and ▁reports ▁from ▁the ▁Daily ▁Mail ▁and ▁Wik i Le aks ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁r uling ▁Sa udi ▁Royal ▁family ▁applies ▁a ▁different ▁moral ▁code ▁to ▁itself , ▁indul ging ▁in ▁parties , ▁dru gs ▁and ▁sex .) ▁ ▁Until ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁kingdom ▁used ▁the ▁lun ar ▁Islam ic ▁calendar , ▁not ▁the ▁international ▁Greg or ian ▁calendar , ▁but ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁the ▁kingdom ▁announced ▁its ▁switch ▁to ▁the ▁Greg or ian ▁calendar ▁for ▁civil ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Daily ▁life ▁is ▁domin ated ▁by ▁Islam ic ▁observ ance |
. ▁Business es ▁are ▁closed ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁times ▁a ▁day ▁for ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 4 5 ▁minutes ▁during ▁business ▁hours ▁while ▁employees ▁and ▁customers ▁are ▁sent ▁off ▁to ▁pray . ▁The ▁week end ▁is ▁Friday - S aturday , ▁not ▁Saturday - S und ay , ▁because ▁Friday ▁is ▁the ▁h oli est ▁day ▁for ▁Muslim s . ▁For ▁many ▁years ▁only ▁two ▁religious ▁hol id ays ▁were ▁public ly ▁recognized ▁– ▁ ʿ Ī d ▁al - Fi ṭ r ▁and ▁ ʿ Ī d ▁al - A ḍ ḥ ā . ▁( ʿ Ī d ▁al - Fi ṭ r ▁is ▁" the ▁biggest " ▁hol iday , ▁a ▁three - day ▁period ▁of ▁" fe ast ing , ▁gift - g iving ▁and ▁general ▁letting ▁go ". ) ▁ ▁, ▁approximately ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁broadcast ▁air time ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁state ▁television ▁was ▁devoted ▁to ▁religious ▁issues . ▁ 9 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁books ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom ▁were ▁on ▁religious ▁subjects , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁doctor ates ▁awarded ▁by ▁its ▁univers ities ▁were ▁in ▁Islam ic ▁studies . ▁In ▁the ▁state ▁school ▁system , ▁about ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁taught ▁is ▁religious . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁assigned ▁read ings ▁over ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁of ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁school ing ▁devoted ▁to ▁covering ▁the ▁history , ▁literature , ▁and ▁cult ures ▁of ▁the ▁non - Mus lim ▁world ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁about ▁ 4 0 ▁pages . ▁ ▁" F ier ce ▁religious |
▁resistance " ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁overcome ▁to ▁permit ▁such ▁innov ations ▁as ▁paper ▁money ▁( in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ), ▁female ▁education ▁( 1 9 6 4 ), ▁and ▁television ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁and ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁sla very ▁( 1 9 6 2 ). ▁Public ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁traditional ▁political / rel ig ious ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom ▁is ▁so ▁strong ▁that ▁one ▁research er ▁interview ing ▁Sa ud is ▁found ▁virt ually ▁no ▁support ▁for ▁re forms ▁to ▁sec ular ize ▁the ▁state . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁religious ▁restrictions , ▁Sa udi ▁culture ▁la cks ▁any ▁divers ity ▁of ▁religious ▁expression , ▁buildings , ▁annual ▁festiv als ▁and ▁public ▁events . ▁C ele br ation ▁of ▁other ▁( non - W ah hab i ) ▁Islam ic ▁hol id ays , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Muhammad ' s ▁birth day ▁and ▁the ▁Day ▁of ▁Ash ura , ▁( an ▁important ▁hol iday ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 0 – 2 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁that ▁is ▁Sh ī ʿ a ▁Muslim ), ▁are ▁toler ated ▁only ▁when ▁celebrated ▁locally ▁and ▁on ▁a ▁small ▁scale . ▁Sh ia ▁also ▁face ▁system atic ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁employ ment , ▁education , ▁the ▁justice ▁system ▁according ▁to ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Watch . ▁Non - Mus lim ▁festiv als ▁like ▁Christmas ▁and ▁E aster ▁are ▁not ▁toler ated ▁at ▁all , ▁although ▁there ▁are ▁nearly ▁a ▁million ▁Christians ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁H ind us ▁and ▁Buddh ists ▁among ▁the ▁foreign |
▁workers . ▁No ▁churches , ▁tem ples ▁or ▁other ▁non - Mus lim ▁houses ▁of ▁worship ▁are ▁permitted ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Pro s ely t izing ▁by ▁non - Mus lim s ▁and ▁conversion ▁by ▁Muslim s ▁to ▁another ▁religion ▁is ▁illegal , ▁and ▁ ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁" public ations ▁that ▁have ▁pre jud ice ▁to ▁any ▁other ▁religious ▁belief ▁other ▁than ▁Islam " ▁( such ▁as ▁B ibles ), ▁was ▁reported ly ▁pun ish able ▁by ▁death . ▁In ▁legal ▁compens ation ▁court ▁cases ▁( Di y ya ) ▁non - Mus lim ▁are ▁awarded ▁less ▁than ▁Muslim s . ▁A the ists ▁are ▁leg ally ▁designated ▁as ▁terror ists . ▁And ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁religious ▁minor ity , ▁the ▁A hm adi y ya ▁Muslim s , ▁had ▁its ▁ad her ents ▁deport ed , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁leg ally ▁b anned ▁from ▁entering ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Islam ic ▁her itage ▁sites ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁W ah hab ism ▁is ▁host ile ▁to ▁any ▁rever ence ▁given ▁to ▁historical ▁or ▁religious ▁places ▁of ▁significance ▁for ▁fear ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁give ▁rise ▁to ▁' sh irk ' ▁( id ol at ry ), ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁historic ▁Muslim ▁sites ▁( in ▁Me cca ▁and ▁Med ina ) ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁Sa udi ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁He j az . ▁As ▁a ▁consequence , ▁under ▁Sa udi ▁rule , ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 9 5 % ▁of ▁Me cca ' s ▁historic ▁buildings , ▁most ▁over ▁a ▁thousand |
▁years ▁old , ▁have ▁been ▁demol ished ▁for ▁religious ▁reasons . ▁Crit ics ▁claim ▁that ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁ 5 0 ▁years , ▁ 3 0 0 ▁historic ▁sites ▁linked ▁to ▁Muhammad , ▁his ▁family ▁or ▁compan ions ▁have ▁been ▁lost , ▁leaving ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 2 0 ▁structures ▁remaining ▁in ▁Me cca ▁that ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Muhammad . ▁Dem ol ished ▁structures ▁include ▁the ▁mos que ▁originally ▁built ▁by ▁Muhammad ' s ▁daughter ▁F at ima , ▁and ▁other ▁mos ques ▁founded ▁by ▁Ab u ▁Bak r ▁( M u ham mad ' s ▁father - in - law ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁C ali ph ), ▁U mar ▁( the ▁second ▁C ali ph ), ▁Ali ▁( M u ham mad ' s ▁son - in - law ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁C ali ph ), ▁and ▁Sal man ▁al - F arsi ▁( another ▁of ▁Muhammad ' s ▁compan ions ). ▁ ▁Five ▁cultural ▁sites ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁are ▁designated ▁as ▁UN ES CO ▁World ▁Heritage ▁S ites : ▁Al - H ij r ▁Arch ae ological ▁Site ▁( Mad â in ▁S â li h ); ▁the ▁T ura if ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Di ri y ah ; ▁Historic ▁Jed d ah , ▁the ▁Gate ▁to ▁Me cca ; ▁Al - Ah sa ▁O asis ; ▁and ▁Rock ▁Art ▁in ▁the ▁H ail ▁Region . ▁Ten ▁other ▁sites ▁submitted ▁requests ▁for ▁recognition ▁to ▁UN ES CO ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ |
▁There ▁are ▁six ▁elements ▁ins cribed ▁on ▁UN ES CO ' s ▁Int ang ible ▁Cultural ▁Heritage ▁of ▁Human ity ▁list : ▁Al - Q att ▁Al - A si ri , ▁female ▁traditional ▁interior ▁wall ▁decor ation ▁in ▁As ir ; ▁Al mez mar , ▁drum ming ▁and ▁dan cing ▁with ▁st icks ; ▁Fal con ry , ▁a ▁living ▁human ▁her itage ; ▁Arab ic ▁coffee , ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁gener os ity ; ▁Maj lis , ▁a ▁cultural ▁and ▁social ▁space ; ▁Al ard ah ▁Al na j di y ah , ▁dance , ▁drum ming ▁and ▁poetry ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s ▁approved ▁a ▁law ▁that ▁gives ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁Commission ▁for ▁Tour ism ▁and ▁National ▁Heritage ▁the ▁means ▁to ▁protect ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ' s ▁ancient ▁re lic s ▁and ▁historic ▁sites . ▁Within ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁National ▁Trans formation ▁Program , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Sa udi ▁V ision ▁ 2 0 3 0 , ▁the ▁kingdom ▁allocated ▁ 9 0 0 ▁million ▁eu ros ▁to ▁preserve ▁its ▁historical ▁and ▁cultural ▁her itage . ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁also ▁particip ates ▁in ▁the ▁International ▁Alliance ▁for ▁the ▁Prote ction ▁of ▁Heritage ▁in ▁Conf lict ▁Are as ▁( AL IP H ), ▁created ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁with ▁a ▁contribution ▁of ▁ 1 8 . 5 ▁million ▁eu ros . ▁ ▁In ▁ |
2 0 1 7 , ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Moh amm ad ▁bin ▁Sal man ▁promised ▁to ▁return ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁to ▁the ▁" mod er ate ▁Islam " ▁of ▁the ▁era ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Iran ian ▁revolution . ▁A ▁new ▁center , ▁the ▁King ▁Sal man ▁Complex ▁for ▁the ▁Pro ph et ’ s ▁Had ith , ▁was ▁established ▁that ▁year ▁to ▁monitor ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁the ▁Pro ph et ▁Moh ammed ’ s ▁had ith s ▁to ▁prevent ▁them ▁being ▁used ▁to ▁justify ▁terror ism . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁met ▁the ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁UK , ▁p led ging ▁to ▁promote ▁inter fa ith ▁dialog ue . ▁In ▁R iy ad h ▁the ▁following ▁month ▁King ▁Sal man ▁met ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁V at ican ’ s ▁Pont ific al ▁Council ▁for ▁Inter rel ig ious ▁Dialog ue . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁UN ES CO ▁signed ▁a ▁letter ▁with ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁Minister ▁of ▁Culture ▁of ▁In ▁which ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁contribute ▁US $ 2 5 ▁million ▁to ▁UN ES CO ▁for ▁the ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁her itage . ▁ ▁D ress ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ian ▁dress ▁strictly ▁follows ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁hij ab ▁( the ▁Islam ic ▁principle ▁of ▁mod esty , ▁especially ▁in ▁dress ). ▁The ▁pre domin antly ▁loose ▁and ▁flow ing , ▁but ▁covering , ▁gar ments ▁are ▁su |
ited ▁to ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ' s ▁desert ▁climate . ▁Trad itionally , ▁men ▁usually ▁wear ▁a ▁white ▁an k le ▁length ▁gar ment ▁w oven ▁from ▁w ool ▁or ▁cot ton ▁( known ▁as ▁a ▁th aw b ), ▁with ▁a ▁ke ff i ye h ▁( a ▁large ▁check ered ▁square ▁of ▁cot ton ▁held ▁in ▁place ▁by ▁an ▁ag al ) ▁or ▁a ▁gh ut ra ▁( a ▁plain ▁white ▁square ▁made ▁of ▁fin er ▁cot ton , ▁also ▁held ▁in ▁place ▁by ▁an ▁ag al ) ▁worn ▁on ▁the ▁head . ▁For ▁rare ▁ch illy ▁days , ▁Sa udi ▁men ▁wear ▁a ▁cam el - h air ▁clo ak ▁( bis ht ) ▁over ▁the ▁top . ▁In ▁public ▁women ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁black ▁ab aya ▁or ▁other ▁black ▁cl othing ▁that ▁covers ▁everything ▁under ▁the ▁neck ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁their ▁hands ▁and ▁feet , ▁although ▁most ▁women ▁cover ▁their ▁head ▁in ▁respect ▁for ▁their ▁religion . ▁This ▁requirement ▁applies ▁to ▁non - Mus lim ▁women ▁too ▁and ▁failure ▁to ▁ab ide ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁police ▁action , ▁particularly ▁in ▁more ▁conserv ative ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Women ' s ▁clothes ▁are ▁often ▁decor ated ▁with ▁trib al ▁mot ifs , ▁co ins , ▁sequ ins , ▁met all ic ▁thread , ▁and ▁app li ques . ▁ ▁Gh ut rah ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ▁he address ▁typically ▁worn ▁by ▁Arab ▁men . ▁It ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁a ▁square ▁of ▁cloth ▁(" scar f |
"), ▁usually ▁cot ton , ▁fol ded ▁and ▁wrapped ▁in ▁various ▁styles ▁around ▁the ▁head . ▁It ▁is ▁commonly ▁worn ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁an ▁ar id ▁climate , ▁to ▁provide ▁protection ▁from ▁direct ▁sun ▁expos ure , ▁and ▁also ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁mouth ▁and ▁eyes ▁from ▁blow n ▁dust ▁and ▁sand . ▁ ▁Ag al ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁item ▁of ▁Arab ▁head ge ar ▁constructed ▁of ▁cord ▁which ▁is ▁fast ened ▁around ▁the ▁Gh ut rah ▁to ▁hold ▁it ▁in ▁place . ▁The ▁ag al ▁is ▁usually ▁black ▁in ▁colour . ▁ ▁Th aw b ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁standard ▁Arab ic ▁word ▁for ▁gar ment . ▁It ▁is ▁an k le - length , ▁usually ▁with ▁long ▁sle e ves , ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁ro be . ▁ ▁Bis ht ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ▁Arab ic ▁men ' s ▁clo ak ▁usually ▁only ▁worn ▁for ▁prest ige ▁on ▁special ▁occasions ▁such ▁as ▁wed d ings . ▁ ▁Ab aya ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁woman ' s ▁gar ment . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁black ▁clo ak ▁which ▁lo os ely ▁covers ▁the ▁entire ▁body ▁except ▁the ▁head . ▁Some ▁women ▁choose ▁to ▁cover ▁their ▁faces ▁with ▁a ▁ni q ā b ▁and ▁some ▁do ▁not . ▁Some ▁ab ay as ▁cover ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁head ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁cin emas ▁were ▁numerous ▁in ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁although ▁they ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁contrary ▁to ▁W ah hab i ▁norm s . |
▁During ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁rev ival ▁movement ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁political ▁response ▁to ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁Islam ist ▁activ ism ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁se iz ure ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Mos que ▁in ▁Me cca , ▁the ▁government ▁closed ▁all ▁cin emas ▁and ▁the aters . ▁However , ▁with ▁King ▁Abd ul lah ' s ▁re forms ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁some ▁cin emas ▁have ▁re - open ed , ▁including ▁one ▁in ▁K A UST . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁on ward , ▁W ah hab i ▁fundamental ism ▁disc ou rag ed ▁art istic ▁development ▁incons istent ▁with ▁its ▁teaching . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Sun ni ▁Islam ic ▁prohib ition ▁of ▁creating ▁representations ▁of ▁people ▁have ▁limited ▁the ▁visual ▁arts , ▁which ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁domin ated ▁by ▁geometric , ▁fl oral , ▁and ▁abstract ▁designs ▁and ▁by ▁call ig raph y . ▁With ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁oil - wealth ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁came ▁expos ure ▁to ▁outside ▁influ ences , ▁such ▁as ▁Western ▁housing ▁styles , ▁furn ish ings , ▁and ▁clothes . ▁Music ▁and ▁dance ▁have ▁always ▁been ▁part ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁life . ▁Trad itional ▁music ▁is ▁generally ▁associated ▁with ▁poetry ▁and ▁is ▁s ung ▁collect ively . ▁Inst ru ments ▁include ▁the ▁ra b ā bah , ▁an ▁instrument ▁not ▁unlike ▁a ▁three - string ▁fiddle , ▁and ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁per cussion ▁instruments |
, ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ ṭ abl ▁( d rum ) ▁and ▁the ▁ ṭ ā r ▁( t amb our ine ). ▁Of ▁the ▁native ▁d ances , ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁is ▁a ▁mart ial ▁line ▁dance ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁ ʿ ar ḍ ah , ▁which ▁includes ▁lines ▁of ▁men , ▁frequently ▁armed ▁with ▁s words ▁or ▁rif les , ▁dan cing ▁to ▁the ▁beat ▁of ▁drums ▁and ▁tamb our ines . ▁Bed ou in ▁poetry , ▁known ▁as ▁n aba ṭ ī , ▁is ▁still ▁very ▁popular . ▁ ▁C ensor ship ▁has ▁limited ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁literature , ▁although ▁several ▁Sa udi ▁novel ists ▁and ▁po ets ▁have ▁achieved ▁critical ▁and ▁popular ▁acc laim ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁world — al beit ▁generating ▁official ▁host ility ▁in ▁their ▁home ▁country . ▁These ▁include ▁Gh azi ▁Alg osa ib i , ▁Ab del rah man ▁Mun if , ▁Tur ki ▁al - H am ad ▁and ▁Raj aa ▁al - S ane a . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁General ▁Entertainment ▁Author ity ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁over see ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁entertain ment ▁sector . ▁The ▁first ▁concert s ▁in ▁R iy ad h ▁for ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁took ▁place ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁Other ▁events ▁since ▁the ▁G E A ’ s ▁creation ▁have ▁included ▁comedy ▁shows , ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁events ▁and ▁mon ster ▁tr uck ▁r al lies . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁the ▁first ▁public ▁cinema |
▁opened ▁after ▁a ▁ban ▁of ▁ 3 5 ▁years , ▁with ▁plans ▁to ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁screens ▁running ▁by ▁ 2 0 3 0 . ▁ ▁Develop ments ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁included ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ’ s ▁debut ▁appearances ▁at ▁the ▁C annes ▁Film ▁Festival ▁and ▁the ▁Ven ice ▁B ienn ale . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁David ▁Gu etta ▁declared ▁that ▁" There ▁is ▁obviously ▁a ▁very ▁big ▁effort ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁to ▁open ▁to ▁music ▁and ▁to ▁artists ". ▁This ▁was ▁after ▁he ▁performed ▁a ▁concert ▁attended ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁her itage ▁site ▁north - west ▁of ▁R iy ad h . ▁The ▁concert ▁also ▁included ▁shows ▁by ▁En rique ▁Ig les ias ▁and ▁The ▁Black ▁E yed ▁Pe as . ▁Gu etta ’ s ▁comments ▁come ▁as ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁increasing ly ▁attract s ▁big ▁name ▁western ▁music ▁acts ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom . ▁Since ▁his ▁concert ▁last ▁November , ▁Maria h ▁Care y , ▁Se an ▁Paul ▁and ▁A kon ▁all ▁performed ▁in ▁various ▁Sa udi ▁cities . ▁ ▁Sport ▁ ▁Football ▁is ▁the ▁national ▁sport ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁The ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁is ▁considered ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁Asia ' s ▁most ▁successful ▁national ▁teams , ▁having ▁reached ▁a ▁joint ▁record ▁ 6 ▁A FC ▁Asian ▁Cup ▁final s , ▁winning ▁three ▁of ▁those ▁final s |
▁( 1 9 8 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁and ▁having ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁World ▁Cup ▁four ▁consecutive ▁times ▁ever ▁since ▁debut ing ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁tournament . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Jorge ▁Sol ari , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁beat ▁both ▁Belg ium ▁and ▁Mor oc co ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁stage ▁before ▁falling ▁to ▁defeat ▁Sweden ▁in ▁the ▁round ▁of ▁ 1 6 . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁FIFA ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup , ▁which ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁the ▁country ▁reached ▁the ▁final , ▁losing ▁ 1 – 3 ▁to ▁Argentina . ▁Sc uba ▁div ing , ▁wind sur f ing , ▁sail ing ▁and ▁basketball ▁( which ▁is ▁played ▁by ▁both ▁men ▁and ▁women ) ▁are ▁also ▁popular ▁with ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ian ▁national ▁basketball ▁team ▁winning ▁bronze ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Asian ▁Championship . ▁More ▁traditional ▁sports ▁such ▁as ▁horse ▁racing ▁and ▁cam el ▁racing ▁are ▁also ▁popular . ▁A ▁stad ium ▁in ▁R iy ad h ▁holds ▁races ▁in ▁the ▁winter . ▁The ▁annual ▁King ' s ▁Cam el ▁Race , ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁most ▁important ▁cont ests ▁and ▁attract s ▁animals ▁and ▁rid ers ▁from ▁throughout ▁the ▁region . ▁Fal con ry , ▁another ▁traditional ▁purs uit , ▁is ▁still ▁pract |
iced . ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁sport ▁is ▁controvers ial ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁supp ression ▁of ▁female ▁participation ▁in ▁sport ▁by ▁conserv ative ▁Islam ic ▁religious ▁authorities , ▁however ▁this ▁restriction ▁has ▁e ased ▁slightly ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁Until ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁women ▁were ▁not ▁permitted ▁in ▁sport ▁stad iums . ▁Seg reg ated ▁se ating , ▁allowing ▁women ▁to ▁enter , ▁has ▁been ▁developed ▁in ▁three ▁stad iums ▁across ▁major ▁cities . ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁in ▁its ▁vision ▁for ▁modern ization ▁introduced ▁the ▁nation ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁international ▁sport ing ▁events , ▁bringing ▁sports ▁stars ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom . ▁However , ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁kingdom ' s ▁strategy ▁received ▁criticism ▁for ▁appearing ▁as ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁sport sw ash ing ▁soon ▁after ▁Sa udi ' s ▁US ▁based ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁lo bb ying ▁campaign ▁foreign ▁registration ▁document ations ▁got ▁published ▁online . ▁The ▁documents ▁showed ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁as ▁alleg edly ▁implementing ▁a ▁‘ s port sw ash ing ’ ▁strategy , ▁inclus ive ▁of ▁meet ings ▁and ▁official ▁calls ▁with ▁supre me ▁authorities ▁of ▁associations ▁like ▁the ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer ▁( ML S ), ▁World ▁Wrestling ▁Entertainment ▁( W WE ), ▁National ▁Basketball ▁Association ▁( N BA ). ▁The ▁strategy ▁is ▁being ▁viewed ▁as ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁sport sw ash ing ▁following ▁the ▁cha os ▁spread ▁across ▁Y emen ▁since ▁ 4 ▁years . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 |
1 9 , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁hosted ▁the ▁first ▁ever ▁women ’ s ▁wrest ling ▁match ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁World ▁Wrestling ▁Entertainment ▁( W WE ). ▁However , ▁the ▁super star ▁players ▁L ace y ▁Evans ▁and ▁Natal ya ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁cover ▁their ▁arms ▁and ▁legs ▁by ▁we aring ▁bod ys uits ▁during ▁the ▁fight , ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁reve aling ▁g ear ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁normally ▁wear . ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁came ▁under ▁fire ▁for ▁using ▁Western ▁sports ▁to ▁re h abil itate ▁global ▁image ▁t arn ished ▁following ▁the ▁continued ▁crack down ▁on ▁diss idents . ▁Crit ics ▁accused ▁the ▁kingdom ▁of ▁" s port sw ash ing ", ▁as ▁it ▁turned ▁a ▁blind ▁eye ▁to ▁the ▁un ending ▁viol ation ▁of ▁human ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁against ▁women , ▁minor ities , ▁rights ▁advoc ates ▁and ▁critics . ▁ ▁Only ▁two ▁years ▁after ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁with ▁W WE , ▁an ▁increasing ▁number ▁of ▁wrest lers ▁denied ▁to ▁visit ▁R iy ad h . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁super st ars ▁like ▁John ▁C ena , ▁Kevin ▁O w ens ▁and ▁Daniel ▁Bry an ▁refused ▁to ▁fly ▁to ▁Sa udi , ▁over ▁the ▁Kingdom ’ s ▁decl ining ▁human ▁rights ▁records ▁cit ing ▁Jam al ▁K hash og gi ’ s ▁assass ination . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁several ▁other |
▁W WE ▁super st ars ▁cast ed ▁doubt ▁over ▁visit ing ▁Sa udi , ▁following ▁the ▁height ened ▁t ensions ▁in ▁Middle ▁East ▁due ▁to ▁assass ination ▁of ▁Q ass em ▁So le im ani . ▁ ▁C uis ine ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ian ▁cu is ine ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁surrounding ▁countries ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen ins ula ▁and ▁the ▁wider ▁Arab ▁world , ▁and ▁has ▁influenced ▁and ▁been ▁influenced ▁by ▁Turkish , ▁Indian , ▁Pers ian , ▁and ▁African ▁food . ▁Islam ic ▁di et ary ▁laws ▁are ▁enfor ced : ▁p ork ▁is ▁not ▁allowed ▁and ▁other ▁animals ▁are ▁sla ugh tered ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁hal al . ▁K eb abs ▁and ▁fal af el ▁are ▁popular , ▁as ▁is ▁sh ā w arm ā ▁( sh aw arma ), ▁a ▁mar in ated ▁gr illed ▁meat ▁d ish ▁of ▁l amb , ▁m utton , ▁or ▁ch icken . ▁As ▁in ▁other ▁Arab ▁countries ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen ins ula , ▁mach b ū s ▁( k ab sa ), ▁a ▁rice ▁d ish ▁with ▁l amb , ▁ch icken , ▁fish ▁or ▁sh rim p , ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁national ▁d ishes ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁d ish ▁mand i ▁( fo od ). ▁Fl at , ▁un le aven ed ▁tab oon ▁bread ▁is ▁a ▁st ap le ▁of ▁virt ually ▁every ▁me al , ▁as ▁are ▁dates , ▁fresh ▁fruit , ▁y og h urt ▁and ▁hum mus . ▁C |
off ee , ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁style , ▁is ▁the ▁traditional ▁be verage ▁but ▁tea ▁and ▁various ▁fruit ▁ju ices ▁are ▁popular ▁as ▁well . ▁Arab ic ▁coffee ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ▁be verage ▁in ▁Arab ian ▁cu is ine . ▁The ▁earliest ▁subst anti ated ▁evidence ▁of ▁either ▁coffee ▁drink ing ▁or ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁coffee ▁tree ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁in ▁the ▁S uf i ▁monaster ies ▁of ▁Arab ia . ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Women ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁equal ▁rights ▁to ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom ; ▁the ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁cons iders ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ian ▁government ' s ▁disc rim ination ▁against ▁women ▁a ▁" sign ific ant ▁problem " ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁and ▁notes ▁that ▁women ▁have ▁few ▁political ▁rights ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁government ' s ▁disc rimin atory ▁policies . ▁The ▁World ▁Econom ic ▁Forum ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Global ▁G ender ▁G ap ▁Report ▁ranked ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁ 1 2 9 th ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 3 4 ▁countries ▁for ▁gender ▁par ity . ▁Other ▁sources ▁had ▁compla ined ▁of ▁an ▁absence ▁of ▁laws ▁criminal izing ▁violence ▁against ▁women . ▁ ▁Under ▁Sa udi ▁law , ▁every ▁adult ▁female ▁must ▁have ▁a ▁male ▁relative ▁as ▁her ▁" guard ian " ▁( w ali ), ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁a ▁woman ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁have ▁permission ▁from ▁her ▁male ▁guard ian ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁travel , ▁study , ▁or ▁work |
. ▁A ▁royal ▁dec ree ▁passed ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁avail ▁government ▁services ▁such ▁as ▁education ▁and ▁health care ▁without ▁the ▁need ▁of ▁a ▁consent ▁of ▁a ▁male ▁guard ian . ▁The ▁order ▁however ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁should ▁only ▁be ▁allowed ▁if ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁contradict ▁the ▁Sh aria ▁system . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁leading ▁Sa udi ▁femin ist ▁and ▁journalist , ▁W aje ha ▁al - H u wa ider , ▁" Sa udi ▁women ▁are ▁weak , ▁no ▁matter ▁how ▁high ▁their ▁status , ▁even ▁the ▁' p am per ed ' ▁ones ▁among ▁them , ▁because ▁they ▁have ▁no ▁law ▁to ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁attack ▁by ▁anyone ." ▁ ▁Women ▁face ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁the ▁courts , ▁where ▁the ▁testim ony ▁of ▁one ▁man ▁equals ▁that ▁of ▁two ▁women ▁in ▁family ▁and ▁inheritance ▁law . ▁Pol yg amy ▁is ▁permitted ▁for ▁men , ▁and ▁men ▁have ▁a ▁un il ater al ▁right ▁to ▁divor ce ▁their ▁w ives ▁( t ala q ) ▁without ▁need ing ▁any ▁legal ▁just ification . ▁A ▁woman ▁can ▁only ▁obtain ▁a ▁divor ce ▁with ▁the ▁consent ▁of ▁her ▁husband ▁or ▁jud icial ly ▁if ▁her ▁husband ▁has ▁har med ▁her . ▁In ▁practice , ▁it ▁is ▁very ▁difficult ▁for ▁a ▁Sa udi ▁woman ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁jud icial ▁divor ce . ▁With ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁inheritance , ▁the ▁Q ur an ▁spec ifies ▁that ▁fixed ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁dece ased ' s |
▁estate ▁must ▁be ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁Q ur ' an ic ▁he irs ▁and ▁generally , ▁female ▁he irs ▁receive ▁half ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁male ▁he irs . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁age ▁at ▁first ▁marriage ▁among ▁Sa udi ▁females ▁is ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁with ▁child ▁marriage ▁no ▁longer ▁common . ▁, ▁Sa udi ▁women ▁const itute ▁ 1 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁native ▁work force ▁despite ▁being ▁ 5 1 % ▁of ▁all ▁university ▁gradu ates . ▁Fem ale ▁liter acy ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁ 8 1 %, ▁lower ▁than ▁male ▁liter acy . ▁ ▁Ob es ity ▁is ▁a ▁problem ▁among ▁middle ▁and ▁upper ▁class ▁Sa ud is ▁who ▁have ▁domestic ▁servants ▁to ▁do ▁traditional ▁work ▁but , ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁were ▁forb idden ▁to ▁drive ▁and ▁so ▁are ▁limited ▁in ▁their ▁ability ▁to ▁leave ▁their ▁home . ▁As ▁of ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Sa udi ▁authorities ▁in ▁the ▁education ▁min istry ▁have ▁been ▁asked ▁by ▁the ▁Sh ou ra ▁Council ▁to ▁consider ▁lif ting ▁a ▁state ▁school ▁ban ▁on ▁sports ▁for ▁girls ▁with ▁the ▁prov iso ▁that ▁any ▁sports ▁conform ▁to ▁Sh aria ▁rules ▁on ▁dress ▁and ▁gender ▁seg reg ation , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁official ▁S PA ▁news ▁ag ency . ▁ ▁The ▁religious ▁police , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁mut awa , ▁imp ose ▁many ▁restrictions ▁on ▁women ▁in ▁public ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁The ▁restrictions ▁include ▁forcing ▁women ▁to |
▁sit ▁in ▁separate ▁spe cially ▁designated ▁family ▁sections ▁in ▁restaur ants , ▁to ▁wear ▁an ▁ab aya ▁and ▁to ▁cover ▁their ▁hair . ▁ ▁Although ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁impos es ▁a ▁strict ▁dress ▁code ▁on ▁women ▁throughout ▁the ▁country ▁by ▁using ▁religious ▁police , ▁female ▁anch ors ▁working ▁for ▁Al - A rab ia ▁news ▁network ▁which ▁is ▁partly ▁owned ▁by ▁Prince ▁Abd ul az iz , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁King ▁F ah ad , ▁are ▁prohib ited ▁from ▁we aring ▁a ▁ve il ▁and ▁are ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁adopt ▁a ▁Western ▁dress ▁code . ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁Sa udi ▁women ▁have ▁ris en ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁profession ; ▁for ▁example , ▁Dr . ▁Gh ada ▁Al - M ut ai ri ▁heads ▁a ▁medical ▁research ▁center ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁Dr . ▁Sal wa ▁Al - H az za a ▁is ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁o ph th alm ology ▁department ▁at ▁King ▁F ais al ▁Special ist ▁Hospital ▁in ▁R iy ad h ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁late ▁King ▁F ah ad ' s ▁personal ▁o ph th alm ologist . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁appointed ▁its ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁Stock ▁Exchange . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁two ▁women ▁hold ▁cabinet ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁government : ▁Dr ▁Tam ad ur ▁b int ▁Y ous sef ▁Al ▁Ram ah , ▁who ▁was ▁appointed ▁deput y ▁labor ▁minister ▁that ▁year ; |
▁and ▁Nor ah ▁b int ▁Ab dal lah ▁Al ▁Fa iz , ▁who ▁became ▁deput y ▁minister ▁of ▁education ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁women ’ s ▁affairs ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Political , ▁economic , ▁and ▁social ▁changes ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 s ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁King ▁Abd ul lah ▁announced ▁that ▁Sa udi ▁women ▁would ▁gain ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁( and ▁to ▁be ▁candidates ) ▁in ▁municipal ▁elections , ▁provided ▁that ▁a ▁male ▁guard ian ▁gr ants ▁permission . ▁Women ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁vote ▁and ▁be ▁candidates ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁municipal ▁elections . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁law ▁was ▁passed ▁that ▁criminal ized ▁domestic ▁violence ▁against ▁women . ▁The ▁ban ▁includes ▁pen alt ies ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 2 - month ▁j ail ▁sentence ▁and ▁fin es ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ri y als ▁($ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ). ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁appointed ▁its ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁Stock ▁Exchange . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁bin ▁Sal man ▁announced ▁a ▁project ▁to ▁build ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁cultural , ▁sports ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁cities ▁in ▁Al ▁Q idi ya , ▁south west ▁of ▁R iy ad h . ▁The ▁ 3 3 |
4 - square ▁kilomet re ▁city ▁will ▁include ▁a ▁saf ari ▁and ▁a ▁Six ▁Fl ags ▁theme ▁park . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sa udi ▁women ▁can ▁now ▁open ▁their ▁own ▁business , ▁without ▁a ▁male ' s ▁permission . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁a ▁law ▁was ▁passed ▁allowing ▁Sa udi ▁moth ers ▁to ▁retain ▁cust ody ▁of ▁their ▁children ▁after ▁divor ce ▁without ▁having ▁to ▁file ▁any ▁law su its . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁first ▁public ▁cinema ▁opened ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁after ▁a ▁ban ▁of ▁ 3 5 ▁years , ▁with ▁plans ▁to ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁screens ▁running ▁by ▁ 2 0 3 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁King ▁Sal man ▁issued ▁a ▁dec ree ▁allowing ▁women ▁to ▁drive , ▁lif ting ▁the ▁world ' s ▁only ▁ban ▁on ▁women ▁drivers . ▁ ▁Other ▁domestic ▁re forms ▁include ▁significant ▁reg ulations ▁restrict ing ▁the ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁police ▁and ▁establish ing ▁a ▁national ▁entertain ment ▁authority ▁that ▁has ▁hosted ▁comedy ▁shows , ▁pro ▁wrest ling ▁events , ▁and ▁mon ster ▁tr uck ▁r al lies . ▁Further ▁cultural ▁develop ments ▁include ▁the ▁first ▁Sa udi ▁public ▁concert s ▁by ▁a ▁female ▁singer , ▁the ▁first ▁Sa udi ▁sports ▁stad iums ▁to ▁admit ▁women , ▁and ▁an ▁increased ▁presence ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁work force . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 |
▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁allowed ▁women ▁to ▁travel ▁abroad , ▁register ▁a ▁divor ce ▁or ▁a ▁marriage , ▁and ▁apply ▁for ▁official ▁documents ▁without ▁the ▁consent ▁of ▁a ▁male ▁guard ian . ▁The ▁laws ▁also ▁grant ▁the ▁women ▁the ▁el ig ibility ▁for ▁the ▁guard ians hip ▁of ▁minor ▁children . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁announced ▁new ▁changes ▁to ▁tour ist ▁vis as ▁for ▁non - rel ig ious ▁vis its , ▁allowing ▁citizens ▁of ▁ 4 9 ▁countries ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁E - Vis a ▁for ▁ 9 0 ▁days . ▁In ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁announced ▁three ▁days ▁Events - Only ▁vis a ▁for ▁exp ats ▁living ▁in ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates , ▁Bah rain ▁and ▁K uw ait . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Education ▁is ▁free ▁at ▁all ▁levels . ▁The ▁school ▁system ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁elementary , ▁intermediate , ▁and ▁secondary ▁schools . ▁A ▁large ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁curr icul um ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁is ▁devoted ▁to ▁Islam , ▁and , ▁at ▁the ▁secondary ▁level , ▁students ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁follow ▁either ▁a ▁religious ▁or ▁a ▁technical ▁track . ▁The ▁rate ▁of ▁liter acy ▁is ▁ 9 7 . 1 % ▁among ▁males ▁and ▁is ▁about ▁ 9 2 . 7 1 % ▁among ▁females ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁Class es ▁are ▁seg reg ated ▁by ▁sex . ▁High |
er ▁education ▁has ▁expanded ▁rapidly , ▁with ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁Univers ities ▁and ▁colleg es ▁being ▁founded ▁particularly ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Institution s ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁include ▁the ▁country ' s ▁first ▁university , ▁King ▁Sa ud ▁University ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁University ▁at ▁Med ina ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁King ▁Abd ul az iz ▁University ▁in ▁Jed d ah ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁King ▁Abd ul lah ▁University ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology , ▁known ▁as ▁K A UST , ▁founded ▁recently ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Other ▁colleg es ▁and ▁univers ities ▁emphas ize ▁curr ic ula ▁in ▁sciences ▁and ▁technology , ▁military ▁studies , ▁religion , ▁and ▁medicine . ▁Instit utes ▁devoted ▁to ▁Islam ic ▁studies , ▁in ▁particular , ▁ab ound . ▁Women ▁typically ▁receive ▁college ▁instruction ▁in ▁seg reg ated ▁institutions . ▁ ▁The ▁Academ ic ▁Rank ing ▁of ▁World ▁Univers ities , ▁known ▁as ▁Shang hai ▁Rank ing , ▁ranked ▁ 4 ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ian ▁institutions ▁among ▁its ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 2 0 1 7 ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 8 0 ▁top ▁univers ities ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Also , ▁the ▁Q S ▁World ▁University ▁Rank ings ▁has ▁ranked ▁ 1 9 ▁Sa udi ▁univers ities ▁among ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Arab ▁institutions , ▁on ▁its ▁ 1 3 th ▁edition . ▁The ▁latest ▁list ▁of ▁Academ |
ic ▁Rank ing ▁of ▁World ▁Univers ities ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁ranked ▁two ▁Sa udi ▁univers ities , ▁ ▁King ▁Abd ul az iz ▁University ▁and ▁King ▁Sa ud ▁University , ▁among ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 5 0 ▁univers ities ▁in ▁the ▁World . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁critics , ▁Sa udi ▁curr icul um ▁is ▁not ▁just ▁domin ated ▁by ▁Islam ▁but ▁suff ers ▁from ▁W ah hab i ▁dog ma ▁that ▁propag ates ▁hat red ▁towards ▁non - Mus lim ▁and ▁non - W ah hab is ▁and ▁la cks ▁technical ▁and ▁other ▁education ▁useful ▁for ▁product ive ▁employ ment . ▁ ▁Mem or ization ▁by ▁ro te ▁of ▁large ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Q ur ' an , ▁its ▁interpretation ▁and ▁understanding ▁( T af s ir ) ▁and ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁Islam ic ▁tradition ▁to ▁every day ▁life ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁curr icul um . ▁Religion ▁taught ▁in ▁this ▁manner ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁comp uls ory ▁subject ▁for ▁all ▁University ▁students . ▁As ▁a ▁consequence , ▁Sa udi ▁youth ▁" gener ally ▁la cks ▁the ▁education ▁and ▁technical ▁skills ▁the ▁private ▁sector ▁needs " ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁C IA . ▁Similarly , ▁The ▁Chron icle ▁of ▁High er ▁Education ▁wrote ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁that ▁" the ▁country ▁needs ▁educated ▁young ▁Sa ud is ▁with ▁market able ▁skills ▁and ▁a ▁capacity ▁for ▁innov ation ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur ship . ▁That ' s ▁not ▁generally ▁what ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ' s ▁educational ▁system |
▁del ivers , ▁ste ep ed ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁in ▁ro te ▁learning ▁and ▁religious ▁instruction ." ▁ ▁The ▁religious ▁sector ▁of ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁national ▁curr icul um ▁was ▁exam ined ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁report ▁by ▁Fre edom ▁House ▁which ▁concluded ▁that ▁" the ▁Sa udi ▁public ▁school ▁religious ▁curr icul um ▁continues ▁to ▁propag ate ▁an ▁ide ology ▁of ▁hate ▁toward ▁the ▁' un bel ie ver ', ▁that ▁is , ▁Christians , ▁Jews , ▁Sh i ites , ▁S uf is , ▁Sun ni ▁Muslim s ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁follow ▁W ah hab i ▁doctrine , ▁H ind us , ▁at he ists ▁and ▁others ". ▁The ▁Sa udi ▁religious ▁studies ▁curr icul um ▁is ▁taught ▁outside ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁via ▁Sa udi - link ed ▁mad ras ah , ▁schools , ▁and ▁clubs ▁throughout ▁the ▁world . ▁Crit ics ▁have ▁described ▁the ▁education ▁system ▁as ▁" med ieval " ▁and ▁that ▁its ▁primary ▁goal ▁" is ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁absolute ▁mon archy ▁by ▁casting ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁ord ained ▁prote ctor ▁of ▁the ▁faith , ▁and ▁that ▁Islam ▁is ▁at ▁war ▁with ▁other ▁faith s ▁and ▁cult ures ". ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁spons ors ▁and ▁prom otes ▁the ▁teaching ▁of ▁W ah hab ism ▁ide ology ▁which ▁is ▁adopted ▁by ▁Sun ni ▁J ih ad ist ▁groups ▁such ▁as ▁IS IS , ▁Al - Q a eda ▁and ▁the ▁N us ra ▁Front . ▁This ▁radical ▁teaching ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁Sa udi |
▁fund ed ▁mos ques ▁and ▁mad ras as ▁across ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁world ▁from ▁Mor oc co ▁to ▁Pakistan ▁to ▁Indones ia . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁educational ▁plan ▁for ▁secondary ▁( high ▁school ) ▁education ▁ 1 4 3 5 – 1 4 3 8 ▁Hij ri , ▁students ▁en rolling ▁in ▁the ▁" natural ▁sciences " ▁path ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁take ▁five ▁religion ▁subjects ▁which ▁are : ▁Ta wh id , ▁F i q h , ▁T af se er , ▁Had ith ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁Education ▁and ▁Q ur an . ▁In ▁addition , ▁students ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁take ▁six ▁science ▁subjects ▁which ▁are ▁Math s , ▁Physics , ▁Chem istry , ▁Bi ology , ▁Ge ology ▁and ▁Computer . ▁ ▁The ▁approach ▁taken ▁in ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁education ▁system ▁has ▁been ▁accused ▁of ▁encourag ing ▁Islam ic ▁terror ism , ▁leading ▁to ▁reform ▁efforts . ▁Following ▁the ▁ 9 / 1 1 ▁attacks , ▁the ▁government ▁aim ed ▁to ▁tack le ▁the ▁tw in ▁problems ▁of ▁encourag ing ▁extrem ism ▁and ▁the ▁in ade qu acy ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁university ▁education ▁for ▁a ▁modern ▁economy , ▁by ▁slowly ▁modern ising ▁the ▁education ▁system ▁through ▁the ▁" T at we er " ▁reform ▁program . ▁The ▁Tat we er ▁program ▁is ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁budget ▁of ▁approximately ▁US $ 2 ▁billion ▁and ▁focus es ▁on ▁moving ▁teaching ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁traditional ▁Sa udi ▁methods ▁of ▁memor ization ▁and ▁ro te ▁learning ▁towards ▁encourag ing ▁students ▁to ▁analyze |
▁and ▁problem - sol ve . ▁It ▁also ▁a ims ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁education ▁system ▁which ▁will ▁provide ▁a ▁more ▁sec ular ▁and ▁voc ation ally ▁based ▁training . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁ranked ▁ 2 8 th ▁world wide ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁high - quality ▁research ▁output ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁scientific ▁journal ▁Nature . ▁This ▁makes ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁the ▁best ▁performing ▁Middle ▁Eastern , ▁Arab ▁and ▁Muslim ▁country . ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁sp ends ▁ 8 . 8 % ▁of ▁its ▁gross ▁domestic ▁product ▁on ▁education , ▁compared ▁with ▁the ▁global ▁average ▁of ▁ 4 . 6 %. ▁ ▁Health ▁care ▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁has ▁a ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁of ▁ 7 4 . 8 7 ▁years ▁( 7 3 . 6 7 ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁ 7 6 . 4 8 ▁for ▁females ) ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁latest ▁data ▁for ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁from ▁the ▁World ▁Bank . ▁Inf ant ▁mort ality ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁was ▁ 6 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 6 9 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁adult ▁population ▁was ▁over weight ▁and ▁ 3 5 . 5 % ▁was ▁ob ese . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Index ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia - related ▁articles ▁ ▁Out line ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁List ▁of ▁so ver eign ▁states ▁and ▁dependent ▁territ ories ▁in ▁Asia ▁Islam |
▁Sun ni ▁Islam ▁W ah hab ism ▁Islam ism ▁House ▁of ▁Sa ud ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁official ▁government ▁website ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁profile ▁from ▁the ▁BBC ▁News ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Key ▁Development ▁Fore cast s ▁for ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁from ▁International ▁Fut ures ▁▁▁ ▁Category : A rab ian ▁Pen ins ula ▁Category : A rab ic - spe aking ▁countries ▁and ▁territ ories ▁Category : G 2 0 ▁nations ▁Category : K ing dom s ▁Category : Member ▁states ▁of ▁O PE C ▁Category : Member ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁League ▁Category : Member ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁Organisation ▁of ▁Islam ic ▁Co operation ▁Category : Member ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Category : Middle ▁Eastern ▁countries ▁Category : N ear ▁Eastern ▁countries ▁Category : Total itar ian ▁states ▁Category : West ern ▁Asian ▁countries ▁Category : St ates ▁and ▁territ ories ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁Category : Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁articles ▁need ing ▁attention ▁Category : Count ries ▁in ▁Asia ▁Category : Member ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁G ulf ▁Co operation ▁Council ▁Category : I sl am ic ▁monarch ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Erik ▁Albert ▁M enn ega ▁( J anu ary ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁– ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch ▁botan ist , ▁plant ▁tax onom ist , |
▁and ▁author . ▁ ▁Biography ▁M enn ega ▁studied ▁bi ology ▁at ▁U tre cht ▁University , ▁receiving ▁his ▁degree ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁h ired ▁as ▁a ▁tax onom ist ▁at ▁the ▁U tre cht ▁University ▁Botan ic ▁Gard ens . ▁He ▁spent ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁ident ifying ▁botan ical ▁collections ▁at ▁the ▁original ▁garden ▁in ▁Ba arn , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ident ifying ▁at ▁document ing ▁species ▁at ▁the ▁Von ▁G im born ▁Ar bor et um . ▁He ▁remained ▁at ▁the ▁gard ens ▁until ▁his ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Fr ans ▁St af le u ▁and ▁Richard ▁Sum ner ▁Cow an ▁published ▁the ▁second ▁edition ▁of ▁Tax onom ic ▁Liter ature : ▁A ▁Select ive ▁Guide ▁to ▁Botan ical ▁Publications ▁and ▁Col lections , ▁with ▁D ates , ▁Comment aries , ▁and ▁Types . ▁After ▁Cow an ▁left ▁the ▁project , ▁St af le u ▁began ▁collabor ating ▁with ▁M enn ega ▁on ▁a ▁supp lement ▁series . ▁The ▁two ▁wrote ▁and ▁published ▁six ▁volumes ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁post hum ously . ▁M enn ega ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁writing ▁and ▁compiling ▁after ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁St af le u ' s ▁health . ▁M enn ega ▁himself ▁died ▁of ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 7 |
, ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Botan ist ▁Al berta ▁M enn ega ▁was ▁M enn ega ' s ▁a unt . ▁ ▁Selected ▁publications ▁St af le u , ▁F . ▁A ., ▁Cow an , ▁R . ▁S ., ▁& ▁M enn ega , ▁E . ▁A . ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁Tax onom ic ▁literature : ▁A ▁select ive ▁guide ▁to ▁botan ical ▁publications ▁and ▁collections ▁with ▁dates , ▁comment aries ▁and ▁types . ▁U tre cht : ▁B ohn , ▁Sch el tem a ▁& ▁Hol k ema . ▁M enn ega , ▁E . ▁A . ▁( 1 9 8 5 ). ▁Bibli ography ▁of ▁the ▁An non aceae . ▁U tre cht , ▁Netherlands : ▁Institute ▁of ▁System atic ▁Bot any . ▁M enn ega , ▁E . ▁A ., ▁Ro o ij , ▁W . ▁C . ▁M . ▁T ., ▁J ansen - Jac obs , ▁M . ▁J ., ▁& ▁F ans ha we , ▁D . ▁B . ▁( 1 9 8 8 ). ▁Check - list ▁of ▁wo ody ▁plants ▁of ▁Guy ana . ▁E de , ▁the ▁Netherlands : ▁Trop en bos ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁death s ▁Category : D utch ▁botan ists <0x0A> </s> ▁We iw ang z hu ang ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁L ing ▁County , ▁Dez hou , ▁in ▁north western ▁Sh and |
ong ▁province , ▁China . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T own ship - level ▁divisions ▁of ▁Sh and ong <0x0A> </s> ▁Flag stad ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁H jal te ▁Flag stad , ▁Dan ish ▁actor ▁Kar en - Marie ▁Flag stad ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 9 2 ), ▁Norwegian ▁opera ▁singer ▁K irst en ▁Flag stad ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 6 2 ), ▁Norwegian ▁opera ▁singer ▁Maj a ▁Flag stad ▁( 1 8 7 1 – 1 9 5 8 ), ▁Norwegian ▁pian ist ▁Michael ▁Flag stad ▁( 1 8 6 9 – 1 9 3 0 ), ▁Norwegian ▁music ian ▁and ▁conduct or ▁Mik kel ▁Flag stad ▁( 1 9 3 0 – 2 0 0 5 ), ▁Norwegian ▁jazz ▁music ian <0x0A> </s> ▁Sp ond y lo - meta - ep i phy se al ▁d ys pl asia ▁( S ME D ) ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁aut os om al - re cess ive ▁disease ▁which ▁causes ▁ske let al ▁dis orders . ▁S ME D ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁mut ation ▁in ▁the ▁Dis co id in ▁Domain ▁Re ceptor ▁ 2 ▁( DD R 2 ) ▁gene . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : Aut os om al ▁re cess ive ▁dis orders ▁Category : Gen etic ▁dis orders ▁by ▁system <0x0A> </s> ▁Giovanni ▁Batt ista ▁( Gi amb att ista ) ▁F og g |
ini ▁( 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 6 5 2 ▁– ▁ 1 2 ▁April ▁ 1 7 2 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁sculpt or ▁active ▁in ▁Florence , ▁ren owned ▁mainly ▁for ▁small ▁bronze ▁stat u ary . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁Florence , ▁the ▁young ▁F og g ini ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Rome ▁by ▁the ▁Med ici ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁of ▁T usc any ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁so - called ▁Acc adem ia ▁F ior ent ina , ▁and ▁app rent ice ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁sculpt ural ▁studio ▁of ▁Er cole ▁Ferr ata , ▁a ▁pup il ▁of ▁Alg ardi . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁t utor ed ▁in ▁drawing ▁by ▁the ▁Acc adem ia ' s ▁first ▁director ▁( 1 6 7 3 – 8 6 ), ▁C iro ▁Fer ri , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁pup il ▁of ▁Cort ona . ▁Return ing ▁to ▁Florence ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 6 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁court ▁sculpt or ▁for ▁Cos imo ▁III . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Pietro ▁T ac ca , ▁Fernando , ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 6 , ▁the ▁mant le ▁of ▁the ▁premier ▁local ▁sculpt or ▁fell ▁to ▁F og g ini , ▁who ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁Med ici ' s ▁Arch itet to ▁Prim ario ▁e ▁Pr imo ▁sc ult ore ▁della ▁Casa ▁Ser en iss ima ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁S op r int end ente ▁dei ▁Lav ori ▁( 1 6 8 7 – 1 7 2 5 ). ▁In ▁ 1 6 |
8 7 , ▁F og g ini ▁acquired ▁the ▁found ry ▁in ▁Borg o ▁P int i ▁that ▁had ▁once ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁sculpt or ▁Gi amb olog na . ▁This ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁special ize ▁in ▁small ▁bron zes , ▁produced ▁mainly ▁and ▁profit ably ▁for ▁export . ▁His ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Pietro ▁T ac ca ' s ▁Mo ors ▁was ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁bronze ▁and ▁cer am ic ▁reprodu ctions ▁for ▁the ▁con no isseur ▁market ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 8 th century . ▁ ▁In ▁Florence , ▁his ▁master pie ces ▁are ▁his ▁sculpt ural ▁relief ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁C ors ini ▁of ▁the ▁Chiesa ▁del ▁Car mine . ▁The ▁chap el ▁was ▁ere cted ▁by ▁Bart ol ome o ▁and ▁Card inal ▁N eri ▁C ors ini ▁in ▁memory ▁of ▁their ▁recently ▁canon ized ▁ancest ral ▁family ▁member , ▁San ▁Andrea ▁C ors ini . ▁It ▁contains ▁three ▁large ▁mar ble ▁relief s ▁dep ict ing ▁his ▁life : ▁San ▁Andrea ▁in ▁Gl ory , ▁The ▁Mass ▁of ▁San ▁Andrea ▁C ors ini ▁and ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ang hi ari ▁( 1 6 8 5 – 8 7 ). ▁He ▁also ▁completed ▁works ▁in ▁C app ella ▁Fer oni ▁in ▁the ▁Ann un zi ata . ▁Another ▁work ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁st air case ▁of ▁the ▁Med ici - R ic card i ▁Palace ▁in ▁Florence . ▁ ▁Among ▁his ▁small ▁bron zes ▁are ▁David ▁with ▁the ▁Head ▁of ▁G oli ath . ▁ ▁F og |
g ini ' s ▁pup ils ▁included ▁Fernando ▁F uga , ▁his ▁nep hew ▁Fil ipp o ▁della ▁Valle , ▁B alth as ar ▁Perm oser , ▁Giov ac ch ino ▁Fort ini ▁and ▁Giovanni ▁Bar atta . ▁Mass im il iano ▁Sold ani ▁Ben zi ▁was ▁a ▁contemporary ▁student ▁with ▁F og g ini ▁in ▁Rome ▁and ▁also ▁active ▁in ▁small ▁bronze ▁sculpt ure . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Gli ▁Ult imi ▁Med ici , ▁Review ▁by ▁Peter ▁C annon - Bro okes , ▁in ▁The ▁Bur ling ton ▁Magazine , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁p ▁ 7 7 7 - 8 0 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 2 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Florence ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Italian ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : Ital ian ▁male ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Italian ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : C ourt ▁sculpt ors <0x0A> </s> ▁Franco ▁Pro s per i ▁is ▁a ▁name ▁shared ▁by ▁two ▁Italian ▁film ▁direct ors : ▁▁ ▁Franco ▁Pro s per i ▁was ▁a ▁director ▁who ▁special ised ▁in ▁fict ional ▁film . ▁His ▁real ▁name ▁was ▁Francesco ▁Pro s per i . ▁ ▁Franco ▁E . ▁Pro s per i ▁was ▁a ▁journalist ▁and ▁marine ▁scient ist ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁document ary ▁director ▁and ▁producer . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁last ing ▁collaboration ▁with ▁G ual t iero ▁Jac op etti |
▁in ▁the ▁mondo ▁film ▁genre . ▁His ▁only ▁fict ional ▁film ▁was ▁Wild ▁Be asts ▁( B elve ▁f ero ci ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ital ian ▁film ▁direct ors <0x0A> </s> ▁Mark ▁John ▁O v end ale ▁( 2 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁football ▁goal keeper . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁O v end ale ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Le ic ester ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁local ▁village ▁team ▁Le ver ington ▁before ▁joining ▁Wis be ch ▁Town . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁North am pton ▁Town , ▁playing ▁six ▁league ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 ▁season . ▁He ▁joined ▁Wel sh ▁champions ▁Barry ▁Town ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁successful ▁first ▁season , ▁joined ▁B ourn em outh ▁for ▁a ▁fee ▁of ▁£ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁quickly ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁choice ▁in ▁the ▁B ourn em outh ▁goal , ▁making ▁his ▁Cher ries ' ▁debut ▁on ▁the ▁opening ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 - 9 9 ▁season , ▁a ▁ 2 - 0 ▁win ▁at ▁home ▁to ▁ ▁Lincoln ▁City . ▁He ▁remained ▁a ▁regular ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁seasons ▁before ▁a ▁£ 4 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁move ▁took ▁him ▁to ▁L ut on ▁Town ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 0 . |
▁ ▁L ut on ▁manager ▁R icky ▁Hill ▁installed ▁O v end ale ▁as ▁his ▁first ▁choice ▁goal keeper , ▁but ▁he ▁strugg led ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁impact ▁and ▁spent ▁the ▁season ▁in ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁side , ▁with ▁former ▁first ▁choice ▁Nathan ▁Ab bey ▁replacing ▁him ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁occasions . ▁With ▁Ab bey ▁released ▁and ▁L ut on ▁re leg ated ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁O v end ale ▁found ▁himself ▁as ▁second ▁choice ▁goal keeper , ▁following ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁Carl ▁Emb erson . ▁ ▁He ▁appeared ▁only ▁sp or ad ically ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁seasons ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁In ▁late ▁July ▁that ▁year ▁he ▁re - signed ▁for ▁Barry ▁Town , ▁but ▁just ▁two ▁weeks ▁later ▁joined ▁York ▁City . ▁York ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁the ▁Conference ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁and ▁O v end ale ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁players ▁released . ▁ ▁He ▁signed ▁for ▁non - le ague ▁T iver ton ▁Town ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁when ▁he ▁joined ▁Wel sh ▁side ▁Car mar then ▁Town . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁Car mar then ▁in ▁the ▁Inter - T oto ▁Cup ▁against ▁Finn ish ▁side ▁T amp ere ▁United , ▁but ▁left ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁join ▁New port ▁County , ▁signing ▁as ▁a ▁replacement ▁for ▁the ▁injured |
▁Tony ▁Pen no ck . ▁He ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire ▁from ▁playing ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁hip ▁injury . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁career ▁Mark ▁joined ▁W im bor ne ▁Town ▁in ▁a ▁co aching ▁role ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁but ▁made ▁a ▁few ▁appearances ▁in ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 ▁season . ▁ ▁Death ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁from ▁cancer . ▁Days ▁after ▁O v end ale ' s ▁death , ▁his ▁old ▁club ▁Barry ▁Town ▁hon oured ▁him ▁into ▁the ▁Barry ▁Town ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁and ▁a ▁mem orial ▁match ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁New port ▁Stadium . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁death s ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Le ic ester ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : N orth am pton ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : A . F . C . ▁B ourn em outh ▁players ▁Category : L ut on ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : T iver ton ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Y ork ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C arm ar then ▁Town ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : New port ▁County ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : C ym ru |
▁Premier ▁players ▁Category : Bar ry ▁Town ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : W im bor ne ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W is be ch ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁B rom az ep am , ▁sold ▁under ▁many ▁brand ▁names , ▁is ▁a ▁ben z odia ze pine . ▁It ▁is ▁mainly ▁an ▁anti - an x iety ▁agent ▁with ▁similar ▁side ▁effects ▁to ▁dia ze p am ▁( Val ium ). ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁being ▁used ▁to ▁treat ▁anx iety ▁or ▁pan ic ▁states , ▁b rom az ep am ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁pre med ic ant ▁prior ▁to ▁minor ▁surg ery . ▁B rom az ep am ▁typically ▁comes ▁in ▁dos es ▁of ▁ 3 m g ▁and ▁ 6 m g ▁table ts . ▁▁ ▁B rom az ep am ▁is ▁contra ind ic ated ▁and ▁should ▁be ▁used ▁with ▁ca ution ▁in ▁women ▁who ▁are ▁pre gn ant , ▁the ▁elder ly , ▁patients ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁alco hol ▁or ▁other ▁subst ance ▁ab use ▁dis orders ▁and ▁children . ▁Pro long ed ▁use ▁of ▁b rom az ep am ▁causes ▁toler ance ▁and ▁may ▁lead ▁to ▁both ▁physical ▁and ▁psych ological ▁dependence ▁on ▁the ▁drug , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁medic ation ▁which ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁international ▁law . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁pat ented ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁by |
▁Ro che ▁and ▁approved ▁for ▁medical ▁use ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Medical ▁uses ▁Short - term ▁treatment ▁of ▁severe ▁anx iety . ▁ ▁Side - effect s ▁B rom az ep am ▁is ▁similar ▁in ▁side ▁effects ▁to ▁other ▁ben z odia ze p ines . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁side ▁effects ▁reported ▁are ▁d rows iness , ▁sed ation , ▁at ax ia , ▁memory ▁imp air ment , ▁and ▁d izz iness . ▁Imp air ments ▁to ▁memory ▁functions ▁are ▁common ▁with ▁b rom az ep am ▁and ▁include ▁a ▁reduced ▁working ▁memory ▁and ▁reduced ▁ability ▁to ▁process ▁environmental ▁information . ▁ ▁A ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁experiment ▁on ▁health y , ▁male ▁college ▁students ▁expl oring ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁four ▁different ▁dru gs ▁on ▁learning ▁capacity ▁observed ▁that ▁taking ▁b rom az ep am ▁alone ▁at ▁ 6 m g ▁ 3 ▁times ▁daily ▁for ▁ 2 ▁weeks ▁imp a ired ▁learning ▁capac ities ▁significantly . ▁In ▁combination ▁with ▁alco hol , ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁learning ▁capacity ▁became ▁even ▁more ▁pron ounced . ▁Vari ous ▁studies ▁report ▁imp a ired ▁memory , ▁visual ▁information ▁processing ▁and ▁sens ory ▁data ▁and ▁imp a ired ▁psych om ot or ▁performance ; ▁d eter ior ation ▁of ▁cogn ition ▁including ▁attention ▁capacity ▁and ▁imp a ired ▁co - ordin ative ▁skills ; ▁imp a ired ▁re active ▁and ▁attention ▁performance , ▁which ▁can ▁imp air ▁driving ▁skills ; ▁d rows iness ▁and ▁decrease ▁in ▁lib ido . |
▁Un st ead iness ▁after ▁taking ▁b rom az ep am ▁is , ▁however , ▁less ▁pron ounced ▁than ▁other ▁ben z odia ze p ines ▁such ▁as ▁l or az ep am . ▁ ▁On ▁occasion , ▁ben z odia ze p ines ▁can ▁indu ce ▁extreme ▁alter ations ▁in ▁memory ▁such ▁as ▁an ter og rade ▁am nes ia ▁and ▁am nes ic ▁automat ism , ▁which ▁may ▁have ▁med ico - legal ▁consequences . ▁Such ▁re actions ▁occur ▁usually ▁only ▁at ▁the ▁higher ▁do se ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁pres cri bing ▁spectrum . ▁ ▁Very ▁rarely , ▁d yst onia ▁can ▁develop . ▁ ▁Up ▁to ▁ 3 0 % ▁treated ▁on ▁a ▁long - term ▁basis ▁develop ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁dependence , ▁i . e . ▁these ▁patients ▁cannot ▁stop ▁the ▁medic ation ▁without ▁experien cing ▁physical ▁and / or ▁psych ological ▁ben z odia ze pine ▁withdraw al ▁sympt oms . ▁ ▁Le uk open ia ▁and ▁li ver - dam age ▁of ▁the ▁ch ol est atic ▁type ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁j au nd ice ▁( ic ter us ) ▁have ▁addition ally ▁been ▁seen ; ▁the ▁original ▁manufact urer ▁Ro che ▁recomm ends ▁regular ▁labor atory ▁exam in ations ▁to ▁be ▁performed ▁rout in ely . ▁ ▁Am bul atory ▁patients ▁should ▁be ▁war ned ▁that ▁b rom az ep am ▁may ▁imp air ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁drive ▁vehicles ▁and ▁to ▁operate ▁mach in ery . ▁The ▁imp air ment ▁is ▁w ors ened ▁by ▁consumption |
▁of ▁alco hol , ▁because ▁both ▁act ▁as ▁central ▁nerv ous ▁system ▁de press ants . ▁During ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁ther apy , ▁toler ance ▁to ▁the ▁sed ative ▁effect ▁usually ▁develop s . ▁ ▁Tol er ance , ▁dependence ▁and ▁withdraw al ▁B rom az ep am ▁shares ▁with ▁other ▁ben z odia ze p ines ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁ab use , ▁mis use , ▁psych ological ▁dependence ▁or ▁physical ▁dependence . ▁A ▁withdraw al ▁study ▁demonstrated ▁both ▁psych ological ▁dependence ▁and ▁physical ▁dependence ▁on ▁b rom az ep am ▁including ▁marked ▁re bound ▁anx iety ▁after ▁ 4 ▁weeks ▁chron ic ▁use . ▁Those ▁whose ▁do se ▁was ▁gradually ▁reduced ▁experienced ▁no ▁withdraw al . ▁ ▁Pat ients ▁treated ▁with ▁b rom az ep am ▁for ▁general ised ▁anx iety ▁dis order ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁experience ▁withdraw al ▁sympt oms ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁ ▁w ors ening ▁of ▁anx iety , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁physical ▁withdraw al ▁sympt oms ▁when ▁ab rupt ly ▁with dra wn ▁b rom az ep am . ▁Ab rupt ▁or ▁over ▁rapid ▁withdraw al ▁from ▁b rom az ep am ▁after ▁chron ic ▁use ▁even ▁at ▁th era pe ut ic ▁pres cribed ▁dos es ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁severe ▁withdraw al ▁synd rome ▁including ▁status ▁ep ile pt icus ▁and ▁a ▁condition ▁res emb ling ▁del er ium ▁trem ens . ▁ ▁Animal ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁chron ic ▁administration ▁of ▁dia ze p am ▁( or ▁b rom az ep am |
) ▁causes ▁a ▁decrease ▁in ▁sp ont aneous ▁locomot or ▁activity , ▁decre ased ▁turn over ▁of ▁nor ad ren al ine ▁and ▁dop am ine ▁and ▁ser ot on in , ▁increased ▁activity ▁of ▁ty ros ine ▁hydro x yl ase ▁and ▁increased ▁levels ▁of ▁the ▁c ate ch ol am ines . ▁During ▁withdraw al ▁of ▁b rom az ep am ▁or ▁dia ze p am ▁a ▁fall ▁in ▁try pt oph an , ▁ser ot on in ▁levels ▁occurs ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ben z odia ze pine ▁withdraw al ▁synd rome . ▁Ch anges ▁in ▁the ▁levels ▁of ▁these ▁chemical s ▁in ▁the ▁brain ▁can ▁cause ▁head aches , ▁anx iety , ▁t ension , ▁de pression , ▁ins om nia , ▁rest less ness , ▁confusion , ▁ir rit ability , ▁swe ating , ▁d ys ph oria , ▁d izz iness , ▁dere al ization , ▁dep erson al ization , ▁num b ness / ting ling ▁of ▁extrem ities , ▁hyp ers ens itivity ▁to ▁light , ▁sound , ▁and ▁sm ell , ▁per cept ual ▁dist ort ions , ▁n ause a , ▁vom iting , ▁di arr he a , ▁app et ite ▁loss , ▁hall uc in ations , ▁del iri um , ▁se iz ures , ▁trem or , ▁st om ach ▁cr amps , ▁my alg ia , ▁ag itation , ▁pal pit ations , ▁t ach y card ia , ▁pan ic ▁attacks , ▁short - term ▁memory ▁loss , |
▁and ▁hyper ther m ia . ▁ ▁Over d ose ▁ ▁B rom az ep am ▁is ▁commonly ▁involved ▁in ▁drug ▁over d oses . ▁ ▁A ▁severe ▁b rom az ep am ▁ben z odia ze pine ▁over d ose ▁may ▁result ▁in ▁an ▁alpha ▁pattern ▁com a ▁type . ▁The ▁to x icity ▁of ▁b rom az ep am ▁in ▁over d os age ▁increases ▁when ▁combined ▁with ▁other ▁C NS ▁de press ant ▁dru gs ▁such ▁as ▁alco hol ▁or ▁sed ative ▁hyp not ic ▁dru gs . ▁B rom az ep am ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁ben z odia ze pine ▁involved ▁in ▁intent ional ▁over d oses ▁in ▁France . ▁B rom az ep am ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁responsible ▁for ▁accident al ▁poison ings ▁in ▁companion ▁animals . ▁A ▁review ▁of ▁ben z odia ze pine ▁poison ings ▁in ▁c ats ▁and ▁dogs ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 4 ▁found ▁b rom az ep am ▁to ▁be ▁responsible ▁for ▁significantly ▁more ▁poison ings ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁ben z odia ze pine . ▁ ▁Cont ra ind ic ations ▁Ben z odia ze p ines ▁require ▁special ▁pre ca ution ▁if ▁used ▁in ▁elder ly , ▁pre gn ant , ▁child , ▁alco hol - ▁or ▁drug - dependent ▁individuals ▁and ▁individuals ▁with ▁com orb id ▁psych iat ric ▁dis orders . ▁ ▁Special ▁populations ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁scient ists ▁led ▁by ▁O chs ▁reported ▁that |
▁the ▁elim ination ▁half - life , ▁peak ▁ser um ▁concentration , ▁and ▁ser um ▁free ▁fraction ▁are ▁significantly ▁elev ated ▁and ▁the ▁or al ▁clear ance ▁and ▁volume ▁of ▁distribution ▁significantly ▁lower ed ▁in ▁elder ly ▁subjects . ▁The ▁clin ical ▁consequence ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁elder ly ▁should ▁be ▁treated ▁with ▁lower ▁dos es ▁than ▁younger ▁patients . ▁B rom az ep am ▁may ▁affect ▁driving ▁and ▁ability ▁to ▁operate ▁mach in ery . ▁B rom az ep am ▁is ▁pre gn ancy ▁category ▁D , ▁a ▁classification ▁that ▁means ▁that ▁b rom az ep am ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁cause ▁harm ▁to ▁the ▁un born ▁child . ▁The ▁Hoff man ▁La Ro che ▁product ▁information ▁leaf let ▁war ns ▁against ▁breast ▁feed ing ▁while ▁taking ▁b rom az ep am . ▁There ▁has ▁been ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁report ▁of ▁sudden ▁infant ▁death ▁synd rome ▁linked ▁to ▁breast ▁feed ing ▁while ▁cons uming ▁b rom az ep am . ▁ ▁Inter actions ▁C imet id ine , ▁flu vo x am ine ▁and ▁pro pr an ol ol ▁causes ▁a ▁marked ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁elim ination ▁half - life ▁of ▁b rom az ep am ▁leading ▁to ▁increased ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁b rom az ep am . ▁ ▁Ph arm ac ology ▁ ▁B rom az ep am ▁is ▁a ▁" class ical " ▁ben z odia ze pine ; ▁other ▁classical ▁ben z odia ze p ines ▁include : ▁dia ze p am , ▁cl on az ep am , ▁ox |
az ep am , ▁l or az ep am , ▁nit ra ze p am , ▁fl ur az ep am , ▁and ▁cl or az ep ate . ▁Its ▁mole cular ▁structure ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁a ▁dia ze pine ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁ben z ene ▁ring ▁and ▁a ▁py rid ine ▁ring , ▁the ▁ben z ene ▁ring ▁having ▁a ▁single ▁nit ro gen ▁atom ▁that ▁rep laces ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁carbon ▁atoms ▁in ▁the ▁ring ▁structure . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 , 4 - ben z odia ze pine , ▁which ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁nit rog ens ▁on ▁the ▁seven - s ided ▁dia ze pine ▁ring ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁positions . ▁ ▁B rom az ep am ▁bind s ▁to ▁the ▁G AB A ▁re ceptor ▁G AB AA , ▁causing ▁a ▁conform ational ▁change ▁and ▁increasing ▁the ▁in hib itory ▁effects ▁of ▁G AB A . ▁B rom az ep am ▁is ▁a ▁long - act ing ▁ben z odia ze pine ▁and ▁is ▁lip oph il ic ▁and ▁met abol ised ▁he pat ically ▁via ▁ox id ative ▁path ways . ▁It ▁does ▁not ▁possess ▁any ▁ant ide press ant ▁or ▁anti ps ych otic ▁qual ities . ▁ ▁After ▁night ▁time ▁administration ▁of ▁b rom az ep am ▁a ▁highly ▁significant ▁reduction ▁of ▁g astr ic ▁acid ▁secret ion ▁occurs ▁during ▁sleep ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁highly ▁significant ▁re bound ▁in ▁g astr ic ▁acid ▁production ▁the ▁following ▁day . ▁ ▁B |
rom az ep am ▁al ters ▁the ▁elect rical ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁causing ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁beta ▁activity ▁and ▁a ▁decrease ▁in ▁alpha ▁activity ▁in ▁E EG ▁record ings . ▁ ▁Ph arm ac ok inet ics ▁B rom az ep am ▁is ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁met abol ized ▁by ▁a ▁he p atic ▁en zym e ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Cy to chrome ▁P 4 5 0 ▁family ▁of ▁en zym es . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁team ▁led ▁by ▁O da ▁Man ami ▁at ▁O ita ▁Medical ▁University ▁reported ▁that ▁C Y P 3 A 4 , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Cy to chrome ▁P 4 5 0 ▁family , ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁responsible ▁en zym e ▁since ▁it ra con az ole , ▁a ▁known ▁in hib itor ▁of ▁C Y P 3 A 4 , ▁did ▁not ▁affect ▁its ▁met abol ism . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁J . ▁van ▁H arten ▁at ▁the ▁Sol v ay ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Department ▁of ▁C lin ical ▁Ph arm ac ology ▁in ▁We esp ▁reported ▁that ▁flu vo x am ine , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁pot ent ▁in hib itor ▁of ▁C Y P 1 A 2 , ▁a ▁less ▁pot ent ▁C Y P 3 A 4 ▁in hib itor , ▁and ▁a ▁neg lig ible ▁in hib itor ▁of ▁C Y P 2 D 6 , ▁does ▁in hib it ▁its ▁met abol ism . ▁ ▁The ▁major ▁met abol |
ite ▁of ▁b rom az ep am ▁is ▁hydro xy b rom az ep am , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁agent ▁too ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁half - life ▁approximately ▁equal ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁b rom az ep am . ▁ ▁Society ▁and ▁culture ▁ ▁D rug ▁mis use ▁ ▁B rom az ep am ▁has ▁a ▁similar ▁mis use ▁risk ▁as ▁other ▁ben z odia ze p ines ▁such ▁as ▁dia ze p am . ▁In ▁France ▁car ▁acc idents ▁involving ▁psych otrop ic ▁dru gs ▁in ▁combination ▁with ▁alco hol ▁( its elf ▁a ▁major ▁contrib utor ) ▁found ▁ben z odia ze p ines , ▁mainly ▁dia ze p am , ▁nord ia ze p am , ▁and ▁b rom az ep am , ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁drug ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁blood ▁stream , ▁almost ▁twice ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁next - most - common ▁drug ▁can nab is . ▁B rom az ep am ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁serious ▁criminal ▁off ences ▁including ▁rob ber y , ▁hom ic ide , ▁and ▁sexual ▁assault . ▁ ▁Brand ▁names ▁It ▁is ▁market ed ▁under ▁several ▁brand ▁names , ▁including ▁L ect op am , ▁Lex om il , ▁Lex ot an , ▁Lex il ium , ▁Lex aur in , ▁Bra ze p am , ▁Re k ot nil , ▁B rom aze , ▁Som al ium , ▁Lex atin , ▁Cal me p am ▁and ▁Lex ot an il . ▁ ▁Leg al ▁status ▁B rom az ep |
am ▁is ▁a ▁Sch edule ▁IV ▁drug ▁under ▁the ▁Convention ▁on ▁Psych otrop ic ▁Sub st ances . ▁ ▁Syn thesis ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ben z odia ze pine ▁Ben z odia ze pine ▁dependence ▁Ben z odia ze pine ▁withdraw al ▁synd rome ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁B rom az ep am ▁drug ▁information ▁from ▁Lex i - Comp . ▁In cludes ▁dos age ▁information ▁and ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁list ▁of ▁international ▁brand ▁names . ▁ ▁In chem ▁- ▁B rom az ep am ▁ ▁L EX OT AN ▁product ▁information ▁leaf let ▁from ▁Ro che ▁Ph arma ce ut ical s ▁ ▁Category : B enz odia ze p ines ▁Category : B rom o aren es ▁Category : G AB AA ▁re ceptor ▁positive ▁al loster ic ▁mod ul ators ▁Category : H off mann - La ▁Ro che ▁br ands ▁Category : G ly c ine ▁re ceptor ▁ant agon ists ▁Category : H yp not ics ▁Category : L act ams ▁Category : Py rid ines <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁Kin ik ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Slov ak ian ▁Par al ym pic ▁arch er . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics , ▁Kin ik ▁won ▁his ▁first ▁Par al ym pic ▁medal ▁which ▁was ▁bronze . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Par al ym pic ▁arch ers ▁of ▁Slov ak ia ▁Category : Arch ers ▁at ▁the ▁ |
2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁Category : Arch ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁Category : Par al ym pic ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Slov ak ia ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S lov ak ▁male ▁arch ers ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁but ter f lies ▁of ▁Y emen . ▁About ▁ 1 1 7 ▁species ▁are ▁known ▁from ▁Y emen . ▁ ▁Pap il ion idae ▁ ▁Pap il ion inae ▁ ▁Pap il ion ini ▁Pap ilio ▁sah ara e ▁r ath j ens i ▁War ne cke , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Pap ilio ▁dem od ocus ▁dem od ocus ▁Es per , ▁[ 1 7 9 8 ] ▁Pap ilio ▁dem od ocus ▁ben net ti ▁D ix ey , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁ ▁Pier idae ▁ ▁Col i ad inae ▁E ure ma ▁brig it ta ▁( St oll , ▁[ 1 7 8 0 ]) ▁Col ias ▁mar no ana ▁R ogen ho fer , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁ ▁Pier inae ▁Col ot is ▁ante vi ppe ▁z era ▁( L uc as , ▁ 1 8 5 2 ) ▁Col ot is ▁da ira ▁( K l ug , ▁ 1 8 2 9 ) ▁Col ot |
is ▁e phy ia ▁( K l ug , ▁ 1 8 2 9 ) ▁Col ot is ▁e ui ppe ▁ex ole ▁( Re iche , ▁ 1 8 5 0 ) ▁Col ot is ▁ev ag ore ▁ev ag ore ▁( K l ug , ▁ 1 8 2 9 ) ▁Col ot is ▁ev ag ore ▁n ive us ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁Col ot is ▁pro tom edia ▁( K l ug , ▁ 1 8 2 9 ) ▁Col ot is ▁un gem achi ▁( Le ▁Cer f , ▁ 1 9 2 2 ) ▁Col ot is ▁er is ▁contract us ▁Gabriel , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Cal op ier is ▁e ul im ene ▁( K l ug , ▁ 1 8 2 9 ) ▁Ne pher onia ▁bu quet ii ▁b uch an ani ▁( R oth sch ild , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ ▁Pier ini ▁My l oth ris ▁arab icus ▁Gabriel , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Bel eno is ▁anom ala ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁Bel eno is ▁cre ona ▁le uc ogy ne ▁Butler , ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁ ▁Ly ca en idae ▁ ▁A ph na e inae ▁Ch lor os el as ▁arab ica ▁( R iley , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁Ch lor os el as ▁es mer al da ▁bil q is ▁Lars en , ▁ 1 |
9 8 3 ▁C ig ar itis ▁sc otti ▁( G ab riel , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁C ig ar itis ▁som al ina ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ) ▁A xi oc ers es ▁har p ax ▁k ad ug li ▁Tal bot , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁ ▁The cl inae ▁My r ina ▁sil en us ▁n zo iae ▁d ' A br era , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Hyp oly ca ena ▁p ach al ica ▁Butler , ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁Hyp oly ca ena ▁ph ili pp us ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ 1 7 9 3 ) ▁I ol aus ▁gla uc us ▁Butler , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁I ol aus ▁nur se i ▁Butler , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁De ud or ix ▁ant alus ▁( H opf fer , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ) ▁De ud or ix ▁d ino char es ▁Gro se - Smith , ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁De ud or ix ▁liv ia ▁( K l ug , ▁ 1 8 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Ly ca en inae ▁Ly ca ena ▁ph la e as ▁sh ima ▁Gabriel , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁Poly om mat inae ▁ ▁Ly ca en est h ini ▁Anth ene ▁am ar ah ▁( Gu ér in - M é ne ville , ▁ 1 8 4 9 ) ▁Anth ene ▁ar ora |
▁Lars en , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Anth ene ▁but ler i ▁arab icus ▁Gabriel , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Anth ene ▁contrast ata ▁( U ng em ach , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁ ▁Poly om mat ini ▁Cup id opsis ▁job ates ▁( H opf fer , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ) ▁C acy re us ▁nie bu h ri ▁Lars en , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁C acy re us ▁vir ilis ▁St emp f fer , ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Le pt otes ▁b ab ault i ▁( St emp f fer , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁Le pt otes ▁bre v ident atus ▁( T ite , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁Le pt otes ▁je annel i ▁( St emp f fer , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁Le pt otes ▁pir ith ous ▁( Lin na eus , ▁ 1 7 6 7 ) ▁Le pt otes ▁soc ot ran us ▁( O g il vie - Gr ant , ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁T ux ent ius ▁gab ri eli ▁Bal int , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Tar uc us ▁gr amm icus ▁( G rose - Smith ▁& ▁Kir by , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ) ▁Tar uc us ▁quadr atus ▁Og il vie - Gr ant , ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Tar uc us ▁ros ace a ▁( A ust aut , ▁ 1 8 8 5 |
) ▁Tar uc us ▁the op hr ast us ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ 1 7 9 3 ) ▁Z ize eria ▁k ars andra ▁( Mo ore , ▁ 1 8 6 5 ) ▁Z iz ina ▁ant an ossa ▁( M ab ille , ▁ 1 8 7 7 ) ▁Act iz era ▁luc ida ▁( Tr imen , ▁ 1 8 8 3 ) ▁Z iz ula ▁hy lax ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ 1 7 7 5 ) ▁Az anus ▁mir za ▁( Pl öt z , ▁ 1 8 8 0 ) ▁Az anus ▁mor iqu a ▁( W allen gren , ▁ 1 8 5 7 ) ▁Az anus ▁ub ald us ▁( St oll , ▁ 1 7 8 2 ) ▁E ico ch rys ops ▁dist ract us ▁( de ▁Jo ann is ▁& ▁Ver ity , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ) ▁E uch rys ops ▁lo is ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ) ▁E uch rys ops ▁mal ath ana ▁( Bo is du val , ▁ 1 8 3 3 ) ▁E uch rys ops ▁os ir is ▁( H opf fer , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ) ▁E uch rys ops ▁phil by i ▁Gabriel , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Ch il ades ▁par r has ius ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ 1 7 9 3 ) ▁Le p ido ch rys ops ▁arab icus ▁Gabriel |
, ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Le p ido ch rys ops ▁for s sk ali ▁Lars en , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Le p ido ch rys ops ▁haven i ▁Lars en , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁ ▁N ym phal idae ▁ ▁Dan ain ae ▁ ▁Dan ain i ▁Dan aus ▁ch ry si pp us ▁al ci pp us ▁( C ram er , ▁ 1 7 7 7 ) ▁ ▁Sat yr inae ▁ ▁Mel an it ini ▁Mel an itis ▁le da ▁( Lin na eus , ▁ 1 7 5 8 ) ▁ ▁Sat yr ini ▁L asi omm ata ▁fel ix ▁( W ar ne cke , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ) ▁B icy clus ▁any n ana ▁soc ot ran a ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁Y p th ima ▁astero pe ▁( K l ug , ▁ 1 8 3 2 ) ▁Hi pp arch ia ▁te w f iki ▁( W ilt shire , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Char ax inae ▁ ▁Char ax ini ▁Char ax es ▁var anes ▁ber tr ami ▁R iley , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁Char ax es ▁var anes ▁tor ben i ▁Tur lin , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Char ax es ▁b alf ouri ▁Butler , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁Char ax es ▁vel ox ▁Og il vie - Gr ant , ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Char ax es ▁hans ali |
▁y em eni ▁Tur lin , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Char ax es ▁b ern stor ff i ▁R yd on , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁ ▁N ym phal inae ▁ ▁N ym phal ini ▁Jun onia ▁ch or im ene ▁( Gu ér in - M é ne ville , ▁ 1 8 4 4 ) ▁Jun onia ▁hier ta ▁c eb rene ▁Tr imen , ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁Jun onia ▁o en one ▁( Lin na eus , ▁ 1 7 5 8 ) ▁Jun onia ▁or ith ya ▁here ▁Lang , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁Pro t og oni om or pha ▁an ac ard ii ▁( Tr imen , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁Pre cis ▁lim n oria ▁( K l ug , ▁ 1 8 4 5 ) ▁Hyp ol im nas ▁bol ina ▁j ac in tha ▁( Dr ury , ▁[ 1 7 7 3 ]) ▁Hyp ol im nas ▁mis ipp us ▁( Lin na eus , ▁ 1 7 6 4 ) ▁Mel ita ea ▁desert icola ▁sc otti ▁H igg ins , ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁ ▁Bib l id inae ▁ ▁Bib l id ini ▁By bl ia ▁an vat ara ▁ach elo ia ▁( W allen gren , ▁ 1 8 5 7 ) ▁By bl ia ▁an vat ara ▁bo yd i ▁D ix ey , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁By bl ia ▁il ith y ia ▁( Dr ury |
, ▁ 1 7 7 3 ) ▁E ury t ela ▁dry ope ▁brit ton i ▁Gabriel , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁Lim en it inae ▁ ▁Ne pt id ini ▁Ne pt is ▁ser ena ▁ann ah ▁Lars en , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁ ▁Ad oli ad ini ▁Ham an um ida ▁da ed alus ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ 1 7 7 5 ) ▁ ▁Hel icon i inae ▁ ▁Ac ra e ini ▁Ac ra ea ▁ch ilo ▁y em ensis ▁Le ▁D oux , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁Ac ra ea ▁ne ob ule ▁Double day , ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁Ac ra ea ▁double day i ▁az v aki ▁d ' A br era , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Ac ra ea ▁en ced on ▁r ath j ens i ▁Le ▁D oux , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁Ac ra ea ▁ser ena ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ 1 7 7 5 ) ▁ ▁V agrant ini ▁Ph al anta ▁ph al anth a ▁gr anti ▁( R oth sch ild ▁& ▁Jordan , ▁ 1 9 0 3 ) ▁ ▁H esper i idae ▁ ▁Co eli ad inae ▁Co eli ades ▁anch ises ▁j uc unda ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁ ▁P yr g inae ▁ ▁C ela en orr hin ini ▁Sar anges a ▁ph id yle ▁( W alk er , ▁ 1 8 |
7 0 ) ▁ ▁Tag i ad ini ▁Cap ron a ▁p illa ana ▁W allen gren , ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁ ▁C arch arod ini ▁Sp ial ia ▁col otes ▁sem icon flu ens ▁de ▁J ong , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁Sp ial ia ▁di om us ▁( H opf fer , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ) ▁Sp ial ia ▁dor is ▁( W alk er , ▁ 1 8 7 0 ) ▁Sp ial ia ▁ma fa ▁h ig gin si ▁Evans , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁Sp ial ia ▁mang ana ▁( R eb el , ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁Sp ial ia ▁sp io ▁( Lin na eus , ▁ 1 7 6 4 ) ▁Sp ial ia ▁z eb ra ▁b if ida ▁( H igg ins , ▁ 1 9 2 4 ) ▁C arch arod us ▁al ceae ▁w iss mann i ▁War ne cke , ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁G om alia ▁el ma ▁( Tr imen , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁ ▁H esper i inae ▁ ▁Ba or ini ▁Bor bo ▁f atu ell us ▁( H opf fer , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ) ▁Bor bo ▁gem ella ▁( M ab ille , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ) ▁Gegen es ▁h ott ent ota ▁( L atre ille , ▁ 1 8 2 4 ) ▁Gegen es ▁nost rod am us ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ |
1 7 9 3 ) ▁Gegen es ▁p um ilio ▁p um ilio ▁( H off man se gg , ▁ 1 8 0 4 ) ▁Gegen es ▁p um ilio ▁mon och ro a ▁( R eb el , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁moth s ▁of ▁Y emen ▁Wild life ▁of ▁Y emen ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁but ter ▁* Y ▁Y emen ▁* ▁but ter f lies ▁Y emen <0x0A> </s> ▁T ari q ▁L amp te y ▁( born ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁for ▁ ▁club ▁Bright on ▁& ▁H ove ▁Alb ion ▁and ▁the ▁England ▁national ▁under - 2 0 ▁team . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Ch else a ▁L amp te y ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁H illing don , ▁Gre ater ▁London . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁Ch else a ▁youth ▁system , ▁joining ▁the ▁a cademy ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁L amp te y ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁for ▁Ch else a ▁against ▁Ar sen al ▁in ▁the ▁Premier ▁League , ▁replacing ▁F ik ay o ▁Tom ori . ▁Spe aking ▁to ▁Ch else a ▁TV ▁after ▁the ▁game , ▁L amp te y ▁described ▁how ▁nerv ous ▁he ▁was ▁making ▁his ▁debut : ▁" My ▁heart ▁was ▁racing , ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁moment ▁me ▁and ▁my |
▁family ▁have ▁been ▁waiting ▁for ." ▁L amp te y ▁became ▁the ▁sevent h ▁a cademy ▁gradu ate ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁first - team ▁appearance ▁during ▁Frank ▁L amp ard ' s ▁manager ial ▁ten ure ▁at ▁Ch else a , ▁following ▁in ▁the ▁foot steps ▁of ▁Mason ▁Mount , ▁Billy ▁Gil m our , ▁Re e ce ▁James , ▁Marc ▁G ue hi , ▁T ino ▁An jor in ▁and ▁Ian ▁Ma ats en . ▁ ▁Bright on ▁& ▁H ove ▁Alb ion ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁winter ▁transfer ▁dead line ▁day , ▁L amp te y ▁completed ▁a ▁permanent ▁transfer ▁to ▁Bright on ▁& ▁H ove ▁Alb ion ▁F . C ., ▁signing ▁a ▁three ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁year ▁deal . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁H illing don ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Eng land ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : Ch else a ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B right on ▁& ▁H ove ▁Alb ion ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : P rem ier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Black ▁English ▁sports people <0x0A> </s> ▁P icha q ani ▁( A ym ara ▁p icha qa , ▁ph icha qa , ▁pi q ach a ▁a ▁big ▁need le , ▁- ni ▁a ▁suffix , ▁" the ▁one ▁with |
▁a ▁big ▁need le ", ▁also ▁sp elled ▁P ich ac ani ) ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁And es ▁of ▁Boliv ia . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁O ru ro ▁Department , ▁S aj ama ▁Province , ▁Tur co ▁Municip ality . ▁P icha q ani ▁lies ▁at ▁the ▁northern ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁P um iri ▁River . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁O ru ro ▁Department <0x0A> </s> ▁For ▁the ▁Ult ra vo x ▁album , ▁see ▁L ament ▁( U lt ra vo x ▁album ). ▁ ▁L ament ▁is ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁and ▁last ▁studio ▁album ▁of ▁original ▁material , ▁from ▁American ▁Christian ▁rock ▁band ▁Res urre ction ▁Band , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁The ▁band ▁also ▁revert ed ▁to ▁their ▁original ▁mon iker ▁with ▁this ▁album . ▁ ▁Rec ording ▁history ▁Conc ern ed ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁fallen ▁into ▁a ▁r ut ▁mus ically , ▁Res urre ction ▁Band ▁decided ▁to ▁reach ▁outside ▁the ▁band ▁for ▁insp iration , ▁finding ▁it ▁in ▁producer ▁Ty ▁T abor , ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁co - le ad ▁vocal ist ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁King ' s ▁X . ▁However , ▁the ▁most ▁radical ▁departure ▁from ▁prior ▁releases ▁was ▁not ▁so ▁much ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁music — the ▁bl ues - based ▁hard ▁rock ▁of ▁latter - period ▁RE Z ▁is ▁still ▁here ▁in ▁evidence — but ▁the ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁material . ▁ ▁L ament ▁is ▁the ▁band ' s ▁first ▁concept |
▁album , ▁a ▁song ▁cycle ▁about ▁one ▁man ' s ▁dis ill usion ment ▁with ▁the ▁har sh ness ▁and ▁cruel ty ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁his ▁event ual ▁real ization ▁that ▁things ▁will ▁not ▁change ▁without ▁his ▁own ▁spiritual ▁re dem ption . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁band ' s ▁final ▁album ▁of ▁original ▁material , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁fitting ▁sw an ▁song , ▁given ▁that ▁Res urre ction ▁Band ' s ▁entire ▁reason ▁for ▁existence ▁was ▁to ▁insp ire ▁listen ers ▁to ▁seriously ▁consider ▁their ▁own ▁spiritual ▁condition ▁and ▁their ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁Sav ior . ▁ ▁Rec ogn izing ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁how ▁the ▁songs ▁are ▁ordered , ▁Res urre ction ▁Band ▁played ▁the ▁entire ▁album ▁from ▁beginning ▁to ▁end ▁on ▁the ▁tour ▁which ▁supported ▁this ▁album , ▁which ▁was ▁rare ▁enough ▁in ▁rock ▁music — save ▁for ▁The ▁Who , ▁P ink ▁F loyd , ▁Iron ▁Ma iden ▁and ▁St y x — and ▁un he ard ▁of ▁in ▁Christian ▁rock . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁cre ative ▁reb irth ▁of ▁L ament ▁was ▁highly ▁pra ised ▁among ▁long - time ▁fans ▁of ▁Res urre ction ▁Band ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁prominent ▁Christian ▁music ▁critics , ▁with ▁some ▁calling ▁the ▁album ▁the ▁fin est ▁the ▁band ▁ever ▁recorded . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Gl enn ▁Kaiser ▁– ▁ac oust ic ▁and ▁electric ▁gu it ars , ▁d ul c imer , ▁harm onica , ▁lead ▁and ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁W endi ▁Kaiser ▁– ▁lead ▁and ▁background ▁vocals |
▁ ▁Stu ▁He iss ▁– ▁electric ▁and ▁ac oust ic ▁gu it ars , ▁key boards ▁ ▁Roy ▁Mont roy ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar , ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁John ▁Herr in ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Roger ▁He iss ▁– ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Ed ▁B ial ach ▁– ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Ty ▁T abor ▁– ▁lead ▁guitar , ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁producer , ▁engineer ▁ ▁Chris ▁Camer on ▁– ▁organ ▁ ▁H ilde ▁B ial ach ▁– ▁c ello ▁ ▁Jul ie ▁M . ▁Andrew s ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁D iane ▁B orden ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Eric ▁Clay ton ▁– ▁pan ▁pip es ▁ ▁Col le en ▁Dav ick ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Sh elli ▁Fried e ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Chris ▁Gar no ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁M icky ▁Griff in ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Bon nie ▁Gro th ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁La ure l ▁He iss ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁L ott ie ▁Jones ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁C ary l ▁Mont roy ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Andrea ▁Sp ic er ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁▁ ▁Add itional ▁production ' ▁ ▁Tom ▁Camer on ▁– ▁executive ▁producer ▁ ▁Brian ▁Gar cia ▁– ▁engineer ▁ ▁Roger ▁He iss ▁– ▁engineer ▁ ▁Ed ▁B ial ach ▁– ▁assistant ▁to ▁engineer ▁ ▁Mart y ▁Phill ips ▁– ▁assistant ▁to ▁engineer ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Res urre ction ▁Band ▁albums ▁Category : Con cept ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ed son ▁Ch ol bi ▁N asc imento , |
▁usually ▁known ▁simply ▁as ▁Ed inho ▁( born ▁August ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁former ▁football ▁goal keeper . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁football ▁legend ▁Pel é ▁with ▁his ▁first ▁wife ▁Ros em eri ▁Ch ol bi ▁N asc imento , ▁who ▁is ▁of ▁Brazil ian - Ar gent in ian ▁background . ▁Pel é ' s ▁second ▁son ▁and ▁Ed son ' s ▁brother ▁Josh ua ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁footballer , ▁playing ▁under ▁Ed son ▁at ▁Santos . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ed inho ▁played ▁for ▁four ▁clubs , ▁Santos , ▁Portug ues a ▁Sant ista , ▁São ▁Ca et ano ▁and ▁P onte ▁Pre ta ▁before ▁ret iring ▁from ▁professional ▁football ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 9 . ▁ ▁His ▁greatest ▁achiev ement ▁was ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁Santos ▁side ▁that ▁finished ▁runner - up ▁in ▁the ▁S érie ▁A ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Ed inho ▁was ▁h ired ▁as ▁Santos ' ▁goal keep ing ▁coach ▁on ▁February ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Until ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁team ' s ▁assistant ▁coach . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁money ▁la und ering ▁and ▁drug ▁tra ff ick ing . ▁ ▁He ▁appe aled ▁the ▁sentence ▁and ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁remain ▁free ▁during ▁his ▁appeal . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁was |
▁given ▁a ▁ 3 3 - year ▁sentence ▁for ▁the ▁charges ▁but ▁ad am antly ▁den ies ▁any ▁invol vement . ▁ ▁A ▁court ▁reduced ▁the ▁sentence ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁months , ▁but ▁Ed inho ▁must ▁serve ▁his ▁sentence ▁in ▁j ail . ▁ ▁References ▁Enc ic lop édia ▁do ▁Fut ebol ▁Brasile iro , ▁Volume ▁ 1 ▁- ▁L ance , ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro : ▁A ret ê ▁Editor ial ▁S / A , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Santos , ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁crim inals ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁football ers ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁football ▁man agers ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁A ▁players ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁B ▁man agers ▁Category : S ant os ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Ass ocia ção ▁Atl ética ▁Portug ues a ▁( S ant os ) ▁players ▁Category : Ass ocia ção ▁Des port iva ▁São ▁Ca et ano ▁players ▁Category : Ass ocia ção ▁Atl ética ▁P onte ▁Pre ta ▁players ▁Category : M og i ▁Mir im ▁Esp orte ▁Cl ube ▁man agers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁System ▁Dep loyment ▁Image ▁( aka ▁S DI ) ▁is ▁a ▁file ▁format ▁used ▁primarily ▁with ▁Microsoft ▁products ▁to ▁contain ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁disk ▁image , |
▁including ▁boot ▁sector ▁information . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁System ▁Dep loyment ▁Image ▁( S DI ) ▁file ▁format ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁virtual ▁disk ▁for ▁startup ▁or ▁boot ing . ▁Some ▁versions ▁of ▁Microsoft ▁Windows ▁allow ▁for ▁" RAM ▁boot ing ", ▁which ▁is ▁essentially ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁load ▁an ▁S DI ▁file ▁into ▁memory ▁and ▁then ▁boot ▁from ▁it . ▁The ▁S DI ▁file ▁format ▁also ▁l ends ▁itself ▁to ▁network ▁boot ing ▁using ▁the ▁Pre boot ▁Exec ution ▁Environment ▁( P X E ). ▁Another ▁usage ▁is ▁hard ▁disk ▁imag ing . ▁The ▁S DI ▁file ▁itself ▁is ▁partition ed ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁sections : ▁▁ ▁Boot ▁B LOB ▁ ▁This ▁contains ▁the ▁actual ▁boot ▁program , ▁ST ART ROM . COM . ▁This ▁is ▁analog ous ▁to ▁the ▁boot ▁sector ▁of ▁a ▁hard ▁disk . ▁ ▁Load ▁B LOB ▁ ▁This ▁typically ▁contains ▁N TL DR ▁and ▁is ▁launched ▁by ▁the ▁boot ▁B LOB . ▁ ▁Part ▁B LOB ▁ ▁This ▁contains ▁the ▁actual ▁boot ▁runtime ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁disk ▁image ▁including ▁any ▁Oper ating ▁System ▁[ OS ] ▁files ) ▁and ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁boot . ini ▁( used ▁by ▁N TL DR ) ▁and ▁n td et ect . com ▁files ▁which ▁should ▁be ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁root ▁directory ▁of ▁the ▁runtime . ▁The ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁runtime ▁cannot ▁exceed ▁ 5 0 0 ▁MB . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this ▁requirement ▁the ▁runtime ▁must ▁also ▁be |
▁capable ▁of ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁boot ing ▁from ▁a ▁ram disk . ▁This ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁runtime ▁must ▁include ▁the ▁" Windows ▁RAM ▁Disk ▁Driver " ▁component ▁( spec ified ▁within ▁the ▁boot . ini ). ▁▁ ▁Disk ▁B LOB ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁flat ▁H DD ▁image ▁starting ▁with ▁a ▁MB R . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁hard ▁drive ▁imag ing ▁instead ▁of ▁boot ing . ▁Also ▁only ▁Disk ▁B LOB s ▁can ▁be ▁mounted ▁with ▁Microsoft ' s ▁util ities . ▁ ▁S DI ▁usually ▁contains ▁either ▁Disk ▁B LOB ▁( HD ▁cl oning ▁or ▁temporary ▁S DI ) ▁or ▁three ▁other ▁of ▁them ▁( boot able ▁S DI ). ▁ ▁Windows ▁V ista ▁or ▁Windows ▁P E ▁ 2 . 0 ▁boot ▁sequence ▁includes ▁a ▁boot . sd i ▁file , ▁which ▁contains ▁Part ▁B LOB ▁for ▁an ▁empty ▁N TF S ▁volume ▁and ▁a ▁Table - of - Contents ▁slot ▁for ▁the ▁W IM ▁image , ▁which ▁is ▁stored ▁on ▁a ▁separate ▁on - disk ▁file . ▁ ▁S DI ▁features ▁ ▁S DI ▁driver ▁ ▁S DI ▁files ▁can ▁be ▁mounted ▁as ▁virtual ▁disk ▁drives ▁and ▁assigned ▁a ▁drive ▁letter ▁if ▁an ▁S DI ▁driver ▁is ▁available ▁to ▁allow ▁this . ▁A ▁S DI ▁driver ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁storage ▁driver ▁and ▁is ▁commonly ▁used ▁with ▁Windows ▁XP ▁Em bed ded . ▁ ▁S DI ▁management ▁ ▁Microsoft ▁provides ▁a ▁tool ▁called ▁the ▁" S DI ▁File ▁Manager " ▁( sd im gr . exe |
) ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁manip ulating ▁S DI ▁files . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁tasks ▁which ▁this ▁tool ▁facil it ates ▁are : ▁▁ ▁The ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁S DI ▁image ▁file . ▁ ▁The ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁S DI ▁image ▁file ▁from ▁an ▁existing ▁hard ▁disk ▁partition . ▁ ▁The ▁ver ification ▁of ▁an ▁existing ▁S DI ▁image . ▁ ▁S DI ▁loader ▁ ▁The ▁mechanism ▁which ▁allows ▁for ▁the ▁creation , ▁addition ▁and ▁removal ▁of ▁virtual ▁disk ▁drives . ▁S DI ▁Lo ader ▁and ▁Driver ▁work ▁with ▁Disk ▁B LOB . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Windows ▁Im aging ▁Format ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁file ▁formats <0x0A> </s> ▁Rh yn chos por a ▁color ata , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁st arr ush ▁wh itet op , ▁white ▁star ▁sed ge ▁and ▁white - to pped ▁sed ge , ▁is ▁a ▁per enn ial ▁sed ge ▁with ▁white ▁b ract s , ▁giving ▁it ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁white ▁pet als ▁with ▁long , ▁green ▁points . ▁It ▁is ▁native ▁to ▁sout he astern ▁North ▁America , ▁from ▁Virginia ▁west ▁to ▁New ▁Mexico ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁south ▁into ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁islands . ▁ ▁The ▁infl ores c ence ▁is ▁a ▁dense ▁cluster ▁of ▁small ▁sp ikes , ▁each ▁containing ▁several ▁tiny ▁flowers . ▁It ▁s its ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁ 3 – 1 0 ▁green ▁and ▁white ▁b ract s ▁that ▁grow ▁to ▁ 1 0 – 1 5 cm ▁long |
. ▁They ▁look ▁much ▁like ▁leaves , ▁but ▁the ▁real ▁leaves ▁arise ▁from ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁plant . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁color ata ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Hans ▁Heinrich ▁P fe iffer <0x0A> </s> ▁Liv io ▁W enger ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swiss ▁long ▁track ▁speed ▁sk ater ▁and ▁inline ▁speed ▁sk ater . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁The ▁World ▁Games ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁W roc law , ▁Poland ▁where ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 k ▁track ▁points - el im ination . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁metres , ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁metres ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Mass ▁start ▁where ▁he ▁finished ▁fourth . ▁ ▁Personal ▁records ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sw iss ▁male ▁speed ▁sk aters ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁speed ▁sk aters ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁Category : Speed ▁sk aters ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : World ▁Games ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁World ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁Al ton ▁Station , ▁previously ▁called ▁Al ton |
▁railway ▁station ▁and ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers ▁railway ▁station , ▁is ▁hol iday ▁accommod ation ▁and ▁an ▁abandoned ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁Staff ord shire , ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁Land mark ▁Trust . ▁Open ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁Staff ord shire ▁Railway , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ch urn et ▁Valley ▁line ▁and ▁served ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Al ton ▁and ▁the ▁country ▁estate ▁at ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁renamed ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers . ▁After ▁being ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁Staff ord shire ▁County ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁to ▁cur tail ▁persistent ▁v andal ism ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁building , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁Land mark ▁Trust , ▁who ▁renamed ▁the ▁site ▁to ▁Al ton ▁Station ▁and ▁converted ▁the ▁former ▁station ▁buildings ▁into ▁hol iday ▁accommod ation . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁At ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁" R ail way ▁Man ia ", ▁when ▁rail ways ▁were ▁being ▁built ▁across ▁the ▁whole ▁country , ▁the ▁North ▁Staff ord shire ▁Railway ▁obtained ▁Parliament ' s ▁permission ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁lines , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁Ch urn et ▁Valley ▁Line , ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁June ▁ 1 8 4 5 . ▁It ▁ran ▁from ▁ ▁in ▁Ch esh ire ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁East ▁Staff ord shire . ▁A |
▁temporary ▁station ▁was ▁ere cted ▁in ▁Al ton ▁which ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁and ▁the ▁permanent ▁station ▁buildings ▁opened ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁The ▁station ' s ▁design ▁followed ▁an ▁Italian ate ▁villa ▁style , ▁unique ▁in ▁this ▁respect ▁among ▁all ▁NS R ▁stations , ▁which ▁were ▁a ▁T ud or ▁or ▁Jacob e an ▁style . ▁The ▁architecture ▁is ▁various ly ▁attributed ▁to ▁A . W . ▁P ugin ▁and ▁Henry ▁Arthur ▁H unt , ▁the ▁latter ▁of ▁whom ▁designed ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁NS R ' s ▁stations . ▁ ▁Early ▁passengers ▁included ▁many ▁day ▁visitors ▁coming ▁in ▁large ▁numbers ▁from ▁the ▁Staff ord shire ▁Pot ter ies ▁to ▁visit ▁nearby ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers , ▁the ▁country ▁estate ▁of ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury . ▁A ▁lug g age ▁lift ▁was ▁installed ▁to ▁ho ist ▁the ▁Earl ' s ▁b agg age ▁up ▁to ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers . ▁The ▁station ▁also ▁compr ised ▁a ▁three - store y ▁tower ▁which ▁contained ▁the ▁Earl ' s ▁suite ▁of ▁waiting ▁rooms ▁and ▁its ▁platform ▁was ▁made ▁particularly ▁long ▁to ▁satisfy ▁the ▁Earl ' s ▁desire ▁to ▁have ▁impress ive ▁surr ound ings ▁in ▁which ▁to ▁receive ▁his ▁guests . ▁ ▁Several ▁add itions ▁were ▁made ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s : ▁▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁- ▁goods ▁yard ▁and ▁sid ings ▁en larg ed , ▁signal ▁box ▁built ▁▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁- ▁waiting ▁room ▁extended ▁with |
▁a ▁new ▁book ing ▁office ▁▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁- ▁platforms ▁length ened , ▁path way ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁Tow ers ▁built ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁experienced ▁a ▁great ▁increase ▁in ▁use ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁when ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁tour ist ▁att raction , ▁with ▁its ▁gard ens ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁open ▁for ▁public ▁use , ▁although ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁become ▁a ▁theme ▁park ▁for ▁several ▁dec ades ▁afterwards . ▁It ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁London , ▁Mid land ▁and ▁Scottish ▁Railway ▁during ▁the ▁Group ing ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁The ▁station ▁then ▁passed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁London ▁Mid land ▁Region ▁of ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁on ▁national isation ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁and ▁there after ▁the ▁line ▁began ▁to ▁decl ine . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁renamed ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁its ▁previous ▁service ▁to ▁the ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers ▁estate . ▁Pass enger ▁service ▁was ▁greatly ▁reduced ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁with ▁event ual ▁closure ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁Board ▁occurr ing ▁ten ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁ren aming . ▁V andal ism ▁of ▁the ▁waiting ▁room ▁became ▁a ▁problem ▁soon ▁there after , ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁buildings , ▁platform ▁and ▁sections ▁of ▁line ▁were ▁purchased ▁by ▁Staff ord shire ▁County ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁layout ▁▁ ▁The ▁former ▁station ▁buildings , ▁attributed ▁various |
ly ▁to ▁August us ▁P ugin ▁and ▁local ▁architect ▁Henry ▁Arthur ▁H unt , ▁are ▁of ▁an ▁Italian ate ▁villa ▁style ▁unique ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁North ▁Staff ord shire ▁Railway ▁and ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁Charles ▁Ch et wy nd - T al bot , ▁ 1 9 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury , ▁who ▁owned ▁the ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers ▁estate ▁and ▁wished ▁for ▁an ▁impress ive ▁station ▁where ▁he ▁might ▁impress ▁his ▁guests . ▁When ▁in ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁railway ▁station , ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers ▁also ▁possessed ▁a ▁three - store y ▁tower , ▁unus ually ▁long ▁platforms , ▁and ▁a ▁lug g age ▁lift ▁to ▁the ▁Al ton ▁Tow ers ▁estate , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁built ▁at ▁the ▁Earl ' s ▁request . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁today ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁buildings , ▁which ▁are ▁grade ▁II ▁listed , ▁were ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Land mark ▁Trust ▁and ▁the ▁station master ' s ▁house ▁converted ▁into ▁hol iday ▁accommod ation , ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁Land mark ▁Trust ▁converted ▁the ▁waiting - room ▁to ▁provide ▁additional ▁accommod ation ▁space . ▁ ▁The ▁buildings ▁are ▁occasionally ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁" Open ▁Day " ▁scheme ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁Trust . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Far ley , ▁Staff ord shire ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Land mark ▁Trust ▁official ▁site ▁▁ ▁Al ton ▁station ▁on ▁navig able ▁ |
1 9 4 6 ▁O . ▁S . ▁map ▁▁ ▁Al ton ▁station ▁on ▁navig able ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁OS ▁map ▁ ▁Category : Dis used ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Staff ord shire ▁Category : Be ech ing ▁clos ures ▁in ▁England ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁Category : G rade ▁II ▁listed ▁railway ▁stations ▁Category : Ital ian ate ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : G rade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Staff ord shire ▁Category : Land mark ▁Trust ▁properties ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Form er ▁North ▁Staff ord shire ▁Railway ▁stations ▁Category : Rep ur posed ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 1 8 4 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁August us ▁Moore ▁( 1 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁- ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Chief ▁Of ▁Staff , ▁was ▁ ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁an ▁under world ▁king pin , ▁and ▁the ▁re put ed ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Ros es ▁C rew . ▁Because ▁of ▁his ▁nature , ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁man ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁nick name ▁" Will ie ▁H ag gart ", ▁a ▁p ato is ▁cor ruption ▁of ▁" h og - heart ". ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁William ▁' Will ie ▁H ag gart ' ▁Moore ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁child ▁born ▁to ▁his ▁parents . ▁He |
▁attended ▁Jones ▁Town ▁Primary . ▁As ▁a ▁te en ager , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Anthony ▁' General ▁Star sky ' ▁T ing le ' s ▁Wild ▁B unch ▁crew , ▁before ▁linking ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁adult ▁with ▁General ▁Sk eng ▁and ▁the ▁wider ▁Sp ang lers ▁Army ▁over se as , ▁after ▁his ▁ment or ▁General ▁Star sky ▁was ▁brut ally ▁murder ed ▁in ▁J ama ica ▁som etime ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁ ▁also ▁spent ▁some ▁time ▁in ▁London ▁England ▁where ▁he ▁hook ed ▁up ▁with ▁men ▁like ▁Rank ing ▁D read ▁as ▁they ▁knew ▁the ▁same ▁gang sters ▁from ▁J ama ica ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁also ▁in ▁America . ▁Will ie ▁special ized ▁in ▁ro bb ing ▁drug ▁deal ers ▁and ▁crack ▁houses . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 9 0 s ▁he ▁scored ▁big ▁when ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁huge ▁load ▁off ▁some ▁Colomb ians ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁ran ▁back ▁to ▁J ama ica . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁family ▁▁▁▁ ▁H ag gart ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁J ama ica ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁he ▁married ▁his ▁then ▁common ▁law ▁wife ▁Ang ela ▁' L ikk le ▁Miss ' ▁Moore . ▁The ▁union ▁produced ▁two ▁children , ▁S io b han ▁and ▁Andrea . ▁▁ ▁H ag gart ▁died ▁acknowled ging ▁ 1 8 ▁k ids , ▁six ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁males : ▁" Red ▁Man ", ▁Steve , ▁Ryan , ▁" L |
ittle ▁Will ie ", ▁and ▁tw ins ▁K hor ian ▁and ▁K har ian . ▁However , ▁since ▁his ▁death ▁others ▁have ▁come ▁forward ▁claim ing ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁their ▁father , ▁potentially ▁raising ▁the ▁figure ▁to ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁children . ▁ ▁Death ▁On ▁the ▁afternoon ▁of ▁April ▁ 1 8 ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁H ag gart ▁was ▁sitting ▁and ▁talking ▁with ▁two ▁friends ▁from ▁the ▁Black ▁Ros es ▁C rew , ▁Ned ▁" Big ▁Bun ny " ▁H inds ▁and ▁Albert ▁" Black a ▁Dou che " ▁Bon ner , ▁on ▁a ▁King ston ▁street . ▁A ▁Toy ota ▁Cor ol la ▁pulled ▁up ▁and ▁three ▁men ▁got ▁out , ▁who ▁immediately ▁opened ▁fire . ▁H inds ▁and ▁Bon ner ▁died ▁instantly , ▁while ▁H ag gart ▁died ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁hospital . ▁His ▁fun eral ▁was ▁very ▁controvers ial ▁as ▁several ▁members ▁of ▁then ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁P . J . ▁P atter son ' s ▁government ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁estimated ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁who ▁showed ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Arena ▁to ▁pay ▁their ▁last ▁respect s ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁leader . ▁Among ▁these ▁were ▁Fin ance ▁Minister ▁and ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁South ▁St . ▁Andrew ▁O mar ▁Dav ies , ▁Minister ▁of ▁Water ▁and ▁H ous ing ▁Karl ▁B ly the ▁and ▁then ▁Minister ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Works ▁Peter ▁Phill ips . ▁▁ ▁Paul ▁Bur ke , ▁then ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁National ▁Party ▁Region ▁Three ▁also ▁attended |
, ▁as ▁did ▁East ▁King ston ▁business man ▁Dan hai ▁Williams , ▁Kenneth ▁' Sk eng ▁Don ' ▁Black ▁of ▁Clar end on ▁/ ▁Man dev ille ▁who ▁arrived ▁in ▁a ▁motor cade ▁consisting ▁of ▁several ▁bullet proof ▁cars ▁with ▁motor cycle ▁out rid ers ▁and ▁Gram my ▁winning ▁de ej ay , ▁Mos es ▁' Be enie ▁Man ' ▁Davis ▁. ▁ ▁Br ush es ▁with ▁the ▁Law ▁H ag gart ▁was ▁conv icted ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Half - W ay ▁Tree ▁Court ▁for ▁un law ful ▁possession ▁and ▁f ined ▁$ 5 0 . ▁Police ▁records ▁show ▁that ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁he ▁was ▁conv icted ▁for ▁possession ▁of ▁mar iju ana ▁and ▁was ▁f ined ▁$ 1 0 0 ▁or ▁ 3 0 ▁days ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁he ▁was ▁charged ▁with ▁rob ber y ▁with ▁ag gra v ation , ▁but ▁the ▁case ▁was ▁later ▁dismiss ed . ▁ ▁Black ▁Ros es ▁C rew ▁Ar ound ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁H ag gart ▁was ▁invited ▁by ▁B ogle ▁to ▁join ▁his ▁entertain ment / party ▁crew ▁Ros es ▁which ▁made ▁him ▁popular ▁within ▁the ▁dance hall ▁community ▁world wide . ▁The ▁' Will ie ▁B ounce ' ▁dance ▁move ▁was ▁created ▁and ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honour . ▁ ▁Port ray al ▁in ▁popular ▁media ▁▁ ▁Refer enced ▁in ▁J ama ican ▁dance hall ▁music |
ian ▁ ▁Junior ▁Cat ' s ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁song ▁Top ▁Dog ▁▁ ▁Refer enced ▁in ▁J ama ican ▁dance hall ▁music ian ▁ ▁Be enie ▁Man ' s ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁song ▁M ob ster ▁( ▁Fa ada ▁P ump ▁R if le ▁) ▁ ▁Refer enced ▁in ▁J ama ican ▁dance hall ▁mus icians ▁Ele ph ant ▁Man ▁( mus ician ) ▁and ▁Sp rag ga ▁Ben z ' s ▁song ▁War rior ▁C ause ▁ ▁Refer enced ▁in ▁J ama ican ▁dance hall ▁music ian ▁ ▁Be enie ▁Man ' s ▁song ▁We ▁Set ▁The ▁Tr end z ▁ ▁Refer enced ▁in ▁J ama ican ▁dance hall ▁music ian ▁ ▁Bu ju ▁B anton ' s ▁song ▁T OP ▁A ▁T OP ▁( T OP PA ▁DI ▁T OP ) ▁ ▁Refer enced ▁in ▁J ama ican ▁dance hall ▁music ian ▁ ▁Be enie ▁Man ' s ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁song ▁Year ▁Four ▁( Bag pipe ▁R idd im ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁several ▁music ▁videos ▁▁ ▁Video ▁for ▁Bar r ington ▁Le vy ' s ▁▁ ▁song ▁Work ▁ft ▁J igs y ▁King ▁ ▁Video ▁for ▁Be enie ▁Man ' s ▁song ▁World ▁Dance ▁ ▁Video ▁for ▁ ▁B ling ▁Daw g ' s ▁song ▁Z ip ▁It ▁Up ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Viv ian ▁Bla ke ▁ ▁Christopher ▁Co ke ▁ ▁Rank ing ▁D read ▁ ▁Claude ▁Mass op ▁ ▁Sh ower ▁Pos se ▁ |
▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ale pus ▁b icol or ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁leaf ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ch rys om el idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea ▁and ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C ass id inae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Z ang i ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Is ma illi ▁Ray on ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Is ma illi ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Lu iz ▁Matt ar ▁( born ▁August ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁professional ▁tennis ▁player ▁from ▁Brazil . ▁He ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁professional ▁tour ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 1 9 9 5 , ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁won ▁seven ▁top - level ▁singles ▁titles ▁and ▁five ▁tour ▁doubles ▁titles . ▁Matt ar ' s ▁career - high ▁rank ings ▁were ▁World ▁No . ▁ 2 9 ▁in ▁singles ▁( in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁and ▁World ▁No . ▁ 5 5 ▁in ▁doubles ▁( in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ). ▁His ▁career ▁prize ▁money ▁total led ▁$ 1 , 4 9 3 , 1 3 6 . ▁ ▁Career ▁final |
s ▁ ▁Singles ▁( 7 ▁wins , ▁ 4 ▁losses ) ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁( 5 ▁wins , ▁ 6 ▁losses ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁male ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁tennis ▁players ▁of ▁Brazil ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁people ▁of ▁Leb an ese ▁descent ▁Category : T ennis ▁players ▁of ▁Leb an ese ▁descent ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Category : T ennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : T ennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁L ol ob o ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁central ▁I v ory ▁Coast . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁of ▁Bé ou mi ▁Department ▁in ▁G b ê k ê ▁Region , ▁Vall ée ▁du ▁Band ama ▁District . ▁ ▁L ol ob o ▁was ▁a ▁commune ▁until ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 6 ▁communes ▁nation wide ▁that ▁were ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁of ▁L ol ob o ▁was ▁ 8 , 8 8 0 ▁. ▁ ▁Vill ages ▁The ▁ 1 3 ▁villages ▁of ▁the ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁of ▁L ol ob o ▁and ▁their ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 |
▁are ▁: ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Vall ée ▁du ▁Band ama ▁District ▁Category : Sub - p ref ect ures ▁of ▁G b ê k ê ▁Category : Form er ▁communes ▁of ▁I v ory ▁Coast ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁G b ê k ê <0x0A> </s> ▁An no ▁Dom ini ▁High ▁Definition ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁full - length ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Polish ▁progress ive ▁rock ▁band ▁R ivers ide ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁full ▁length ▁R ivers ide ▁album ▁that ▁is ▁separate ▁from ▁the ▁Re ality ▁Dream ▁suite . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Poland ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁through ▁Myst ic ▁Production ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁world wide ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁through ▁Inside Out . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁a ▁commercial ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁band ' s ▁home ▁country ▁of ▁Poland ▁where ▁it ▁reached ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁album ▁chart . ▁The ▁art ▁design ▁and ▁direction ▁was , ▁once ▁again , ▁handled ▁by ▁Tra vis ▁Smith . ▁▁ ▁A ▁special ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁includes ▁a ▁bonus ▁DVD , ▁fil med ▁during ▁a ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁live ▁performance ▁at ▁Amsterdam ' s ▁Parad iso ▁club . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁" Hy per active " ▁– ▁ 5 : 4 5 ▁ ▁" D ri ven ▁to ▁Dest ruction " ▁– ▁ 7 : 0 6 ▁ ▁" E go ist ▁Hed on ist " ▁– ▁ 8 : |
5 7 ▁ ▁" D ifferent ?" ▁ ▁" H ed on ist ▁Party " ▁ ▁" St raw ▁Man ▁Dance " ▁ ▁" Left ▁Out " ▁– ▁ 1 0 : 5 9 ▁ ▁" Hy brid ▁Times " ▁– ▁ 1 1 : 5 3 ▁ ▁Special ▁edition ▁bonus ▁DVD ▁' Live ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁ 2 0 0 8 ' ▁ ▁" Vol te - Face " ▁- ▁ 8 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" I ▁Turn ed ▁You ▁Down " ▁- ▁ 5 : 1 0 ▁ ▁" Re ality ▁Dream ▁III " ▁- ▁ 5 : 1 6 ▁ ▁" B ey ond ▁The ▁E y el ids " ▁- ▁ 7 : 2 3 ▁ ▁" Con ce iving ▁You " ▁- ▁ 4 : 1 8 ▁ ▁" U lt imate ▁T rip ▁( ex cer pt )" ▁- ▁ 5 : 2 4 ▁ ▁" 0 2 ▁Pan ic ▁Room ▁( single ▁version )" ▁- ▁ 4 : 2 0 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁R ivers ide ▁Mar ius z ▁D uda ▁– ▁vocals , ▁bass , ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁Pi otr ▁Gr ud zi ński ▁– ▁guitar ▁Mich ał ▁Ł ap aj ▁– ▁key boards , ▁th erem in ▁Pi otr ▁K oz ier ad z ki ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Gu est ▁mus icians ▁Raf ał ▁Ga ń ko ▁– ▁tr ump et ▁on ▁" E go ist ▁Hed on ist " ▁Kar ol ▁Go łow acz ▁– ▁sa x oph one ▁on ▁" |
E go ist ▁Hed on ist " ▁Adam ▁K ł osi ński ▁– ▁trom bone ▁on ▁" E go ist ▁Hed on ist " ▁ ▁Production ▁Produ ced ▁by ▁R ivers ide ▁and ▁Sz ym on ▁Che ch ▁Record ed ▁and ▁mixed ▁by ▁Sz ym on ▁Che ch ▁Master ed ▁by ▁Gr zeg or z ▁Pi w kow ski ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁albums ▁Category : Con cept ▁albums ▁Category : R ivers ide ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁Category : In side ▁Out ▁Music ▁albums ▁Category : M yst ic ▁Production ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁with ▁cover ▁art ▁by ▁Tra vis ▁Smith ▁( art ist ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁El ly s ▁( 1 6 8 5 – 1 7 0 9 ), ▁of ▁Mit re ▁Court , ▁Inner ▁Temple , ▁was ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Wend over ▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁– ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 1 7 0 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 0 9 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Inner ▁Temple ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 0 8 – 1 7 1 0 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁for ▁English ▁constitu encies <0x0A> </s> ▁Stan ovi š če ▁( ; ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁K obar id ▁in ▁the ▁L itt oral ▁region ▁of ▁Sloven ia |
. ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁B reg in j ▁Com be . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Stan ovi š če ▁at ▁Ge op edia ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁K obar id <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar vin ▁Golden ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁former ▁professional ▁rugby ▁league ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 s . ▁He ▁played ▁at ▁club ▁for ▁H uns let ▁Park side ▁A RL FC , ▁the ▁Le eds ▁Rh inos ▁including ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ' s , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ' s , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ' s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 9 ' s ▁Super ▁League , ▁Br am ley ▁( lo an ), ▁Hal if ax , ▁the ▁London ▁Bron cos ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ' s ▁Super ▁League , ▁the ▁Don c aster ▁Drag ons ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁W id nes ▁Vik ings ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ' s ▁Super ▁League , ▁he ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁ ▁Il la war ra ▁Ste el ers ▁( non - First ▁Gra de ) ▁in ▁Australia , ▁as ▁a ▁, ▁or ▁. ▁ ▁Background ▁Mar vin ▁Golden ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Le eds , ▁West ▁York shire , ▁England , ▁he ▁now ▁works ▁for ▁TR AD ▁Saf ety ▁Systems ▁located ▁in ▁Mor ley , ▁West ▁York shire , ▁England . |
▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁( arch ived ▁by ▁web . archive . org ) ▁SL ▁stats ▁( arch ived ▁by ▁web . archive . org ) ▁Profile ▁at ▁Le eds ▁Rh inos ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : B ram ley ▁R L FC ▁players ▁Category : Don c aster ▁R . L . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁rugby ▁league ▁players ▁Category : H al if ax ▁R . L . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Le eds ▁Rh inos ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Lond on ▁Bron cos ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Roth well , ▁West ▁York shire ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁cent res ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁w ingers ▁Category : W id nes ▁Vik ings ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Sen hora ▁do ▁Dest ino ▁( English : ▁Her ▁O wn ▁Dest iny ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁t elen ov ela ▁that ▁was ▁produced ▁and ▁a ired ▁by ▁TV ▁Glo bo ▁from ▁June ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁March ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 2 1 ▁episodes . ▁Rep la cing ▁C ele br idade ▁and ▁being ▁replaced ▁by ▁América . ▁Writ ten ▁by ▁Agu inal do ▁Silva ▁with ▁the ▁collaboration ▁of ▁Fil ipe ▁M igue z , ▁Gl oria ▁Bar re to , ▁Maria ▁El isa ▁Ber red o ▁and ▁Nelson ▁Nad otti |