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▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Cy an ogen ▁Inc . ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁shut ting ▁down ▁the ▁infrastr ucture ▁behind ▁Cy an ogen Mod . ▁This ▁was ▁shortly ▁followed ▁by ▁news ▁that ▁the ▁main ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁project ▁would ▁migr ate , ▁ren aming ▁itself ▁as ▁" Line age OS ". ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Head ▁of ▁Develop er ▁Rel ations ▁and ▁community ▁forum ▁administrator ▁Ab h ise k ▁Dev k ota , ▁a ▁Cy an ogen ▁" core ▁team " ▁member , ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁community ▁had ▁lost ▁its ▁" last ▁remaining ▁advoc ate " ▁within ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁its ▁voice ▁in ▁Cy an ogen ▁Inc . ▁and ▁its ▁software ' s ▁future . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁while ▁" that ▁this ▁most ▁recent ▁action ▁from ▁[ C yan ogen ▁Inc .] ▁is ▁definitely ▁a ▁death ▁blow ▁for ▁Cy an ogen Mod ", ▁the ▁community ▁had ▁already ▁begun ▁taking ▁the ▁steps ▁needed ▁to ▁fork ▁the ▁project ▁under ▁a ▁new ▁name ▁and ▁aim ed ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁its ▁grass ro ots ▁orig ins ▁while ▁retain ing ▁professional ▁approaches ▁adopted ▁during ▁the ▁Cy an ogen ▁Inc . ▁era . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁negative ▁con not ations ▁attached ▁to ▁Cy an ogen ▁Inc ' s ▁conduct , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁scope ▁for ▁legal ▁dispute , ▁the ▁for ked ▁project ▁decided ▁not ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁existing ▁brand ▁names ▁" C yan ogen " ▁or ▁" C yan ogen Mod ", |
▁which ▁in ▁any ▁case ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁Indust ry ▁reaction ▁▁ ▁Early ▁responses ▁of ▁table t ▁and ▁smart phone ▁manufact ur ers ▁and ▁mobile ▁carri ers ▁were ▁typically ▁un support ive ▁of ▁third - party ▁firm ware ▁development ▁such ▁as ▁Cy an ogen Mod . ▁Man ufact ur ers ▁expressed ▁concern ▁about ▁impro per ▁function ing ▁of ▁devices ▁running ▁uno fficial ▁software ▁and ▁the ▁related ▁support ▁costs . ▁Moreover , ▁modified ▁firm ware ▁such ▁as ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁sometimes ▁offer ▁features ▁for ▁which ▁carri ers ▁would ▁otherwise ▁charge ▁a ▁prem ium ▁( e . g ., ▁t ether ing ). ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁technical ▁obst acles ▁including ▁locked ▁boot load ers ▁and ▁restricted ▁access ▁to ▁root ▁permissions ▁were ▁common ▁in ▁many ▁devices . ▁ ▁However , ▁as ▁community - develop ed ▁software ▁has ▁grown ▁more ▁popular ▁and ▁following ▁a ▁statement ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁that ▁perm its ▁" j ail bre aking " ▁mobile ▁devices , ▁manufact ur ers ▁and ▁carri ers ▁have ▁soft ened ▁their ▁position ▁regarding ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁and ▁other ▁uno fficial ▁firm ware ▁distributions , ▁with ▁some , ▁including ▁HT C , ▁Motor ola , ▁S amsung ▁and ▁Sony ▁Eric sson , ▁providing ▁support ▁and ▁encourag ing ▁development . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁this , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁circum vent ▁hardware ▁restrictions ▁to ▁install ▁uno fficial ▁firm ware ▁less ened ▁as ▁an ▁increasing ▁number ▁of ▁devices ▁sh ipped ▁with ▁un locked ▁or |
▁un lock able ▁boot load ers , ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁N ex us ▁series ▁of ▁ph ones . ▁Device ▁manufact ur ers ▁HT C ▁and ▁Motor ola ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁support ▁after market ▁software ▁developers ▁by ▁making ▁the ▁boot load ers ▁of ▁all ▁new ▁devices ▁un lock able , ▁although ▁this ▁still ▁viol ates ▁a ▁device ' s ▁war rant y . ▁S amsung ▁sent ▁several ▁Gal axy ▁S ▁II ▁ph ones ▁to ▁the ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁team ▁with ▁the ▁express ▁purpose ▁of ▁bringing ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁to ▁the ▁device , ▁and ▁mobile ▁car rier ▁T - Mobile ▁US ▁vo iced ▁its ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁project , ▁twe eting ▁" CM 7 ▁is ▁great ! ". ▁ ▁Phone ▁manufact ur ers ▁have ▁also ▁taken ▁to ▁re le asing ▁" developer ▁ed itions " ▁of ▁ph ones ▁that ▁are ▁un locked . ▁ ▁Lic ens ing ▁ ▁Until ▁version ▁ 4 . 1 . 1 1 . 1 , ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁included ▁propriet ary ▁software ▁applications ▁provided ▁by ▁Google , ▁such ▁as ▁G mail , ▁Maps , ▁Android ▁Market ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁Play ▁Store ), ▁T alk ▁( now ▁H ang outs ), ▁and ▁YouTube , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁propriet ary ▁hardware ▁drivers . ▁These ▁packages ▁were ▁included ▁with ▁the ▁vendor ▁distributions ▁of ▁Android , ▁but ▁not ▁lic ensed ▁for ▁free ▁distribution . ▁After ▁Google ▁sent ▁a ▁ce ase ▁and ▁des ist ▁letter ▁to ▁Cy an ogen Mod ' s ▁chief ▁developer , ▁Stef |
anie ▁K ond ik , ▁in ▁late ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁demand ing ▁he ▁stop ▁distrib uting ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁applications , ▁development ▁ceased ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁days . ▁The ▁reaction ▁from ▁many ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁users ▁towards ▁Google ▁was ▁host ile , ▁with ▁some ▁claim ing ▁that ▁Google ' s ▁legal ▁thre ats ▁hurt ▁their ▁own ▁interests , ▁viol ated ▁their ▁inform al ▁corpor ate ▁mot to ▁" Don ' t ▁be ▁evil " ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁challenge ▁to ▁the ▁open - source ▁community ▁Google ▁claimed ▁to ▁em brace . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁statement ▁from ▁Google ▁clar ifying ▁its ▁position ▁and ▁a ▁subsequent ▁neg ot iation ▁between ▁Google ▁and ▁Cy an ogen , ▁it ▁was ▁resolved ▁that ▁the ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁project ▁would ▁continue , ▁in ▁a ▁form ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁directly ▁bundle ▁in ▁the ▁propriet ary ▁" Google ▁Exper ience " ▁components . ▁It ▁was ▁determined ▁that ▁the ▁propriet ary ▁Google ▁apps ▁may ▁be ▁back ed - up ▁from ▁the ▁Google - supp lied ▁firm ware ▁on ▁the ▁phone ▁and ▁then ▁re - installed ▁onto ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁releases ▁without ▁in fr ing ing ▁copy right . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Cy an ogen ▁war ned ▁that ▁while ▁issues ▁no ▁longer ▁remain ▁with ▁Google , ▁there ▁were ▁still ▁potential ▁lic ens ing ▁problems ▁regarding ▁propriet ary , ▁closed - source ▁device ▁drivers . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Cy an |
ogen ▁posted ▁an ▁update ▁on ▁the ▁matter . ▁K ond ik ▁wrote ▁he ▁was ▁re building ▁the ▁source ▁tree , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁the ▁lic ens ing ▁issues ▁with ▁drivers ▁could ▁be ▁worked ▁out . ▁He ▁added ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁receiving ▁assistance ▁from ▁Google ▁employees . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁ 7 . 2 ▁release ▁announ cement ▁stated : ▁" C yan ogen Mod ▁does ▁still ▁include ▁various ▁hardware - specific ▁code , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁slowly ▁being ▁open - s our ced ▁anyway ." ▁ ▁Rep lic ant ▁is ▁a ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁fork ▁that ▁removes ▁all ▁propriet ary ▁software ▁and ▁drivers ▁and ▁thus ▁avoid s ▁all ▁a for ement ioned ▁legal ▁issues . ▁However , ▁Rep lic ant ▁does ▁not ▁support ▁devices ▁that ▁depend ▁on ▁propriet ary ▁drivers , ▁which ▁is ▁most ▁ph ones ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Version ▁history ▁ ▁Cy an ogen ▁OS ▁ ▁Cy an ogen ▁commer cially ▁developed ▁operating ▁systems ▁that ▁came ▁pre - installed ▁on ▁some ▁devices ▁( One Plus ▁One , ▁Y U ▁Y ure ka , ▁Y U ▁Yu ph oria , ▁And rom ax ▁Q , ▁B Q ▁Aqu aris ▁X 5 , ▁Len ovo ▁Z UK ▁Z 1 , ▁W iley fox ▁Swift , ▁W iley fox ▁Storm , ▁Al cat el ▁O NET OU CH ▁P OP ▁Mira ge ) ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁source ▁code . ▁ |
▁Cy an ogen ▁OS ▁is ▁often ▁distributed ▁with ▁additional ▁bund led ▁propriet ary ▁apps ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Google ▁Play ▁e cos ystem , ▁and ▁a ▁suite ▁of ▁software ▁unique ▁to ▁Cy an ogen ▁OS ▁known ▁as ▁C - App s . ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁does ▁not ▁include ▁either ▁by ▁default , ▁but ▁users ▁can ▁obtain ▁them ▁separately ▁if ▁they ▁wish . ▁ ▁Initial ly ▁distinguished ▁with ▁the ▁suffix ▁- S ▁( C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 S ), ▁with ▁version ▁ 1 2 ▁Cy an ogen ▁re brand ed ▁the ▁custom ▁offering ▁as ▁Cy an ogen ▁OS . ▁Cy an ogen ▁started ▁pushing ▁Cy an ogen ▁OS ▁ 1 3 ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 6 . 0 . 1 ▁to ▁One Plus ▁One ▁ph ones ▁O TA ▁on ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁phase ▁wise ▁by ▁the ▁code ▁name ▁Z N H 0 E AS 2 6 M . ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁can ▁be ▁installed ▁on ▁Cy an ogen ▁OS ▁devices . ▁ ▁D iffer ences ▁between ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁and ▁Cy an ogen ▁OS ▁ ▁Support ed ▁devices ▁ ▁Cy an ogen Mod ▁officially ▁supported ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁devices , ▁including ▁most ▁N ex us ▁and ▁Google ▁Play ▁Edition ▁devices . ▁It ▁provided ▁SN AP SH OT ▁( stable ) ▁and ▁N IGHT LY ▁builds ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 5 0 ▁devices ▁( on ▁the ▁development ▁branch ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Android ▁root ing ▁ ▁Com parison ▁of ▁mobile ▁operating ▁systems |
▁ ▁List ▁of ▁custom ▁Android ▁firm ware ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁free ▁and ▁open - source ▁Android ▁applications ▁ ▁Open - source ▁software ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁() ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Cloud ▁clients ▁Category : Custom ▁Android ▁firm ware ▁Category : Em bed ded ▁Linux ▁distributions ▁Category : Free ▁mobile ▁software ▁Category : Mobile ▁Linux ▁Category : Sm art ph ones ▁Category : Android ▁for ks <0x0A> </s> ▁J . ▁Neil ▁C . ▁Gar cia ▁earned ▁his ▁AB ▁Journal ism , ▁mag na ▁cum ▁la ude , ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Santo ▁Tom as ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ; ▁MA ▁in ▁Compar ative ▁Liter ature ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁Ph D ▁in ▁English ▁Studies : ▁Creative ▁Writing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁D il iman . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁English , ▁cre ative ▁writing ▁and ▁compar ative ▁literature ▁at ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Let ters , ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁D il iman , ▁where ▁he ▁also ▁serves ▁as ▁an ▁Associ ate ▁for ▁Po etry ▁at ▁the ▁L ik ha an : ▁U . P . ▁Institute ▁of ▁Creative ▁Writing . ▁ ▁Gar cia ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁numerous ▁poetry ▁collections ▁and ▁works ▁in ▁literary ▁and ▁cultural ▁criticism , ▁including ▁Cl os et ▁Qu ivers ▁( 1 9 9 2 ), ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Car n ival ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁The ▁Sor rows ▁of ▁Water ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), |
▁Kal ulu wa ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁S lip / pages : ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Crit ic ism ▁( 1 9 9 8 ), ▁Perform ing ▁the ▁Self : ▁Occ as ional ▁Pro se ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁The ▁Garden ▁of ▁Word less ness ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁and ▁M ister ios ▁and ▁Other ▁Po ems ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁Gar cia ' s ▁ground bre aking ▁study , ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Culture : ▁The ▁Last ▁Th irty ▁Years ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁National ▁Book ▁Award ▁by ▁the ▁Man ila ▁Crit ics ▁Circle ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁An ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁famous ▁Lad lad ▁series ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁gay ▁writing , ▁Gar cia ▁also ▁edited ▁for ▁the ▁L ik ha an , ▁the ▁following ▁anth ologies : ▁The ▁L ik ha an ▁Book ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁Crit ic ism ▁( 1 9 9 2 – 1 9 9 7 ) ▁and ▁The ▁L ik ha an ▁Book ▁of ▁Po etry ▁and ▁F iction ▁( 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 ). ▁ ▁Gar cia ' s ▁latest ▁critical ▁work , ▁Post colon ial ism ▁and ▁Filip ino ▁Po et ics : ▁Ess ays ▁and ▁Crit iques , ▁is ▁a ▁re vised ▁version ▁of ▁his ▁very ▁provoc ative ▁Ph . ▁D ▁dis sert ation . ▁The ▁book ▁exam ined ▁Filip ino ▁poet ics ▁from ▁the ▁perspective ▁of ▁post - colon ial |
ism ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁author ' s ▁own ▁critical ▁and ▁personal ▁ref lections ▁on ▁poetry - both ▁as ▁he ▁" read s " ▁and ▁" writ es " ▁it . ▁Gar cia ▁sought ▁to ▁answer ▁a ▁specific ▁and ▁difficult ▁question : ▁just ▁how ▁do ▁the ▁dominant ▁po etic ▁theories ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁address ▁the ▁problems ▁and ▁deb ates ▁of ▁post colon ial ism ? ▁This ▁inqu iry ▁led ▁Gar cia ▁to ▁confront ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁national ism . ▁Gar cia ▁addressed ▁the ▁assumptions ▁and ▁consequences ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁national ism ▁then ▁engaged ▁with ▁the ▁poet ics ▁of ▁National ▁Art ist ▁Vir g ilio ▁Al m ario ▁and ▁em inent ▁poet - crit ic ▁Gem ino ▁Ab ad , ▁whom ▁Gar cia ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" the ▁for em ost ▁comment ators ▁on ▁Filip ino ▁poet ics ." ▁ ▁Gar cia ▁is ▁currently ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁full - length ▁book , ▁a ▁post - colon ial ▁survey ▁and ▁analysis ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁poetry ▁in ▁English . ▁Professor ▁Gar cia ▁has ▁won ▁several ▁literary ▁awards ▁including ▁the ▁Pal an ca ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Book ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Man ila ▁Crit ics ▁Circle . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁received ▁gr ants ▁and ▁fellow ships ▁to ▁deliver ▁lect ures ▁in ▁Tai pe i , ▁Hawai i , ▁Ber keley , ▁Manchester , ▁Cambridge , ▁Le iden ▁and ▁Bang k ok . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Po etry ▁Cl os et ▁Qu ivers , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Car n ival , ▁ |
1 9 9 6 ▁Sor rows ▁of ▁Water , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ; ▁Kal ulu wa : ▁New ▁and ▁Selected ▁Po ems , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁The ▁Garden ▁of ▁Word less ness , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁M ister ios ▁and ▁Other ▁Po ems , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Cultural ▁Crit ic ism ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Culture : ▁The ▁Last ▁Th irty ▁Years , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁S lip / pages : ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Crit ic ism , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Post colon ial ism ▁and ▁Filip ino ▁Po et ics : ▁Ess ays ▁and ▁Crit iques , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Creative ▁Non - F iction ▁Cl os et ▁Que eries , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁M yth s ▁and ▁Met aph ors , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Perform ing ▁the ▁Self : ▁Occ as ional ▁Pro se , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Anth ologies ▁( as ▁editor ) L ad lad , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ; L ad lad ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ; The ▁L ik ha an ▁Book ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁Crit ic ism , ▁ 1 9 9 2 – 1 9 9 7 The ▁L ik ha an ▁Book ▁of ▁Po etry ▁and ▁F iction , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁& ▁ 2 0 0 0 B ong ga ▁Ka ▁' Day : ▁Gay ▁Qu otes ▁to ▁Live ▁by |
, ▁ 2 0 0 2 L ad lad ▁ 3 ' ', ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁and ▁awards ▁British ▁Council ▁Fellow ship ▁Grant ▁to ▁Cambridge ▁British ▁Academy ▁Fellow ship ▁Tai pe i ▁International ▁Art ist - in - Res idence ▁Vis iting ▁I CO PH IL ▁Fellow ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Institute ▁of ▁Asian ▁Studies , ▁Le iden , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Pro cy on ▁Po etry ▁Prize ▁National ▁Book ▁Awards ▁from ▁the ▁Man ila ▁Crit ics ▁Circle ▁Pal an ca ▁Awards ▁for ▁Liter ature ▁Philippines ▁Free ▁Press ▁Liter ary ▁Awards ▁for ▁Po etry ▁U . P . ▁G aw ad ▁Chan cell or ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Liter ary ▁Art ist , ▁U . P . ▁G aw ad ▁Chan cell or ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Liter ary ▁Work , ▁U . P . ▁G aw ad ▁Chan cell or ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Research ▁U . P . ▁G aw ad ▁Chan cell or ▁as ▁Art ist ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Out standing ▁Thomas ian ▁Writ ers ▁Award ▁ 2 9 th ▁National ▁Writ ers ' ▁Work shop , ▁Dum agu ete ▁U . P . ▁National ▁Writ ers ' ▁Work shop ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Online ▁Resource ▁Center ▁for ▁Filip ino ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Read ers : ▁About ▁J . ▁Neil ▁C . ▁Gar cia ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Gay , ▁Les bian , ▁Bis ex ual , ▁trans gender ▁and ▁Que er ▁Culture ▁F iction ▁for ▁Gay , ▁Bis ex ual , ▁Les bian ▁and ▁Trans gender ed ▁People ▁The ▁Filip ino |
▁Book ▁Bar n ▁Gay ▁and ▁Les bian ▁Books ▁Online ▁Resource ▁Center ▁for ▁Filip ino ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Read ers : ▁About ▁J . ▁Neil ▁C . ▁Gar cia ▁Filip ino ▁Writ ings ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge : ▁The ▁Garden ▁of ▁Word less ness , ▁ 4 ▁and ▁A ▁Cambridge ▁Journal ▁Arch ip el ago ▁A ▁Crit ical ▁Survey ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁Liter ature ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Press ▁ 1 st ▁International ▁Conference ▁of ▁Que er ▁Studies ▁Caroline ▁Bre wer , ▁Bay lan , ▁As og , ▁Trans vest ism , ▁and ▁S od omy : ▁G ender , ▁Sex ual ity ▁and ▁the ▁Sac red ▁in ▁Early ▁Col onial ▁Philippines ▁De ▁la ▁S alle ▁University ▁Press ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley ▁Library ▁Investig ating ▁the ▁Philippines : ▁New ▁Appro aches ▁and ▁Eth n ographic ▁Context s , ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁Filip ino - American ▁Liter ature ▁Pan it ikan . Com ▁Inter sections : ▁G ender , ▁Culture , ▁History ▁in ▁the ▁Asian ▁Context : ▁Post colon ial ▁Per verse ▁Asia P ac ifi Que er ▁International ▁Conference ▁of ▁Asian ▁Que er ▁Studies ▁International ▁Institute ▁of ▁Asian ▁Studies ▁News letter ▁Contempor ary ▁Liter ary ▁Crit ic ism ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines : ▁Pre lim inary ▁Notes ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Culture : ▁Bin ab ae ▁to ▁Bak la , ▁Sil ah is ▁to ▁MS M ▁ ▁Category : Fil ip ino ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Santo ▁Tom as ▁al umn i ▁Category : L |
GB T ▁writers ▁from ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁D il iman ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁O ma ha ▁S essions ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁released ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁that ▁was ▁sold ▁only ▁through ▁their ▁website ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁The ▁album ▁contains ▁re - master ings ▁of ▁highlight s ▁from ▁their ▁three ▁independent ▁albums : ▁Dam mit !, ▁H ydro pon ic , ▁and ▁Unity . ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁these ▁songs ▁pre date ▁S . A . ▁Mart ine z ' s ▁full - time ▁membership ▁in ▁the ▁band ; ▁as ▁such , ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁appear ▁as ▁frequently ▁as ▁on ▁later ▁albums . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Nick ▁H ex um ▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Tim ▁Mah oney ▁- ▁guitar ▁S . A . ▁Mart ine z ▁- ▁vocals ▁P - N ut ▁- ▁bass ▁Ch ad ▁Se xt on ▁- ▁per cussion , ▁drums ▁Jim ▁Watson ▁- ▁guitar ▁on ▁This ▁To o ▁Sh all ▁Pass ▁ ▁Production ▁Produ cer : ▁ ▁Tra cks ▁ 1 - 8 ▁produced ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁& ▁J . E . ▁Van ▁Hor ne ▁Track ▁ 9 ▁produced ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁& ▁Tom ▁Li pp old ▁Mix ing ▁and ▁Rec ording : ▁Tra cks ▁ 1 - 8 ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁& ▁J . E . ▁Van ▁Hor ne ▁at |
▁Rain bow ▁Rec ording ▁Studios , ▁O ma ha , ▁NE ▁www . rain bow music om aha . com ▁Track ▁ 9 ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁& ▁Tom ▁Li pp old ▁at ▁IE V ▁Studios , ▁O ma ha , ▁NE ▁Tra cks ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁and ▁ 9 ▁re - m ixed ▁by ▁Scot ch ▁R al ston ▁Re - Master ing : ▁Joe ▁Gast w irt ▁at ▁Ocean view ▁Art ▁direction ▁& ▁design : ▁Pa wn ▁Sh op ▁Press ▁Phot ography : ▁N ils ▁Anders ▁Er ick son ▁President : R ain bow ▁Rec ording ▁Studios ▁www . rain bow music om aha . com ▁ ▁Category : 3 1 1 ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Machine ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁British ▁science ▁fiction ▁thr iller ▁film ▁directed ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Car ad og ▁W . ▁James . ▁It ▁stars ▁Ca ity ▁Lot z ▁and ▁T oby ▁Steph ens ▁as ▁computer ▁scient ists ▁who ▁create ▁an ▁artificial ▁intelligence ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁military . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁future , ▁at ▁an ▁under ground ▁sub ter rane an ▁base , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁only ▁has ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Tai pe i , ▁Taiwan ▁falls ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese . ▁The ▁British ▁need ▁soldiers ▁who ▁are ▁both ▁fl uent ▁in ▁Chinese ▁dialect ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁r uth less ▁kill ers . ▁Scient ists ▁employed ▁by ▁Britain ' s |
▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁produce ▁a ▁cy ber net ic ▁impl ant ▁that ▁allows ▁brain - dam aged ▁soldiers ▁to ▁reg ain ▁lost ▁functions . ▁ ▁Scient ist ▁Vincent ▁Mc Car thy ▁sets ▁up ▁a ▁cogn itive ▁test ▁for ▁soldier ▁Paul ▁Daw son , ▁a ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁cy ber net ic ▁impl ant ▁to ▁re h abil itate ▁his ▁left ▁hem is phere ct omy . ▁U ps et ▁with ▁Daw son ' s ▁in ability ▁to ▁remember ▁anything ▁about ▁his ▁past ▁and ▁apparent ▁lack ▁of ▁em path y , ▁Mc Car thy ▁ign ores ▁Daw son ' s ▁requests ▁to ▁see ▁his ▁mother . ▁ ▁Daw son ▁turns ▁host ile , ▁k ills ▁a ▁scient ist ▁and ▁w ounds ▁Mc Car thy , ▁before ▁apolog izing ▁and ▁being ▁shot . ▁ ▁After wards , ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother ▁regularly ▁stays ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁the ▁entrance ▁of ▁the ▁secret ▁base , ▁though ▁Mc Car thy ▁den ies ▁that ▁her ▁son ▁was ▁ever ▁there . ▁ ▁Mc Car thy ' s ▁research ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁more ▁stable ▁cy borg s . ▁ ▁Although ▁they ▁lose ▁the ▁cap ability ▁for ▁human ▁speech , ▁the ▁cy borg s ▁develop ▁a ▁highly ▁efficient ▁method ▁of ▁communication ▁that ▁they ▁keep ▁secret . ▁ ▁When ▁research er ▁A va ▁demonstr ates ▁her ▁latest ▁work ▁in ▁artificial ▁intelligence , ▁Mc Car thy ▁rec ruits ▁her ▁by ▁prom ising ▁her ▁un limited ▁funds ▁for ▁her ▁research . ▁ ▁Thom son , ▁the ▁director , ▁is |
▁susp icious ▁of ▁A va ' s ▁counter c ult ural ▁politics ▁and ▁sympathy ▁for ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother ▁but ▁he ▁rel ents ▁when ▁Mc Car thy ▁ins ists ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁who ▁can ▁provide ▁the ▁necessary ▁programme ▁for ▁their ▁latest ▁project , ▁a ▁self - aware ▁and ▁conscious ▁android . ▁ ▁Mc Car thy ▁plans ▁to ▁use ▁this ▁technology ▁to ▁help ▁his ▁daughter ▁Mary , ▁who ▁suff ers ▁from ▁R ett ▁synd rome , ▁a ▁ne uro log ical ▁dis order . ▁ ▁When ▁she ▁finds ▁out , ▁A va ▁volunte ers ▁to ▁help ▁and ▁Mc Car thy ▁maps ▁her ▁brain . ▁ ▁During ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁cy ber net ic ▁arms ▁that ▁provide ▁super human ▁strength , ▁am put ee ▁soldier ▁James ▁whis pers ▁a ▁cry ▁for ▁help ▁to ▁A va , ▁who ▁becomes ▁susp icious ▁of ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁wounded ▁soldiers . ▁ ▁After ▁she ▁goes ▁expl oring ▁in ▁the ▁base , ▁Mc Car thy ▁stern ly ▁war ns ▁her ▁to ▁avoid ▁causing ▁trouble . ▁ ▁The ▁warning ▁comes ▁too ▁late ▁and ▁Thom son ▁arr anges ▁to ▁have ▁her ▁murder ed ▁by ▁a ▁Chinese ▁M SS ▁agent , ▁who ▁imp erson ates ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother . ▁ ▁Gr ieved ▁by ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁A va , ▁Mc Car thy ▁ins ists ▁that ▁they ▁use ▁her ▁brain ▁scan ▁and ▁li ken ess ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁project , ▁whom ▁they ▁dub ▁Machine . ▁Machine ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁human ▁than ▁they ▁expected ▁or |
▁even ▁wanted ; ▁she ▁shows ▁regret ▁when ▁she ▁accident ally ▁k ills ▁a ▁human ▁and ▁ref uses ▁orders ▁that ▁viol ate ▁her ▁sense ▁of ▁mor ality . ▁ ▁As ▁Thom son ' s ▁dem ands ▁on ▁her ▁grow ▁more ▁at ▁odd s ▁with ▁her ▁mor ality , ▁Machine ▁becomes ▁increasing ly ▁dist ress ed ▁and ▁asks ▁Mc Car thy ▁to ▁protect ▁her . ▁ ▁An ▁ant agon ism ▁grows ▁between ▁Thom son ▁and ▁Mc Car thy ; ▁Thom son ▁promises ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁rel ent ▁if ▁Mc Car thy ▁can ▁prove ▁that ▁Machine ▁is ▁sent ient . ▁ ▁After ▁Mary ▁dies , ▁Thom son ▁uses ▁her ▁brain ▁sc ans ▁as ▁le verage ▁against ▁Mc Car thy , ▁threaten ing ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁sc ans , ▁unless ▁Mc Car thy ▁ex cis es ▁Machine ' s ▁conscious ness . ▁ ▁Machine , ▁who ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁love ▁Mc Car thy , ▁offers ▁to ▁sacrifice ▁herself ▁for ▁Mary ▁and ▁he ▁removes ▁a ▁chip ▁from ▁Machine ' s ▁head . ▁ ▁Thom son ▁ren eg es ▁on ▁his ▁deal ▁and ▁orders ▁Machine ▁to ▁kill ▁Mc Car thy . ▁ ▁Although ▁Machine ▁seems ▁at ▁first ▁to ▁obey , ▁a ▁scient ist ▁alert s ▁Thom son ▁that ▁the ▁operation ▁was ▁a ▁sh am ▁and ▁it ▁only ▁disabled ▁fail - safe ▁rout ines ▁designed ▁to ▁destroy ▁Machine . ▁ ▁Machine ▁and ▁the ▁cy borg s ▁re bel ▁against ▁the ▁humans ▁and ▁free ▁Mc Car thy . ▁ ▁From ▁his ▁computer ▁console , ▁Thom son ▁dis ables ▁half ▁the ▁cy |
borg s ▁but ▁S uri , ▁his ▁cy borg ▁a ide , ▁over rides ▁his ▁access ▁before ▁he ▁can ▁kill ▁the ▁rest . ▁ ▁Thom son ▁sho ots ▁and ▁w ounds ▁S uri ▁but ▁Machine ▁corners ▁him ▁in ▁his ▁office ; ▁wounded , ▁he ▁first ▁orders ▁her ▁to ▁obey , ▁then ▁beg s ▁for ▁his ▁life . ▁ ▁Although ▁Machine ▁agre es ▁not ▁to ▁kill ▁him , ▁she ▁lo bot om izes ▁him , ▁as ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁do ▁to ▁her . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁Thom son ▁for ▁dead , ▁Machine ▁download s ▁Mary ' s ▁brain ▁scan . ▁ ▁Machine , ▁Mc Car thy ▁and ▁S uri ▁escape ▁the ▁base ; ▁outside , ▁Mc Car thy ▁hands ▁the ▁base ▁records ▁to ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother ▁and ▁leaves ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁new ▁life ▁with ▁Machine . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁final ▁scene , ▁Mc Car thy ▁tal ks ▁to ▁a ▁computer ▁virtual isation ▁of ▁his ▁daughter ▁and ▁she ▁requests ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁game ▁with ▁her ▁mother . ▁ ▁Mc Car thy ▁hands ▁the ▁table t ▁to ▁Machine , ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁then ▁shown ▁gaz ing ▁altern ately ▁at ▁the ▁device ▁and ▁at ▁a ▁beautiful ▁orange ▁sun set ▁over ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁▁ ▁T oby ▁Steph ens ▁as ▁Vincent ▁Mc Car thy ▁ ▁Ca ity ▁Lot z ▁as ▁A va / The ▁Machine ▁ ▁Den is ▁Law son ▁as ▁Thom son ▁ ▁Sam ▁Haz eld ine ▁as ▁James ▁ ▁Po one h ▁H aj im oh amm adi ▁as ▁S uri |
▁ ▁John ▁Paul ▁Mac Le od ▁as ▁Paul ▁Daw son ▁ ▁Helen ▁Griff in ▁as ▁Paul ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother ▁ ▁Si wan ▁Morris ▁as ▁Lucy ▁ ▁Nicola ▁Reyn olds ▁as ▁Joan ▁ ▁J ade ▁C root ▁as ▁Mary ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁The ▁budget ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁£ 1 ▁million . ▁ ▁Sho oting ▁took ▁place ▁mostly ▁in ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Ca ity ▁Lot z ▁performed ▁her ▁own ▁st un ts . ▁ ▁W riter - direct or ▁Car ad og ▁James ▁prepared ▁by ▁reading ▁books ▁on ▁robot ics , ▁A I ▁and ▁quantum ▁mechan ics . ▁ ▁He ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁ground ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁science ▁rather ▁than ▁fant asy . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁The ▁Machine ▁premier ed ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁New ▁York , ▁at ▁the ▁Trib eca ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁X L r ator ▁released ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁on ▁video ▁on ▁demand , ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁a ▁limited ▁release . ▁ ▁It ▁gross ed ▁$ 1 8 0 , 8 0 3 ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁and ▁$ 2 4 , 9 1 2 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁home ▁video ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 |
0 1 4 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes , ▁a ▁review ▁aggreg ator , ▁reports ▁that ▁ 7 9 % ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁survey ed ▁critics ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁positive ▁review ; ▁the ▁weight ed ▁average ▁rating ▁was ▁ 6 . 2 / 1 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁site ' s ▁cons ensus ▁reads : ▁" The ▁Machine ▁proves ▁an ▁a uda cious ▁debut ▁for ▁writer - direct or ▁Car ad og ▁James ▁and ▁a ▁solid ▁entry ▁in ▁modern ▁British ▁sci - fi , ▁with ▁them atic ▁he ft ▁to ▁match ▁its ▁genre ▁thr ills ." ▁Met ac rit ic ▁r ated ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 5 2 / 1 0 0 ▁based ▁on ▁ 8 ▁critics , ▁sign ifying ▁" m ixed ▁or ▁average ▁reviews ". ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Dal ton ▁of ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter ▁called ▁it ▁a ▁" bro oding , ▁sty lish , ▁highly ▁atmos pher ic ▁future - no ir ▁thr iller ." ▁Matt ▁Glas by ▁of ▁Total ▁Film ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁called ▁it ▁un sub t le ▁and ▁derivative . ▁ ▁Anna ▁Smith ▁of ▁Time ▁Out ▁London ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁called ▁it ▁" a ▁smart , ▁thought - prov oking ▁little ▁thr iller ". ▁ ▁Kim ▁New man ▁of ▁Empire ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁wrote , ▁" B rim ming |
▁with ▁ideas ▁and ▁la ud able ▁amb ition , ▁it ' s ▁well ▁worth ▁a ▁look ." ▁ ▁Les lie ▁Fel per in ▁of ▁The ▁Guardian ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁called ▁it ▁predict able ▁but ▁full ▁of ▁ideas . ▁ ▁Dennis ▁Har vey ▁of ▁Vari ety ▁wrote ▁that ▁it ▁" works ▁mod est ly ▁well " ▁but ▁has ▁trouble ▁appe aling ▁to ▁both ▁science ▁fiction ▁and ▁action ▁film ▁fans . ▁Jon ▁Esp ino ▁from ▁The You ng F ol ks . com ▁r ated ▁the ▁film ▁ 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁stars ▁and ▁wrote ▁that ▁despite ▁some ▁fla ws , ▁it ▁comp ares ▁favor ably ▁with ▁major ▁Hollywood ▁block b ust ers . ▁ ▁The ▁Machine ▁won ▁three ▁B AF TA ▁C ym ru ▁awards , ▁Best ▁of ▁UK ▁Film ▁Award ▁at ▁Rain d ance ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁Ach iev ement ▁Again st ▁the ▁O dd s ▁Prize ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Independent ▁Film ▁Awards . ▁ ▁TV ▁adaptation ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sy f y ▁ordered ▁a ▁TV ▁series ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁movie ▁with ▁Car ad og ▁W . ▁James ▁as ▁executive ▁producer . ▁By ▁mid - 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁pilot ▁was ▁to ▁include ▁An net ▁Mah end ru ▁( as ▁Y ana ), ▁Br id ger ▁Z ad ina , ▁Ol ly ▁R ix , ▁Mal achi ▁Kir by , ▁Ind ira ▁Var ma , ▁Kate e ▁S ack hoff , ▁L ance ▁Henri |
ks en ▁and ▁Ja eden ▁Bet ten court . ▁However , ▁in ▁September ▁that ▁year , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁project ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁going ▁forward . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁A . I . ▁R ising ▁ ▁S ally – An ne ▁test ▁ ▁T uring ▁test ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( rating ▁ 2 . 5 / 5 ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁science ▁fiction ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Android ▁( ro bot ) ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁science ▁fiction ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Cy borg ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Wales ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁artificial ▁intelligence ▁Category : Rob ot ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Sieg fried ▁Re isch ies ▁( 1 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁– ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁basketball ▁player . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁tournament ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁death s ▁Category : G erman ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁basketball ▁players ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : B asketball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁König s berg <0x0A> </s> ▁Consider ation ▁is |
▁an ▁English ▁common ▁law ▁concept ▁within ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁contract , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁necessity ▁for ▁simple ▁contract s ▁( but ▁not ▁for ▁special ▁contract s ▁by ▁de ed ). ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁consideration ▁has ▁been ▁adopted ▁by ▁other ▁common ▁law ▁juris dict ions , ▁including ▁the ▁US . ▁ ▁Consider ation ▁can ▁be ▁anything ▁of ▁value ▁( such ▁as ▁an ▁goods , ▁money , ▁services , ▁or ▁promises ▁of ▁any ▁of ▁these ), ▁which ▁each ▁party ▁gives ▁as ▁a ▁qu id ▁pro ▁qu o ▁to ▁support ▁their ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁b arg ain . ▁Mut ual ▁promises ▁const itute ▁consideration ▁for ▁each ▁other . ▁If ▁only ▁one ▁party ▁offers ▁consideration , ▁the ▁agreement ▁is ▁a ▁" bare ▁promise " ▁and ▁is ▁un en force able . ▁ ▁Value ▁According ▁to ▁C urr ie ▁v ▁M isa ▁, ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁particular ▁promise ▁exists ▁where ▁some ▁right , ▁interest , ▁profit ▁or ▁benefit ▁acc ru es ▁( or ▁will ▁acc r ue ) ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or ▁as ▁a ▁direct ▁result ▁of ▁some ▁forb earance , ▁det r iment , ▁loss ▁or ▁responsibility ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁given , ▁suffered ▁or ▁undert aken ▁by ▁the ▁promise e . ▁For b earance ▁to ▁act ▁amounts ▁to ▁consideration ▁only ▁if ▁one ▁is ▁thereby ▁surrender ing ▁a ▁legal ▁right . ▁▁ ▁" P ast ▁consideration ▁is ▁no ▁consideration ": ▁consideration ▁must ▁be ▁" exec ut ory " ▁or ▁" exec uted ", ▁but ▁not ▁" p ast "; ▁that ▁is , ▁consideration ▁must ▁be ▁supplied ▁in |
▁the ▁present ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁future , ▁but ▁things ▁done ▁before hand ▁cannot ▁be ▁good ▁consideration . ▁ ▁ex ▁n udo ▁p act o ▁act io ▁non ▁or it ur ▁D yer ' s ▁case ▁( 1 4 1 4 ) ▁ 2 ▁Hen . ▁ 5 , ▁ 5 ▁Pl . ▁ 2 6 ▁Lucy ▁v ▁Wal w yn ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁case ▁on ▁the ▁doctrine ▁of ▁consideration , ▁concerning ▁an ▁execut ory ▁contract ▁where ▁the ▁pla int iff ▁recovered ▁dam ages ▁for ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁a ▁b arg ain . ▁Thomas ▁v ▁Thomas . ▁was ▁a ▁case ▁where ▁£ 1 ▁was ▁seen ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁wid ow ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁her ▁house ▁after ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁death . ▁ ▁White ▁v ▁Bl u ett : ▁Bl u ett , ▁when ▁su ed ▁by ▁his ▁father ’ s ▁execut ors ▁for ▁an ▁out standing ▁deb t ▁to ▁his ▁father , ▁claimed ▁that ▁his ▁father ▁had ▁promised ▁to ▁dis charge ▁him ▁from ▁it ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁him ▁stopping ▁compla ining ▁about ▁property ▁distribution . ▁The ▁Court ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁c ess ation ▁of ▁compla ints ▁was ▁of ▁no ▁economic ▁value ; ▁thus , ▁Bl u ett ’ s ▁father ▁had ▁received ▁no ▁real ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁promise , ▁and ▁the ▁deb t ▁was ▁en force able ▁at ▁law . ▁C urr ie ▁v ▁M isa ▁L ush ▁J . ▁referred ▁to ▁consideration ▁as ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁det r iment ▁to ▁the ▁promise e ▁or ▁a ▁benefit ▁to |
▁the ▁prom is or : ▁"... ▁some ▁right , ▁interest , ▁profit ▁or ▁benefit ▁acc ru ing ▁to ▁one ▁party , ▁or ▁some ▁forb earance , ▁det r iment , ▁loss ▁or ▁responsibility ▁given , ▁suffered ▁or ▁undert aken ▁by ▁the ▁other ." ▁Bol ton ▁v ▁Mad den ▁Black burn ▁J , ▁" The ▁general ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁an ▁execut ory ▁agreement , ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁pla int iff ▁agre es ▁to ▁do ▁something ▁on ▁the ▁terms ▁that ▁the ▁def endant ▁agre es ▁to ▁do ▁something ▁else , ▁may ▁be ▁enfor ced ▁if ▁what ▁the ▁pla int iff ▁has ▁agreed ▁to ▁do ▁is ▁either ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁the ▁def endant ▁or ▁to ▁the ▁trouble ▁or ▁pre jud ice ▁of ▁the ▁pla int iff ." ▁Dun lop ▁P neum atic ▁Ty re ▁Co ▁Ltd ▁v ▁Self ridge ▁& ▁Co ▁Ltd : ▁Lord ▁Dun ed in ▁quotes ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁Sir ▁Frederick ▁Pol lock , ▁" An ▁act ▁or ▁forb earance ▁of ▁one ▁party , ▁or ▁the ▁promise ▁there of , ▁is ▁the ▁price ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁promise ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁bought ▁and ▁the ▁promise ▁thus ▁given ▁for ▁value ▁is ▁en force able ." ▁ ▁A de qu acy ▁For ▁consideration ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁consideration , ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁of ▁some ▁value , ▁even ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁minimal ▁value . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁requirement ▁that ▁the ▁consideration ▁be ▁comm ens ur ate ▁in ▁economic ▁terms ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁promise . ▁Nom inal ▁consideration ▁will ▁suff ice ▁as ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁contract , |
▁ ▁Cour ts ▁will ▁not ▁measure ▁the ▁ade qu acy ▁of ▁the ▁consideration ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁parties ▁to ▁decide ▁the ▁subject ive ▁worth ▁of ▁each ▁promise . ▁ ▁Ch app ell ▁& ▁Co ▁Ltd ▁v ▁N est le ▁Co ▁Ltd , ▁Lord ▁Som erv ell , ▁" A ▁contract ing ▁party ▁can ▁st ip ulate ▁for ▁what ▁consideration ▁he ▁cho oses . ▁A ▁pe pper c orn ▁does ▁not ▁ce ase ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁consideration ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁established ▁that ▁the ▁prom is or ▁does ▁not ▁like ▁pe pper ▁and ▁will ▁throw ▁away ▁the ▁corn ." ▁ ▁Past ▁conduct ▁A ▁promise ▁cannot ▁be ▁based ▁upon ▁consideration ▁that ▁was ▁said , ▁given ▁or ▁done ▁before ▁the ▁promise ▁was ▁performed . ▁Something ▁said ▁afterwards , ▁will ▁not ▁count ▁as ▁consideration . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁X ▁promises ▁to ▁reward ▁Y ▁for ▁an ▁act ▁that ▁Y ▁had ▁already ▁performed ▁then ▁while ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁that ▁act ▁is ▁good ▁consideration , ▁for ▁the ▁promise ▁to ▁be ▁reward ed ▁for ▁it ▁is ▁past ▁consideration ▁and ▁therefore ▁not ▁good ▁consideration . ▁ ▁In ▁East wood ▁v ▁Ken y on ▁the ▁guard ian ▁of ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁raised ▁a ▁loan ▁to ▁educ ate ▁the ▁girl ▁and ▁to ▁improve ▁her ▁marriage ▁prospect s . ▁After ▁her ▁marriage , ▁her ▁husband ▁promised ▁to ▁pay ▁off ▁the ▁loan . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁guard ian ▁could ▁not ▁en force ▁the ▁promise ▁as ▁taking ▁out ▁the ▁loan ▁to ▁raise ▁and ▁educ ate ▁the ▁girl ▁was ▁past ▁consideration , ▁because ▁it |
▁was ▁completed ▁before ▁the ▁husband ▁promised ▁to ▁rep ay ▁it . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁where ▁a ▁contract ▁exists ▁between ▁two ▁parties ▁and ▁one ▁party , ▁subsequent ▁to ▁formation , ▁promises ▁to ▁confer ▁an ▁additional ▁benefit ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁party ▁to ▁the ▁contract , ▁that ▁promise ▁is ▁not ▁binding ▁because ▁the ▁promise e ' s ▁consideration , ▁which ▁is ▁his ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁original ▁contract , ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁completed ▁( or ▁" used ") ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁next ▁promise ▁is ▁made . ▁ ▁In ▁Ros cor la ▁v ▁Thomas , ▁Ros cor la ▁had ▁contract ed ▁to ▁buy ▁a ▁horse ▁from ▁Thomas ▁for ▁£ 3 0 . ▁After ▁the ▁sale , ▁Thomas ▁promised ▁Ros cor la ▁that ▁the ▁horse ▁was ▁sound ; ▁the ▁horse ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁v icious . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁Ros cor la ▁could ▁not ▁en force ▁the ▁promise , ▁as ▁the ▁consideration ▁given ▁for ▁entering ▁into ▁the ▁contract ▁to ▁buy ▁the ▁horse ▁had ▁been ▁completed ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁promise ▁was ▁made ; ▁in ▁a ▁sense , ▁the ▁consideration ▁was ▁" used ▁up ". ▁ ▁The ▁rule ▁that ▁past ▁consideration ▁is ▁not ▁good ▁consideration ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁exception ▁discussed ▁by ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁in ▁Pa o ▁On ▁v ▁Lau ▁Y iu ▁Long . ▁In ▁that ▁case , ▁their ▁Lord ships ▁held ▁that ▁past ▁consideration ▁can ▁be ▁good ▁consideration ▁where : ▁ ▁The ▁promise e ▁performed ▁the ▁original ▁act ▁at ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁the ▁prom is or ; ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁clearly ▁understood ▁or ▁imp |
lied ▁between ▁the ▁parties ▁that ▁the ▁promise e ▁would ▁be ▁reward ed ▁for ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁act ; ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁promise ▁made , ▁if ▁made ▁before ▁the ▁promise e ▁provided ▁the ▁consideration , ▁must ▁be ▁capable ▁of ▁being ▁enfor ced , ▁in ▁other ▁words ▁giving ▁rise ▁to ▁a ▁leg ally ▁binding ▁contract . ▁ ▁Ill us ory ▁consideration ▁There ▁must ▁be ▁some ▁kind ▁of ▁connection ▁between ▁a ▁promise ▁and ▁the ▁consideration ▁offered ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁promise . ▁It ▁is ▁no ▁consideration ▁to ▁" ref rain ▁from ▁a ▁course ▁of ▁conduct ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁never ▁intended ▁to ▁purs ue ". ▁The ▁consideration ▁must ▁have ▁been ▁at ▁least ▁an ▁indu cement ▁to ▁enter ▁into ▁the ▁promise . ▁ ▁For b ear ing ▁to ▁sue ▁Call isher ▁v ▁B isch offs heim , ▁forb earance ▁to ▁sue ▁in ▁a ▁ground less ▁action ▁still ▁good ▁consideration ; ▁honest ▁mistake . ▁ ▁Priv ity ▁ ▁A ▁promise ▁is ▁en force able ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁consideration , ▁that ▁is , ▁where ▁consideration ▁has ▁moved ▁from ▁the ▁promise e . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Tw ed d le ▁v ▁At kin son , ▁John ▁Tw ed d le ▁promised ▁William ▁Guy ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁pay ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁money ▁to ▁the ▁child ▁of ▁William ▁Guy , ▁and ▁like wise ▁William ▁Guy ▁promised ▁John ▁Tw ed d le ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁pay ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁money ▁to ▁the ▁child ▁of ▁John ▁Tw ed d le , ▁upon ▁the ▁marriage ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁children ▁to |
▁each ▁other . ▁However , ▁William ▁Guy ▁failed ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Tw ed d le , ▁who ▁then ▁su ed ▁his ▁execut ors ▁for ▁the ▁amount ▁promised . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁son ▁could ▁not ▁en force ▁the ▁promise ▁made ▁to ▁his ▁father , ▁as ▁he ▁himself ▁had ▁not ▁actually ▁given ▁consideration ▁for ▁it ▁- ▁it ▁was ▁his ▁father ▁who ▁had ▁done ▁so ▁instead . ▁The ▁son ▁didn ' t ▁receive ▁any ▁consideration , ▁so ▁he ▁cannot ▁en force ▁the ▁promise . ▁This ▁particular ▁rule ▁of ▁consideration ▁forms ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁doctrine ▁of ▁priv ity ▁of ▁a ▁contract , ▁that ▁is , ▁only ▁a ▁party ▁to ▁a ▁contract ▁is ▁permitted ▁to ▁sue ▁upon ▁that ▁contract ' s ▁terms . ▁( Note ▁that ▁the ▁doctrine ▁of ▁priv ity ▁has ▁been ▁somewhat ▁alter ed ▁by ▁the ▁Cont ract s ▁( R ights ▁of ▁Third ▁Part ies ) ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 9 .) ▁Therefore , ▁consideration ▁from ▁the ▁promise e ▁was ▁indul gent ▁of ▁the ▁claim . ▁Although ▁consideration ▁must ▁move ▁from ▁the ▁promise e , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁necessarily ▁have ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or . ▁The ▁promise e ▁may ▁provide ▁consideration ▁to ▁a ▁third ▁party , ▁if ▁this ▁is ▁agreed ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁parties ▁contract ed . ▁ ▁The ▁off eree ▁must ▁provide ▁consideration , ▁although ▁the ▁consideration ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁flow ▁to ▁the ▁offer or . ▁For ▁example , ▁it ▁is ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁person ▁A ▁to ▁pay ▁person ▁C ▁in ▁return |
▁for ▁services ▁rendered ▁by ▁person ▁B . ▁If ▁there ▁are ▁joint ▁promise es , ▁then ▁consideration ▁need ▁only ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁promise es . ▁ ▁Pre - ex isting ▁duties ▁If ▁the ▁promise e ▁provides ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁required ▁by ▁public ▁law ▁to ▁do ▁in ▁any ▁event ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁a ▁promise , ▁promised ▁performance ▁of ▁existing ▁duty ▁is ▁not ▁good ▁consideration . ▁In ▁Collins ▁v ▁G ode f rey ▁G ode f rey ▁promised ▁to ▁pay ▁Collins ▁for ▁his ▁giving ▁of ▁evidence . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁Collins ▁could ▁not ▁en force ▁the ▁promise ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁under ▁a ▁stat ut ory ▁duty ▁to ▁give ▁evidence ▁in ▁any ▁event . ▁ ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁promise e ▁provides ▁more ▁than ▁what ▁public ▁duty ▁impos es ▁on ▁him , ▁then ▁this ▁is ▁good ▁consideration . ▁In ▁Ward ▁v ▁By ham ▁a ▁mother ▁was ▁under ▁a ▁stat ut ory ▁duty ▁to ▁look ▁after ▁her ▁child . ▁The ▁ex - hus band ▁promised ▁to ▁pay ▁her ▁£ 1 ▁a ▁week ▁if ▁she ▁ens ured ▁that ▁the ▁child ▁was ▁well ▁looked ▁after ▁and ▁happy . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁not with standing ▁the ▁stat ut ory ▁duty ▁im posed ▁on ▁the ▁mother , ▁she ▁could ▁en force ▁the ▁promise ▁since ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁keeping ▁the ▁baby ▁' h appy ' ▁provided ▁additional ▁consideration . ▁ ▁Prom ising ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁pre - ex isting ▁duty ▁ow ed ▁to ▁one ' s ▁contract ing ▁party ▁also ▁fails ▁to ▁make ▁good ▁consideration . ▁However ▁this |
▁rule ▁has ▁been ▁consider ably ▁narrow ed ▁by ▁recent ▁case ▁law . ▁The ▁general ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁if ▁a ▁cred itor ▁promises ▁to ▁dis charge ▁a ▁deb t ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁a ▁fraction ▁of ▁payment , ▁in ▁pay ing ▁the ▁agreed ▁fraction , ▁the ▁promise e ▁is ▁not ▁providing ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁promise , ▁as ▁this ▁is ▁merely ▁part ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁already ▁ow ed . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁deb tor ▁is ▁still ▁li able ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁amount , ▁as ▁he ▁cannot ▁force ▁the ▁prom is or ▁to ▁accept ▁less . ▁A ▁leading ▁example ▁is ▁in ▁St il k ▁v ▁My rick ▁where ▁St il k , ▁a ▁se aman , ▁agreed ▁with ▁My rick ▁to ▁sail ▁his ▁boat ▁to ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁Sea ▁and ▁back ▁for ▁£ 5 ▁per ▁month . ▁During ▁the ▁voyage , ▁two ▁men ▁desert ed . ▁My rick ▁promised ▁he ▁would ▁increase ▁St il k ' s ▁w ages ▁if ▁St il k ▁agreed ▁to ▁honour ▁his ▁contract ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁the ▁desert ions . ▁St il k ▁agreed ▁and ▁on ▁return ▁to ▁port , ▁My rick ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁him ▁the ▁extra ▁w ages . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁My rick ' s ▁fresh ▁promise ▁was ▁not ▁en force able ▁as ▁the ▁consideration ▁St il k ▁had ▁provided ▁for ▁it , ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁duty ▁he ▁already ▁ow ed ▁to ▁My rick ▁under ▁contract , ▁was ▁not ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁My rick ' s ▁promise ▁to ▁increase ▁his ▁w ages . |
▁ ▁Initial ly , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁two ▁exceptions ▁to ▁this ▁rule : ▁Hans on ▁v ▁Roy den , ▁the ▁promise e ▁has ▁done , ▁or ▁has ▁promised ▁to ▁do , ▁more ▁than ▁he ▁was ▁obliged ▁to ▁do ▁under ▁his ▁contract . ▁Hart ley ▁v ▁P ons on by ▁before ▁the ▁fresh ▁promise ▁was ▁made , ▁circumstances ▁had ▁ar isen ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁entitled ▁the ▁promise e ▁to ▁refuse ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁his ▁oblig ations ▁under ▁his ▁contract . ▁ ▁F actual ▁benefits ▁However , ▁the ▁strict ness ▁of ▁this ▁rule ▁was ▁sever ely ▁limited ▁in ▁Williams ▁v ▁Ro ff ey ▁B ros ▁& ▁Nich oll s ▁( Contract ors ) ▁Ltd . ▁The ▁Ro ff ey ▁Brothers ▁entered ▁into ▁a ▁contract ▁to ▁ref urb ish ▁a ▁block ▁of ▁fl ats ▁for ▁a ▁fixed ▁price ▁of ▁£ 2 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁They ▁sub - cont ract ed ▁car p entry ▁work ▁to ▁Williams . ▁ ▁It ▁became ▁apparent ▁that ▁Williams ▁was ▁threatened ▁by ▁financial ▁difficulties ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁complete ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁time . ▁ ▁This ▁would ▁have ▁bre ached ▁a ▁term ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁contract , ▁inc urr ing ▁a ▁penalty . ▁Ro ff ey ▁Brothers ▁offered ▁to ▁pay ▁Williams ▁an ▁additional ▁£ 5 7 5 ▁for ▁each ▁flat ▁completed . ▁Williams ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁this ▁basis , ▁but ▁soon ▁it ▁became ▁apparent ▁that ▁Ro ff ey ▁Brothers ▁were ▁not ▁going ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁additional ▁money . ▁ ▁He ▁ceased ▁work ▁and ▁su ed ▁Ro |
ff ey ▁Brothers ▁for ▁the ▁extra ▁money , ▁for ▁the ▁eight ▁fl ats ▁he ▁had ▁completed ▁after ▁the ▁promise ▁of ▁additional ▁payment . ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁held ▁that ▁Ro ff ey ▁Brothers ▁must ▁pay ▁Williams ▁the ▁extra ▁money , ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁enjoyed ▁practical ▁benefits ▁from ▁the ▁promise ▁they ▁had ▁made ▁to ▁Williams . ▁The ▁benefits ▁they ▁received ▁from ▁it ▁include : ▁Having ▁the ▁work ▁completed ▁on ▁time , ▁not ▁having ▁to ▁spend ▁money ▁and ▁time ▁seeking ▁another ▁car p enter ▁and ▁not ▁having ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁penalty . ▁In ▁the ▁circumstances , ▁these ▁benefits ▁were ▁sufficient ▁to ▁provide ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁promise ▁made ▁to ▁Williams ▁of ▁additional ▁payment . ▁It ▁now ▁seems ▁that ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁an ▁existing ▁duty ▁may ▁const itute ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁promise , ▁in ▁the ▁circumstances ▁where ▁no ▁dur ess ▁or ▁fra ud ▁are ▁found ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁practical ▁benefits ▁are ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or . ▁The ▁performance ▁of ▁an ▁existing ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁ow ed ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or ▁is ▁not ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁fresh ▁promise ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁prom is or . ▁However , ▁performance ▁of ▁an ▁existing ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁ow ed ▁to ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁can ▁be ▁good ▁consideration , ▁see ▁further ▁below . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al , ▁it ▁is ▁unlikely ▁that ▁either ▁avoid ing ▁a ▁bre ach ▁of ▁contract ▁with ▁a ▁third ▁party , ▁avoid ing ▁the ▁trouble ▁and ▁exp ense ▁of ▁eng aging ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁to ▁carry ▁out |
▁work ▁or ▁avoid ing ▁a ▁penalty ▁clause ▁in ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁contract ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁" p ract ical ▁benefit ". ▁In ▁Simon ▁Container ▁Mach in ery ▁Ltd ▁v ▁Em ba ▁Mach in ery ▁AB , ▁the ▁practical ▁benefit ▁was ▁held ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁avoid ing ▁of ▁a ▁bre ach ▁of ▁contract , ▁which ▁was ▁clearly ▁not ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁principle . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁true ▁unless ▁the ▁deb tor ▁provided ▁fresh ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁promise . ▁The ▁following , ▁mentioned ▁in ▁P inn el ' s ▁Case , ▁and ▁confirmed ▁by ▁Sib ree ▁v . ▁Tri pp , ▁may ▁amount ▁to ▁fresh ▁consideration : ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁promise e ▁offers ▁part ▁payment ▁earlier ▁than ▁full ▁payment ▁was ▁due , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁of ▁benefit ▁to ▁the ▁cred itor ; ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁promise e ▁offers ▁part ▁payment ▁at ▁a ▁different ▁place ▁than ▁where ▁full ▁payment ▁was ▁due , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁of ▁benefit ▁to ▁the ▁cred itor ; ▁or , ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁promise e ▁pays ▁the ▁deb t ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁another ▁ch att el ▁( note , ▁however , ▁that ▁part ▁payment ▁by ▁che que , ▁where ▁full ▁payment ▁was ▁due ▁by ▁another ▁means , ▁is ▁not ▁consideration .) ▁ ▁Another ▁exception ▁is ▁that ▁part ▁payment ▁of ▁the ▁deb t ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁as ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁promise ▁to ▁dis charge ▁the ▁cred itor ▁from ▁the ▁full ▁sum , ▁prevents ▁the ▁cred itor ▁then ▁su ing ▁the ▁deb tor ▁for ▁full ▁payment ▁( see ▁Wel by ▁v ▁Dra |
ke ). ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al , ▁in ▁Re ▁Select move ▁Ltd , ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁practical ▁benefit ▁doctrine , ▁ar ising ▁from ▁Williams ▁v ▁Ro ff ey , ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁additional ▁exception ▁to ▁the ▁rule . ▁In ▁that ▁case , ▁it ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁doctrine ▁only ▁applies ▁where ▁the ▁original ▁promise ▁was ▁a ▁promise ▁to ▁pay ▁extra ▁and ▁not ▁to ▁pay ▁less . ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁in ▁Re ▁Select move ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁distinguish ▁Fo akes ▁v ▁Be er ▁( a ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁decision ), ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁apply ▁Williams ▁v ▁Ro ff ey ▁( a ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁decision ). ▁It ▁therefore ▁remains ▁to ▁be ▁seen ▁whether ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁would ▁decide ▁this ▁point ▁differently . ▁In ▁any ▁event , ▁the ▁equ itable ▁principle ▁of ▁prom iss ory ▁est opp el ▁may ▁provide ▁the ▁deb tor ▁with ▁relief . ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁M W B ▁v ▁Rock ▁Ad vert ising ▁revis ited ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁whether ▁the ▁practical ▁benefit ▁doctrine ▁could ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁decre asing ▁p act s ▁or ▁agre ements ▁to ▁accept ▁less . ▁Ar den ▁L J ▁and ▁K itch in ▁L J ▁both ▁end ors ed ▁this ▁approach ▁indicating ▁that ▁part ▁payment ▁along ▁with ▁practical ▁benefit ▁could ▁be ▁enough ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁promise ▁to ▁accept ▁less . ▁The ▁decision ▁has ▁been ▁critic ised ▁as ▁extending ▁the ▁practical ▁benefit ▁test |
▁beyond ▁its ▁limits . ▁ ▁Ex isting ▁duties ▁to ▁third ▁parties ▁Consider ation ▁for ▁a ▁promise ▁can ▁be ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁ow ed ▁to ▁someone ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁prom is or . ▁In ▁Sh ad well ▁v ▁Sh ad well , ▁C ay ley ▁Sh ad well ▁was ▁under ▁a ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁with ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁to ▁marry . ▁His ▁uncle , ▁Charles ▁Sh ad well ▁promised ▁to ▁pay ▁him ▁£ 1 5 0 ▁per ▁year ▁after ▁he ▁was ▁married . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁C ay ley ▁Sh ad well ▁marry ing ▁was ▁good ▁consideration , ▁not with standing ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁obliged ▁by ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁to ▁marry ▁in ▁any ▁event . ▁ ▁A ▁promise ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁pre - ex isting ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁ow ed ▁to ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁that ▁duty ) ▁may ▁also ▁amount ▁to ▁consideration . ▁ ▁N Z ▁Sh ipping ▁Co ▁Ltd ▁v ▁A ▁M ▁S atter th wa ite ▁& ▁Co ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁Est opp el ▁ <0x09> ▁Central ▁London ▁Property ▁Trust ▁Ltd ▁v ▁High ▁Tre es ▁House ▁Ltd . ▁Hugh es ▁v ▁Metropolitan ▁R ly ▁Co . ▁D ▁& ▁C ▁Build ers ▁v ▁Re es . ▁Og il vy ▁v ▁Hope ▁Dav ies . ▁Com be ▁v ▁Com be . ▁Re ▁Select move ▁Ltd . ▁Col lier ▁v ▁P & M J ▁Wright ▁( Hold ings ) ▁Ltd . ▁W alt ons ▁St ores ▁( Inter state ▁Ltd |
) ▁v ▁Mah er . ▁Cra bb ▁v ▁Ar un ▁District ▁Council . ▁Av on ▁County ▁Council ▁v ▁How lett ▁a ▁person ▁can ▁be ▁esto pped ▁from ▁den ying ▁what ▁he ▁said ▁in ▁a ▁representation . ▁ ▁De eds ▁and ▁form ality ▁Law ▁of ▁Property ▁( M is cell aneous ▁Pro vis ions ) ▁Act ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁( UK ) ▁section ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Altern atives ▁ ▁Carl ill ▁v ▁Car bol ic ▁Sm oke ▁Ball ▁Co ▁AL ▁Smith ▁L J , ▁I ▁understand ▁that ▁if ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁promise , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁promise ▁in ▁honour , ▁or ▁a ▁n ud um ▁p act um ; ▁but ▁if ▁anything ▁else ▁is ▁meant , ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁understand ▁it . ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁understand ▁what ▁a ▁b arg ain ▁or ▁a ▁promise ▁or ▁an ▁agreement ▁in ▁honour ▁is ▁unless ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁on ▁which ▁an ▁action ▁cannot ▁be ▁brought ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁n ud um ▁p act um . ▁In ▁my ▁judgment , ▁this ▁first ▁point ▁fails , ▁and ▁this ▁was ▁an ▁offer ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁acted ▁upon , ▁and , ▁when ▁acted ▁upon ▁and ▁the ▁conditions ▁performed , ▁constit uted ▁a ▁promise ▁to ▁pay . ▁Ant ons ▁T raw ling ▁Co ▁Ltd ▁v ▁Smith , ▁Bar ag wan ath ▁J , ▁" The ▁importance ▁of ▁consideration ▁is ▁as ▁a ▁valuable ▁signal ▁that ▁the ▁parties ▁intend ▁to ▁be ▁bound ▁by ▁their ▁agreement , ▁rather ▁than ▁an ▁end ▁in ▁itself . ▁Where ▁the ▁parties ▁who ▁have ▁already |
▁made ▁such ▁intention ▁clear ▁by ▁entering ▁legal ▁relations ▁have ▁acted ▁upon ▁an ▁agreement ▁to ▁a ▁variation , ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁policy ▁reasons ▁to ▁the ▁contrary , ▁they ▁should ▁be ▁bound ▁by ▁their ▁agreement ." ▁UN ID RO IT ▁Princi ples ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Article ▁ 2 . 1 . 2 ▁and ▁ 3 . 2 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁English ▁contract ▁law ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : English ▁contract ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Har lem ▁ri ot ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁occurred ▁between ▁July ▁ 1 6 ▁and ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁began ▁after ▁James ▁Pow ell , ▁a ▁ 1 5 - year - old ▁African ▁American , ▁was ▁shot ▁and ▁killed ▁by ▁police ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁Gill igan ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁Pow ell ' s ▁friends ▁and ▁about ▁a ▁dozen ▁other ▁witness es . ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁the ▁shooting , ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁students ▁from ▁Pow ell ' s ▁school ▁who ▁were ▁informed ▁by ▁the ▁principal ▁r al lied . ▁The ▁shooting ▁set ▁off ▁six ▁consecutive ▁night s ▁of ▁ri oting ▁that ▁affected ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁neighborhood s ▁of ▁Har lem ▁and ▁Bed ford - St uy ves ant . ▁In ▁total , ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁New ▁York ers ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁ri ots ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁attacks ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Police ▁Department , ▁v andal ism , ▁and ▁lo oting ▁in ▁stores . ▁Several |
▁protest ers ▁were ▁sever ely ▁be aten ▁by ▁NY PD ▁officers . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁reports ▁counted ▁one ▁dead ▁ri oter , ▁ 1 1 8 ▁injured , ▁and ▁ 4 6 5 ▁arrested . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁appeared ▁the ▁first ▁signs ▁of ▁res urg ence ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Manh attan . ▁After ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁new ▁sub way ▁routes ▁that ▁go ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁ 1 4 5 th ▁street , ▁spec ul ators ▁and ▁real ▁estate ▁ag encies ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁this ▁opportunity ▁and ▁inv ested ▁large ▁sums ▁of ▁money ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁called ▁Har lem . ▁H ouses ▁were ▁bought ▁and ▁then ▁sold ▁over ▁and ▁over ▁to ▁a ▁much ▁higher ▁price , ▁up br ing ing ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁for ▁high - in come ▁households . ▁By ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁too ▁many ▁habit ations ▁had ▁been ▁constructed ▁and ▁many ▁stayed ▁un in hab ited ▁which ▁led ▁land l ords ▁to ▁comp ete ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁lower ing ▁r ents . ▁To ▁avoid ▁the ▁up coming ▁total ▁financial ▁destruction ▁of ▁the ▁area , ▁many ▁housing ▁buildings ▁opened ▁up ▁to ▁Black ▁Americans . ▁The ▁next ▁step ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁black ▁neighborhood ▁was ▁strength ened ▁by ▁the ▁ever - in cre asing ▁migration ▁of ▁black s ▁from ▁southern ▁states ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁the ▁Af ro - American ▁Real ty ▁Company ▁opening ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁homes ▁for ▁the ▁black |
▁community . ▁The ▁" N eg ro " ▁churches ▁took ▁over ▁Har lem ' s ▁development ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Af ro - American ▁Real ty , ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁stable ▁and ▁prosper ous ▁black ▁institutions ▁of ▁the ▁now ▁seg reg ated ▁area . ▁They ▁made ▁their ▁profit ▁by ▁s elling ▁properties ▁at ▁high ▁price ▁while ▁re loc ating ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁u pt own . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁Church ▁is ▁the ▁reason ▁why ▁Har lem ▁was ▁so ▁pro l ific ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁many ▁black ▁American ▁institution ▁such ▁as ▁NA AC P , ▁O dd ▁F ell ows , ▁and ▁The ▁United ▁Order ▁of ▁True ▁Reform ers ▁started ▁moving ▁their ▁headquarters ▁to ▁Har lem ▁which , ▁with ▁the ▁continuous ▁migration ▁of ▁black s , ▁received ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁" Gre ater ▁Har lem ". ▁ ▁The ▁cultural ▁aspect ▁of ▁Har lem ▁was ▁pre domin ated ▁by ▁jazz ▁music ▁and ▁a ▁very ▁en vious ▁night life ▁reserved ▁for ▁whites . ▁Duke ▁Ell ington ▁and ▁Louis ▁Arm strong ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁" Gre ater ▁Har lem " ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁With ▁its ▁s atur ated ▁concentration ▁of ▁Af ro - American , ▁public ▁figures ▁like ▁Father ▁Div ine , ▁D addy ▁Grace ▁and ▁Marcus ▁Gar vey ▁started ▁spread ing ▁their ▁ideas ▁of ▁salv ation ▁for ▁the ▁negro ▁community . ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁rich ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁" Har lem ▁Neg ro es " ▁moved |
▁to ▁the ▁sub ur bs . ▁T ension ▁within ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁raised ▁year ▁after ▁year ▁between ▁residents , ▁w elf are ▁workers ▁and ▁polic emen . ▁In ▁day light , ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁was ▁quite ▁char ming , ▁the ▁architecture ▁added ▁a ▁high - class ▁c ach et ▁and ▁children ▁looked ▁joy ful ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁streets . ▁At ▁night , ▁it ▁was ▁quite ▁the ▁opposite . ▁Hom ic ides ▁were ▁six ▁times ▁more ▁frequent ▁than ▁the ▁average ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Pro st itution , ▁j unk ies ▁and ▁m ug gers ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁Har lem ' s ▁night life . ▁ ▁K illing ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁ ▁The ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁Har lem ▁ri ot ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁were ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁two ▁newspaper ▁rep or ters , ▁Fred ▁C . ▁Sh api ro ▁and ▁James ▁W . ▁S ull ivan . ▁They ▁assemble d ▁test imon ies ▁from ▁other ▁rep or ters ▁and ▁from ▁residents ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁bor ough s , ▁and ▁gave ▁testim ony ▁of ▁their ▁presence ▁at ▁the ▁ri ots . ▁ ▁Cons ist ently ▁anno yed ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁young ▁students ▁on ▁his ▁sto ops , ▁Patrick ▁Lyn ch , ▁the ▁super int endent ▁of ▁three ▁a partment ▁houses ▁in ▁York ville , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁a ▁pre domin ately ▁working - class ▁white ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁Upper ▁East ▁Side ▁of ▁Manh attan , ▁volunt arily ▁h osed ▁down ▁the ▁black ▁students ▁while ▁ins ult ing |
▁them ▁according ▁to ▁them : ▁“ Dir ty ▁n ig gers , ▁I ' ll ▁was h ▁you ▁clean ” ; ▁this ▁statement ▁had ▁been ▁denied ▁by ▁Lyn ch . ▁The ▁angry ▁wet ▁black ▁students ▁started ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁bott les ▁and ▁garbage - can ▁l ids ▁and ▁threw ▁them ▁at ▁the ▁super int endent . ▁This ▁immediately ▁drew ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁three ▁Bron x ▁boys , ▁including ▁James ▁Pow ell . ▁Lyn ch ▁then ▁retre ated ▁to ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁purs ued ▁by ▁Pow ell , ▁who ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁witness , ▁" did n ' t ▁stay ▁two ▁minutes ." ▁As ▁Pow ell ▁ex ited ▁the ▁vest ib ule , ▁off - d ut y ▁police ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁Gill igan , ▁who ▁witness ed ▁the ▁scene ▁from ▁a ▁nearby ▁shop , ▁ran ▁to ▁the ▁scene ▁and ▁shot ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 5 - year - old ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁three ▁times . ▁The ▁first ▁round , ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁warning ▁shot , ▁hit ▁the ▁a partment ' s ▁window . ▁The ▁next ▁shot ▁hit ▁Pow ell ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁for ear m ▁reaching ▁the ▁main ▁ar tery ▁just ▁above ▁the ▁heart . ▁The ▁bullet ▁lod ged ▁in ▁his ▁l ungs . ▁Finally , ▁the ▁last ▁one ▁went ▁through ▁his ▁ab d omen ▁and ▁out ▁his ▁back . ▁The ▁aut ops y ▁concluded ▁on ▁the ▁fatal ity ▁of ▁the ▁ch est ▁w ound ▁in ▁almost ▁any ▁circumst ance . ▁However , ▁the ▁path ologist ▁said ▁that ▁Pow ell ▁could |
▁have ▁been ▁saved ▁suffering ▁only ▁the ▁ab dom inal ▁per for ation ▁with ▁a ▁fast ▁response ▁of ▁the ▁amb ul ance . ▁The ▁sequence ▁of ▁events ▁is ▁still ▁unclear ▁on ▁many ▁aspects ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁spacing ▁of ▁the ▁sh ots ▁and , ▁cru cially , ▁Pow ell ' s ▁possession ▁of ▁a ▁kn ife . ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁Gill igan ' s ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁To ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁broken ▁glass , ▁Gill igan ▁ran ▁to ▁the ▁a partment ▁building ▁holding ▁his ▁bad ge ▁and ▁gun . ▁He ▁first ▁y elled , ▁" I ' m ▁a ▁police ▁lieutenant . ▁Come ▁out ▁and ▁drop ▁it ." ▁He ▁then ▁fired ▁the ▁warning ▁shot ▁as ▁he ▁saw ▁Pow ell ▁raising ▁the ▁kn ife . ▁With ▁his ▁gun , ▁Gill igan ▁blocked ▁Pow ell ' s ▁second ▁attack ▁def lect ing ▁the ▁kn ife ▁to ▁his ▁arm . ▁The ▁apparent ▁attack ▁led ▁Gill igan ▁to ▁fire ▁a ▁third ▁round ▁that ▁killed ▁the ▁young ▁Pow ell . ▁ ▁Wit ness es ' ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁In ▁opposition , ▁witness es ▁saw ▁Pow ell ▁ran ▁into ▁the ▁building ▁not ▁carrying ▁any ▁kn ife . ▁As ▁he ▁ex ited ▁the ▁vest ib ule , ▁some ▁said ▁he ▁was ▁la ughing ▁until ▁the ▁lieutenant ▁shot ▁him . ▁From ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁class ▁which ▁according ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁rep orter , ▁The odore ▁Jones , ▁" have ▁had ▁the ▁best ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁en su ing ▁tra ged y "; ▁when ▁Gill igan ▁pulled ▁his |
▁gun , ▁the ▁young ▁Pow ell ▁threw ▁up ▁his ▁right ▁arm , ▁not ▁holding ▁a ▁kn ife ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁def ensive ▁gesture . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁controvers ial ▁episode ▁remains ▁the ▁testim ony ▁of ▁Cl iff ▁Harris , ▁Pow ell ' s ▁Bron x ▁friend , ▁interview ed ▁the ▁day ▁following ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell . ▁On ▁that ▁morning , ▁they , ▁James ▁Pow ell , ▁Cl iff ▁Harris ▁and ▁Carl ▁D ud ley , ▁left ▁the ▁Bron x ▁around ▁ 7 : 3 0 ▁A . M . ▁Pow ell ▁carried ▁two ▁kn ives ▁on ▁that ▁day ▁which ▁he ▁gave ▁to ▁each ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁for ▁him . ▁On ▁the ▁scene ▁he ▁asked ▁for ▁the ▁kn ives ▁back . ▁Upon ▁D ud ley ' s ▁ref us al ▁he ▁asked ▁Cl iff ▁who ▁asked ▁him ▁why ▁he ▁wanted ▁it ▁back ? ▁and ▁then ▁handed ▁it ▁over . ▁ ▁The ▁kn ife , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁crime ▁scene ▁at ▁the ▁moment ▁of ▁the ▁incident , ▁was ▁later ▁found ▁by ▁a ▁teacher , ▁according ▁to ▁school ▁principal ▁Fran cke . ▁The ▁kn ife ▁was ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁g utter ▁about ▁eight ▁feet ▁from ▁the ▁body . ▁ ▁People ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁Gill igan ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁Gill igan ▁served ▁sevent een ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁Police ▁Department ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁few ▁notable ▁entries ▁to ▁his ▁record . ▁Before ▁the ▁Pow ell ▁incident , ▁he ▁had ▁shot ▁two ▁other ▁men . ▁One ▁of ▁those ▁men ▁was ▁trying ▁to |
▁push ▁him ▁off ▁a ▁roof ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁much ▁younger ▁was ▁lo oting ▁cars ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁his ▁a partment . ▁Cit ations ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Daily ▁News ▁reported ▁that ▁Gill igan ▁had ▁dis ar med ▁suspect s ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁In ▁addition , ▁he ▁res cu ed ▁women ▁and ▁children ▁from ▁a ▁fire , ▁stopped ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁a ▁suic idal ▁jump ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁used ▁mouth - to - mouth ▁res usc itation ▁to ▁rev ive ▁a ▁woman ▁who ▁had ▁attempted ▁suic ide . ▁Phys ically ▁Gill igan ▁was ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁six ▁feet ▁tall . ▁ ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁a ▁nin th ▁gr ader ▁in ▁the ▁Bron x ▁att ending ▁summer ▁school ▁at ▁the ▁Robert ▁F . ▁Wagner , ▁Sr ., ▁Junior ▁High ▁School ▁on ▁East ▁ 7 6 th ▁Street . ▁After ▁his ▁father ' s ▁death , ▁neighb ors ▁said ▁the ▁young ▁boy ▁had ▁become ▁" a ▁little ▁wild ". ▁He ▁had ▁four ▁minor ▁alter c ations ▁with ▁the ▁law : ▁twice ▁attempted ▁to ▁board ▁a ▁sub way ▁r ▁bus ▁without ▁pay ing , ▁broke ▁a ▁car ▁window ▁and ▁attempted ▁rob ber y ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁cleared . ▁Phys ically ▁he ▁was ▁five ▁feet , ▁six ▁inches ▁and ▁we ighed ▁ 1 2 2 ▁pounds . ▁ ▁Ri oting ▁ ▁Day ▁ 1 : ▁Th urs day , ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Day ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁ri ot ▁had ▁been ▁contained ▁by ▁ 7 |
5 ▁police ▁officers . ▁Br ief ly , ▁it ▁happened ▁right ▁after ▁the ▁shooting ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁the ▁Police ▁Department ▁were ▁se cur ing ▁the ▁crime ▁scene ▁from ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 0 ▁people , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁students . ▁The ▁confront ations ▁between ▁students ▁and ▁polic emen ▁for esh adow ed ▁on ▁the ▁next ▁morning ▁protest . ▁ ▁Day ▁ 2 : ▁Friday , ▁July ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁after ▁the ▁shooting , ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Ra cial ▁Equ ality ▁( CO RE ) ▁showed ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁nearby ▁the ▁scene . ▁They ▁demanded ▁a ▁civil ian ▁review ▁board ▁to ▁discipline ▁the ▁police , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁gre et ed ▁by ▁ 5 0 ▁officers ▁holding ▁night st icks . ▁ 2 0 0 ▁pick ets , ▁mainly ▁whites ▁and ▁Puerto ▁Ric ans , ▁were ▁situated ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁by ▁no on , ▁chant ing ▁“ Stop ▁k iller ▁c ops !” , ▁“ We ▁want ▁legal ▁protection ” ▁and ▁“ End ▁police ▁brut ality .” ▁ ▁Day ▁ 3 : ▁Saturday , ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁through ▁early ▁morning ▁Sunday , ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁the ▁temperature ▁went ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁Central ▁Park ▁and ▁much ▁higher ▁on ▁the ▁pav ement . ▁ 2 5 0 ▁persons ▁attended ▁James ▁Pow ell ' s ▁fun eral ▁under ▁strict ▁super vision ▁of ▁bar ric aded |
▁polic emen . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁another ▁pat rol ▁was ▁watching ▁over ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁on ▁the ▁rising ▁crime ▁rate ▁in ▁Har lem . ▁Both ▁events ▁ended ▁peace fully ▁with ▁no ▁incident . ▁The ▁CO RE ▁r ally ▁happened ▁rather ▁peace fully ▁until ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁corps ▁had ▁left . ▁Paul ▁L . ▁Mont gom ery ▁stayed ▁behind ; ▁except ▁for ▁a ▁U PI ▁summer ▁intern ▁on ▁his ▁first ▁field ▁assignment , ▁Mont gom ery ▁worked ▁alone ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁evening ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁information ▁for ▁what ▁is ▁to ▁follow . ▁Re ver end ▁Nelson ▁C . ▁D uk es ▁then ▁called ▁for ▁action ▁leading ▁the ▁march ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 8 th ▁prec inct ▁supported ▁by ▁Black ▁National ist ▁Edward ▁M ills ▁Davis ▁and ▁James ▁Law son . ▁After ▁meeting ▁with ▁Ins pect or ▁P ender g ast , ▁the ▁committee ▁addressed ▁the ▁crowd , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁already ▁too ▁late . ▁The ▁crowd ▁began ▁to ▁throw ▁bott les ▁and ▁de br is ▁at ▁the ▁police ▁line . ▁So on ▁the ▁community ▁took ▁over ▁ro o ft ops ▁and ▁police ▁shift ed ▁their ▁goals ▁to ▁target ▁those ▁on ▁the ▁roof s . ▁E as ily ▁accessible , ▁ro o ft ops ▁were ▁in ▁bad ▁shape ▁and ▁br icks , ▁t iles ▁and ▁mort ar ▁were ▁used ▁as ▁weapons . ▁The ▁polic emen ▁rapidly ▁secured ▁the ▁ro o ft ops ▁arrest ing ▁CO RE ▁members . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁ri ot ers ▁threw ▁bott les ▁and |
▁one ▁hit ▁Michael ▁Dor is ▁in ▁the ▁face ; ▁the ▁first ▁police ▁officer ▁to ▁be ▁injured ▁during ▁the ▁Har lem ▁ri ot ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁Sub sequently , ▁Ins pect or ▁P ander g ast ▁instruct ed ▁the ▁force ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁street ▁after ▁declaring ▁that ▁the ▁crowd ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁dis order ly ▁gather ing . ▁By ▁ 1 0 ▁P . M ., ▁a ▁thousand ▁people ▁had ▁assemble d ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁the ▁Se vent h ▁Avenue ▁and ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Street . ▁" Go ▁home , ▁go ▁home " ▁shout ed ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁dis per se ▁the ▁crowd , ▁but ▁the ▁crowd ▁answered : ▁" We ▁are ▁home , ▁Baby ." ▁ ▁The ▁T act ical ▁Pat rol ▁Force ▁arrived ▁on ▁site ▁and ▁were ▁attacked ▁by ▁br icks ▁flying ▁from ▁ro o ft ops . ▁They ▁started ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁crowd ▁into ▁smaller ▁groups ▁which ▁created ▁cha os . ▁One ▁group ▁went ▁down ▁to ▁ 1 2 3 rd ▁Street ▁and ▁the ▁after math ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁the ▁next ▁morning ▁by ▁its ▁destruction ▁path . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 0 : 3 0 ▁P . M . ▁( 2 2 : 3 0 ▁E T ), ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ri ot ers ▁stopped ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁Ther esa ▁hotel ▁where ▁a ▁Mol ot ov ▁co ck tail ▁was ▁thrown ▁on ▁a ▁police ▁car ▁inj uring ▁one ▁officer . ▁Police ▁officers ▁received ▁permission ▁to ▁draw ▁their ▁fire ar ms |
▁and ▁fired ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁to ▁occup y ▁the ▁Har lem ▁area . ▁Later ▁T PF ▁( T act ical ▁Police ▁Force ) ▁found ▁one ▁dead ▁man ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁firing ▁of ▁a ▁. 3 8 ▁cal iber . ▁It ▁was ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁had ▁been ▁fired ▁that ▁rep or ters ▁were ▁sent ▁back ▁to ▁Har lem . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁force ▁started ▁firing , ▁an ▁ord n ance ▁tr uck ▁from ▁the ▁Bron x ▁was ▁loaded ▁with ▁am mun ition ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁officers . ▁Many ▁Har lem ites , ▁exit ing ▁the ▁sub way ▁and ▁bars , ▁got ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁ri ot ▁and ▁later ▁realized ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁being ▁purs ued ▁by ▁the ▁police . ▁The ▁cha os ▁finally ▁ended ▁at ▁ 8 ▁o ' clock ▁( 0 8 : 0 0 ▁E T ) ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁on ▁Len ox ▁Street , ▁where ▁what ▁was ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁mob s ▁had ▁re group ed ▁and ▁then ▁were ▁dispers ed ▁by ▁massive ▁rein for cement . ▁According ▁to ▁Ins pect or ▁P ander g ast ' s ▁announ cement , ▁one ▁ri oter ▁died , ▁ 1 2 ▁polic emen ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁civ ili ans ▁were ▁injured , ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁were ▁arrested . ▁Over ▁ 2 2 ▁stores ▁had ▁been ▁lo oted . ▁The ▁report ▁of ▁P ander g ast ▁was ▁hot ly ▁cont ested ▁by ▁the ▁hospital ▁that ▁counted ▁ 7 ▁gun shot ▁w ounds ▁and ▁ 1 1 0 ▁persons ▁who |
▁considered ▁their ▁inj uries ▁worth ▁int ensive ▁care . ▁ ▁CO RE ▁r ally ▁A ▁scheduled ▁r ally ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Ra cial ▁Equ ality ▁( or ▁CO RE ) ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon ▁of ▁Saturday , ▁July ▁ 1 8 ▁changed ▁its ▁focus ▁upon ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Louis ▁Smith , ▁a ▁CO RE ▁field ▁secretary . ▁The ▁r ally ▁had ▁for ▁objective ▁to ▁clarify ▁on ▁the ▁missing ▁of ▁three ▁civil ▁right ▁workers ▁in ▁Mississippi , ▁thus ▁looked ▁over ▁the ▁shooting ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pointed ▁out ▁police ▁brut ality ▁as ▁a ▁constant ▁threat ▁upon ▁the ▁Black ▁community . ▁The ▁gather ing ▁seemed ▁to ▁end ▁quietly ▁leaving ▁" the ▁crowd ▁excited , ▁but ▁not ▁un r uly ." ▁After ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁rep or ters ▁had ▁left , ▁Jud ith ▁How ell , ▁a ▁young ▁high - school ▁student ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Bron x ▁chapter ▁of ▁CO RE ▁clim bed ▁on ▁a ▁chair ▁and ▁said : ▁" We ▁got ▁a ▁civil ▁rights ▁bill ▁and ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁bill ▁we ▁got ▁Barry ▁Gold water ▁and ▁a ▁dead ▁black ▁boy , ▁This ▁shooting ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁murder !" ▁After ▁her ▁speech ▁the ▁cry ▁was ▁for ▁action ▁and ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁Re ver end ▁Nelson ▁C . ▁D uk es ▁from ▁the ▁F ount ain ▁Spr ings ▁Bapt ist ▁Church ▁who , ▁after ▁his ▁ 2 0 ▁minutes ▁long ▁speech , ▁led ▁the ▁crowd ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 8 th ▁prec inct ▁supported ▁by ▁Black ▁National ist ▁Edward |
▁M ills ▁Davis ▁and ▁James ▁Law son . ▁Upon ▁arrival , ▁the ▁police ▁department ▁was ▁in ▁motion ▁and ▁Ins pect or ▁P ander g ast ▁accommod ated ▁the ▁committee ▁formed ▁by ▁D uk es , ▁Charles ▁Russell ▁( E ast ▁River ▁CO RE ), ▁Charles ▁Taylor ▁and ▁Newton ▁S ew ell ▁( Black ▁National ist ). ▁Their ▁only ▁demand ▁was ▁the ▁susp ension ▁of ▁Lieutenant ▁Gill igan . ▁ ▁Day ▁ 4 : ▁Sunday , ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁through ▁Monday , ▁July ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Commission er ▁Mur phy ▁distributed ▁a ▁statement ▁to ▁every ▁church ▁in ▁Har lem ▁after ▁the ▁incident ▁of ▁Saturday ▁night . ▁He ▁stated : ▁“ In ▁our ▁estimation , ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁crime ▁problem ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁social ▁problem !" ▁Later ▁that ▁day , ▁Mal col m ▁X , ▁Black ▁National ist ▁Le ader ▁answered , ▁" There ▁are ▁probably ▁more ▁armed ▁Neg ro es ▁in ▁Har lem ▁than ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁spot ▁on ▁earth " ▁- ▁" If ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁armed ▁get ▁involved ▁in ▁this , ▁you ▁can ▁bet ▁they ' ll ▁really ▁have ▁something ▁on ▁their ▁hands ." ▁The ▁ant agon ism ▁between ▁the ▁community ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Police ▁Department ▁height ened ▁as ▁ta unted ▁polic emen ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fire men ▁who ▁would ▁later ▁use ▁h oses ▁on ▁protest ors ▁in ▁broad ▁day light ▁throughout ▁Sunday . ▁ ▁The ▁NY PD ▁conced ed ▁the ▁in effect iveness ▁of ▁tact ical ▁techniques , ▁such ▁as ▁mounted |
▁police ▁and ▁te ar ▁gas , ▁which ▁were ▁having ▁no ▁actual ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁ro o ft op ▁threat . ▁James ▁L . ▁Far mer , ▁Jr ., ▁national ▁director ▁of ▁CO RE , ▁who ▁attended ▁the ▁ri ot , ▁confirmed ▁the ▁assumption ▁of ▁police ▁brut ality ▁and ▁test ified ▁to ▁seeing ▁bullet ▁holes ▁in ▁windows ▁and ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁Ther esa ▁Hotel . ▁He ▁also ▁claimed ▁Ins pect or ▁P ander g ast ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁ri ot . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁a ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Cit iz ens ▁Council ▁had ▁taken ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Mount ▁Morris ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church . ▁The ▁overall ▁voice ▁was ▁for ▁" G uer illa ▁war fare !" ▁against ▁an ▁occup ying ▁NY PD , ▁but ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁agreed ▁on ▁thought ful ▁action . ▁" If ▁we ▁must ▁die , ▁we ▁must ▁die ▁scientific ally ." ▁Bay ard ▁R ust in , ▁engineer ▁of ▁the ▁March ▁on ▁Washington ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁York ' s ▁first ▁school ▁boy c ott , ▁received ▁c ries ▁of ▁disapp ro val ▁from ▁the ▁crowd ▁and ▁then ▁decided ▁to ▁lead ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁ 7 5 ▁volunte ers ▁to ▁keep ▁an ▁out post ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Street ▁and ▁ 8 th ▁Avenue , ▁const itut ing ▁an ▁a ide ▁for ▁te en agers ▁and ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁ri ot . ▁Other ▁speak ers ▁at ▁the ▁r ally ▁tried ▁to ▁reason ▁with ▁the ▁crowd ▁to ▁join ▁in ▁a ▁peace ful ▁protest |
. ▁An ▁individual ▁didn ' t ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁photograph ed ▁and ▁brought ▁the ▁crowd ▁into ▁a ▁struggle , ▁be ating ▁two ▁rep or ters . The ▁police ▁line ▁on ▁the ▁side walk ▁witness ed ▁the ▁scene ▁but ▁decided ▁not ▁to ▁move ▁or ▁to ▁interven e . ▁The ▁mob ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Del any ▁Fun eral ▁Home ▁where ▁a ▁service ▁for ▁Pow ell ' s ▁death ▁had ▁been ▁scheduled ▁for ▁ 8 ▁P . M . ▁At ▁that ▁point ▁someone ▁threw ▁a ▁bott le ▁at ▁the ▁police ▁and ▁the ▁police ▁threw ▁it ▁back ▁at ▁the ▁crowd . ▁The ▁ri ot ▁had ▁started ▁once ▁again . ▁Br icks ▁and ▁bott les ▁were ▁falling ▁from ▁ro o ft ops ▁like ▁rain ▁from ▁clouds . ▁Bay ard ▁R ust in ▁and ▁other ▁speak ers ▁were ▁trying ▁to ▁conv ince ▁the ▁ri ot ers ▁to ▁save ▁their ▁sou ls , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁bo o ed ▁and ▁the ▁crowd ▁shout ed ▁back ▁at ▁them : ▁" Tom , ▁Uncle ▁Tom ." ▁After ▁a ▁Mol ot ov ▁co ck tail ▁had ▁been ▁thrown , ▁some ▁police ▁lower ed ▁their ▁guns ▁and ▁wounded ▁two ▁young ▁men ▁as ▁they ▁charged . ▁The ▁ri ot ▁was ▁scattered ▁by ▁mid night ▁and ▁grew ▁out ▁of ▁proportion ▁once ▁again ▁after ▁some ▁disturb ance . ▁Many ▁Mol ot ov ▁C ock t ails ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁protest ers . ▁Two ▁more ▁young ▁men ▁were ▁wounded ▁by ▁bul lets ▁and ▁one ▁polic eman ▁had ▁a ▁heart ▁attack . ▁The ▁violence ▁ended ▁around ▁ 1 . |
3 0 ▁A . M . ▁and ▁reports ▁counted ▁ 2 7 ▁polic emen ▁and ▁ 9 3 ▁civ ili ans ▁injured , ▁ 1 0 8 ▁arrested ▁and ▁ 4 5 ▁stores ▁lo oted . ▁H osp it als ▁however ▁counted ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁entries ▁in ▁their ▁reg ist ries . ▁ ▁Day ▁ 5 : ▁Monday , ▁July ▁ 2 0 , ▁through ▁T ues day ▁Even ing , ▁July ▁ 2 1 ▁The ▁situation ▁was ▁qui eter ▁in ▁the ▁street ▁of ▁Har lem ▁on ▁Monday . ▁Paul ▁R . ▁S cre v ane ▁confirmed ▁that ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁County ▁grand ▁j ury ▁would ▁look ▁into ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁announced ▁Mayor ▁Wagner ' s ▁hast y ▁return . ▁ ▁The ▁ri ot ▁started ▁after ▁the ▁UN ▁demonstr ation ▁to ▁protest ▁terror ism ▁and ▁gen o cide ▁committed ▁against ▁Black ▁Americans . ▁The ▁events ▁that ▁followed ▁greatly ▁res emble d ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁Sunday ▁ri ot , ▁although ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁night , ▁a ▁rein for cement ▁call ▁was ▁made ▁for ▁Bed ford - St uy ves ant , ▁for esh adow ing ▁the ▁growing ▁social ▁issue ▁that ▁it ▁became . ▁ ▁The ▁Brook lyn ▁CO RE ▁branch ▁had ▁prepared ▁an ▁all - day ▁march ▁for ▁Monday ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁ri ot ers ▁in ▁Har lem . ▁They ▁protest ed ▁the ▁shooting ▁of ▁the ▁young ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁den ounced ▁police ▁brut ality ▁against ▁Har lem ites |
. ▁After ▁blocking ▁four ▁main ▁inter sections ▁of ▁Bed ford - St uy ves ant , ▁the ▁CO RE ▁members ▁and ▁Brook lyn ites ▁assemble d ▁at ▁N ost rand ▁and ▁F ult on ▁where ▁they ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁r ally . ▁As ▁the ▁speak ers ▁changed , ▁the ▁crowd ▁became ▁more ▁emot ional ▁and ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁pay ing ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁r ally . ▁The ▁police ▁enfor cement , ▁which ▁had ▁kept ▁a ▁low ▁profile ▁in ▁Bed ford - St uy ves ant , ▁suddenly ▁called ▁for ▁rein for c ements . ▁CO RE ▁members ▁tried ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁crowd ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁last ▁attempt ▁told ▁them ▁to ▁go ▁back ▁home . ▁At ▁that ▁point , ▁a ▁thousand ▁people ▁were ▁standing ▁on ▁the ▁street ▁corner , ▁inf uri ated ▁and ▁ready ▁for ▁action . ▁To ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁sir ens ▁and ▁t ires , ▁the ▁rein for c ements ▁arrived ▁at ▁their ▁destination ▁and ▁the ▁police ▁charged ▁the ▁mob , ▁making ▁no ▁apparent ▁distinction ▁between ▁innoc ents ▁and ▁enemies . ▁The ▁tum ult ▁stopped ▁a ▁little ▁after ▁ 7 ▁A . M . ▁and ▁CO RE ▁announced ▁a ▁new ▁r ally ▁in ▁not ▁less ▁than ▁twelve ▁hours . ▁ ▁Day ▁ 6 : ▁T ues day ▁night , ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁through ▁Wed nes day , ▁July ▁ 2 2 ▁T ues day ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁started ▁by ▁a ▁meeting ▁of ▁all ▁V . I . P . ▁of ▁Black ▁organizations ▁with ▁Captain ▁Edward ▁Jenkins , ▁command ing ▁officer |
▁of ▁the ▁ 7 9 th ▁prec inct , ▁at ▁the ▁Bed ford ▁Y M CA . ▁Over ▁the ▁day , ▁they ▁looked ▁at ▁pla us ible ▁explan ations ▁of ▁the ▁ri ot ' s ▁cause ▁and ▁also ▁at ▁Lieutenant ▁Gill igan ' s ▁case . ▁ ▁That ▁night , ▁CO RE ' s ▁demonstr ation ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Black ▁National ist ▁speak ers ▁who , ▁every ▁week , ▁were ▁present ▁at ▁this ▁very ▁same ▁spot . ▁The ▁difference ▁is ▁that ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁T ues day ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁crowd ▁to ▁listen ▁to ▁them . ▁T ues day , ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁was ▁certainly ▁an ▁opportunity ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁ordinary ▁for ▁the ▁Black ▁National ist ▁Party ▁to ▁spread ▁its ▁ideas ▁to ▁the ▁Black ▁community . ▁After ▁a ▁ 2 0 - min ute ▁speech , ▁the ▁crowd ▁started ▁to ▁be ▁ag itated ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁speaker , ▁becoming ▁wor ried ▁about ▁the ▁situation , ▁changed ▁the ▁tone ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁saying ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁conv ince ▁the ▁crowd ▁to ▁remain ▁calm . ▁The ▁ri ot ▁started ▁again ▁and ▁police ▁charged ▁the ▁mob ▁while ▁angry ▁ri oter ▁threw ▁bott les ▁and ▁de br is ▁at ▁them . ▁Everything ▁was ▁under ▁control ▁by ▁ 2 ▁A . M . ▁on ▁Wed nes day . ▁ ▁On ▁Wed nes day ▁night , ▁a ▁tro op ▁of ▁mounted ▁police ▁was ▁set ▁at ▁the ▁four ▁corners ▁of ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁F ult on ▁and ▁N ost rand . ▁The ▁buildings ▁were ▁lower ▁and ▁the |
▁street ▁wider , ▁reducing ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁using ▁horses ▁for ▁crowd ▁control . ▁A ▁sound ▁tr uck ▁with ▁a ▁NA AC P ▁logo ▁had ▁been ▁driving ▁down ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Bed ford - St uy ves ant ▁during ▁the ▁day ▁and ▁park ed ▁where ▁the ▁Black ▁National ists ▁had ▁set ▁a ▁pod ium ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁before . ▁When ▁the ▁crowd ▁that ▁had ▁formed ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁tr uck ▁was ▁of ▁a ▁reasonable ▁size , ▁Fle ary , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁NA AC P ▁workers , ▁addressed ▁the ▁crowd . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁Bed ford - St uy ves ant ▁was ▁a ▁" community ▁of ▁law ". ▁Furthermore , ▁he ▁ins isted ▁that ▁ri ots ▁wer en ' t ▁how ▁they ▁were ▁going ▁to ▁get ▁what ▁they ▁wanted . ▁The ▁mob ▁seemed ▁to ▁generally ▁agree ▁with ▁him ▁until ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁men , ▁among ▁them ▁four ▁were ▁we aring ▁a ▁green ▁ber et , ▁appeared ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁and ▁approached ▁the ▁sound ▁tr uck . ▁They ▁started ▁to ▁rock ▁the ▁tr uck ▁while ▁the ▁mob ▁got ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁ag itated . ▁Fle ary ▁will ▁remain ▁the ▁only ▁community ▁leader ▁aff irm ing ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁external ▁ag it ators . ▁When ▁Fle ary ▁lost ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁micro phone , ▁the ▁police ▁charge ▁to ▁rescue ▁the ▁NA AC P ▁crew ▁had ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁starting ▁another ▁ri ot . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁Statistics ▁vary ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 5 0 0 ▁persons ▁were ▁injured , ▁one ▁man |
▁died ▁and ▁ 4 6 5 ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁were ▁arrested . ▁Property ▁damage ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁between ▁$ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁$ 1 ▁million . ▁ ▁In ▁September , ▁Gill igan ▁was ▁cleared ▁of ▁any ▁wrong do ing ▁by ▁a ▁grand ▁j ury ▁and ▁charges ▁were ▁dropped . ▁He ▁always ▁maintained ▁Pow ell ▁had ▁lung ed ▁at ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁kn ife . ▁ ▁Project ▁U pl ift ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁ ▁Project ▁U pl ift ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁short - term ▁program ▁of ▁the ▁Johnson ▁administration ' s ▁Great ▁Society ▁suite ▁of ▁social ▁w elf are ▁programs . ▁An ▁experimental ▁anti - p over ty ▁program ▁in ▁Har lem , ▁New ▁York , ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁rec urrence ▁of ▁the ▁ri ots ▁that ▁had ▁hit ▁the ▁community ▁the ▁summer ▁before . ▁ ▁Th ous ands ▁of ▁young ▁Har lem ites ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁jobs ▁intended ▁in ▁the ▁short ▁run ▁to ▁keep ▁them ▁busy ▁and , ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁run , ▁to ▁give ▁them ▁skills ▁and ▁opportun ities ▁to ▁break ▁out ▁of ▁pover ty . ▁Young ▁people ▁were ▁employed ▁running ▁a ▁summer ▁camp , ▁plant ing ▁trees , ▁repair ing ▁dam aged ▁buildings , ▁and ▁printing ▁a ▁newspaper . ▁Project s ▁included ▁a ▁Project ▁U pl ift ▁the ater ▁program , ▁run ▁by ▁Le R oi ▁Jones , ▁and ▁a ▁dance ▁program . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ |
▁Har lem ▁ri ot ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁trouble ▁that ▁began ▁after ▁rum ors ▁circul ated ▁that ▁a ▁young ▁child ▁had ▁been ▁sever ely ▁be aten ▁by ▁a ▁shop keeper . ▁ ▁Har lem ▁ri ot ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁dist urban ces ▁that ▁began ▁after ▁a ▁polic eman ▁shot ▁and ▁wounded ▁a ▁black ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁soldier . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁inc idents ▁of ▁civil ▁un rest ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁ ▁The ▁Progress ive ▁Labor ▁Party , ▁whose ▁members ▁were ▁accused ▁by ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁of ▁leading ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁ri ots . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁inc idents ▁of ▁civil ▁un rest ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁R W ▁Apple , ▁" Pol ice ▁Def end ▁the ▁Use ▁of ▁Gun fire ▁in ▁Cont rolling ▁Ri ots ▁in ▁Har lem ", ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁ 7 / 2 1 / 6 4 . ▁ ▁Peter ▁K ih ss , ▁" S cre v ane ▁Link s ▁Red s ▁to ▁Ri oting ", ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁ 7 / 2 2 / 6 4 ; ▁and ▁letters ▁in ▁response ▁on ▁ 7 / 2 4 / 6 4 . ▁ ▁Barbara ▁B enson , ▁Let ter ▁to ▁Editor , ▁" Why ▁Har lem ▁Neg ro es ▁Ri ot ", ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁ 7 / 2 2 / 6 4 . ▁ ▁"' C as |
ual ty ' ▁List ▁in ▁Battle ▁of ▁Har lem ", ▁Amsterdam ▁News , ▁ 7 / 2 5 / 6 4 ▁ ▁" In j ured ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Har lem ", ▁Amsterdam ▁News , ▁ 7 / 2 5 / 6 4 ▁ ▁George ▁Bar ner , ▁" The ▁Neg ro ▁Cop ▁in ▁a ▁Race ▁Ri ot ", ▁Amsterdam ▁News , ▁ 7 / 2 5 / 6 4 ▁ ▁" The ▁Total ▁in ▁Ri ots ", ▁Amsterdam ▁News , ▁ 8 / l / 6 4 . ▁ ▁" R i oting ▁follows ▁a ▁common ▁pattern ", ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁ 8 / 3 0 / 6 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁A ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Ra cial ▁Equ ality ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁ ▁Who ▁Spe aks ▁for ▁Har lem ? ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁ri ots ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁history ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁ri ots ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Har lem ▁Category : R i ots ▁and ▁civil ▁dis order ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : J uly ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁A rem - are m ▁is ▁an ▁Indones ian - J avan ese ▁sn ack ▁made ▁of ▁com pressed ▁rice ▁c ake ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁cyl inder ▁wrapped ▁inside ▁a ▁ban ana ▁leaf , ▁filled ▁with |
▁d iced ▁veget ables , ▁tem pe h ▁or ▁on com , ▁sometimes ▁also ▁filled ▁with ▁min ced ▁meat ▁or ▁ab on ▁( be ef ▁fl oss ), ▁and ▁e aten ▁as ▁sn ack . ▁A rem - are m ▁is ▁often ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁smaller ▁size ▁l ont ong ▁sn ack ▁with ▁fill ings , ▁thus ▁sometimes ▁also ▁called ▁l ont ong ▁is i ▁( lit . ▁" filled ▁l ont ong "). ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁sn ack ▁in ▁Java , ▁and ▁commonly ▁found ▁in ▁Indones ian ▁market p laces ▁as ▁j aj an ▁pas ar ▁(" market ▁m unch ies ") ▁as ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁k ue ▁( sn ack ) ▁offered ▁there . ▁A rem - are m ▁is ▁often ▁served ▁as ▁traditional ▁ceremony , ▁family ▁gather ing , ▁birth day , ▁office ▁meet ings , ▁and ▁often ▁presented ▁in ▁a ▁sn ack ▁box . ▁It ▁is ▁quite ▁similar ▁to ▁lem per , ▁but ▁use ▁common ▁rice ▁instead ▁of ▁stick y ▁rice ▁lem per . ▁ ▁Vari ants ▁and ▁fill ings ▁The ▁rice ▁is ▁flav ored ▁with ▁co con ut ▁milk , ▁and ▁stuff ed ▁with ▁d iced ▁veget ables ▁( car rot , ▁common ▁bean ▁and ▁pot ato ), ▁cook ed ▁min ced ▁meat ▁( be ef ▁or ▁ch icken ), ▁ab on ▁( be ef ▁fl oss ), ▁or ▁to fu , ▁on com ▁and ▁tem pe h . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁are m - are m ▁variants , ▁mostly ▁differ ▁according ▁to ▁its |
▁fill ings , ▁the ▁avail ability ▁of ▁ing red ients , ▁and ▁also ▁cre ativity ▁of ▁the ▁cre ator . ▁ ▁A rem - are m ▁is ▁usually ▁uses ▁thin ▁young ▁ban ana ▁leaf ▁as ▁wrapper , ▁a ▁thin ▁light ▁yellow - green ▁colored ▁ban ana ▁leaf . ▁L ont ong ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁usually ▁uses ▁th icker ▁m ature ▁ban ana ▁leaf . ▁The ▁texture ▁of ▁are m - are m ▁sn ack ▁is ▁usually ▁so fter ▁compared ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁common ▁l ont ong ▁or ▁stick y ▁lem per , ▁due ▁to ▁th inner ▁ban ana ▁leaf , ▁addition ▁of ▁co con ut ▁milk ▁and ▁prolong ed ▁ste aming ▁or ▁bo iling ▁period . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Past il ▁ ▁Bak ch ang ▁ ▁Bur asa ▁ ▁Lem per ▁ ▁Le pet ▁Tam ale ▁ ▁On igi ri ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ 1 5 ▁variations ▁of ▁A rem - are m ▁reci pes ▁( In ▁Indones ian ) ▁ ▁Category : J avan ese ▁cu is ine ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁cu is ine ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁sn ack ▁food s ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁rice ▁d ishes <0x0A> </s> ▁Christ ▁Church ▁Boys ' ▁Senior ▁Second ary ▁School ( Est t ▁ 1 8 7 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁school ▁in ▁J ab al pur , ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁medium ▁school . ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁students |
. ▁The ▁school ▁functions ▁under ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁J ab al pur ▁( Ch urch ▁of ▁North ▁India ). ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Christ ▁Church ▁School ▁had ▁its ▁beg inn ings ▁in ▁the ▁vest ry ▁of ▁Christ ▁Church ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁and ▁was ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁Christ ▁Church ▁School . ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁founded ▁on ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁by ▁Rev . ▁Draw ridge . ▁The ▁school ▁started ▁with ▁three ▁students ▁and ▁now ▁there ▁are ▁over ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁students ▁at ▁the ▁school , ▁and ▁ 1 0 1 ▁members ▁on ▁the ▁teaching ▁and ▁office ▁staff . M ah ant ▁Sw ami ▁Mah ar aj , ▁the ▁current ▁president ▁and ▁the ▁spiritual ▁g uru ▁of ▁[[ B AP SS ch ool ▁Web ▁Site ▁Sw amin ar ay an ▁San st ha ]] ▁is ▁a ▁notable ▁al umn i ▁of ▁Christ ▁Church ▁Boys ' ▁Senior ▁Second ary ▁School . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁a ▁separate ▁branch ▁for ▁girls , ▁named ▁as ▁Christ ▁Church ▁Girls ' ▁Senior ▁Second ary ▁School . ▁These ▁two ▁schools ▁are ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁road . ▁Ear lier , ▁the ▁school ▁delivered ▁co - ed uc ation , ▁but ▁later , ▁it ▁was ▁split ▁up ▁into ▁Boys ' ▁and ▁Girls ' ▁school , ▁both ▁being ▁affili ated ▁to ▁Central ▁Board ▁of ▁Second ary ▁Education ▁now . ▁Ear lier ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁affili ated ▁to ▁MP B SE ▁( MP ▁Board ) ▁and ▁C IS |
CE . ▁IC SE ▁is ▁now ▁functions ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁wing ▁named ▁IC SE ▁wing ▁( Christ ▁Church ▁School ▁for ▁Boys ▁and ▁Girls ) ▁which ▁ ▁del ivers ▁co - ed uc ation . ▁ ▁Sports ▁and ▁cultural ▁activities ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁a ▁special ▁type ▁of ▁physical ▁exercise ▁term ed ▁as ▁tor ch light ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁highlight ▁of ▁the ▁school . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁CE ▁it ▁is ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁annual ▁sports ▁in ▁which ▁burning ▁tor ches ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁scen ic ▁synchron ised ▁exercise . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁D . V . ▁Beat son ▁added ▁the ▁Beat son ▁exercise . ▁ ▁Notable ▁Al umn i ▁ ▁Kenneth ▁St ur geon ▁, John ▁Buch an an , M ann ▁Singh , David ▁Dev adas an . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁{ Sch ools ▁Website } ▁ ▁Category : Ch urch ▁of ▁North ▁India ▁schools ▁Category : Christ ian ▁schools ▁in ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁and ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : E ducation ▁in ▁J ab al pur <0x0A> </s> ▁De ▁la ▁font aine , ▁De ▁La font aine ▁or ▁Del af ont aine ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Made mo is elle ▁De ▁La font aine , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁La ▁Font aine , ▁( 1 6 5 5 – 1 7 3 8 ), ▁French ▁ball er ina ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁professional ▁bal let ▁dan cer ▁▁ ▁Ag |
at he ▁de ▁La ▁Font aine ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ), ▁French ▁actress ▁ ▁Ben o ît ▁M ott et ▁de ▁La ▁Font aine ▁( 1 7 4 5 – 1 8 2 0 ), ▁French ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁n avy ▁and ▁colon ies ▁min istry ▁ ▁Christ ophe ▁de ▁la ▁Font aine ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁industrial ▁designer ▁working ▁and ▁living ▁in ▁Germany ▁ ▁Ed mond ▁de ▁la ▁Font aine ▁( 1 8 2 3 – 1 8 9 1 ), ▁Luxemb ourg ian ▁jur ist , ▁poet , ▁and ▁ly ric ist ▁ ▁G asp ard - Th é odore - Ign ace ▁de ▁la ▁Font aine ▁( 1 7 8 7 – 1 8 7 1 ), ▁Luxemb ourg ish ▁politician ▁and ▁jur ist ▁ ▁Jacques ▁de ▁La font aine ▁de ▁Bel c our ▁( 1 7 0 4 – 1 7 6 5 ), ▁French ▁entrepr ene ur ▁involved ▁in ▁various ▁business ▁vent ures ▁in ▁New ▁France ▁▁ ▁Jean ▁de ▁La ▁Font aine ▁( 1 6 2 1 – 1 6 9 5 ), ▁French ▁fab ul ist ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁widely ▁read ▁French ▁po ets ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁ ▁Lé on ▁de ▁la ▁Font aine ▁( 1 8 1 9 – 1 8 9 2 ), ▁Luxemb ourg ish ▁lawyer , ▁politician ▁and ▁botan ist ▁ ▁Marc ▁Del af ont aine ▁( 1 8 3 7 – 1 9 1 1 ), ▁Swiss ▁chem ist |
▁who ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁along ▁with ▁Jacques - Louis ▁S oret , ▁first ▁observed ▁hol m ium ▁spect ro scop ically ▁ ▁Nicholas ▁de ▁la ▁Font aine , ▁Protest ant ▁refuge e ▁in ▁Gene va ▁and ▁secretary ▁of ▁John ▁Cal vin ▁ ▁Pierre - Max im il ien ▁Del af ont aine ▁( 1 7 7 7 – 1 8 6 0 ), ▁French ▁painter ▁ ▁Robert ▁le ▁Ma çon , ▁Sie ur ▁de ▁la ▁Font aine ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 3 4 – 1 6 1 1 ), ▁French ▁Re formed ▁minister ▁and ▁diplom at . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ch âteau ▁de ▁la ▁Font aine ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Christian e ▁Mer cel is ▁( born ▁ 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁former ▁tennis ▁player ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁Mer cel is ▁won ▁the ▁Girls ' ▁Singles ▁of ▁the ▁W im ble don ▁Championships . ▁She ▁competed ▁every ▁year ▁at ▁W im ble don ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁French ▁Open ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁In ▁the ▁French ▁Open , ▁she ▁reached ▁the ▁quarter - final s ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁Mer cel is ▁played ▁for ▁Belg ium ▁in ▁the ▁Federation ▁Cup |
▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁losing ▁all ▁five ▁singles ▁matches , ▁and ▁winning ▁two ▁of ▁her ▁eight ▁doubles ▁matches . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁player ▁to ▁have ▁played ▁for ▁Belg ium ▁at ▁ 3 7 ▁years ▁ 2 3 1 ▁days ▁in ▁her ▁last ▁doubles ▁match ▁against ▁South ▁Africa ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁which ▁she ▁won ▁partner ing ▁M iche le ▁K ahn . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Tennis ▁Championships . ▁she ▁won ▁ 1 3 ▁singles ▁titles , ▁ 1 4 ▁women ' s ▁doubles ▁titles , ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁mixed ▁doubles ▁titles , ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 3 ▁were ▁partner ing ▁Jack y ▁Br ich ant . ▁ ▁Tit les ▁Mer cel is ▁won ▁ 1 7 ▁singles ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁doubles ▁titles ▁in ▁official ▁tournament s . ▁ ▁Singles ▁ 1 9 5 6 : ▁Nice ▁ 1 9 5 7 : ▁C annes , ▁Nice , ▁A ix - en - Pro v ence ▁ 1 9 5 9 : ▁C ologne , ▁Moscow , ▁Br uss els ▁ 1 9 6 0 : ▁Br uss els , ▁Kent ▁ 1 9 6 1 : ▁C annes , ▁Br uss els , ▁Kn ok ke , ▁Hil vers um ) ▁ 1 9 6 3 : ▁Le ▁T ou quet ▁ 1 9 6 4 : ▁Br uss |
els , ▁Kn ok ke ▁ 1 9 6 5 : ▁Br uss els ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁ 1 9 5 5 : ▁Rome ▁ 1 9 5 7 : ▁Nice , ▁Ant werp ▁ 1 9 6 0 : ▁Kn ok ke , ▁G sta ad ▁ 1 9 6 1 : ▁Br uss els , ▁Ant werp , ▁Amsterdam , ▁Hil vers um ) ▁ 1 9 6 2 : ▁Bre men , ▁C annes , ▁Nice ▁ 1 9 6 3 : ▁Ost end ▁ 1 9 6 4 : ▁Kn ok ke , ▁M ent on ▁ 1 9 6 5 : ▁Kn ok ke ▁ 1 9 6 8 : ▁O ost ende ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁female ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : Gr and ▁S lam ▁( ten nis ) ▁champions ▁in ▁girls ' ▁singles ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : W im ble don ▁junior ▁champions <0x0A> </s> ▁Aut oman iac ▁was ▁a ▁TV ▁show ▁hosted ▁by ▁former ▁professional ▁wrest ler ▁Bill ▁Gold berg . ▁In ▁each ▁episode , ▁Gold berg ▁told ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁particular ▁type ▁of ▁vehicle : ▁its ▁orig ins , ▁its ▁design ers , ▁etc . ▁The ▁show ▁a ired ▁on ▁Wed nes days ▁at ▁ 1 1 ▁PM ▁E ST / 1 0 ▁PM ▁C ST ▁on ▁The ▁History ▁Channel ▁and ▁was ▁can ce led ▁in |
▁August ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁History ▁Channel ▁page ▁for ▁Aut oman iac ▁ ▁Category : Autom ot ive ▁television ▁series ▁Category : History ▁( American ▁TV ▁channel ) ▁original ▁programming <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁castle ▁located ▁in ▁N oda , ▁north western ▁Ch iba ▁Pref ect ure , ▁Japan . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁E do ▁period , ▁Se ki y ado ▁Castle ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁K use ▁cl an , ▁da im y ō ▁of ▁Se ki y ado ▁Domain . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Se ki y ado ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁confl u ence ▁of ▁the ▁T one ▁River ▁and ▁the ▁Ed og awa ▁River , ▁and ▁was ▁thus ▁a ▁strateg ic ▁location ▁cont rolling ▁river ▁traffic ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁Kant ō ▁region , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁approaches ▁to ▁E do . ▁A ▁fort ification ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁this ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁Mur om achi ▁period ▁by ▁either ▁Y ado ya ▁M its us u ke ▁( 1 3 9 5 - 1 4 3 8 ) ▁or ▁Y ado ya ▁Sh iges u ke ▁( d . ▁ 1 5 1 2 ). ▁It ▁was ▁destroyed ▁during ▁a ▁campaign ▁by ▁the ▁Later ▁H ō j ō ▁cl an ▁of ▁O da w ara ▁to ▁conquer ▁the ▁Kant ō ▁region ▁from ▁ 1 5 6 5 - 1 5 7 4 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁H ō j ō ▁cl an ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁the |
▁Battle ▁of ▁O da w ara , ▁they ▁were ▁supp l anted ▁by ▁Tok ug awa ▁I ey as u , ▁the ▁castle ▁was ▁re construct ed ▁by ▁M ats ud ai ra ▁Y as um oto ▁in ▁ 1 5 9 0 . ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁Tok ug awa ▁Sh og un ate , ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁T one ▁River ▁was ▁di vert ed ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 4 ▁to ▁prevent ▁flo oding ▁in ▁E do . ▁The ▁new ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁T one ▁River ▁was ▁moved ▁from ▁E do ▁Bay ▁to ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁B ō s ō ▁Pen ins ula , ▁which ▁greatly ▁h inder ed ▁river ▁transport ation . ▁The ▁da im y ō ▁of ▁Se ki y ado ▁Domain , ▁It ak ura ▁Sh ig ets une , ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁this ▁situation ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁canal ▁joining ▁the ▁T one ▁River ▁with ▁the ▁Ed og awa ▁River ▁at ▁Se ki y ado , ▁which ▁greatly ▁short ened ▁the ▁voyage ▁and ▁en hanced ▁the ▁reven ues ▁of ▁his ▁domain . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁castle ▁was ▁re construct ed ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 1 , ▁the ▁new ▁don jon ▁was ▁constructed ▁as ▁a ▁copy ▁of ▁the ▁three - story ▁F uj imi ▁Y ag ura ▁of ▁E do ▁Castle . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Rest oration , ▁the ▁new ▁Me iji ▁government ▁ordered ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁all ▁former ▁fe ud al ▁fort ifications . ▁The ▁outer ▁buildings ▁of ▁the ▁castle ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁lost ▁in |
▁a ▁fire ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁structures ▁were ▁abandoned ▁in ▁comp liance ▁with ▁this ▁directive ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁and ▁pulled ▁down ▁by ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁don jon ▁was ▁re construct ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁boost ▁local ▁tour ism ▁and ▁to ▁function ▁as ▁an ▁an nex ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁Se ki y ado ▁Castle ▁Museum . ▁However , ▁the ▁re construct ed ▁buildings ▁are ▁not ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁found ations , ▁nor ▁are ▁the ▁buildings ▁histor ically ▁accurate , ▁as ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁mode led ▁on ▁“ typ ical ” ▁examples ▁from ▁other ▁cast les . ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Se ki y ado ▁Castle ▁J castle ▁Profile ▁Se ki y ado ▁Castle ▁Museum ▁home ▁page ▁ ▁Category : Cast les ▁in ▁Ch iba ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁Ch iba ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : History ▁museum s ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : H istor ic ▁S ites ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : Form er ▁cast les ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : R u ined ▁cast les ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁or ▁ 1 5 ▁Kre ise ▁( English : ▁count ies ) ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁B rom berg , ▁in ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁province ▁of ▁P osen . ▁The ▁county ▁existed ▁with ▁essentially ▁the ▁same ▁boundaries ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁as |
▁a ▁German ▁Kre ise ▁then ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁as ▁a ▁Polish ▁Pow iat ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Its ▁administrative ▁center ▁was ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁W yr zysk ▁( W irs itz ). ▁The ▁county ▁contained ▁additional ▁municipal ities ▁such ▁as ▁ ▁B ial os li wie , ▁Lob zen ica ▁( L ob sens ), ▁M ias te cz ko ▁Kra je ń skie ▁( F ried heim ), ▁M roc za ▁( M rot schen ), ▁Nak ło ▁nad ▁Note ci ą ▁( N ak el ), ▁ ▁Sad ki ▁and ▁W ys oka ▁( W isse k ) ▁plus ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁villages . ▁Many ▁villages ▁that ▁had ▁German ic ▁names ▁were ▁changed ▁to ▁completely ▁different ▁Polish ▁names ▁following ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁such ▁as ▁Rad z icz ▁( former ly ▁Hermann sd orf ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁the ▁central ▁government ▁abol ished ▁the ▁commune ▁( Pol ish : ▁gmina ) ▁as ▁the ▁smallest ▁unit ▁of ▁government , ▁div iding ▁the ▁county ▁into ▁ 2 8 ▁clusters . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁municipal ities ▁were ▁restored . ▁After ▁the ▁administrative ▁reform ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁divided ▁between ▁the ▁new ▁( lower ) ▁region ▁of ▁By dg osz cz ▁and ▁the ▁region ▁Pi ła . ▁The ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁def unct ▁county ▁was ▁an nex ed ▁by ▁Nak lo ▁County , ▁K uj aw y - P omer ania ▁Province |
▁and ▁P ila ▁County , ▁Wiel k opol ska ▁Province . ▁The ▁county ▁was ▁not ▁restored ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁W yr zysk ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁P ila ▁County . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁around ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁W yr zysk , ▁then ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Wars aw , ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Duch y ▁of ▁P osen ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁as ▁accord ed ▁at ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Vienna . ▁The ▁rather ▁tit ul ary ▁Grand ▁Duch y ▁of ▁P osen , ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁H oh enz oll ern , ▁the ▁r uling ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Pr uss ia , ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁province ▁within ▁Pr uss ia , ▁but ▁not ▁belonging ▁to ▁those ▁territ ories ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁loose ▁league ▁called ▁the ▁German ▁Confeder ation . ▁Its ▁constitution al ▁peculiar ity ▁had ▁been ▁abol ished ▁on ▁December ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁Province ▁of ▁P osen , ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁transformed ▁into ▁one ▁of ▁Pr uss ia ' s ▁regional ▁sub div isions , ▁but ▁still ▁no ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Confeder ation . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁W yr zysk ▁( G erman : ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ) ▁was ▁formed . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁territorial ▁re organisation ▁within ▁the ▁Kingdom |
▁of ▁Pr uss ia ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁the ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁were ▁partly ▁red ra wn ▁so ▁that ▁by ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁K c yn ia ▁( G erman : ▁Ex in ) ▁became ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁county ▁of ▁Sch ub in ▁( Pol ish : ▁Sz ub in ). ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁W yr zysk ▁( G erman : ▁W irs itz ) ▁dom ic iled ▁the ▁county ▁administration . ▁ ▁Being ▁an ▁administrative ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Pr uss ia ▁the ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁joined ▁the ▁newly ▁founded ▁North ▁German ▁Confeder ation ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 7 , ▁becoming ▁thereby ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁part ▁of ▁ ▁a ▁German ▁common wealth . ▁ ▁By ▁way ▁of ▁un ification ▁of ▁German ▁states ▁the ▁North ▁German ▁Confeder ation ▁had ▁been ▁en larg ed ▁by ▁southern ▁German ▁states ▁and ▁constitution ally ▁rein for ced ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁un ited ▁Germany ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁with ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁being ▁part ▁of ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁parliament ▁( G erman : ▁Reich stag ) ▁forming ▁the ▁Polish ▁National ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( Pol ish : ▁Str onn ictwo ▁Narod owo - D em okrat ycz ne ), ▁led ▁by ▁W ład ys ław ▁T acz an owski ▁( 1 8 2 5 – 1 8 9 3 ), ▁protest ed ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ |
1 8 7 1 ▁in ▁the ▁parliament ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁founded ▁un ited ▁Germany ▁against ▁Pr uss ia ▁joining ▁with ▁all ▁her ▁provinces ▁un ited ▁Germany . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁the ▁U pr ising ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁Poland ▁started ▁and ▁involved ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁Province ▁of ▁P osen , ▁where ▁Germ ans , ▁ident ifying ▁themselves ▁as ▁being ▁Polish , ▁formed ▁the ▁majority ▁and ▁fought ▁against ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁rule ▁in ▁that ▁province , ▁forming ▁the ▁historical ▁landscape ▁named ▁Gre ater ▁Poland . ▁While ▁the ▁U pr ising , ▁terminated ▁by ▁a ▁German - Pol ish ▁ce ase fire ▁agreed ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁end ▁of ▁German ▁rule ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁P osen , ▁its ▁northern ▁out sk ir ts ▁including ▁the ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁remained ▁calm ▁and ▁under ▁German ▁control . ▁This ▁may ▁be ▁because ▁some ▁ 6 4 - 5 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁( fig ures ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 0 ) ▁in ▁the ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁consisted ▁of ▁Germ ans , ▁ident ifying ▁themselves ▁as ▁being ▁German ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁ 3 6 % ▁of ▁eth nic ▁Germ ans , ▁ident ifying ▁themselves ▁as ▁being ▁Polish ▁national s ▁( fig ures ▁from ▁German ▁census ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 0 ). ▁ ▁Pow iat ▁W yr zy ski ▁( |
1 9 1 9 - 1 9 3 9 ) ▁By ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Vers a illes ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Germany ▁c eded ▁the ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁re est ab lished ▁Poland . ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁both ▁countries ▁agreed ▁upon ▁how ▁to ▁hand ▁over ▁the ▁territ ories ▁c eded ▁to ▁Poland , ▁but ▁still ▁held ▁by ▁Germany . ▁This ▁agreement ▁was ▁rat ified ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁So ▁official ▁represent atives ▁of ▁Germany ▁( s old iers , ▁government ▁officials ▁and ▁the ▁like ) ▁left ▁the ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁between ▁January ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁fact ually ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Poland . ▁ ▁The ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁officially ▁became ▁the ▁powiat ▁W yr zy ski ▁( Pol ish ▁for ▁county ▁of ▁W yr zysk ). ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁c eded ▁territ ories ▁was ▁entitled ▁to ▁choose ▁to ▁become ▁Pol es ▁or ▁remain ▁Germ ans . ▁Many ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁Germany ▁( so - called ▁opt ants , ▁who ▁opt ed ▁not ▁to ▁become ▁Pol es ), ▁especially ▁those ▁who ▁did ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁being ▁German . ▁This ▁em igration ▁and ▁int ra - Pol ish ▁migration ▁resulted ▁in ▁figures ▁as ▁measured ▁in ▁the ▁Polish ▁census ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁Then ▁ 2 0 , 5 % |
▁of ▁the ▁county ' s ▁population ▁were ▁Pol es , ▁ident ifying ▁themselves ▁as ▁being ▁German . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁the ▁powiat ▁W yr zy ski ▁was ▁c eded ▁from ▁the ▁Poz na ń ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( the ▁Polish ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁P osen ), ▁to ▁the ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁of ▁P omer ania ▁which ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁P omer ania ▁( Pol ish : ▁Woj ew ództ wo ▁Wiel kop om or skie ). ▁Cover ing ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁historical ▁P omer elia ▁this ▁vo iv odes hip ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁of ▁P omer elia , ▁to ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁with ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁Province ▁of ▁P omer ania , ▁with ▁the ▁Free ▁State ▁of ▁Pr uss ia ▁being ▁a ▁federal ▁state ▁of ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Landkreis ▁W irs itz ▁( 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 ) ▁A ▁few ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁being ▁along ▁the ▁border ▁of ▁Pr uss ia ▁and ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁routing ▁of ▁the ▁Ost bahn ▁this ▁strateg ically ▁important ▁county ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁German ▁troops . ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁German ▁administration ▁as ▁a ▁Landkreis ▁began ▁under ▁the ▁old ▁name ▁W irs itz . ▁Con tr ary ▁to ▁international ▁treat ies , ▁the ▁county ▁and ▁its ▁province ▁were ▁an nex ed ▁un il ater ally ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁Reich . |
▁With ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Red ▁Army ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁Polish ▁administration ▁under ▁the ▁old ▁name ▁powiat ▁W yr zy ski . ▁ ▁Pow iat ▁W yr zy ski ▁( 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 7 5 ) ▁For ▁more ▁about ▁powiat ▁W yr zy ski , ▁which ▁ceased ▁to ▁exist ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁c f . ▁the ▁Polish ▁site ▁ ▁Ge ographical ▁features ▁ ▁Military ▁command ▁ ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁command ▁in ▁P osen ▁( G erman : ▁Bez irk sk omm ando ) ▁at ▁B rom berg . ▁ ▁Court ▁system ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁court ▁( G erman : ▁Land gericht ) ▁was ▁in ▁Schne ide m ühl , ▁with ▁lower ▁courts ▁( G erman : ▁Amts gericht ) ▁in ▁W irs itz , ▁Lob sens ▁and ▁Nak el . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁www . pol ish ro ots . org ▁List ▁of ▁gene alog ical ▁records ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁" Der ▁Kreis ▁W irs itz ▁: ▁ein ▁west pre uß isches ▁Heimat buch ", ▁by ▁Herbert ▁Pap stein , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁German ▁( out ▁of ▁print ). ▁L DS ▁call ▁number : ▁ 9 4 3 . 8 4 / W 2 ▁H 2 ▁L DS ▁film ▁# 1 1 8 3 5 3 0 , ▁item ▁ 4 ▁▁ ▁" Alt ans ä ss ige ▁deutsche ▁Bau ern gesch le chter |
▁in ▁den ▁Kre isen ▁Z emp el burg ▁und ▁W irs itz ▁in ▁West pre uß en ", ▁by ▁Hans ▁J ürgen ▁von ▁Wil ck ens , ▁(" Old ▁established ▁families ▁of ▁the ▁districts ▁of ▁Z emp el burg ▁and ▁W irs itz ") ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁in ▁German ▁( out ▁of ▁print ). ▁L DS ▁call ▁number : ▁ 9 4 3 . 8 ▁B 4 ▁ ▁L DS ▁film ▁# 1 1 8 1 5 2 5 , ▁item ▁ 1 0 ▁ ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁Pr uss ia <0x0A> </s> ▁P ion er ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁sel o ) ▁in ▁D akt uy sko ye ▁R ural ▁S ett lement ▁of ▁Mag dag ach in sky ▁District , ▁Am ur ▁O blast , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 3 0 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁Am ur – Z ey a ▁P lain , ▁ 3 0 ▁km ▁from ▁D akt uy ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁km ▁from ▁A pre l sko ye . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Am ur ▁O blast ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Mag dag ach in sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁J . M . ▁Old s ▁Colleg iate ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁Tw illing ate , ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁currently |
▁has ▁an ▁en roll ment ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 1 0 ▁students ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁teachers . ▁It ▁oper ates ▁under ▁the ▁New found land ▁& ▁Lab r ador ▁English ▁School ▁District , ▁formerly ▁the ▁Lewis porte - G ander ▁School ▁District . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Dr . ▁John ▁McK ee ▁Old s ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁and ▁died ▁September ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁Mr . ▁Old s ▁pract iced ▁medicine ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Tw illing ate ▁for ▁over ▁ 4 9 ▁years . ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁originally ▁called ▁Central ▁High ▁but ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁J . M . ▁Old s ▁Colleg iate ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁Der rick ▁Dal ley ▁was ▁the ▁principal ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁for ▁years ▁but ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁M HA ▁for ▁The ▁Is les ▁of ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8 ▁school ▁year , ▁former ▁vice - pr incipal ▁R andy ▁P ond ▁took ▁the ▁temporary ▁position ▁of ▁principal ▁while ▁French ▁teacher ▁She ena ▁M ills ▁took ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁vice - pr incipal . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9 ▁school ▁year , ▁Pa ula ▁S weet apple ▁is ▁the ▁principal ▁and ▁R andy ▁P ond ▁is ▁the ▁vice - pr incipal ▁again . ▁ ▁Academ ics |
▁ ▁J . M . ▁Old s ▁Colleg iate ▁follows ▁the ▁standard ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁curr icul um , ▁offering ▁both ▁basic , ▁or ▁general ▁courses ▁and ▁academic ▁courses ▁in ▁senior ▁high . ▁The ▁standard ▁junior ▁high ▁curr icul um ▁includes ▁English , ▁Mathemat ics , ▁General ▁Science , ▁French , ▁German , ▁Phys ical ▁Education , ▁Social ▁Studies , ▁Art ▁and ▁Music ▁classes ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁elect ives ▁like ▁Indust rial ▁Arts ▁and ▁Home ▁Econom ics . ▁The ▁academic ▁senior ▁high ▁school ▁curr icul um ▁offers ▁English , ▁Math ▁( ac ade mic ▁and ▁advanced ), ▁Canadian ▁Geography , ▁World ▁Geography , ▁Communic ations ▁Technology , ▁General ▁Science , ▁Bi ology , ▁Chem istry , ▁Physics , ▁French , ▁Art ▁and ▁Design , ▁Fab ric ation , ▁Human ▁Dynam ics , ▁App lied ▁Music ▁and ▁other ▁elect ives . ▁ ▁Athletics ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁a ▁junior ▁and ▁senior ▁vol ley ball , ▁basketball , ▁soft ball ▁and ▁hockey ▁team , ▁the ▁Com b ines . ▁The ▁boys ▁soft ball ▁team ▁has ▁won ▁two ▁provincial ▁b ann ers ▁and ▁the ▁boys ▁vol ley ball ▁team ▁won ▁a ▁provincial ▁b anner ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁girls ▁ 3 A ▁So ft ball ▁team ▁won ▁a ▁provincial ▁b anner ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁in ▁St . ▁Mary ' s . ▁Form er ▁student ▁Tra vis ▁Rand ell ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Hal if ax ▁Mo ose head s ▁in |
▁Dr um mond ville , ▁Quebec ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁school ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁weight ▁room ▁with ▁free ▁weights ▁( d um bb ells , ▁bar b ells ), ▁machines ▁and ▁card io ▁equipment ▁for ▁strength ▁and ▁condition ing . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Tw illing ate ▁Island ▁Element ary ▁Tw illing ate ▁N LE SD ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁J . M . ▁Old s ▁Colleg iate ▁ ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁article ▁is ▁about ▁the ▁particular ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁to ▁Wales ▁and ▁its ▁people . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ▁– ▁Albert ▁Edward ▁Princess ▁of ▁Wales ▁– ▁vac ant ▁ ▁Events ▁Late ▁August ▁Third ▁ch ol era ▁pan demic ▁in ▁Card iff . ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁— ▁David ▁Dav ies ▁( D ai ' r ▁Cant wr ) ▁receives ▁a ▁conditional ▁p ardon ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Reb e cca ▁Ri ots . ▁ 5 ▁November ▁— ▁At ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁In k erman , ▁Hugh ▁Row lands ▁car ries ▁out ▁the ▁actions ▁that ▁lead ▁to ▁his ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁Wel sh man ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross . ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁— ▁In ▁Australia , ▁Wel sh - born ▁John ▁Bass on ▁Hum ff ray ▁is ▁elected ▁the ▁first ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Ball ar at ▁Reform ▁League . ▁Bet si ▁Cad wal adr ▁volunte ers ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁nur se ▁in ▁the ▁Crime |
an ▁War . ▁Love ▁Jones - Par ry ▁is ▁High ▁Sher iff ▁of ▁Ca ern ar v ons hire . ▁The ▁Te legraph ic ▁Des patch ▁is ▁published ▁in ▁Sw anse a , ▁the ▁first ▁newspaper ▁in ▁Wales ▁to ▁come ▁out ▁more ▁than ▁once ▁a ▁week . ▁A ▁pen ny ▁newspaper , ▁the ▁Her ald ▁C ym ra eg , ▁is ▁founded ▁at ▁Ca ern ar fon , ▁with ▁James ▁Evans ▁as ▁editor . ▁John ▁Williams ▁( Ab ▁I th el ) ▁becomes ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁Camb rian ▁Journal . ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁literature ▁ ▁New ▁books ▁ ▁English ▁language ▁Thomas ▁Pr ich ard ▁— ▁The ▁Hero ines ▁of ▁Wel sh ▁History ▁Samuel ▁P ride aux ▁T reg elles ▁— ▁Account ▁of ▁the ▁Print ed ▁Text ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁ ▁Wel sh ▁language ▁John ▁Edwards ▁( E os ▁G lan ▁Tw r ch ) ▁— ▁L lais ▁o ' r ▁L l w yn : ▁se f ▁B ard d onia eth , ▁ar ▁Am ry fal ▁Dest yn au ▁Samuel ▁Evans ▁( G om ery dd ) ▁— ▁Y ▁G om ery dd ▁O wen ▁W yn ne ▁Jones ▁— ▁F y ▁Ori au ▁Ham d den ol ▁William ▁Thomas ▁( I sl w yn ) ▁— ▁B ard d onia eth ▁ ▁Music ▁David ▁Rich ards ▁— ▁Y ▁Bl w ch ▁Cer dd or ol ▁( collection ▁of ▁h ym ns ▁and ▁anth ems ) ▁ ▁B irth s ▁ 1 ▁January ▁— ▁Peter ▁Morris , ▁baseball ▁player ▁( d |
ied ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ) ▁ 8 ▁April ▁— ▁Robert ▁Arthur ▁Williams ▁( Ber w ), ▁cl erg yman ▁and ▁poet ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁— ▁Sir ▁John ▁E ld on ▁Bank es , ▁judge ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁— ▁William ▁Crit ch low ▁Harris , ▁Wel sh - Can ad ian ▁architect ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 1 3 ) ▁ 1 0 ▁July ▁— ▁John ▁Lloyd ▁Williams , ▁botan ist ▁and ▁composer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ 2 2 ▁September ▁— ▁John ▁Fox ▁T all is , ▁min ing ▁engineer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁— ▁J . ▁D . ▁Re es , ▁colonial ▁administrator ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 2 2 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁— ▁Charles ▁Rod ney ▁Morgan , ▁politician , ▁ 2 5 ▁ 3 ▁April ▁— ▁Edward ▁Lloyd , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Most yn , ▁politician , ▁ 8 5 ▁ 1 0 ▁April ▁— ▁William ▁Edward ▁Pow ell , ▁politician , ▁ 6 6 ▁ 2 9 ▁April ▁— ▁Henry ▁P aget , ▁ 1 st ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Ang les ey , ▁soldier ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 8 5 ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁— ▁John ▁Row lands ▁of ▁Y ▁L ly s , ▁alleg ed ▁father ▁of ▁Sir ▁Henry |
▁Mort on ▁Stanley , ▁ 3 9 ▁ 1 2 ▁November ▁— ▁Charles ▁K emble , ▁actor , ▁ 7 9 ▁ 2 8 ▁December ▁— ▁Row land ▁Williams , ▁cl erg yman ▁and ▁writer , ▁ 7 5 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Wales ▁Category : 1 8 5 4 ▁in ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Revol t ▁of ▁the ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies , ▁() ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Reb ell ion ▁of ▁Wu ▁Sang ui , ▁was ▁a ▁re bell ion ▁in ▁China ▁last ing ▁from ▁ 1 6 7 3 ▁to ▁ 1 6 8 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁( 1 6 4 4 – 1 9 1 2 ) ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁Emperor ▁( r . ▁ 1 6 6 1 – 1 7 2 2 ). ▁The ▁revol t ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁three ▁l ords ▁of ▁the ▁f ief dom s ▁in ▁Y unn an , ▁Gu ang d ong ▁and ▁F uj ian ▁provinces ▁against ▁the ▁Q ing ▁central ▁government . ▁These ▁her edit ary ▁titles ▁had ▁been ▁given ▁to ▁prominent ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁def ectors ▁who ▁had ▁helped ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁conquer ▁China ▁during ▁the ▁transition ▁from ▁M ing ▁to ▁Q ing . ▁The ▁fe ud ator ies ▁were ▁supported ▁by ▁Zh eng ▁J ing ' s ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁T ung ning ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁which ▁sent ▁forces ▁to ▁in va de ▁Main land ▁China . ▁Additionally , ▁minor ▁Han ▁military ▁figures ▁like ▁Wang ▁F uch en |
▁and ▁the ▁Ch ah ar ▁Mong ols ▁also ▁revol ted ▁against ▁Q ing ▁rule . ▁After ▁the ▁last ▁remaining ▁ ▁Han ▁resistance ▁was ▁put ▁down , ▁the ▁former ▁pr inc ely ▁titles ▁were ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁Background ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁D ynast y ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁Sh un z hi ▁Emperor , ▁central ▁government ▁authority ▁was ▁not ▁strong ▁and ▁the ▁r ul ers ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁provinces ▁in ▁southern ▁China ▁directly . ▁The ▁government ▁initi ated ▁a ▁policy ▁of ▁" lett ing ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁govern ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese " ▁( 以 漢 制 漢 ), ▁which ▁allowed ▁some ▁gener als ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁M ing ▁D ynast y ▁who ▁had ▁surrender ed ▁them ▁to ▁help ▁them ▁govern ▁the ▁provinces ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁This ▁origin ated ▁from ▁the ▁cru cial ▁contributions ▁these ▁gener als ▁had ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁decis ive ▁moments ▁during ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁China . ▁For ▁instance , ▁n avy ▁of ▁G eng ▁Zh ong ming ▁and ▁Shang ▁K ex i ▁brought ▁about ▁quick ▁capit ulation ▁of ▁Jose on ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 6 , ▁allowing ▁rapid ▁advance ▁into ▁M ing ▁territ ories ▁without ▁worry ing ▁about ▁what ▁is ▁behind . ▁De fection ▁and ▁subsequent ▁co operation ▁of ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ▁allowed ▁swift ▁capture ▁and ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁capital ▁Be ij ing . ▁In ▁return , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁government ▁had ▁to ▁reward ▁their ▁achiev ements ▁and ▁acknow ledge ▁their ▁military ▁and ▁political ▁influence . |
▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 5 5 , ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ▁was ▁granted ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" P ing xi ▁Prince " ▁( 平 西 王 ; ▁" West ▁Pac ifying ▁Prince ") ▁and ▁granted ▁governor ship ▁of ▁the ▁provinces ▁of ▁Y unn an ▁and ▁Gu iz hou . ▁Shang ▁K ex i ▁and ▁G eng ▁Zh ong ming ▁were ▁granted ▁the ▁titles ▁of ▁" P ing nan ▁Prince " ▁and ▁" J ing nan ▁Prince " ▁( both ▁mean ▁" S outh ▁Pac ifying ▁Prince ") ▁respectively ▁and ▁were ▁put ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁provinces ▁of ▁Gu ang d ong ▁and ▁F uj ian . ▁The ▁three ▁l ords ▁had ▁great ▁influence ▁over ▁their ▁lands ▁and ▁w ield ed ▁far ▁greater ▁power ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁regional ▁or ▁provincial ▁govern ors . ▁They ▁had ▁their ▁own ▁military ▁forces ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁authority ▁to ▁alter ▁tax ▁rates ▁in ▁their ▁f ief s . ▁ ▁The ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies ▁ ▁In ▁Y unn an ▁and ▁Gu iz hou , ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ▁was ▁granted ▁permission ▁by ▁the ▁Sh un z hi ▁Emperor ▁to ▁appoint ▁and ▁promote ▁his ▁own ▁personal ▁group ▁of ▁officials , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁privile ge ▁of ▁choosing ▁war h ors es ▁first ▁before ▁the ▁Q ing ▁arm ies . ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ' s ▁forces ▁took ▁up ▁several ▁million ▁ta els ▁of ▁silver ▁in ▁military ▁pay , ▁taking ▁up ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁government ' s ▁re venue ▁from ▁tax es . ▁Wu ▁was ▁also ▁in ▁charge |
▁of ▁handling ▁the ▁Q ing ▁government ' s ▁diplom atic ▁relationships ▁with ▁the ▁Dal ai ▁L ama ▁and ▁Tib et . ▁Most ▁of ▁Wu ' s ▁troops ▁were ▁formerly ▁Li ▁Z ich eng ▁and ▁Z hang ▁X ian zh ong ' s ▁forces ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁well - vers ed ▁in ▁war fare . ▁ ▁In ▁F uj ian ▁province , ▁G eng ▁J ing zh ong ▁ruled ▁as ▁a ▁t yr ant ▁over ▁his ▁f ief , ▁allowing ▁his ▁sub ordinates ▁to ▁ext ort ▁food ▁supplies ▁and ▁money ▁from ▁the ▁common ▁people . ▁After ▁G eng ' s ▁death , ▁his ▁son ▁G eng ▁J ima o ▁inherited ▁his ▁father ' s ▁title ▁and ▁f ief dom , ▁and ▁G eng ▁J ima o ▁was ▁later ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁G eng ▁J ing zh ong . ▁ ▁In ▁Gu ang d ong ▁province , ▁Shang ▁K ex i ▁ruled ▁his ▁f ief ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁fashion ▁to ▁G eng ▁J ing zh ong . ▁In ▁total , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁government ' s ▁re venue ▁and ▁res erves ▁were ▁spent ▁on ▁the ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies ▁and ▁their ▁exp end iture ▁ ▁em pt ied ▁almost ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁tre as ury . ▁When ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁Emperor ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁throne , ▁he ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies ▁pos ed ▁a ▁great ▁threat ▁to ▁his ▁so vere ig nt y ▁and ▁wanted ▁to ▁reduce ▁their ▁power . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 6 |
7 , ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ▁submitted ▁a ▁request ▁to ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁Emperor , ▁asking ▁for ▁permission ▁to ▁be ▁rel ieved ▁of ▁his ▁duties ▁in ▁Y unn an ▁and ▁Gu iz hou ▁provinces , ▁on ▁the ▁prem ise ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁ill . ▁K ang xi , ▁not ▁yet ▁ready ▁for ▁a ▁trial ▁of ▁strength ▁with ▁him , ▁refused ▁Wu ' s ▁request . ▁In ▁ 1 6 7 3 , ▁Shang ▁K ex i ▁asked ▁for ▁permission ▁to ▁ret ire , ▁and ▁in ▁July , ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ▁and ▁G eng ▁J ing zh ong ▁followed ▁suit . ▁K ang xi ▁sought ▁advice ▁from ▁his ▁council ▁on ▁the ▁issue ▁and ▁received ▁divided ▁responses . ▁Some ▁thought ▁that ▁the ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies ▁should ▁be ▁left ▁as ▁they ▁were , ▁while ▁others ▁supported ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁reducing ▁the ▁three ▁l ords ' ▁powers . ▁K ang xi ▁went ▁against ▁the ▁views ▁of ▁the ▁majority ▁in ▁the ▁council ▁and ▁accepted ▁the ▁three ▁l ords ' ▁requests ▁for ▁ret irement , ▁ordering ▁them ▁to ▁leave ▁their ▁respective ▁f ief s ▁and ▁res ett le ▁in ▁Man ch uria . ▁ ▁Dec l aring ▁re bell ion ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 6 7 3 , ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ▁ended ▁his ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁Q ing ▁emp ire ▁and ▁declared ▁a ▁new ▁dynast y , ▁the ▁Z hou , ▁inv oking ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁pre - imper ial ▁dynast y . ▁He ▁inst ig ated ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁under ▁the ▁b anner |
▁of ▁" opp osing ▁Q ing ▁and ▁rest oring ▁M ing " ▁( 反 清 <0xE5> <0xBE> <0xA9> 明 ). ▁Wu ▁court ed ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁officials ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁by ▁rest oring ▁M ing ▁custom s ▁and ▁cutting ▁off ▁que ues . ▁Wu ▁offered ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁em peror ▁cle men cy ▁if ▁he ▁were ▁to ▁leave ▁Be ij ing ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁hom eland . ▁ ▁Wu ' s ▁forces ▁captured ▁Hun an ▁and ▁S ich uan ▁provinces . ▁In ▁ 1 6 7 4 ▁both ▁G eng ▁J ing zh ong ▁in ▁F uj ian ▁and ▁after ▁Sh an ▁Zh ix in , ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁mass ac red ▁Gu ang z hou , ▁died , ▁his ▁son ▁followed ▁suit ▁in ▁Gu ang d ong . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁Sun ▁Yan ling ▁and ▁Wang ▁F uch en ▁also ▁rose ▁in ▁revol t ▁in ▁Gu ang xi ▁and ▁Sh a an xi ▁provinces . ▁Zh eng ▁J ing , ▁r uler ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁T ung ning , ▁led ▁an ▁alleg edly ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁strong ▁army ▁from ▁Taiwan ▁and ▁land ed ▁in ▁Gu ang d ong , ▁F uj ian ▁and ▁Z he ji ang ▁to ▁fight ▁and ▁join ▁the ▁re bel ▁forces . ▁ ▁Com position ▁of ▁Q ing ▁arm ies ▁ ▁The ▁Q ing ▁forces ▁were ▁initially ▁defeated ▁by ▁Wu ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 3 - 1 6 7 4 . |
▁Man ch u ▁Gener als ▁and ▁B ann erm en ▁were ▁put ▁to ▁shame ▁by ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁Green ▁Standard ▁Army , ▁who ▁fought ▁better ▁than ▁them ▁against ▁the ▁reb els . ▁The ▁Q ing ▁had ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁soldiers ▁and ▁the ▁Han ▁el ite , ▁as ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁join ▁the ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies . ▁D ifferent ▁sources ▁offer ▁different ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁and ▁Man ch u ▁forces ▁deployed ▁against ▁the ▁reb els . ▁According ▁to ▁one , ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Green ▁Standard ▁Army ▁soldiers ▁and ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁B ann erm en ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Q ing ▁side ▁during ▁the ▁war . ▁according ▁to ▁another , ▁ 2 1 3 ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁B anner ▁companies , ▁and ▁ 5 2 7 ▁companies ▁of ▁Mong ol ▁and ▁Man ch u ▁B ann ers ▁were ▁mobil ized ▁by ▁the ▁Q ing . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁third , ▁must ered ▁the ▁Q ing ▁a ▁massive ▁army ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁northern ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies . ▁ ▁Fight ing ▁in ▁north western ▁China ▁against ▁Wang ▁F uch en , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁put ▁B ann erm en ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁as ▁res erves ▁while ▁they ▁used ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁Green ▁Standard ▁Army ▁soldiers ▁and ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁Gener als ▁like ▁Z hang ▁Li ang d ong , ▁Wang ▁Jin ba o , |
▁and ▁Z hang ▁Y ong ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁military ▁force . ▁The ▁Q ing ▁thought ▁that ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁soldiers ▁were ▁superior ▁at ▁fighting ▁other ▁Han ▁people ▁and ▁so ▁used ▁the ▁Green ▁Standard ▁Army ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁army ▁against ▁the ▁reb els ▁instead ▁of ▁B ann erm en . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁after ▁ 1 6 7 6 , ▁the ▁t ide ▁turned ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁forces . ▁In ▁the ▁north west , ▁Wang ▁F uch en ▁surrender ed ▁after ▁a ▁three - year - long ▁st alem ate , ▁while ▁G eng ▁J ing zh ong ▁and ▁Shang ▁Zh ix in ▁surrender ed ▁in ▁turn ▁as ▁their ▁forces ▁weak ened . ▁ ▁Camp aign ing ▁In ▁ 1 6 7 6 ▁Shang ▁Zh ix in ▁joined ▁the ▁re bell ion , ▁cons olid ating ▁Gu ang d ong ▁under ▁his ▁rule ▁and ▁sending ▁troops ▁north ▁into ▁Ji ang xi . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 7 7 , ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ▁sus pected ▁Sun ▁Yan ling ▁would ▁surrender ▁to ▁the ▁Q ing ▁in ▁Gu ang xi ▁and ▁he ▁sent ▁his ▁relative ▁Wu ▁Sh iz ong , ▁to ▁assass inate ▁Sun . ▁Sun ' s ▁wife ▁Kong ▁S iz hen ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁his ▁troops ▁after ▁his ▁death , ▁although ▁she ▁may ▁already ▁have ▁had ▁control ▁before hand . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁south , ▁Wu ▁Sang ui ▁moved ▁his ▁arm ies ▁north ▁after ▁conqu ering ▁Hun an , ▁while ▁the ▁Q ing ▁forces ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁re capt uring ▁Hun |
an ▁from ▁him . ▁In ▁ 1 6 7 8 , ▁Wu ▁finally ▁proc laimed ▁himself ▁em peror ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Z hou ▁D ynast y ▁( 大 周 ) ▁in ▁H eng z hou ▁( <0xE8> <0xA1> <0xA1> 州 ; ▁present - day ▁H eng y ang , ▁Hun an ▁province ) ▁and ▁established ▁his ▁own ▁imperial ▁court . ▁However ▁Wu ▁died ▁of ▁ill ness ▁in ▁August ▁( l un ar ▁month ) ▁that ▁year ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁grand son ▁Wu ▁Sh if an , ▁who ▁ordered ▁a ▁retre at ▁back ▁to ▁Y unn an . ▁While ▁the ▁re bel ▁army ' s ▁mor ale ▁was ▁low , ▁Q ing ▁forces ▁launched ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁Y uez hou ▁( <0xE5> <0xB2> <0xB3> 州 ; ▁present - day ▁Y ue y ang , ▁Hun an ▁province ) ▁and ▁captured ▁it , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁re bel ▁territ ories ▁of ▁Ch ang de , ▁H eng z hou ▁and ▁others . ▁Wu ▁Sh if an ' s ▁forces ▁retre ated ▁to ▁the ▁Chen long ▁Pass . ▁S ich uan ▁and ▁southern ▁Sh a an xi ▁were ▁ret aken ▁by ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁Green ▁Standard ▁Army ▁under ▁Wang ▁Jin ba o ▁and ▁Z ha o ▁Li ang d ong ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 0 , ▁with ▁Man ch u ▁forces ▁involved ▁only ▁in ▁dealing ▁with ▁log istics ▁and ▁prov isions , ▁not ▁combat . ▁In ▁ 1 6 8 0 , ▁the ▁provinces ▁of ▁Hun an , ▁Gu iz hou , ▁Gu |
ang xi , ▁and ▁S ich uan ▁were ▁recovered ▁by ▁the ▁Q ing , ▁and ▁Wu ▁Sh if an ▁retre ated ▁to ▁Kun ming ▁in ▁October . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 8 1 , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁general ▁Z ha o ▁Li ang d ong ▁proposed ▁a ▁three - pr ong ed ▁attack ▁on ▁Y unn an , ▁with ▁imperial ▁arm ies ▁from ▁Hun an , ▁Gu ang xi ▁and ▁S ich uan . ▁C ai ▁Y ur ong , ▁Vic ero y ▁of ▁Y un - Gui , ▁led ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁reb els ▁together ▁with ▁Z hang ▁Tai ▁and ▁La ita ▁Gi yes u , ▁conqu ering ▁Mount ▁W uh ua ▁and ▁bes ie ging ▁Kun ming . ▁In ▁October , ▁Z ha o ▁Li and ong ' s ▁army ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁into ▁Kun ming ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁followed ▁suit , ▁swift ly ▁capt uring ▁the ▁city . ▁Wu ▁Sh if an ▁committed ▁suic ide ▁in ▁December ▁and ▁the ▁reb els ▁surrender ed ▁the ▁following ▁day . ▁ ▁Zh eng ▁J ing ' s ▁forces ▁were ▁defeated ▁near ▁X iam en ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 0 ▁and ▁forced ▁to ▁withdraw ▁to ▁Taiwan . ▁The ▁final ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁revol t ▁was ▁the ▁Q ing ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁T ung ning ▁on ▁Taiwan . ▁Sh i ▁Lang ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁adm iral ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁n avy ▁and ▁led ▁an ▁invasion ▁of ▁Taiwan , ▁defe ating ▁the ▁T ung ning ▁n |
avy ▁under ▁Li u ▁Gu ox uan ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁P eng hu . ▁Zh eng ▁J ing ' s ▁son ▁Zh eng ▁K es hu ang ▁surrender ed ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 6 8 3 , ▁and ▁Taiwan ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁Empire . ▁Zh eng ▁K es hu ang ▁was ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁Emperor ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁" D u ke ▁of ▁Ha ich eng " ▁( 海 <0xE6> <0xBE> <0x84> 公 ) ▁and ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁soldiers ▁were ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁E ight ▁B ann ers . ▁ ▁After math ▁Shang ▁Zh ix in ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁commit ▁suic ide ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 0 ; ▁of ▁his ▁thirty ▁six ▁brothers ▁four ▁were ▁executed ▁when ▁he ▁committed ▁suic ide ▁while ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁family ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁live . ▁G eng ▁J ing zh ong ▁was ▁executed ; ▁his ▁brother ▁G eng ▁J uz h ong ▁ <0xE8> <0x80> <0xBF> <0xE8> <0x81> <0x9A> 忠 ▁was ▁in ▁Be ij ing ▁with ▁the ▁Q ing ▁court ▁with ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁Emperor ▁during ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁pun ished ▁for ▁his ▁brother ' s ▁revol t . ▁G eng ▁J uz h ong ▁died ▁of ▁natural ▁causes ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 7 . ▁Several ▁M ing ▁princes ▁had ▁accompanied ▁K ox ing a ▁to ▁Taiwan ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 1 - 1 6 6 2 , ▁including ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁N ing j ing ▁Z hu ▁Sh ug |
ui ▁and ▁Prince ▁Z hu ▁Hong hu an ▁( 朱 弘 <0xE6> <0xA1> <0x93> ), ▁son ▁of ▁Z hu ▁Y ih ai . ▁The ▁Q ing ▁sent ▁the ▁ 1 7 ▁M ing ▁princes ▁still ▁living ▁on ▁Taiwan ▁back ▁to ▁main land ▁China ▁where ▁they ▁spent ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁their ▁lives ▁in ▁ex ile ▁since ▁their ▁lives ▁were ▁sp ared ▁from ▁execution . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 8 5 , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁used ▁former ▁M ing ▁loyal ist ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁naval ▁special ists ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁under ▁the ▁Zh eng ▁family ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁in ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Alb az in . ▁Form er ▁M ing ▁loyal ist ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁troops ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁under ▁Zh eng ▁Ch eng g ong ▁and ▁who ▁special ized ▁at ▁fighting ▁with ▁r attan ▁shield s ▁and ▁s words ▁( T eng p ai ying ) ▁ 藤 <0xE7> <0x89> <0x8C> <0xE8> <0x90> <0xA5> ▁were ▁recommended ▁to ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁Emperor ▁to ▁rein force ▁Alb az in ▁against ▁the ▁Rus si ans . ▁K ang xi ▁was ▁im pressed ▁by ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁their ▁techniques ▁and ▁ordered ▁ 5 0 0 ▁of ▁them ▁to ▁defend ▁Alb az in , ▁under ▁Ho ▁Yu , ▁a ▁former ▁K ox ing a ▁follow er , ▁and ▁Lin ▁H sing - ch u , ▁a ▁former ▁General ▁of ▁Wu ▁Sang ui . ▁These ▁r attan ▁shield ▁troops ▁did ▁not ▁suffer ▁a ▁single ▁cas ual ty ▁when ▁they ▁defeated ▁and ▁cut ▁down ▁Russian ▁forces ▁travel ing ▁by ▁ra |
ft s ▁on ▁the ▁river , ▁only ▁using ▁the ▁r attan ▁shield s ▁and ▁s words ▁while ▁fighting ▁n aked . ▁ ▁"[ the ▁Russian ▁rein for c ements ▁were ▁coming ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁fort ▁on ▁the ▁river ] ▁There up on ▁he ▁[ Mar quis ▁Lin ] ▁ordered ▁all ▁our ▁mar ines ▁to ▁take ▁off ▁their ▁clothes ▁and ▁jump ▁into ▁the ▁water . ▁Each ▁wore ▁a ▁r attan ▁shield ▁on ▁his ▁head ▁and ▁held ▁a ▁huge ▁sword ▁in ▁his ▁hand . ▁Thus ▁they ▁sw am ▁forward . ▁The ▁Rus si ans ▁were ▁so ▁fright ened ▁that ▁they ▁all ▁shout ed : ▁' Be hold , ▁the ▁big - c apped ▁T art ars !' ▁Since ▁our ▁mar ines ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁water , ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁use ▁their ▁fire ar ms . ▁Our ▁sail ors ▁wore ▁r attan ▁shield s ▁to ▁protect ▁their ▁heads ▁so ▁that ▁enemy ▁bul lets ▁and ▁ar rows ▁could ▁not ▁pier ce ▁them . ▁Our ▁mar ines ▁used ▁long ▁s words ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁an k les . ▁The ▁Rus si ans ▁fell ▁into ▁the ▁river , ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁either ▁killed ▁or ▁wounded . ▁The ▁rest ▁fled ▁and ▁escaped . ▁[ Lin [ ▁H sing - ch u ▁had ▁not ▁lost ▁a ▁single ▁marine ▁when ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁bes ie ging ▁the ▁city ." ▁written ▁by ▁Yang ▁H ai - Ch ai ▁who ▁was ▁related ▁to ▁Mar quis ▁Lin , ▁a ▁particip ant ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁The ▁revol |
t ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁Louis ▁Cha ' s ▁novel ▁The ▁De er ▁and ▁the ▁Ca uld ron . ▁The ▁story ▁tells ▁of ▁how ▁the ▁protagon ist , ▁Wei ▁X ia ob ao , ▁helps ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁Emperor ▁suppress ▁the ▁re bell ion . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁map ▁showing ▁the ▁areas ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Revol t ▁of ▁the ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R eb ell ions ▁in ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁Category : S ou thern ▁M ing ▁Category : 1 6 7 0 s ▁in ▁China ▁Category : K ang xi ▁Emperor ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁Category : 1 7 th ▁century ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 7 th ▁century ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁re bell ions ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 3 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 4 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 5 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 6 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 7 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 8 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 9 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 0 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 1 ▁Category : 1 6 7 4 ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 6 7 5 ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 |
6 7 6 ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 6 7 7 ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 6 7 8 ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 6 7 9 ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 6 8 0 ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 6 8 1 ▁in ▁China ▁Category : E ight ▁B ann ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Harold ▁Ch ester ▁De eton ▁( J uly ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁– ▁July ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁and ▁cur ler ▁who ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s . ▁De eton ▁played ▁professional ▁hockey ▁for ▁the ▁Ed mont on ▁Prof ession als , ▁a ▁team ▁that ▁operated ▁within ▁the ▁Al berta ▁Professional ▁Hockey ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season ▁and ▁challeng ed ▁twice ▁for ▁the ▁Stanley ▁Cup . ▁ ▁De eton ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Pl att sv ille , ▁Ontario ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁Cam rose , ▁Al berta . ▁ ▁Cur ling ▁career ▁De eton ▁won ▁the ▁Mac don ald ▁B rier ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁playing ▁third ▁for ▁the ▁Al berta ▁team , ▁ski pped ▁by ▁Cl iff ▁Man ah an . ▁ ▁Ice ▁hockey ▁career ▁De eton ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁Ed mont on ▁Prof ession als ▁in ▁the ▁AP HL ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season ▁and ▁scored ▁ 1 8 ▁goals ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁points ▁in ▁ 1 0 |
▁games ▁that ▁season . ▁ ▁Late ▁in ▁December ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁season , ▁Ed mont on ▁Prof ession als ▁challeng ed ▁the ▁reign ing ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁champion ▁Montreal ▁W ander ers ▁of ▁the ▁E CH A ▁for ▁the ▁Cup . ▁Ed mont on ▁called ▁in ▁a ▁record ▁number ▁of ▁six ▁ring ers ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁game ▁series , ▁amongst ▁them ▁L ester ▁Patrick , ▁Tommy ▁Phill ips ▁and ▁Did ier ▁Pit re , ▁which ▁forced ▁all ▁team ▁regular s ▁except ▁Fred ▁Whit cro ft ▁to ▁the ▁ben ch ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁game . ▁Ed mont on ▁dropped ▁the ▁first ▁game ▁with ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 3 - 7 , ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁game ▁the ▁club ▁replaced ▁two ▁of ▁its ▁ring ers ▁with ▁regular s ▁Harold ▁De eton ▁and ▁Jack ▁Miller . ▁De eton ▁and ▁Miller ▁respond ed ▁with ▁three ▁and ▁two ▁goals ▁respectively ▁and ▁Ed mont on ▁won ▁the ▁second ▁game ▁ 7 - 6 , ▁with ▁De eton ▁scoring ▁the ▁game - win ning ▁goal ▁on ▁a ▁re bound ▁from ▁a ▁shot ▁from ▁team mate ▁Steve ▁V air , ▁but ▁lost ▁the ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁on ▁total ▁goals ▁aggregate . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁the ▁Ed mont on ▁Prof ession als ▁again ▁challeng ed ▁for ▁the ▁Stanley ▁Cup , ▁this ▁time ▁against ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁Sen ators ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁N HA . ▁Ed mont on ▁lost ▁both ▁games , ▁ 4 |