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▁Sam anth a ▁Murray ▁ ▁Ellen ▁Pere z ▁ ▁Em ily ▁We ble y - Smith ▁ ▁Marcel a ▁Z ac ar ías ▁ ▁Amy ▁Z hu ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁singles ▁▁ ▁Den is ▁Sh ap oval ov ▁def . ▁ ▁Peter ▁Pol ans ky , ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 3 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁singles ▁▁ ▁Aleks andra ▁W oz nia k ▁def . ▁ ▁Ellen ▁Pere z , ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 4 ), ▁ 6 – 4 ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁doubles ▁▁ ▁Brad ley ▁K la hn ▁/ ▁ ▁Jackson ▁With row ▁def . ▁ ▁Hans ▁H ach ▁Verd ugo ▁/ ▁ ▁Vincent ▁Mill ot , ▁ 6 – 2 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁doubles ▁▁ ▁H iro ko ▁K uw ata ▁/ ▁ ▁Val eria ▁Sav iny kh ▁def . ▁ ▁Kim ber ly ▁Bir rell ▁/ ▁ ▁Em ily ▁We ble y - Smith , ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁[ 1 0 – 5 ] ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Ch allen ger ▁Ban que ▁N ationale ▁de ▁G at ine au ▁Ch allen ger ▁Ban que ▁N ationale ▁de ▁G at ine au ▁Category : Ch allen ger ▁de ▁G at ine au ▁Ch allen ger ▁Ban que ▁N ationale ▁de ▁G at ine au <0x0A> </s> ▁Ka fr ▁Az z ay at ▁Second ary ▁School ▁For ▁Boys ▁is
▁one ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁El - G har bia ▁Governor ate ▁in ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁Egypt <0x0A> </s> ▁Patri arch ▁Jo achim ▁II ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Jo achim ▁II ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁c . ▁ 1 2 6 3 – 1 2 7 2 ▁ ▁Jo achim ▁II ▁of ▁Constantin ople , ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Constantin ople ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 – 1 8 6 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 3 – 1 8 7 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Bruce ▁Wayne ▁T uck man ▁( Nov ember ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁Psych ological ▁Research er ▁who ▁carried ▁out ▁his ▁research ▁into ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁group ▁dynamics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁theory ▁known ▁as ▁" T uck man ' s ▁stages ▁of ▁group ▁development ". ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁theory , ▁there ▁are ▁four ▁phases ▁of ▁group ▁development : ▁Form ing , ▁Storm ing , ▁Norm ing , ▁Perform ing . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁added ▁a ▁fifth ▁stage , ▁named ▁Ad j our ning . ▁ ▁T uck man ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁research ▁on ▁college ▁students ' ▁pro cr ast ination ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁T uck man ▁Pro cr ast ination ▁Sc ale ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁ ▁He
▁served ▁as ▁professor ▁of ▁educational ▁psych ology ▁at ▁The ▁Ohio ▁State ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁founded ▁and ▁directed ▁the ▁Walter ▁E . ▁Dennis ▁Learning ▁Center ▁with ▁the ▁mission ▁of ▁providing ▁students ▁of ▁all ▁background s ▁with ▁strateg ies ▁for ▁college ▁success ▁that ▁enabled ▁them ▁to ▁enter , ▁excel ▁in , ▁and ▁complete ▁programs ▁of ▁post - second ary ▁education . ▁▁ ▁To ▁teach ▁students ▁strateg ies ▁for ▁succeed ing ▁in ▁college , ▁he ▁co - author ed ▁the ▁text book , ▁Learning ▁and ▁Mot iv ation ▁Str ateg ies : ▁Your ▁Guide ▁to ▁Success , ▁with ▁Dennis ▁A . ▁Ab ry ▁and ▁Dennis ▁R . ▁Smith . ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁background ▁R ens sel a er ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute : ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁graduated ▁with ▁B . S . ▁Psych ology . ▁Born ▁in ▁Sur rey . ▁Pr inc eton ▁University : ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁graduated ▁with ▁M . A . ▁Psych ology ▁Pr inc eton ▁University : ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁graduated ▁with ▁Ph . D . ▁Psych ology ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁T uck man ▁research ed ▁and ▁developed ▁a ▁ 3 2 - item ▁Pro cr ast ination ▁Sc ale ▁that ▁measured ▁the ▁degree ▁to ▁which ▁a ▁person ▁pro cr ast in ated . ▁Professor ▁T uck man ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁av id ▁runner ▁who ▁wrote ▁the ▁novel ▁Long ▁Road ▁to ▁Boston ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁T uck man , ▁Bruce ▁W . ▁( 1
9 6 5 ) ▁‘ Develop ment al ▁sequence ▁in ▁small ▁groups ’ , ▁Psych ological ▁Bul letin , ▁ 6 3 , ▁ 3 8 4 – 3 9 9 . ▁ ▁T uck man , ▁Bruce ▁W . ▁and ▁J ensen , ▁Mary ▁Ann ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁‘ St ages ▁of ▁Small - Group ▁Development ▁Re vis ited ’ , ▁Group ▁& ▁Organ ization ▁Studies , ▁ 2 ( 4 ), 4 1 9 – 4 2 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Smith , ▁M . ▁K . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁‘ B ru ce ▁W . ▁T uck man ▁– ▁forming , ▁storm ing , ▁norm ing ▁and ▁performing ▁in ▁groups , ▁the ▁en cyc lo pa edia ▁of ▁inform al ▁education . ▁Retrieved : ▁ 2 0 1 4 - 0 7 - 2 5 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Bruce ▁W . ▁T uck man ▁D LC : ▁Found ing ▁Director ▁ ▁Category : So cial ▁psych olog ists ▁Category : Group ▁processes ▁Category : So cial ▁groups ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁death s ▁ ▁Category : American ▁psych olog ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Michael ▁Re illy ▁III ▁( born ▁June ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁in ▁Fort ▁R iley ▁North , ▁Kansas ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actor , ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁Officer ▁Bobby ▁" Hot ▁Dog " ▁Nelson ▁in ▁CH i P s ,
▁a ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁the ▁motor cycle ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Highway ▁Pat rol . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁his ▁acting ▁career , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁star ▁football ▁player ▁at ▁Mont cla ir ▁State ▁College ▁( now ▁Mont cla ir ▁State ▁University ) ▁in ▁Upper ▁Mont cla ir , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁but ▁eventually ▁dropped ▁out . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁he ▁went ▁into ▁N BC ▁stud ios ▁for ▁a ▁screen ▁test . ▁His ▁first ▁role ▁on ▁CH i P s ▁was ▁Officer ▁Rick ▁Nich ols ▁in ▁the ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁episode ▁" For ce ▁Seven ," ▁a ▁rejected ▁pilot ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁series . ▁After ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁Larry ▁Wil co x , ▁Tom ▁returned ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Officer ▁Bobby ▁Nelson , ▁the ▁new ▁partner ▁of ▁Pon ch ▁( E rik ▁E str ada ). ▁His ▁role ▁of ▁Officer ▁Bobby ▁Nelson ▁was ▁featured ▁somewhat ▁less ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁episodes , ▁with ▁Officer ▁Bruce ▁Nelson ▁( B ru ce ▁Pen hall ), ▁his ▁younger ▁brother , ▁eventually ▁becoming ▁Pon ch ' s ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" F ast ▁Company ." ▁CH i P s ▁was ▁eventually ▁cancel led ▁by ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Bobby ▁Nelson ▁did ▁not ▁return ▁in ▁the ▁re union ▁film , ▁CH i P s ▁' 9 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁stopped ▁acting ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5
, ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Or co ▁Const ruction ▁Supp ly ▁in ▁Sal inas , ▁California . ▁He ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁Mon ter ey ▁Pen ins ula ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁two ▁children . ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁Tom ▁made ▁appearances ▁on ▁the ▁following ▁shows : ▁ ▁P aper ▁D oll s ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁( TV ) ▁CH i P s ▁( 1 9 8 2 / 1 9 8 3 ). ... ▁Officer ▁Rick ▁Nich ols / O ffic er ▁Bobby ▁' Hot ▁Dog ' ▁Nelson ▁$ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁Py ram id ▁( Dec ember ▁ 5 – 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁( TV ) ▁Young ▁War riors ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁.... ▁Scott ▁ ▁S la ugh ter house ▁Rock ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁.... ▁Richard ▁Gard ner ▁ ▁K iss ▁and ▁Be ▁Kil led ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁.... ▁Phil ▁ ▁Mar ried ... ▁with ▁Children ▁( Just ▁Sho e ▁It )( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁TV ▁episode ▁.... ▁C ater er ▁Animal ▁Inst inct s ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁.... ▁Ken ▁ ▁Mir ror ▁Im ages ▁II ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁( TV ) ▁.... ▁J ake ▁Sw orn ▁to ▁Ven ge ance ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁( TV ) ▁ ▁Animal ▁Inst inct s ▁ 2 ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁.... ▁Man ▁with ▁Lo ose ▁T ie ▁ ▁" Val ley
▁of ▁the ▁D oll s " ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁.... ▁Peter ▁D ' All es io ▁C aged ▁He arts ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁.... ▁For eman ▁# 1 ▁ ▁Ice ▁C ream ▁Man ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁.... ▁Char ley ▁ ▁Deep ▁Cover ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Sh ades ▁of ▁Gray ▁( 1 9 9 7 / I ) ▁.... ▁Frank ▁Max well ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mont cla ir ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ber gen field , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Kansas ▁Category : American ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁film ▁actors <0x0A> </s> ▁C orm ac ▁O ’ R a ife arta igh ▁( C orm ac ▁O ’ R af fer ty ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁phys ic ist ▁based ▁at ▁Water ford ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁A ▁solid - state ▁phys ic ist ▁by ▁training , ▁he ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁several ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁and ▁philosophy ▁of ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁science , ▁including ▁the ▁discovery ▁that ▁Albert ▁Ein stein ▁once ▁attempted ▁a ▁steady - state ▁model ▁of ▁the ▁expand ing ▁universe , ▁many ▁years ▁before ▁Fred ▁Ho yle . ▁ ▁O ’ R a ife arta igh ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁science ▁blog ▁Ant
im atter ▁and ▁a ▁month ly ▁science ▁column ▁in ▁The ▁Irish ▁Times . ▁As ▁a ▁science ▁amb assador ▁for ▁ ▁Disc over ▁Science ▁& ▁Engineering ▁Ireland , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁frequent ▁particip ant ▁in ▁scientific ▁deb ates ▁in ▁the ▁Irish ▁media . ▁ ▁O ’ R a ife arta igh ▁graduated ▁from ▁University ▁College ▁Dublin ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁with ▁a ▁B Sc ▁H ons ▁in ▁experimental ▁physics . ▁A ▁Ph D ▁in ▁solid - state ▁physics ▁from ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁Dublin ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁Marie ▁Cur ie ▁Research ▁Fellow ships ▁at ▁A ar hus ▁University , ▁Den mark ▁and ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁Dublin . ▁He ▁currently ▁lect ures ▁in ▁physics ▁at ▁Water ford ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁Vis iting ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Physics ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁Dublin . ▁ ▁O ' R a ife arta igh ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Physics ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁Research ▁Associ ate ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁The oret ical ▁Physics ▁of ▁the ▁Dublin ▁Institute ▁for ▁Advanced ▁Studies ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁Research ▁Fellow ▁at ▁the ▁Science , ▁Technology ▁and ▁Society ▁Program ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁C orm ac ▁is ▁the ▁young est ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁L och la inn ▁O ' R a ife arta
igh , ▁an ▁Irish ▁theoretical ▁particle ▁phys ic ist . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁University ▁College ▁Dublin ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁Dublin ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : I r ish ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : I r ish ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁academ ics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁associated ▁with ▁Water ford ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology <0x0A> </s> ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 – 6 1 ▁season ▁Hi bern ian , ▁a ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Edinburgh , ▁came ▁e ighth ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division . ▁ ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division ▁ ▁Final ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Scottish ▁League ▁Cup ▁ ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ ▁Group ▁ 3 ▁final ▁table ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁ ▁Inter - C ities ▁F airs ▁Cup ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Hi bern ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Hi bern ian ▁ 1 9 6 0 / 1 9 6 1 ▁results ▁and ▁fi xt ures , ▁Soccer base ▁ ▁Category : Hi bern ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁Hi bern ian <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar sl an bek ovo ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁Bur ay ev sky
▁District , ▁Bash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 8 3 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁is ▁ 1 ▁street . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bur ay ev sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁A ero ▁Club ▁Argent ino ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁by ▁Jorge ▁New ber y , ▁A aron ▁de ▁An chor ena , ▁Art uro ▁Lu ison i , ▁H ora cio ▁An as ag ast i , ▁Alberto ▁Mas cias , ▁Antonio ▁de ▁Mar chi , ▁and ▁Carlos ▁H ims he . ▁Initial ly ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁dedicated ▁to ▁prom oting ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁av iation ▁spons oring ▁early ▁experiences ▁with ▁aer ost atic ▁bal lo ons . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁Villa ▁Los ▁Om bu és ▁estate ▁in ▁Bar ran cas ▁de ▁Bel gr ano , ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁then ▁belonging ▁to ▁local ▁business ▁ty co on ▁Ern esto ▁T orn qu ist ▁and ▁since ▁demol ished ▁and ▁now ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁Emb ass y ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Federal ▁Republic . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁references ▁ ▁A ero ▁Club ▁Argent ino ▁ ▁Par que ▁Aer ost ático ▁del ▁A ero ▁Club ▁Argent ino ▁en ▁Bel gr ano ▁ ▁Category : A viation ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : F lying ▁clubs <0x0A> </s> ▁O len ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Places ▁O len ,
▁Belg ium , ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Ant werp , ▁Belg ium ▁O len , ▁Russia , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁T ula ▁O blast , ▁Russia ▁ Ø len , ▁a ▁former ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁Rog aland , ▁Norway ▁ ▁People ▁O len ▁( po et ), ▁an ▁ancient ▁Greek ▁poet ▁from ▁Ly cia ▁O len ▁Stein h auer ▁( b . 1 9 7 0 ), ▁a ▁US ▁novel ist ▁O len ▁Under wood , ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁N her era ▁is ▁a ▁Z imb ab we an ▁educational ist . ▁He ▁was ▁found ing ▁Vice – Ch an cell or ▁of ▁Ch inho yi ▁University ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁par ast atal ▁Z imb ab we ▁United ▁Pass enger ▁Company ▁( Z UP CO ). ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁cor ruption , ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁latter ▁post , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ja iled . ▁ ▁The ▁charges ▁were ▁later ▁qu ashed ▁by ▁the ▁High ▁Court . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁http :// alla frica . com / st ories / 2 0 0 9 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 0 . html ▁ ▁Category : Z imb ab we an ▁academ ics ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁Thomas ▁Her on ▁Jones , ▁ 7 th ▁Vis count ▁R anel agh , ▁ ▁( 9 ▁January ▁ 1
8 1 2 ▁– ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 5 ) ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁volunte er ▁movement ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁amateur ▁soldiers ▁for ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁Britain , ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁links ▁to ▁gl am orous ▁women , ▁not ably ▁the ▁Pre - R ap ha el ite ▁model ▁An nie ▁Miller ▁and ▁the ▁actress ▁L ill ie ▁Lang try . ▁▁ ▁Her on ▁Jones ▁succeeded ▁to ▁the ▁baron et cy ▁becoming ▁Vis count ▁R anel agh ▁and ▁Baron ▁Jones ▁of ▁Nav an ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father . ▁ ▁Vol unte er ▁movement ▁R anel agh ▁was ▁an ▁enthus i astic ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁movement ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁volunte er ▁army , ▁which ▁had ▁ar isen ▁from ▁fear s ▁of ▁a ▁French ▁invasion . ▁He ▁created ▁and ▁commanded ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁South ▁M idd les ex ▁R if le ▁Vol unte ers ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 , ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁formed ▁from ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁R anel agh ▁Y acht ▁Club . ▁R anel agh ▁became ▁a ▁de ▁fact o ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Vol unte er ▁movement ▁and ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁such ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁em peror ▁Napoleon ▁III . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁R anel agh ▁helped ▁to ▁organ ise ▁a ▁show ▁of ▁force ▁in ▁Bright on ▁at ▁which ▁he ▁gave ▁a ▁speech ▁def ending ▁the ▁movement ▁from ▁attempts ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁it
. ▁He ▁ins isted ▁that ▁an ▁independent ▁volunte er ▁milit ia ▁was ▁both ▁che aper ▁and ▁more ▁effective ▁for ▁the ▁country ▁than ▁a ▁cent r ally ▁organ ised ▁force . ▁He ▁assert ed ▁that ▁the ▁English ▁character ▁pre fers ▁independence ▁and ▁dist rust s ▁" organisation ", ▁claim ing ▁that ▁" we ▁trust ▁to ▁our ▁own ▁pl uck , ▁that ▁ind om itable ▁pl uck ▁that ▁all ▁English men ▁possess ". ▁At ▁this ▁period ▁R anel agh ▁was ▁calling ▁for ▁a ▁volunte er ▁" people ' s ▁army ", ▁an ▁asp iration ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁command ▁the ▁Vol unte ers ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁Rel ations hips ▁R anel agh ▁started ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁An nie ▁Miller ▁when ▁her ▁f ian cé ▁William ▁Hol man ▁H unt ▁was ▁away ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁He ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁letters ▁of ▁H unt ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁as ▁a ▁" not orious ▁ra ke " ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁woman ising . ▁When ▁H unt ▁learned ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁he ▁broke ▁off ▁the ▁eng agement , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁meeting ▁between ▁An nie ▁and ▁R anel agh ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁suggested ▁that ▁she ▁should ▁sue ▁H unt ▁for ▁bre ach ▁of ▁promise . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁she ▁married ▁R anel agh ' s ▁cousin . ▁ ▁R anel agh ▁was ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁introdu cing ▁L ill ie ▁Lang try ▁to ▁London ▁high ▁society . ▁According
▁to ▁Lang try ▁herself ▁" he ▁completely ▁changed ▁the ▁current ▁of ▁my ▁life ". ▁She ▁became ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁attention ▁at ▁a ▁party ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁invited ▁her , ▁and ▁was ▁asked ▁by ▁both ▁John ▁Ever ett ▁M illa is ▁and ▁Frank ▁Mil es ▁to ▁sit ▁for ▁a ▁portrait . ▁▁▁ ▁With ▁his ▁partner , ▁R anel agh ▁had ▁two ▁daughters ▁and ▁a ▁son ▁Arthur ▁Jones ▁who ▁inherited ▁his ▁estate ▁but ▁being ▁il leg it imate ▁could ▁not ▁inherit ▁his ▁f athers ▁titles . ▁The ▁titles ▁of ▁Vis count ▁R anel agh ▁and ▁Baron ▁Jones ▁of ▁Nav an ▁became ▁ext inct ▁upon ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Jones ▁had ▁two ▁prominent ▁relatives ▁from ▁his ▁mat ernal ▁grand m other : ▁ ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁hero ▁and ▁former ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁Major ▁General ▁Richard ▁Mont gom ery ▁ ▁Colonel ▁Alexander ▁Mont gom ery , ▁M . P . ▁for ▁County ▁Don eg al ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 8 ▁and ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁ ▁His ▁sister ▁Barbara ▁married ▁Count ▁von ▁Re ch berg ▁( 1 8 0 6 - 1 8 9 9 ), ▁Foreign ▁Minister ▁of ▁Austria , ▁ 1 8 5 9 - 1 8 6 4 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 5 ▁death s ▁Category : K n ights ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁Category : M idd les ex ▁R if le ▁Vol unte ers ▁officers ▁Category :
Pe ople ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Pre - R ap ha el ite ▁Bro ther hood ▁Category : Vis count s ▁in ▁the ▁Pe er age ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 3 8 th ▁Ann ual ▁American ▁Music ▁Awards ▁were ▁held ▁November ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁N ok ia ▁Theatre ▁L . A . ▁Live ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁The ▁awards ▁recognized ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁artists ▁and ▁albums ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 ' s ▁music ▁list . ▁Nom ine es ▁were ▁announced ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁Dem i ▁Lov ato ▁and ▁Ta io ▁Cruz . ▁Justin ▁B ie ber ▁was ▁nominated ▁for , ▁and ▁won , ▁four ▁awards , ▁including ▁Art ist ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁U sh er ▁and ▁E min em ▁both ▁won ▁two ▁awards ; ▁the ▁former ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁three ▁and ▁the ▁latter , ▁five . ▁ ▁Perform ers ▁ ▁Pres ent ers ▁ ▁He idi ▁Kl um ▁Jen ny ▁Mc Car thy ▁John ▁Leg end ▁Eric ▁St on est reet ▁Rico ▁Rod rig uez ▁II ▁Jess ica ▁Al ba ▁Ag nez ▁Mo ▁Samuel ▁L . ▁Jackson ▁Christ ina ▁Mil ian ▁Johnny ▁We ir ▁Ta io ▁Cruz ▁ ▁Nick i ▁M ina j ▁Tre y ▁Song z ▁Will ow ▁Smith ▁M andy ▁Moore ▁Sh ery l ▁Crow ▁Nat asha ▁Bed ing field ▁Kelly ▁Os bourne ▁Julian ne ▁H ough ▁Ker i ▁Hil son
▁Nathan ▁F ill ion ▁St ana ▁K atic ▁ ▁Mike ▁Pos ner ▁Av ril ▁L avig ne ▁The ▁Band ▁Perry ▁Michael ▁Ch ik lis ▁Jul ie ▁Ben z ▁Lady ▁An te bell um ▁Ryan ▁Se ac rest ▁Christ ina ▁Agu il era ▁Se al ▁ ▁Nom ine es ▁and ▁w inners ▁ ▁Rat ings ▁The ▁ceremony ▁was ▁watched ▁by ▁ 1 1 . 6 ▁million ▁view ers ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁ 4 . 3 ▁pre lim inary ▁rating ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 – 4 9 ▁dem ographic . ▁This ▁marked ▁the ▁lowest - ever ▁ratings ▁for ▁the ▁ceremony , ▁with ▁competition ▁coming ▁from ▁N BC ▁Sunday ▁Night ▁Football . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁music ▁awards ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁awards ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce ▁ ▁( 1 ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁– ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁natural ist , ▁polar ▁scient ist ▁and ▁ocean ograph er ▁who ▁organized ▁and ▁led ▁the ▁Scottish ▁National ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ▁( S NA E , ▁ 1 9 0 2 – 0 4 ) ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁Or k ney ▁Islands ▁and ▁the ▁Wed d ell ▁Sea . ▁Among ▁other ▁achiev ements , ▁the ▁expedition ▁established ▁the ▁first ▁permanent ▁weather ▁station ▁in ▁Ant arct ica . ▁Bruce ▁later ▁founded ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Ocean ographical
▁Labor atory ▁in ▁Edinburgh , ▁but ▁his ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁trans cont inental ▁Ant ar ctic ▁march ▁via ▁the ▁South ▁P ole ▁were ▁abandoned ▁because ▁of ▁lack ▁of ▁public ▁and ▁financial ▁support . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁Bruce ▁gave ▁up ▁his ▁medical ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁D und ee ▁Wh aling ▁Ex ped ition ▁to ▁Ant arct ica ▁as ▁a ▁scientific ▁assistant . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁Ar ctic ▁voy ages ▁to ▁Nov aya ▁Z em ly a , ▁Sp its ber gen ▁and ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁Land . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Bruce , ▁by ▁then ▁Britain ' s ▁most ▁experienced ▁polar ▁scient ist , ▁applied ▁for ▁a ▁post ▁on ▁Robert ▁Fal con ▁Scott ' s ▁Disc overy ▁Ex ped ition , ▁but ▁del ays ▁over ▁this ▁appointment ▁and ▁cl ash es ▁with ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁( R GS ) ▁president ▁Sir ▁Clement s ▁Mark ham ▁led ▁him ▁instead ▁to ▁organ ise ▁his ▁own ▁expedition , ▁and ▁earned ▁him ▁the ▁permanent ▁en m ity ▁of ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁establishment ▁in ▁London . ▁Although ▁Bruce ▁received ▁various ▁awards ▁for ▁his ▁polar ▁work , ▁including ▁an ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en , ▁neither ▁he ▁nor ▁any ▁of ▁his ▁S NA E ▁colle agues ▁were ▁recommended ▁by ▁the ▁R GS ▁for ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Pol ar ▁Medal . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Bruce ▁made ▁many ▁jour ne ys ▁to
▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁regions , ▁both ▁for ▁scientific ▁and ▁for ▁commercial ▁purposes . ▁His ▁failure ▁to ▁mount ▁any ▁major ▁expl oration ▁vent ures ▁after ▁the ▁S NA E ▁is ▁usually ▁attributed ▁to ▁his ▁lack ▁of ▁public ▁relations ▁skills , ▁powerful ▁enemies , ▁and ▁his ▁Scottish ▁national ism . ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁his ▁health ▁was ▁failing , ▁and ▁he ▁experienced ▁several ▁sp ells ▁in ▁hospital ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁almost ▁totally ▁forgotten . ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁following ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Ex ped ition , ▁efforts ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁to ▁give ▁full er ▁recognition ▁to ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁scientific ▁polar ▁expl oration . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Home ▁and ▁school ▁▁ ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁ 4 3 ▁K ens ington ▁Gard ens ▁Square ▁ ▁in ▁London , ▁the ▁fourth ▁child ▁of ▁Samuel ▁No ble ▁Bruce , ▁a ▁Scottish ▁phys ician , ▁and ▁his ▁Wel sh ▁wife ▁Mary , ▁n ée ▁Lloyd . ▁His ▁middle ▁name ▁came ▁from ▁another ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁family ; ▁its ▁unusual ▁sp elling , ▁as ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁more ▁common ▁" S pi ers ", ▁t ended ▁to ▁cause ▁problems ▁for ▁rep or ters , ▁review ers ▁and ▁bi ograph ers . ▁William ▁passed ▁his ▁early ▁child hood ▁in ▁the ▁family ' s ▁London ▁home ▁at ▁ 1 8 ▁Royal ▁C res cent , ▁Holland ▁Park , ▁under ▁the ▁tut el age ▁of ▁his ▁grand father
, ▁the ▁Rev d ▁William ▁Bruce . ▁There ▁were ▁regular ▁vis its ▁to ▁nearby ▁K ens ington ▁Gard ens , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁to ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ; ▁according ▁to ▁Samuel ▁Bruce ▁these ▁out ings ▁first ▁ign ited ▁young ▁William ' s ▁interest ▁in ▁life ▁and ▁nature . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 2 , ▁William ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁a ▁progress ive ▁board ing ▁school , ▁Nor folk ▁County ▁School ▁( l ater ▁W att s ▁Naval ▁School ) ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁North ▁El m ham , ▁Nor folk . ▁He ▁remained ▁there ▁until ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁and ▁then ▁spent ▁two ▁further ▁years ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁School , ▁H amp st ead , ▁prepar ing ▁for ▁the ▁mat ric ulation ▁exam ination ▁that ▁would ▁admit ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁medical ▁school ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁London ▁( U CL ). ▁He ▁succeeded ▁at ▁his ▁third ▁attempt , ▁and ▁was ▁ready ▁to ▁start ▁his ▁medical ▁studies ▁in ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁ ▁Edinburgh ▁▁ ▁During ▁mid - 1 8 8 7 , ▁Bruce ▁travel led ▁north ▁to ▁Edinburgh ▁to ▁attend ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁vac ation ▁courses ▁in ▁natural ▁sciences . ▁The ▁six - week ▁courses , ▁at ▁the ▁recently ▁established ▁Scottish ▁Marine ▁Station ▁at ▁Gr anton ▁on ▁the ▁F irth ▁of ▁For th , ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Patrick ▁Ged des ▁and ▁John ▁Arthur ▁Thom son , ▁and ▁included ▁sections ▁on ▁bot any ▁and ▁practical ▁zo
ology . ▁The ▁experience ▁of ▁Gr anton , ▁and ▁the ▁contact ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁for em ost ▁contemporary ▁natural ▁scient ists , ▁convinced ▁Bruce ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁Scotland . ▁He ▁abandoned ▁his ▁place ▁at ▁U CL , ▁and ▁en rolled ▁instead ▁in ▁the ▁medical ▁school ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁This ▁enabled ▁him ▁to ▁maintain ▁contact ▁with ▁ment ors ▁such ▁as ▁Ged des ▁and ▁Thom son , ▁and ▁also ▁gave ▁him ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁work ▁during ▁his ▁free ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁labor ator ies ▁where ▁spec im ens ▁brought ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁Ch allen ger ▁expedition ▁were ▁being ▁exam ined ▁and ▁class ified . ▁Here ▁he ▁worked ▁under ▁Dr ▁John ▁Murray ▁and ▁his ▁assistant ▁John ▁Young ▁Buch an an , ▁and ▁gained ▁a ▁deeper ▁understanding ▁of ▁ocean ography ▁and ▁in valu able ▁experience ▁in ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁scientific ▁investigation . ▁ ▁First ▁voy ages ▁ ▁D und ee ▁Wh aling ▁Ex ped ition ▁▁ ▁The ▁D und ee ▁Wh aling ▁Ex ped ition , ▁ 1 8 9 2 – 9 3 , ▁was ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁commercial ▁possibilities ▁of ▁wh aling ▁in ▁Ant ar ctic ▁waters ▁by ▁loc ating ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁right ▁wh ales ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁Scient ific ▁observations ▁and ▁ocean ographic ▁research ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁four ▁wh aling ▁ships : ▁B ala ena , ▁Active , ▁D iana ▁and ▁Pol ar ▁Star . ▁Bruce ▁was ▁recommended ▁to ▁the ▁expedition ▁by ▁Hugh ▁Robert ▁Mill , ▁an ▁acquaint ance ▁from ▁Gr
anton ▁who ▁was ▁now ▁li br arian ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁London . ▁Although ▁it ▁would ▁finally ▁cur tail ▁his ▁medical ▁studies , ▁Bruce ▁did ▁not ▁hes itate ; ▁▁ ▁with ▁William ▁Gordon ▁Burn ▁Mur do ch ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁he ▁took ▁up ▁his ▁duties ▁on ▁B ala ena ▁under ▁Capt . ▁Alexander ▁Fair we ather . ▁The ▁four ▁ships ▁sa iled ▁from ▁D und ee ▁on ▁ 6 ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁relatively ▁short ▁expedition — B ru ce ▁was ▁back ▁in ▁Scotland ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 3 — failed ▁in ▁its ▁main ▁purpose , ▁and ▁gave ▁only ▁limited ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁scientific ▁work . ▁No ▁right ▁wh ales ▁were ▁found , ▁and ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁expedition ' s ▁losses ▁a ▁mass ▁sla ugh ter ▁of ▁se als ▁was ▁ordered , ▁to ▁secure ▁sk ins , ▁oil ▁and ▁bl ub ber . ▁Bruce ▁found ▁this ▁dist aste ful , ▁especially ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁share ▁in ▁the ▁killing . ▁The ▁scientific ▁output ▁from ▁the ▁voyage ▁was , ▁in ▁Bruce ' s ▁words ▁" a ▁miser able ▁show ". ▁In ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁he ▁wrote : ▁" The ▁general ▁bearing ▁of ▁the ▁master ▁( Capt ain ▁Fair we ather ) ▁was ▁far ▁from ▁being ▁fav ou rable ▁to ▁scientific ▁work ". ▁Bruce ▁was ▁denied ▁access ▁to ▁charts , ▁so ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁accurate ▁location ▁of ▁phen omena . ▁He ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁work ▁" in
▁the ▁boats " ▁when ▁he ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁making ▁meteor ological ▁and ▁other ▁observations , ▁and ▁no ▁facilities ▁were ▁allowed ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁prepar ation ▁of ▁spec im ens , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁lost ▁through ▁care less ▁handling ▁by ▁the ▁crew . ▁Nevertheless , ▁his ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁R GS ▁ends : ▁" I ▁have ▁to ▁thank ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁assist ing ▁me ▁in ▁what ▁has ▁been , ▁despite ▁all ▁draw back s , ▁an ▁instruct ive ▁and ▁delight ful ▁experience ." ▁In ▁a ▁further ▁letter ▁to ▁Mill ▁he ▁out lined ▁his ▁wishes ▁to ▁go ▁South ▁again , ▁adding : ▁" the ▁taste ▁I ▁have ▁had ▁has ▁made ▁me ▁ra ven ous ". ▁ ▁Within ▁months ▁he ▁was ▁making ▁propos als ▁for ▁a ▁scientific ▁expedition ▁to ▁South ▁Georgia , ▁but ▁the ▁R GS ▁would ▁not ▁support ▁his ▁plans . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁he ▁considered ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Norweg ians ▁Henry k ▁Bull ▁and ▁Car sten ▁Bor ch gre v ink ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁South ▁Mag net ic ▁P ole . ▁This , ▁too , ▁failed ▁to ▁material ise . ▁ ▁Jackson – Har ms worth ▁Ex ped ition ▁▁ ▁From ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁to ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁Bruce ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Ben ▁Ne vis ▁sum mit ▁meteor ological ▁station , ▁where ▁he ▁gained ▁further ▁experience ▁in ▁scientific ▁procedures ▁and ▁with ▁meteor ological ▁instruments . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁again ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁Mill ,
▁he ▁left ▁this ▁post ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Jackson – Har ms worth ▁Ex ped ition , ▁then ▁in ▁its ▁third ▁year ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁on ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁Land . ▁This ▁expedition , ▁led ▁by ▁Frederick ▁George ▁Jackson ▁and ▁fin anced ▁by ▁newspaper ▁magn ate ▁Alfred ▁Har ms worth , ▁had ▁left ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁detailed ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁arch ip el ago , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁discovered , ▁though ▁not ▁properly ▁mapped , ▁during ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁expedition ▁ 2 0 year s ▁earlier . ▁Jackson ' s ▁party ▁was ▁based ▁at ▁Cape ▁Flora ▁on ▁North bro ok ▁Island , ▁the ▁southern most ▁island ▁of ▁the ▁arch ip el ago . ▁It ▁was ▁supplied ▁through ▁regular ▁vis its ▁from ▁its ▁expedition ▁ship ▁Wind ward , ▁on ▁which ▁Bruce ▁sa iled ▁from ▁London ▁on ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁ ▁Wind ward ▁arrived ▁at ▁Cape ▁Flora ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁where ▁Bruce ▁ ▁found ▁that ▁Jackson ' s ▁expedition ▁party ▁had ▁been ▁joined ▁by ▁Frid t j of ▁N ansen ▁and ▁his ▁companion ▁H jal mar ▁Joh ansen . ▁The ▁two ▁Norweg ians ▁had ▁been ▁living ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁since ▁leaving ▁their ▁ship ▁F ram ▁for ▁a ▁dash ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁P ole , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁pure ▁chance ▁that ▁had ▁brought ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁inhab ited ▁spot ▁among ▁thousands ▁of ▁square ▁miles ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁was tes .
▁Bruce ▁mentions ▁meeting ▁N ansen ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Mill , ▁and ▁his ▁acquaint ance ▁with ▁the ▁celebrated ▁Norwegian ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁future ▁source ▁of ▁much ▁advice ▁and ▁encourag ement . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁year ▁at ▁Cape ▁Flora ▁Bruce ▁collected ▁around ▁ 7 0 0 ▁zo ological ▁spec im ens , ▁in ▁often ▁very ▁disag ree able ▁conditions . ▁According ▁to ▁Jackson : ▁" It ▁is ▁no ▁pleasant ▁job ▁to ▁d ab ble ▁in ▁ icy - c old ▁water , ▁with ▁the ▁therm ometer ▁some ▁degrees ▁below ▁zero , ▁or ▁to ▁pl od ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁through ▁snow , ▁sl ush ▁and ▁mud ▁many ▁miles ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁animal ▁life , ▁as ▁I ▁have ▁known ▁Mr ▁Bruce ▁frequently ▁to ▁do ". ▁Jackson ▁named ▁Cape ▁Bruce ▁after ▁him , ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁edge ▁of ▁North bro ok ▁Island , ▁at ▁ 8 0 ° 5 5 ′ N . ▁Jackson ▁was ▁less ▁pleased ▁with ▁Bruce ' s ▁propriet orial ▁attitude ▁to ▁his ▁personal ▁spec im ens , ▁which ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁entr ust ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁with ▁the ▁expedition ' s ▁other ▁finds . ▁This ▁" t endency ▁towards ▁scientific ▁conce it ", ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁tact ▁in ▁inter person al ▁deal ings , ▁were ▁early ▁demonstr ations ▁of ▁character ▁fla ws ▁that ▁in ▁later ▁life ▁would ▁be ▁held ▁against ▁him . ▁ ▁Ar ctic ▁voy ages ▁▁ ▁On ▁his ▁return ▁from ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁Land ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁Bruce ▁worked ▁in ▁Edinburgh ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁to ▁his ▁former
▁ment or ▁John ▁Arthur ▁Thom son , ▁and ▁res umed ▁his ▁duties ▁at ▁the ▁Ben ▁Ne vis ▁observ atory . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁he ▁received ▁an ▁offer ▁to ▁join ▁Major ▁Andrew ▁Co ats ▁on ▁a ▁hunting ▁voyage ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁waters ▁around ▁Nov aya ▁Z em ly a ▁and ▁Sp its ber gen , ▁in ▁the ▁private ▁y acht ▁B len c ath ra . ▁This ▁offer ▁had ▁originally ▁been ▁made ▁to ▁Mill , ▁who ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁obtain ▁leave ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society , ▁and ▁once ▁again ▁suggested ▁Bruce ▁as ▁a ▁replacement . ▁Andrew ▁Co ats ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁prosper ous ▁Co ats ▁family ▁of ▁thread ▁manufact ur ers , ▁who ▁had ▁founded ▁the ▁Co ats ▁Observ atory ▁at ▁P ais ley . ▁Bruce ▁joined ▁B len c ath ra ▁at ▁T rom s ø , ▁Norway ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 8 , ▁for ▁a ▁cru ise ▁which ▁expl ored ▁the ▁Bar ents ▁Sea , ▁the ▁dual ▁islands ▁of ▁Nov aya ▁Z em ly a , ▁and ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Kol gu ye v , ▁before ▁a ▁retre at ▁to ▁V ard ø ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁Norway ▁to ▁re - pro vision ▁for ▁the ▁voyage ▁to ▁Sp its ber gen . ▁In ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Mill , ▁Bruce ▁reported : ▁" This ▁is ▁a ▁pure ▁y ach ting ▁cru ise ▁and ▁life ▁is ▁lux ur ious ". ▁But ▁his ▁scientific ▁work ▁was ▁un ab ated : ▁" I ▁have
▁been ▁taking ▁ 4 - hour ly ▁observations ▁in ▁meteor ology ▁and ▁temperature ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁surface ▁[...] ▁have ▁tested ▁sal inity ▁with ▁Buch an an ' s ▁hyd rom eter ; ▁my ▁to w - net s ▁[...] ▁have ▁been ▁going ▁almost ▁constantly ". ▁ ▁B len c ath ra ▁sa iled ▁for ▁Sp its ber gen , ▁but ▁was ▁stopped ▁by ▁ice , ▁so ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁T rom s ø . ▁Here ▁she ▁encountered ▁the ▁research ▁ship ▁Prin ces se ▁Alice , ▁purpose - built ▁for ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁I ▁of ▁Mon aco , ▁a ▁leading ▁ocean ograph er . ▁Bruce ▁was ▁delight ed ▁when ▁the ▁Prince ▁invited ▁him ▁to ▁join ▁Prin ces se ▁Alice ▁on ▁a ▁hydro graph ic ▁survey ▁around ▁Sp its ber gen . ▁The ▁ship ▁sa iled ▁up ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁island ▁of ▁the ▁Sp its ber gen ▁group , ▁and ▁visited ▁Advent f j orden ▁and ▁S me eren burg ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁During ▁the ▁latter ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁voyage ▁Bruce ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁voyage ' s ▁scientific ▁observations . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁Bruce ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁join ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁on ▁another ▁ocean ographic ▁cru ise ▁to ▁Sp its ber gen . ▁At ▁Red ▁Bay , ▁latitude ▁ 8 0 ° N , ▁Bruce ▁asc ended ▁the ▁highest ▁peak ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁which ▁the ▁prince ▁named ▁" Ben ▁Ne vis " ▁in ▁his ▁honour . ▁When ▁Prin ces se ▁Alice ▁ran ▁a ground ▁on ▁a ▁sub mer
ged ▁rock ▁and ▁appeared ▁str and ed , ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁instruct ed ▁Bruce ▁to ▁begin ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁a ▁winter ▁camp , ▁in ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁it ▁might ▁be ▁impossible ▁for ▁the ▁ship ▁to ▁escape . ▁Fort un ately ▁she ▁flo ated ▁free , ▁and ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁T rom s ø ▁for ▁rep airs . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁family ▁life ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁uncertain ▁how ▁Bruce ▁was ▁employed ▁after ▁his ▁return ▁from ▁Sp its ber gen ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁In ▁his ▁whole ▁life ▁he ▁rarely ▁had ▁settled ▁sal ar ied ▁work , ▁and ▁usually ▁re lied ▁on ▁patron age ▁or ▁on ▁influ ential ▁acquaint ances ▁to ▁find ▁him ▁temporary ▁posts . ▁Early ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁he ▁evidently ▁felt ▁sufficiently ▁confident ▁of ▁his ▁prospect s ▁to ▁get ▁married . ▁His ▁b ride ▁was ▁Jess ie ▁Mack en zie , ▁who ▁had ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁nur se ▁in ▁Samuel ▁Bruce ' s ▁London ▁surg ery . ▁Bruce ' s ▁marriage ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Free ▁Church ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁in ▁Chap el hill ▁within ▁the ▁Par ish ▁of ▁N igg ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁being ▁attended ▁and ▁witness ed ▁by ▁their ▁parents . ▁Perhaps , ▁due ▁to ▁Bruce ' s ▁secret ive ▁nature ▁present ing ▁limited ▁details ▁even ▁among ▁his ▁circle ▁of ▁close ▁friends ▁and ▁colle agues , ▁little ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁wed ding ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁his ▁bi ograph ers . ▁ ▁In
▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁the ▁Bru ces ▁settled ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁at ▁South ▁Mort on ▁Street ▁in ▁Jo ppa ▁near ▁the ▁coast al ▁Edinburgh ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Port ob ello , ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁addresses ▁in ▁that ▁area . ▁They ▁named ▁their ▁house ▁" Ant arct ica ". ▁A ▁son , ▁E ill ium ▁Al ast air , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁and ▁a ▁daughter , ▁She ila ▁Mack en zie , ▁was ▁born ▁seven ▁years ▁later . ▁During ▁these ▁years ▁Bruce ▁founded ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Ski ▁Club ▁and ▁became ▁its ▁first ▁president . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁co - found er ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁Z oo . ▁ ▁Bruce ' s ▁chosen ▁life ▁as ▁an ▁expl orer , ▁his ▁un re li able ▁sources ▁of ▁income ▁and ▁his ▁frequent ▁extended ▁abs ences , ▁all ▁placed ▁severe ▁stra ins ▁on ▁the ▁marriage , ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁became ▁est r anged ▁around ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁They ▁continued ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁house ▁until ▁Bruce ' s ▁death . ▁E ill ium ▁became ▁a ▁Mer chant ▁Navy ▁officer , ▁eventually ▁captain ing ▁a ▁Fish eries ▁Research ▁Sh ip ▁which , ▁by ▁chance , ▁bore ▁the ▁name ▁Scot ia . ▁ ▁Scottish ▁National ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ▁ ▁Dis put e ▁with ▁Mark ham ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Bruce ▁wrote ▁to ▁Sir ▁Clement s ▁Mark ham ▁at ▁the ▁R GS , ▁offering ▁himself ▁for
▁the ▁scientific ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition , ▁then ▁in ▁its ▁early ▁planning ▁stages . ▁Mark ham ' s ▁reply ▁was ▁a ▁non - comm itt al ▁one - line ▁acknowled g ement , ▁after ▁which ▁Bruce ▁heard ▁nothing ▁for ▁a ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁told , ▁indirect ly , ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁a ▁scientific ▁assistant ' s ▁post . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Bruce ▁rem ind ed ▁Mark ham ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁applied ▁a ▁year ▁earlier , ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁reve al ▁that ▁he ▁" was ▁not ▁without ▁hopes ▁of ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁raise ▁sufficient ▁capital ▁where by ▁I ▁could ▁take ▁out ▁a ▁second ▁British ▁ship ". ▁He ▁followed ▁this ▁up ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later , ▁and ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁fund ing ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁ship ▁was ▁now ▁assured , ▁making ▁his ▁first ▁explicit ▁references ▁to ▁a ▁" Sc ott ish ▁Ex ped ition ". ▁This ▁al ar med ▁Mark ham , ▁who ▁replied ▁with ▁some ▁anger : ▁" S uch ▁a ▁course ▁will ▁be ▁most ▁pre jud icial ▁to ▁the ▁Ex ped ition [ ...] ▁A ▁second ▁ship ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁least ▁required [ ...] ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁know ▁why ▁this ▁m isch iev ous ▁rival ry ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁started ". ▁ ▁Bruce ▁replied ▁by ▁return , ▁den ying ▁rival ry , ▁and ▁as ser ting : ▁" If ▁my ▁friends ▁are ▁prepared ▁to ▁give ▁me ▁money ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁my ▁plans ▁I
▁do ▁not ▁see ▁why ▁I ▁should ▁not ▁accept ▁it ▁[...] ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁who ▁maintain ▁that ▁a ▁second ▁ship ▁is ▁highly ▁des irable ". ▁Un appe ased , ▁Mark ham ▁wrote ▁back : ▁" As ▁I ▁was ▁doing ▁my ▁best ▁to ▁get ▁you ▁appointed ▁( to ▁the ▁National ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ) ▁I ▁had ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁think ▁you ▁would ▁not ▁take ▁such ▁a ▁step [ ...] ▁without ▁at ▁least ▁consult ing ▁me ". ▁He ▁continued : ▁" You ▁will ▁cri pp le ▁the ▁National ▁Ex ped ition ▁[...] ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁up ▁a ▁scheme ▁for ▁yourself ". ▁ ▁Bruce ▁replied ▁formally , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁funds ▁he ▁had ▁raised ▁in ▁Scotland ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁forth coming ▁for ▁any ▁other ▁project . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁further ▁correspond ence ▁between ▁the ▁two , ▁beyond ▁a ▁short ▁conc ili atory ▁note ▁from ▁Mark ham , ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁which ▁read ▁" I ▁can ▁now ▁see ▁things ▁from ▁your ▁point ▁of ▁view , ▁and ▁wish ▁you ▁success " — a ▁sentiment ▁apparently ▁not ▁reflected ▁in ▁Mark ham ' s ▁subsequent ▁attitude ▁towards ▁the ▁Scottish ▁expedition . ▁ ▁Vo y age ▁of ▁the ▁Scot ia ▁▁ ▁With ▁financial ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁Co ats ▁family , ▁Bruce ▁had ▁acquired ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁wh aler , ▁, ▁which ▁he ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁fully ▁equ ipped ▁Ant ar ctic ▁research ▁ship , ▁renamed ▁Scot ia . ▁He ▁then ▁appointed ▁an ▁all - Sc ott ish ▁crew ▁and ▁scientific ▁team .
▁Scot ia ▁left ▁Tro on ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁and ▁head ed ▁south ▁towards ▁Ant arct ica , ▁where ▁Bruce ▁intended ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁winter ▁qu arters ▁in ▁the ▁Wed d ell ▁Sea ▁quadr ant , ▁" as ▁near ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁P ole ▁as ▁is ▁pract ic able ". ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁the ▁ship ▁reached ▁ 7 0 ° 2 5 ′ S , ▁but ▁could ▁proceed ▁no ▁further ▁because ▁of ▁heavy ▁ice . ▁She ▁retre ated ▁to ▁Laur ie ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Or k ne ys ▁chain , ▁and ▁winter ed ▁there ▁in ▁a ▁bay ▁he ▁named ▁Scot ia ▁Bay . ▁A ▁meteor ological ▁station , ▁O mond ▁House ▁( named ▁after ▁Robert ▁Tra ill ▁O mond ), ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁full ▁programme ▁of ▁scientific ▁work . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Scot ia ▁retre ated ▁to ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁for ▁repair ▁and ▁repro vision ing . ▁While ▁in ▁Argentina , ▁Bruce ▁negoti ated ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁government ▁where by ▁O mond ▁House ▁became ▁a ▁permanent ▁weather ▁station , ▁under ▁Argent in ian ▁control . ▁Ren amed ▁Or c adas ▁Base , ▁the ▁site ▁has ▁been ▁continu ously ▁in ▁operation ▁since ▁then , ▁and ▁provides ▁the ▁longest ▁historical ▁meteor ological ▁series ▁of ▁Ant arct ica . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Scot ia ▁sa iled ▁south ▁again , ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁Wed d ell ▁Sea . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁March , ▁new ▁land ▁was
▁sight ed , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁sea ' s ▁eastern ▁boundary ; ▁Bruce ▁named ▁this ▁Co ats ▁Land ▁after ▁the ▁expedition ' s ▁chief ▁back ers . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁March , ▁at ▁ 7 4 ° 0 1 ′ S ▁and ▁in ▁danger ▁of ▁becoming ▁ice bound , ▁Scot ia ▁turned ▁north . ▁The ▁long ▁voyage ▁back ▁to ▁Scotland , ▁via ▁Cape ▁Town , ▁was ▁completed ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁ ▁This ▁expedition ▁assemble d ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁animal , ▁marine ▁and ▁plant ▁spec im ens , ▁and ▁carried ▁out ▁extensive ▁hydro graph ic , ▁magnetic ▁and ▁meteor ological ▁observations . ▁One ▁hundred ▁years ▁later ▁it ▁was ▁recogn ised ▁that ▁the ▁expedition ' s ▁work ▁had ▁" la id ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁modern ▁climate ▁change ▁studies ", ▁and ▁that ▁its ▁experimental ▁work ▁had ▁showed ▁this ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁glo be ▁to ▁be ▁cru cially ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁world ' s ▁climate . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ocean ograph er ▁Tony ▁R ice , ▁it ▁ful filled ▁a ▁more ▁compreh ensive ▁programme ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁Ant ar ctic ▁expedition ▁of ▁its ▁day . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁its ▁reception ▁in ▁Britain ▁was ▁relatively ▁m uted ; ▁although ▁its ▁work ▁was ▁highly ▁pra ised ▁within ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁community , ▁Bruce ▁strugg led ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁fund ing ▁to ▁publish ▁his ▁scientific ▁results , ▁and ▁bl amed ▁Mark ham ▁for ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁national ▁recognition . ▁ ▁Post - exp ed ition ▁years ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Ocean
ographical ▁Labor atory ▁▁ ▁Bruce ' s ▁collection ▁of ▁spec im ens , ▁gathered ▁from ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁de cade ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁and ▁Ant ar ctic ▁travel , ▁required ▁a ▁permanent ▁home . ▁Bruce ▁himself ▁needed ▁a ▁base ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁detailed ▁scientific ▁reports ▁of ▁the ▁Scot ia ▁voyage ▁could ▁be ▁prepared ▁for ▁publication . ▁He ▁obtained ▁prem ises ▁in ▁Nicol son ▁Street , ▁Edinburgh , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁established ▁a ▁labor atory ▁and ▁museum , ▁naming ▁it ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Ocean ographical ▁Labor atory , ▁with ▁the ▁ult imate ▁amb ition ▁that ▁it ▁should ▁become ▁the ▁Scottish ▁National ▁Ocean ographic ▁Institute . ▁It ▁was ▁officially ▁opened ▁by ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁of ▁Mon aco ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁ ▁Within ▁these ▁prem ises ▁Bruce ▁hous ed ▁his ▁meteor ological ▁and ▁ocean ographic ▁equipment , ▁in ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁future ▁exped itions . ▁He ▁also ▁met ▁there ▁with ▁fellow - expl or ers , ▁including ▁N ansen , ▁Sh ack leton , ▁and ▁Ro ald ▁Am und sen . ▁His ▁main ▁task ▁was ▁master m inding ▁the ▁prepar ation ▁of ▁the ▁S NA E ▁scientific ▁reports . ▁These , ▁at ▁considerable ▁cost ▁and ▁much ▁delay , ▁were ▁published ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁except ▁for ▁one ▁volume — B ru ce ' s ▁own ▁log — that ▁remained ▁un pub lished ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁after ▁its ▁redis cover y . ▁Bruce ▁maintained ▁a ▁wide ▁correspond ence ▁with ▁exper ts ,
▁including ▁Sir ▁Joseph ▁Hook er , ▁who ▁had ▁travel led ▁to ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁with ▁James ▁Clark ▁Ross ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 – 4 3 , ▁and ▁to ▁whom ▁Bruce ▁dedicated ▁his ▁short ▁book ▁Pol ar ▁Ex pl oration . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁discuss ions ▁began ▁toward ▁finding ▁more ▁permanent ▁homes , ▁both ▁for ▁Bruce ' s ▁collection ▁and , ▁following ▁the ▁death ▁that ▁year ▁of ▁ocean ograph er ▁Sir ▁John ▁Murray , ▁for ▁the ▁spec im ens ▁and ▁library ▁of ▁the ▁Ch allen ger ▁expedition . ▁Bruce ▁proposed ▁that ▁a ▁new ▁centre ▁should ▁be ▁created ▁as ▁a ▁mem orial ▁to ▁Murray . ▁There ▁was ▁un anim ous ▁agreement ▁to ▁proceed , ▁but ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁cur ta iled ▁by ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁war , ▁and ▁not ▁rev ived . ▁The ▁Scottish ▁Ocean ographical ▁Labor atory ▁continued ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁when ▁Bruce , ▁in ▁poor ▁health , ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁close ▁it , ▁dispers ing ▁its ▁contents ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Museum , ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁( RS GS ), ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁ ▁Further ▁Ant ar ctic ▁plans ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Bruce ▁presented ▁propos als ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁( RS GS ) ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁Scottish ▁Ant ar ctic ▁expedition . ▁His ▁plan ▁en vis aged ▁a ▁party ▁winter ing ▁in ▁or ▁near ▁Co ats ▁Land , ▁while ▁the ▁ship ▁took ▁another
▁group ▁to ▁the ▁Ross ▁Sea , ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁continent . ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁the ▁Co ats ▁Land ▁party ▁would ▁cross ▁the ▁continent ▁on ▁foot , ▁via ▁the ▁South ▁P ole , ▁while ▁the ▁Ross ▁Sea ▁party ▁pushed ▁south ▁to ▁meet ▁them ▁and ▁assist ▁them ▁home . ▁The ▁expedition ▁would ▁also ▁carry ▁out ▁extensive ▁ocean ographical ▁and ▁other ▁scientific ▁work . ▁Bruce ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁total ▁cost ▁would ▁be ▁about ▁£ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁( ▁value ▁about ▁£ ). ▁ ▁The ▁R S GS ▁supported ▁these ▁propos als , ▁as ▁did ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Edinburgh , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh , ▁and ▁other ▁Scottish ▁organis ations , ▁but ▁the ▁timing ▁was ▁wrong ; ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁London ▁was ▁fully ▁occupied ▁with ▁Robert ▁Scott ' s ▁Terra ▁Nova ▁Ex ped ition , ▁and ▁showed ▁no ▁interest ▁in ▁Bruce ' s ▁plans . ▁No ▁rich ▁private ▁benef act ors ▁came ▁forward , ▁and ▁persistent ▁and ▁int ensive ▁lo bb ying ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁for ▁financial ▁backing ▁failed . ▁Bruce ▁sus pected ▁that ▁his ▁efforts ▁were , ▁as ▁usual , ▁being ▁und erm ined ▁by ▁the ▁aged ▁but ▁still ▁influ ential ▁Mark ham . ▁Finally ▁accepting ▁that ▁his ▁vent ure ▁would ▁not ▁take ▁place , ▁he ▁gave ▁gener ous ▁support ▁and ▁advice ▁to ▁Ernest ▁Sh ack leton , ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁announced ▁plans , ▁similar ▁to ▁Bruce ' s , ▁for ▁his ▁Imperial ▁Trans - Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition
. ▁Sh ack leton ▁not ▁only ▁received ▁£ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁from ▁the ▁government , ▁but ▁raised ▁large ▁sums ▁from ▁private ▁sources , ▁including ▁£ 2 4 , 0 0 0 ▁from ▁Scottish ▁industrial ist ▁Sir ▁James ▁C air d ▁of ▁D und ee . ▁ ▁Sh ack leton ' s ▁expedition ▁was ▁an ▁ep ic ▁advent ure , ▁but ▁failed ▁completely ▁in ▁its ▁main ▁endeav our ▁of ▁a ▁trans cont inental ▁crossing . ▁Bruce ▁was ▁not ▁consult ed ▁by ▁the ▁Sh ack leton ▁relief ▁committee ▁about ▁that ▁expedition ' s ▁rescue , ▁when ▁the ▁need ▁arose ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁" M ys elf , ▁I ▁suppose ," ▁he ▁wrote , ▁" because ▁of ▁being ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Twe ed , ▁they ▁think ▁dead ". ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Sp its ber gen ▁synd icate ▁▁ ▁During ▁his ▁Sp its ber gen ▁vis its ▁with ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁Bruce ▁had ▁detected ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁coal , ▁gy psum ▁and ▁possibly ▁oil . ▁In ▁the ▁sum mers ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁he ▁again ▁accompanied ▁the ▁Prince ▁to ▁the ▁arch ip el ago , ▁with ▁the ▁primary ▁purpose ▁of ▁surve ying ▁and ▁mapping ▁Prince ▁Charles ▁For eland , ▁an ▁island ▁un vis ited ▁during ▁the ▁earlier ▁voy ages . ▁Here ▁Bruce ▁found ▁further ▁depos its ▁of ▁coal , ▁and ▁indic ations ▁of ▁iron . ▁On ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁these ▁finds
, ▁Bruce ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁min eral ▁prospect ing ▁company , ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Sp its ber gen ▁Sy nd icate , ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁in ▁international ▁law ▁Sp its ber gen ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁terra ▁n ul lius — right s ▁to ▁mine ▁and ▁extract ▁could ▁be ▁established ▁simply ▁by ▁register ing ▁a ▁claim . ▁Bruce ' s ▁synd icate ▁registered ▁claims ▁on ▁Prince ▁Charles ▁For eland ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁islands ▁of ▁Bar ents ø ya ▁and ▁Edge ø ya , ▁among ▁other ▁areas . ▁A ▁sum ▁of ▁£ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁( out ▁of ▁a ▁target ▁of ▁£ 6 , 0 0 0 ) ▁was ▁subscri bed ▁to ▁fin ance ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁a ▁detailed ▁prospect ing ▁expedition ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁in ▁a ▁char tered ▁vessel ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁scientific ▁team . ▁The ▁results ▁were ▁" dis app oint ing ", ▁and ▁the ▁voyage ▁absor bed ▁almost ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁synd icate ' s ▁funds . ▁ ▁Bruce ▁paid ▁two ▁further ▁vis its ▁to ▁Sp its ber gen , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁but ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁war ▁prevent ed ▁further ▁immediate ▁develop ments . ▁Early ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁the ▁old ▁synd icate ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁larger ▁and ▁better - fin anced ▁company . ▁Bruce ▁had ▁now ▁fixed ▁his ▁main ▁hopes ▁on ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁oil , ▁but ▁scientific ▁exped itions ▁in
▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁failed ▁to ▁provide ▁evidence ▁of ▁its ▁presence ; ▁substantial ▁new ▁depos its ▁of ▁coal ▁and ▁iron ▁ore ▁were ▁discovered . ▁There after ▁Bruce ▁was ▁too ▁ill ▁to ▁continue ▁with ▁his ▁invol vement . ▁The ▁new ▁company ▁had ▁exp ended ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁capital ▁on ▁these ▁prospect ing ▁vent ures , ▁and ▁although ▁it ▁continued ▁to ▁exist , ▁under ▁various ▁own ers hips , ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁record ▁of ▁prof itable ▁extra ction . ▁Its ▁assets ▁and ▁claims ▁were ▁finally ▁acquired ▁by ▁a ▁rival ▁concern . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁ ▁Pol ar ▁Med als ▁with h eld ▁▁ ▁During ▁his ▁lifetime ▁Bruce ▁received ▁many ▁awards : ▁the ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ; ▁the ▁Pat ron ' s ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ; ▁the ▁Ne ill ▁prize ▁and ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁Living stone ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁He ▁also ▁received ▁an ▁honor ary ▁L LD ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en . ▁The ▁honour ▁that ▁el ud ed ▁him ▁was ▁the ▁Pol ar ▁Medal , ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁S over eign ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society . ▁The ▁Medal ▁was ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁every ▁other ▁British
▁or ▁Commonwealth ▁Ant ar ctic ▁expedition ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁but ▁the ▁S NA E ▁was ▁the ▁exception ; ▁the ▁medal ▁was ▁with h eld . ▁ ▁Bruce , ▁and ▁those ▁close ▁to ▁him , ▁bl amed ▁Mark ham ▁for ▁this ▁om ission . ▁The ▁matter ▁was ▁raised , ▁repeatedly , ▁with ▁anyone ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁influence . ▁Robert ▁Rud m ose ▁Brown , ▁chron ic ler ▁of ▁the ▁Scot ia ▁voyage ▁and ▁later ▁Bruce ' s ▁first ▁bi ograph er , ▁wrote ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁that ▁this ▁neglect ▁was ▁" a ▁slight ▁to ▁Scotland ▁and ▁to ▁Scottish ▁endeav our ". ▁Bruce ▁wrote ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Edinburgh , ▁who ▁agreed ▁in ▁his ▁reply ▁that ▁" Mark ham ▁had ▁much ▁to ▁answer ▁for ". ▁After ▁Mark ham ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁Bruce ▁sent ▁a ▁long ▁letter ▁to ▁his ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁Charles ▁Price , ▁detail ing ▁Sir ▁Clement s ' s ▁mal ice ▁towards ▁him ▁and ▁the ▁Scottish ▁expedition , ▁ending ▁with ▁a ▁heart f elt ▁cry ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁his ▁old ▁com r ades : ▁" Ro bert son ▁is ▁dying ▁without ▁his ▁well ▁won ▁white ▁rib bon ! ▁The ▁Mate ▁is ▁dead !! ▁The ▁Chief ▁Engine er ▁is ▁dead !!! ▁Every one ▁as ▁good ▁men ▁as ▁have ▁ever ▁served ▁on ▁any ▁Pol ar
▁Ex ped ition , ▁yet ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁receive ▁the ▁white ▁rib bon ." ▁No ▁action ▁followed ▁this ▁ple a . ▁ ▁No ▁award ▁had ▁been ▁made ▁nearly ▁a ▁century ▁later , ▁when ▁the ▁matter ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁M SP ▁Michael ▁Russell ▁table d ▁a ▁motion ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁S NA E ▁cent en ary , ▁which ▁concluded : ▁" The ▁Pol ar ▁Medal ▁Ad vis ory ▁Committee ▁should ▁recommend ▁the ▁post hum ous ▁award ▁of ▁the ▁Pol ar ▁Medal ▁to ▁Dr ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce , ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁status ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁figures ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁polar ▁scientific ▁expl oration ". ▁ ▁Last ▁years ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁war ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁Bruce ' s ▁prospect ing ▁vent ures ▁were ▁on ▁hold . ▁He ▁offered ▁his ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁Admir alty , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁obtain ▁an ▁appointment . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁he ▁accepted ▁a ▁post ▁as ▁director ▁and ▁manager ▁of ▁a ▁wh aling ▁company ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁Se ych elles , ▁and ▁spent ▁four ▁months ▁there , ▁but ▁the ▁vent ure ▁failed . ▁On ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Britain ▁he ▁finally ▁secured ▁a ▁minor ▁post ▁at ▁the ▁Admir alty . ▁ ▁Bruce ▁continued ▁to ▁lo bb y ▁for ▁recognition , ▁highlight ing ▁the ▁dist in ctions ▁between ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁S NA E ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁English ▁exped itions . ▁When
▁the ▁war ▁finished ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁rev ive ▁his ▁various ▁interests , ▁but ▁his ▁health ▁was ▁failing , ▁forcing ▁him ▁to ▁close ▁his ▁labor atory . ▁On ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁voyage ▁to ▁Sp its ber gen ▁he ▁travel led ▁in ▁an ▁advis ory ▁role , ▁unable ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁detailed ▁work . ▁On ▁return , ▁he ▁was ▁conf ined ▁in ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁Royal ▁Inf irm ary ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁Liber ton ▁Hospital , ▁Edinburgh , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁In ▁accord ance ▁with ▁his ▁wishes ▁he ▁was ▁cre m ated , ▁and ▁the ▁as hes ▁taken ▁to ▁South ▁Georgia ▁to ▁be ▁scattered ▁on ▁the ▁southern ▁sea . ▁Despite ▁his ▁irregular ▁income ▁and ▁general ▁lack ▁of ▁funds , ▁his ▁estate ▁real ised ▁£ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁( ▁value ▁about ▁£ ). ▁ ▁Ass ess ment ▁▁ ▁After ▁Bruce ' s ▁death ▁his ▁long - time ▁friend ▁and ▁colle ague ▁Robert ▁Rud m ose ▁Brown ▁wrote , ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Bruce ' s ▁father : ▁" H is ▁name ▁is ▁imper ish ably ▁en rolled ▁among ▁the ▁world ' s ▁great ▁expl or ers , ▁and ▁the ▁mart y rs ▁to ▁un self ish ▁scientific ▁dev otion ." ▁Rud m ose ▁Brown ' s ▁bi ography ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁a ▁joint ▁committee ▁of ▁Edinburgh ' s ▁learned ▁soci eties ▁instit uted ▁the ▁Bruce ▁Memorial ▁Prize
, ▁an ▁award ▁for ▁young ▁polar ▁scient ists . ▁There after ▁his ▁name ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁respect ed ▁in ▁scientific ▁circles , ▁but ▁Bruce ▁and ▁his ▁achiev ements ▁were ▁forgotten ▁by ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁Occ as ional ▁mentions ▁of ▁him , ▁in ▁polar ▁histor ies ▁and ▁bi ograph ies ▁of ▁major ▁figures ▁such ▁as ▁Scott ▁and ▁Sh ack leton , ▁t ended ▁to ▁be ▁dismiss ive ▁and ▁in ac cur ate . ▁ ▁The ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁have ▁seen ▁a ▁re ass ess ment ▁of ▁Bruce ' s ▁work . ▁Cont rib ut ory ▁factors ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁S NA E ▁cent en ary , ▁and ▁Scotland ' s ▁renew ed ▁sense ▁of ▁national ▁identity . ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁expedition , ▁in ▁a ▁modern ▁research ▁ship ▁" Sc ot ia ", ▁used ▁information ▁collected ▁by ▁Bruce ▁as ▁a ▁basis ▁for ▁exam ining ▁climate ▁change ▁in ▁South ▁Georgia . ▁This ▁expedition ▁predicted ▁" d ram atic ▁conclus ions " ▁rel ating ▁to ▁global ▁war ming ▁from ▁its ▁research , ▁and ▁saw ▁this ▁contribution ▁as ▁a ▁" f itting ▁t ribute ▁to ▁Britain ' s ▁forgotten ▁polar ▁hero , ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce ". ▁ ▁An ▁hour - long ▁BBC ▁television ▁document ary ▁on ▁Bruce ▁presented ▁by ▁Neil ▁Oliver ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁contrast ed ▁his ▁met icul ous ▁science ▁with ▁his ▁riv als ' ▁aim ▁of ▁en han cing ▁imperial ▁prest ige . ▁A ▁new ▁bi ograph er , ▁Peter ▁Spe ak
▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁S NA E ▁was ▁" by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁cost - effect ive ▁and ▁carefully ▁planned ▁scientific ▁expedition ▁of ▁the ▁Hero ic ▁Age ". ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁author ▁cons iders ▁reasons ▁why ▁Bruce ' s ▁efforts ▁to ▁capital ise ▁on ▁this ▁success ▁met ▁with ▁failure , ▁and ▁suggests ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁his ▁sh y , ▁solit ary , ▁un char ism atic ▁nature ▁and ▁his ▁" fer vent " ▁Scottish ▁national ism . ▁Bruce ▁seem ingly ▁lack ed ▁public ▁relations ▁skills ▁and ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁promote ▁his ▁work , ▁after ▁the ▁fashion ▁of ▁Scott ▁and ▁Sh ack leton ; ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁friend ▁described ▁him ▁as ▁being ▁" as ▁pr ick ly ▁as ▁the ▁Scottish ▁th ist le ▁itself ". ▁On ▁occasion ▁he ▁behav ed ▁tact lessly , ▁as ▁with ▁Jackson ▁over ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁the ▁spec im ens ▁brought ▁back ▁from ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁Land , ▁and ▁on ▁another ▁occasion ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society , ▁over ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁a ▁minor ▁exp ense ▁claim . ▁ ▁As ▁to ▁his ▁national ism , ▁he ▁wished ▁to ▁see ▁Scotland ▁on ▁an ▁equal ▁foot ing ▁with ▁other ▁nations . ▁His ▁national ▁pride ▁was ▁inten se ; ▁in ▁a ▁Pre par atory ▁Note ▁to ▁The ▁Vo y age ▁of ▁the ▁Scot ia ▁he ▁wrote : ▁" Wh ile ▁' S cience ' ▁was ▁the ▁t alis man ▁of ▁the ▁Ex ped ition , ▁' Sc ot land ' ▁was ▁emb la zon ed ▁on ▁its
▁flag ". ▁This ▁ins istence ▁on ▁emphas ising ▁the ▁Scottish ▁character ▁of ▁his ▁enter pr ises ▁could ▁be ▁ir ks ome ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁share ▁his ▁passion . ▁He ▁retained ▁the ▁respect ▁and ▁dev otion ▁of ▁those ▁whom ▁he ▁led , ▁and ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁known ▁him ▁longest . ▁John ▁Arthur ▁Thom son , ▁who ▁had ▁known ▁Bruce ▁since ▁Gr anton , ▁wrote ▁of ▁him ▁when ▁review ing ▁Rud m ose ▁Brown ' s ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁bi ography : ▁" We ▁never ▁heard ▁him ▁once ▁gr umble ▁about ▁himself , ▁though ▁he ▁was ▁neither ▁to ▁hold ▁or ▁b end ▁when ▁he ▁thought ▁some ▁in just ice ▁was ▁being ▁done ▁to , ▁or ▁slight ▁cast ▁on , ▁his ▁men , ▁on ▁his ▁colle agues , ▁on ▁his ▁labor atory , ▁on ▁his ▁Scotland . ▁Then ▁one ▁got ▁g lim ps es ▁of ▁the ▁vol cano ▁which ▁his ▁gentle ▁spirit ▁usually ▁kept ▁sleep ing ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁recip ients ▁of ▁the ▁W . ▁S . ▁Bruce ▁Medal ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Online ▁sources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce ▁Collection ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁Retrieved ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 0 9 - 1 1 ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁bi olog ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁expl or ers ▁Category
: 1 9 th - century ▁Scottish ▁people ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁Her iot - W att ▁University ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁people ▁of ▁Wel sh ▁descent ▁Category : Ex pl or ers ▁of ▁Ant arct ica ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁School ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁K ens ington ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁polar ▁expl or ers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁marine ▁bi olog ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁national ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁natural ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁ocean ograph ers ▁Category : S outh ▁Or k ney ▁Islands ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁W att s ▁Naval ▁School <0x0A> </s> ▁A pr iona ▁mult ig ran ula ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Thom son ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : B at oc er ini ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Tun ari ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁places ▁in ▁Roman ia : ▁ ▁Tun ari , ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁Il f ov ▁County ▁Tun ari , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bez de ad ▁Comm une , ▁D â mb ovi ța ▁County ▁Tun ari , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bot oro
aga ▁Comm une , ▁Tele orm an ▁County ▁Tun ari i ▁No i ▁and ▁Tun ari i ▁Ve chi , ▁villages ▁in ▁Po iana ▁Mare ▁Comm une , ▁Dol j ▁County ▁ ▁and ▁to : ▁ ▁Tun ari ▁( B ol iv ia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁was ▁a ▁week ly ▁newspaper ▁in ▁Boston , ▁whose ▁coverage ▁focused ▁on ▁issues ▁of ▁local ▁interest ▁to ▁the ▁Back ▁Bay , ▁Be acon ▁Hill , ▁Dow nt own , ▁Fen way , ▁South ▁End , ▁and ▁Water front ▁neighborhood s . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁circul ation ▁of ▁over ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁announced ▁its ▁closure ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁losing ▁a ▁wrong ful ▁term ination ▁law suit . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁former ▁publish er ▁deb uted ▁the ▁Boston ▁Guardian , ▁with ▁similar ▁editor ial ▁content ▁and ▁neighborhood ▁coverage . ▁ ▁An ▁African - American ▁newspaper ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁George ▁Washington ▁For bes ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁and ▁dis cont in ued ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 . ▁ ▁Est ab lish ment ▁Publish er ▁David ▁Jacob s ▁created ▁the ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁( as ▁the ▁Back ▁Bay ▁Cour ant — the ▁newspaper ▁later ▁expanded ▁its ▁coverage ▁to ▁include ▁the ▁South ▁End , ▁Bay ▁Village , ▁Fen way , ▁and ▁Be acon ▁Hill ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁Gene v ieve ▁T
racy ▁as ▁Associ ate ▁Editor . ▁In ▁a ▁Boston ▁Glo be ▁article , ▁Jacob s ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁Cour ant ▁experienced ▁double - digit ▁growth ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Se ctions ▁The ▁paper ▁introduced ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁section ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁named ▁" Open ▁House ". ▁Later ▁renamed ▁the ▁" Real ▁Est ate ▁Guide ", ▁the ▁section ▁featured ▁editor ial ▁copy ▁and ▁advert is ements ▁from ▁Boston ▁real ▁estate ▁agents ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁maps ▁of ▁up coming ▁open ▁houses . ▁ ▁Online ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁publish er , ▁David ▁Jacob s , ▁paid ▁a ▁web ▁designer ▁$ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁newspaper ▁online , ▁but ▁the ▁site ▁never ▁launched ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁prof itable ▁business ▁plan . ▁Jacob s ▁believed ▁that ▁if ▁the ▁Cour ant ▁had ▁a ▁website ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁readers ▁would ▁abandon ▁the ▁print ▁format , ▁cri pp ling ▁prof itable ▁advert ising ▁sales . ▁ ▁Success or ▁publication ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁previous ▁publish er ▁of ▁the ▁def unct ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁deb uted ▁a ▁re born ▁publication ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁b anner ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Guardian , ▁serving ▁the ▁Back ▁Bay , ▁Be acon ▁Hill , ▁Dow nt own , ▁Fen way , ▁South ▁End , ▁and ▁North ▁End / W ater front ▁districts ▁of ▁Boston . ▁The ▁new ▁publication ' s ▁title ▁stir red ▁up ▁some
▁controvers y ▁over ▁the ▁alleg ed ▁appropri ation ▁of ▁a ▁historic ▁journal istic ▁name . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Whit ters , ▁James , ▁" A ▁newspaper ▁rival ry ▁unf olds : ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁inv ading ▁tur f ▁of ▁South ▁End ▁News ", ▁The ▁Boston ▁Glo be , ▁April ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁( Ret rie ved ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ). ▁Information ▁about ▁the ▁original ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁newspaper ▁and ▁about ▁its ▁increase ▁in ▁scope ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁here . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Twitter : ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁ ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Boston ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : Week ly ▁newsp apers ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Def unct ▁newsp apers ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Public ations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Wood p ile ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁family ▁estate ▁and ▁national ▁historic ▁district ▁located ▁at ▁Bed ford , ▁West chester ▁County , ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁district ▁contains ▁ 1 7 ▁contrib uting ▁buildings , ▁four ▁contrib uting ▁sites , ▁and ▁nine ▁contrib uting ▁structures . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁primary ▁resid ences ▁are ▁set ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁Cro ton ▁Lake ▁Road , ▁one ▁north ▁of ▁its ▁j unction ▁with ▁Wood ▁Road ▁and ▁two ▁south . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁look ▁over ▁a ▁designed ▁landscape ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁Cro ton ▁Lake ▁Road
, ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁historic ▁district . ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁residence , ▁known ▁as ▁Br am ble worth , ▁is ▁a ▁stone ▁Goth ic ▁Rev ival ▁c ott age ▁designed ▁by ▁Andrew ▁Jackson ▁Down ing ▁( 1 8 1 5 - 1 8 5 2 ) ▁and ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁middle ▁residence , ▁known ▁as ▁Ever green ▁La wn , ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁Villa ▁style . ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁residence , ▁known ▁as ▁Bra ew old , ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁architect ▁Add ison ▁H utton ▁( 1 8 3 4 – 1 9 1 6 ) ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁stone ▁Second ▁Empire ▁style ▁building ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁northern ▁West chester ▁County , ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Second ▁Empire ▁architecture ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁in ▁West chester ▁County
, ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 8 4 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁West chester ▁County , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁Nancy ▁Hay field ▁is ▁an ▁author , ▁editor , ▁and ▁publish er . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁she ▁graduated ▁sum ma ▁cum ▁la ude ▁from ▁Pr inc eton ▁University . ▁Nancy ▁Hay field ' s ▁first ▁novel ▁C lean ing ▁House ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁F arr ar , ▁Stra us ▁and ▁Gir oux ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁writing ▁under ▁her ▁married ▁name ▁of ▁Nancy ▁Bir nes , ▁Hay field ▁published ▁Che aper ▁and ▁Better ▁at ▁Har per ▁& ▁Row ▁( now ▁Har per Coll ins ) ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁host ▁of ▁a ▁P BS ▁show ▁called ▁Living ▁Che aper ▁and ▁Better . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁she ▁published ▁Z ap ▁C raft s ▁at ▁Ten ▁Speed ▁Press , ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Trib une ▁as ▁a ▁" book ▁of ▁recre ational ▁fun " --" one ▁of ▁those ▁odd ities ▁that ▁is ▁fun ▁to ▁thumb ▁through ." ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁McG raw - H ill ▁Personal ▁Computer ▁Program ming ▁Encyclopedia ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁U FO ▁Magazine ▁U FO ▁Encyclopedia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁last ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁U FO ▁Magazine
▁when ▁that ▁publication ▁ceased ▁publication . ▁She ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁Fil ament ▁Books . ▁ ▁C lean ing ▁House ▁ ▁Her ▁first ▁novel ▁C lean ing ▁House ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁was ▁widely ▁review ed . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁reviews ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁called ▁it ▁" w ild ly ▁fun ny ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : Pr inc eton ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁edit ors ▁Category : American ▁publish ers ▁( people ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph yll omed usa ▁distinct a ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁f rog ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ph yll omed us idae , ▁en demic ▁to ▁Brazil . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁are ▁subt rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁mo ist ▁low land ▁for ests ▁and ▁fresh water ▁mar sh es . ▁It ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Gar cia , ▁P . ▁& ▁K w et , ▁A . ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Ph yll omed usa ▁distinct a . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁IU CN ▁Red ▁List ▁of ▁Th re aten ed ▁Species . ▁▁ ▁Down loaded ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category
: Ph yll omed usa ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Brazil ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁T ats uk uma ▁U sh ij ima ▁( <0xE7> <0x89> <0x9B> 島 <0xE8> <0xBE> <0xB0> <0xE7> <0x86> <0x8A> , ▁March ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁– ▁May ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁jud oka ▁and ▁former ▁All - J apan ▁j udo ▁champion , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁of ▁Mas ah iko ▁Kim ura , ▁a ▁famous ▁jud oka . ▁His ▁nick name ▁was ▁" The ▁Dem on ▁U sh ij ima ". ▁ ▁Biography ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁K um am oto , ▁K um am oto ▁Pref ect ure , ▁Japan , ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁ref in ers ▁family . ▁He ▁began ▁j udo ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 . ▁U sh ij ima ▁won ▁both ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁All - J apan ▁j udo ▁champion ships . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁assass inate ▁H ide ki ▁To jo , ▁a ▁general ▁and ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ▁of ▁Japan , ▁but ▁it ▁failed . ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁by ▁the ▁Military ▁Police ▁( K em pe it ai ). ▁He ▁was ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁J udo ▁Association ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁References
▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁U sh ij ima ▁T ats uk uma ▁( World Cat ) ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁male ▁jud oka ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Raf i abad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Raf ī ʿ ā b ā d ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Rud ▁Ab - e ▁Sh ar qi ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Rud ▁Ab ▁District , ▁N arm ash ir ▁County , ▁K erman ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 1 3 , ▁in ▁ 1 0 3 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁N arm ash ir ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Pot an ich th ys ▁is ▁a ▁foss il ▁genus ▁of ▁flying ▁or ▁gl iding ▁fish ▁found ▁in ▁depos its ▁in ▁China ▁d ating ▁to ▁the ▁Lad in ian ▁age ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁Tri ass ic ▁epo ch ▁ ▁( 2 3 7 ▁to ▁ 2 2 8 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ). ▁However , ▁the ▁foss il ▁is ▁not ▁related ▁to ▁modern ▁flying ▁fish , ▁which ▁evol ved ▁independently ▁about ▁ 6 6 ▁million ▁years ▁ago . ▁It ▁is ▁class ified ▁under ▁the ▁ext inct ▁family ▁Thor ac opter idae ▁of ▁the ▁order ▁Per leid iformes . ▁It ▁contains ▁only ▁one ▁species , ▁Pot an ich th ys ▁x ing yi ensis . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Thor ac opter us ▁ ▁References
▁ ▁External ▁links ▁New ▁flying ▁fish ▁foss ils ▁discovered ▁in ▁China ▁BBC , ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁world ' s ▁oldest ▁flying ▁fish ▁took ▁to ▁the ▁air ▁ 8 0 ▁million ▁years ▁before ▁birds ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁sk ies ▁Daily ▁Mail , ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Category : Middle ▁Tri ass ic ▁fish ▁Category : Tri ass ic ▁b ony ▁fish ▁Category : F oss il ▁tax a ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Category : Per leid iformes ▁Category : Pre histor ic ▁ray - f inned ▁fish ▁gener a ▁Category : Pre histor ic ▁fish ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : Pre histor ic ▁animals ▁of ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Per cy ▁Thomas ▁By r nes ▁( 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁politician . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁E id sv old ▁in ▁Queensland ▁to ▁water ▁b ail iff ▁Thomas ▁By r nes ▁and ▁An nie ▁Louis a ▁James . ▁He ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Melbourne , ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Science , ▁and ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁A IF ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁he ▁married ▁Dor othy ▁Elizabeth ▁Jud d , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁four ▁children . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁orch ard ist ▁at ▁Ny ah ▁West ▁and ▁then ▁at ▁Wo or inen .
▁He ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁Country ▁Party , ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁served ▁on ▁Sw an ▁Hill ▁Sh ire ▁Council , ▁including ▁a ▁term ▁as ▁president ▁( 1 9 3 9 – 4 0 ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁for ▁North ▁Western ▁Province . ▁He ▁was ▁Ass istant ▁Minister ▁of ▁Land s ▁and ▁Water ▁Supp ly ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁Minister ▁of ▁Public ▁Works ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 2 ; ▁he ▁also ▁led ▁the ▁Country ▁Party ▁in ▁the ▁Council ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁By r nes ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁and ▁res igned ▁from ▁parliament ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁Sw an ▁Hill ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁death s ▁Category : National ▁Party ▁of ▁Australia ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Victoria ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Kn ights ▁Bach elor ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁There ▁are ▁th ir teen ▁scheduled ▁monuments ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁England . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁a ▁scheduled ▁monument ▁is
▁a ▁" n ation ally ▁important " ▁arch ae ological ▁site ▁or ▁historic ▁building ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁given ▁protection ▁against ▁una ut hor ised ▁change ▁by ▁being ▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁list ▁( or ▁" sch edule ") ▁by ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Culture , ▁Media ▁and ▁Sport ; ▁English ▁Heritage ▁takes ▁the ▁leading ▁role ▁in ▁ident ifying ▁such ▁sites . ▁Mon uments ▁are ▁defined ▁in ▁the ▁An cient ▁Mon uments ▁and ▁Arch ae ological ▁Are as ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Heritage ▁Act ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Sch eduled ▁monuments — s ometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁scheduled ▁ancient ▁monuments — can ▁also ▁be ▁protected ▁through ▁listed ▁building ▁procedures , ▁and ▁English ▁Heritage ▁cons iders ▁listed ▁building ▁status ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁better ▁way ▁of ▁protect ing ▁buildings ▁and ▁standing ▁structures . ▁A ▁scheduled ▁monument ▁that ▁is ▁later ▁determined ▁to ▁" no ▁longer ▁mer it ▁sched uling " ▁can ▁be ▁des ch eduled . ▁ ▁B irmingham ' s ▁scheduled ▁monuments ▁are : ▁ ▁\| } ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁* List ▁Category : Arch ae ological ▁sites ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁( count y ) ▁Category : History ▁of ▁B irmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁Sch eduled ▁B irmingham <0x0A> </s> ▁Ji ang xi ▁Agricult ural ▁University ▁( J X AU ; ▁) ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁sub ur bs ▁of ▁N anch ang ▁city . ▁N anch ang ▁is ▁the ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Ji ang xi ▁province . ▁J X AU ▁is ▁a
▁key ▁province - run ▁university ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁univers ities ▁in ▁China ▁to ▁confer ▁b ach elor ' s ▁and ▁master ' s ▁degrees . ▁The ▁campus ▁is ▁beautiful ▁with ▁pleasant ▁environment ▁and ▁scen ery . ▁ ▁With ▁ 1 6 ▁colleg es , ▁J X AU ▁offers ▁degrees ▁in ▁ 6 1 ▁academic ▁maj ors . ▁Since ▁its ▁establishment ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁over ▁ 7 0 , 0 0 0 ▁students ▁have ▁graduated ▁from ▁J X AU . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁university ▁places ▁key ▁emphas is ▁in ▁school ▁education , ▁considerable ▁amount ▁of ▁progress ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁academic ▁research , ▁voc ational ▁training ▁and ▁community ▁services . ▁ ▁Administration ▁The ▁university ▁consist ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁fac ult ies ▁and ▁schools . ▁These ▁are ; ▁College ▁of ▁Agr onomy ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁College ▁of ▁Animal ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁College ▁of ▁Engineering ▁Institute ▁of ▁Land ▁and ▁Resources ▁and ▁the ▁Environment ▁Computer ▁and ▁Information ▁Engineering ▁College ▁The ▁Econom ic ▁and ▁Trade ▁Institute ▁The ▁Human ities ▁and ▁Institute ▁of ▁Public ▁Administration ▁The ▁V oc ational ▁Te ach ers ▁( ▁Technology ) ▁College ▁N anch ang ▁Business ▁College ▁Software ▁Division ▁in ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Ad ult ▁Education ▁College ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ji ang xi ▁Agricult ure ▁University ( J X AU ) ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁J X AU ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁N anch ang ▁Business ▁College ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Univers ities ▁and ▁colleg es ▁in ▁Ji ang xi ▁Category : E du c
ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁Category : Univers ities ▁in ▁N anch ang <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁state ▁legisl ative ▁assembly ▁( , ▁D UN ; ▁also ▁known ▁simply ▁as ▁state ▁assembly ) ▁is ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁govern ments ▁of ▁each ▁far ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 ▁Malays ian ▁states . ▁M embers ▁of ▁a ▁state ▁legisl ative ▁assembly ▁compr ises ▁elected ▁represent atives ▁from ▁single - member ▁constitu encies ▁during ▁state ▁elections ▁through ▁the ▁first - p ast - the - post ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁assemb lies ▁have ▁powers ▁to ▁en act ▁state ▁laws ▁as ▁provided ▁for ▁by ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Malays ia . ▁The ▁majority ▁party ▁in ▁each ▁assembly ▁forms ▁the ▁state ▁government , ▁and ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁majority ▁party ▁becomes ▁M enter i ▁Bes ar ▁( for ▁states ▁with ▁her edit ary ▁r ul ers ) ▁or ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁( for ▁states ▁without ▁her edit ary ▁r ul ers ) ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁After ▁the ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁general ▁election , ▁the ▁Bar isan ▁Nas ional ▁coal ition ▁were ▁the ▁majority ▁party ▁in ▁eight ▁states , ▁while ▁the ▁opposition ▁won ▁five ▁states . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁B N ▁reg ained ▁Per ak ▁after ▁ 3 ▁Pak atan ▁Rak y at ▁assembly ▁members ▁defect ed . ▁ ▁The ▁state ▁legisl ative ▁assemb lies ▁are ▁un ic amer al , ▁unlike ▁the ▁b ic amer al ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Malays ia . ▁The ▁her edit
ary ▁r ul ers ▁or ▁Yang ▁di - P ert ua ▁Neg eri ▁( g overn ors ) ▁are ▁v ested ▁with ▁powers ▁to ▁dissol ve ▁their ▁respective ▁state ▁legisl ative ▁assemb lies ▁on ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁the ▁m enter i ▁bes ar ▁or ▁chief ▁minister . ▁Once ▁dissol ved , ▁elections ▁must ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁within ▁an ▁inter im ▁period ▁of ▁si xty ▁( 6 0 ) ▁days . ▁Usually , ▁state ▁elections ▁are ▁held ▁simultaneously ▁with ▁the ▁federal ▁parliament ary ▁elections , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁Sar aw ak , ▁and ▁before ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Sab ah . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁state ▁legisl ative ▁assemb lies ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁The ▁list ▁ex cludes ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur , ▁Put raj aya ▁and ▁Lab uan ▁as ▁Federal ▁Territ ories ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁state ▁legisl ative ▁assemb lies ▁and ▁are ▁govern ed ▁directly ▁by ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁under ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Federal ▁Territ ories ▁together ▁with ▁local ▁authorities , ▁namely ▁the ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁City ▁Hall , ▁Put raj aya ▁Corporation ▁and ▁Lab uan ▁Corporation ▁respectively . ▁ ▁List s ▁of ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Mal ay an ▁State ▁and ▁S ett lement ▁Council ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 5 4 – 5 9 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 5 9 – 6 4 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 6 4 – 6 9 ) ▁ ▁List
▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 6 9 – 7 4 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 7 4 – 7 8 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 8 2 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 8 2 – 8 6 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 8 6 – 9 0 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 9 0 – 9 5 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 9 5 – 9 9 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 2 0 0 4 – 0 8 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 2 0 0 8 – 1 3 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 2 0 1 3 – 1 8 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Representatives ▁( 2 0 1 8 – ) ▁ ▁Women ▁Women ▁in ▁state ▁legisl ative ▁assemb lies ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Polit ics ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁state ▁by - e lections ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Malays ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Cec ilio ▁Ap ó
st ol ▁( Nov ember ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁– ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Filip ino ▁poet ▁and ▁poet ▁la ure ate . ▁His ▁po ems ▁were ▁once ▁used ▁to ▁teach ▁the ▁Spanish ▁language ▁under ▁the ▁Republic ▁Act ▁No . ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Santa ▁Cruz , ▁Man ila ▁and ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁A ten e o ▁de ▁Man ila ▁where ▁he ▁finished ▁his ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts , ▁before ▁studying ▁law ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Santo ▁Tom as . ▁During ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁American ▁occupation ▁ ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁journalist ▁for ▁the ▁ ▁revolution ary ▁newsp apers ▁Independ ence , ▁The ▁Bro ther hood , ▁The ▁Union , ▁Renaissance ▁and ▁Dem ocracy . ▁His ▁pseud onym ▁on ▁his ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁La ▁Indep endencia , ▁under ▁Antonio ▁L una , ▁was ▁Cat ulo . ▁He ▁later ▁joined ▁the ▁Nacional ista ▁Party ▁which ▁wanted ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁Academy ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁Ap ó st ol ▁wrote ▁in ▁English ▁and ▁Spanish , ▁and ▁composed ▁po ems ▁that ▁demonstrated ▁his ▁master y ▁of ▁Spanish . ▁He ▁composed ▁the ▁poem ▁Al ▁Hero e ▁Nacional ▁( To ▁the ▁National ▁Hero ) ▁which ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁José ▁R iz al . ▁In ▁the ▁book ▁of ▁po ems , ▁Pent é lic as , ▁he
▁described ▁land sc apes ▁ev oking ▁a ▁v ivid ▁image . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Cal o oc an , ▁R iz al . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁death s ▁Category : A ten e o ▁de ▁Man ila ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Filip ino ▁po ets ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Santa ▁Cruz , ▁Man ila ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Man ila ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Santo ▁Tom as ▁al umn i ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁writers ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : Fil ip ino ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : Po ets ▁la ure ate ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁male ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Jack ▁Patrick ▁Curt is ▁( born ▁January ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁in ▁Rh od h iss , ▁North ▁Carolina ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁former ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁and ▁left - hand ed ▁pitch er ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁ 6 9 ▁games ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁C ubs ▁( 1 9 6 1 – 6 2 ), ▁Mil w au kee ▁Bra ves ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁and ▁Cleveland ▁Indians ▁( 1 9 6 3 ). ▁He ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁ ▁tall ▁and ▁ ▁and ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁C ubs ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁after ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Gran ite ▁F alls ▁High ▁School . ▁ ▁Curt is ▁joined ▁the ▁ML
B ▁C ubs ▁after ▁two ▁stal wart ▁seasons ▁in ▁minor ▁league ▁baseball . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁he ▁won ▁ 2 0 ▁games ▁( los ing ▁ 1 0 ) ▁with ▁a ▁spark ling ▁ 2 . 8 4 ▁earned ▁run ▁average ▁for ▁the ▁Class ▁B ▁W en atch ee ▁Chief s . ▁Then , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁he ▁went ▁ 1 9 – 8 ▁( 3 . 5 7 ) ▁for ▁the ▁Double - A ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Miss ions ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Texas ▁League ' s ▁pitch er ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁ro ok ie ▁campaign , ▁, ▁Curt is ▁took ▁a ▁turn ▁in ▁the ▁C ubs ' ▁starting ▁rotation ▁and ▁won ▁ten ▁games , ▁tied ▁for ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁team . ▁He ▁threw ▁six ▁complete ▁games . ▁However , ▁he ▁finished ▁below ▁. 5 0 0 ▁with ▁ 1 3 ▁defe ats ▁and ▁posted ▁a ▁poor ▁ 4 . 8 9 ▁E RA . ▁In ▁ ▁he ▁began ▁the ▁year ▁by ▁going ▁win less ▁in ▁three ▁starts ▁and ▁one ▁relief ▁appearance ▁during ▁April . ▁On ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁trad ed ▁even - up ▁for ▁veter an ▁Bra ves ' ▁starting ▁pitch er ▁Bob ▁Bu hl , ▁a ▁former ▁National ▁League ▁All - Star . ▁But ▁Curt is ▁made ▁only ▁five ▁starts ▁for ▁Mil w au kee ▁through ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁and ▁put ▁up ▁a ▁ 4 – 4 ▁record ▁in ▁
3 0 ▁games , ▁with ▁one ▁save . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁he ▁was ▁trad ed ▁again , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Indians , ▁who ▁had ▁just ▁h ired ▁manager ▁Bird ie ▁T eb bet ts ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁Bra ves . ▁Curt is ▁appeared ▁in ▁four ▁games ▁for ▁T eb bet ts ▁in ▁relief ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁weeks ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁was ▁treated ▁har sh ly ▁in ▁three ▁of ▁them . ▁He ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Tri ple - A ▁Jackson ville ▁at ▁the ▁May ▁cut down ▁after ▁allowing ▁ten ▁earned ▁runs ▁in ▁only ▁five ▁inn ings ▁pitch ed . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁pro ▁career ▁was ▁spent ▁in ▁the ▁min ors . ▁Curt is ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁ML B ▁career , ▁Curt is ▁compiled ▁a ▁career ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 4 – 1 9 ▁with ▁a ▁ 4 . 8 4 ▁earned ▁run ▁average . ▁In ▁ 2 7 9 ▁inn ings ▁pitch ed , ▁he ▁permitted ▁ 3 2 8 ▁hits ▁and ▁ 8 9 ▁bases ▁on ▁balls ▁with ▁ 1 0 8 ▁strike outs . ▁He ▁was ▁cred ited ▁with ▁six ▁complete ▁games ▁and ▁two ▁saves . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : B ur ling ton ▁Be es ▁players ▁Category : Char lot te ▁Hor net s ▁( base ball ) ▁players ▁Category :
Ch icago ▁C ubs ▁players ▁Category : C leveland ▁Indians ▁players ▁Category : Jack son ville ▁S uns ▁players ▁Category : Mag ic ▁Valley ▁Cow bo ys ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : Mil w au kee ▁Bra ves ▁players ▁Category : Par is ▁L akers ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁C ald well ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Port land ▁Be a vers ▁players ▁Category : P on ca ▁City ▁C ubs ▁players ▁Category : P ue blo ▁Bru ins ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Antonio ▁Miss ions ▁players ▁Category : S y rac use ▁Chief s ▁players ▁Category : To led o ▁M ud ▁H ens ▁players ▁Category : W en atch ee ▁Chief s ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Eli ▁Broad ▁College ▁of ▁Business ▁is ▁the ▁business ▁college ▁at ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University . ▁The ▁college ▁has ▁programs ▁in ▁account ing , ▁fin ance , ▁general ▁management , ▁human ▁resource ▁management , ▁market ing , ▁supply ▁chain ▁management , ▁and ▁hospital ity ▁business , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁independent , ▁industry - specific ▁school ▁within ▁the ▁Broad ▁College ▁( The ▁School ▁of ▁Hospital ity ▁Business ). ▁This ▁independent , ▁industry - specific ▁school ▁has ▁ 8 0 0 ▁admitted ▁under grad uate ▁students ▁and ▁ 3 6 ▁gradu ate ▁students ▁not ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁college ' s ▁tot als . ▁ ▁Eli ▁Broad , ▁an ▁al umn us ▁of ▁Michigan ▁State , ▁end owed ▁the ▁college ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁don ating ▁$
2 0 ▁million . ▁ ▁The ▁college ▁has ▁been ▁acc red ited ▁by ▁the ▁Association ▁to ▁Adv ance ▁Colleg iate ▁School s ▁of ▁Business ▁( A AC SB ) ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Texas - D allas ' s ▁Top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Business ▁School ▁Research ▁Rank ings ▁lists ▁the ▁Broad ▁College ▁as ▁# 3 0 ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁# 3 3 ▁world wide ▁in ▁research ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 4 ▁leading ▁business ▁journ als ▁it ▁tracks . ▁ ▁Camp us ▁The ▁Eli ▁Broad ▁School ▁of ▁Business ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁campus ▁of ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ▁in ▁the ▁Eug ene ▁C . ▁E pp ley ▁Center ▁and ▁North ▁Business ▁College ▁Complex . ▁Inside ▁the ▁North ▁Business ▁College ▁Complex ▁is ▁the ▁Lear ▁Corporation ▁Career ▁Services ▁Center . ▁The ▁William ▁C . ▁Gast ▁Business ▁Library ▁is ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁in ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁building . ▁ ▁The ▁Week end ▁Master ▁of ▁Business ▁Administration ▁( M BA ) ▁program ▁and ▁executive ▁development ▁programs ▁are ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁James ▁B . ▁Henry ▁Center ▁for ▁Executive ▁Development ▁in ▁L ans ing , ▁Michigan , ▁and ▁the ▁Management ▁Education ▁Center ▁in ▁T roy , ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁D eg ree ▁programs ▁ ▁Under grad uate ▁degrees ▁Broad ▁offers ▁under grad uate ▁degrees ▁in ▁account ing , ▁fin ance , ▁general ▁management , ▁hospital ity ▁business , ▁human ▁resource ▁management , ▁market ing , ▁and ▁supply ▁chain ▁management . ▁The ▁supply ▁chain ▁management ▁major ▁is ▁currently ▁ranked ▁number ▁one
▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁News ▁& ▁World ▁Report . ▁Under grad uate ▁students ▁must ▁apply ▁to ▁the ▁college ▁and ▁be ▁admitted ▁as ▁juni ors . ▁ ▁Under grad uate ▁special izations ▁include ▁entrepr ene ur ship , ▁environmental ▁studies , ▁hospital ity ▁business ▁real ▁estate ▁& ▁development , ▁information ▁technology , ▁sales ▁communication , ▁and ▁sust ain ability . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁minor ▁available ▁in ▁international ▁business . ▁ ▁Under grad uate ▁programs ▁were ▁ranked ▁ 4 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁by ▁Business week ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁ 2 1 st ▁by ▁U . S . ▁News ▁and ▁World ▁Report ▁in ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Best ▁Under grad uate ▁Business ▁Program s ▁rank ings , ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Online ▁and ▁Hy brid ▁Program s ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ▁initi ated ▁online ▁certificate ▁programs ▁in ▁supply ▁chain ▁management , ▁hospital ity ▁management ▁and ▁strateg ic ▁leadership ▁through ▁the ▁Broad ▁College . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁online ▁programs ▁expanded ▁to ▁include ▁eight ▁certific ates ▁in ▁supply ▁chain ▁management , ▁four ▁in ▁strateg ic ▁leadership ▁and ▁two ▁in ▁hospital ity ▁management . ▁ ▁Eli ▁Broad ▁College ▁of ▁Business ▁offers ▁online ▁for - cred it ▁gradu ate ▁certific ates ▁in ▁human ▁resource ▁management , ▁leadership ▁and ▁strateg ic ▁management . ▁Additionally , ▁Broad ▁offers ▁an ▁online ▁master ▁of ▁science ▁degree ▁in ▁management , ▁strategy ▁and ▁leadership
▁and ▁an ▁MS ▁in ▁supply ▁chain ▁management . ▁The ▁supply ▁chain ▁degree ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁bl ended ▁format ▁that ▁includes ▁online ▁and ▁on - camp us ▁sessions . ▁ ▁M BA ▁programs ▁ ▁The ▁Broad ▁College ▁has ▁offered ▁M BA ▁programs ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁Its ▁Full - Time ▁M BA ▁program ▁is ▁ 2 1 ▁months ▁in ▁duration ▁and ▁is ▁for ▁those ▁with ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 ▁years ▁of ▁work ▁experience . ▁The ▁average ▁admitted ▁student ▁has ▁four ▁years ▁of ▁work ▁experience . ▁The ▁program ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 2 7 th ▁in ▁the ▁nation ▁and ▁ 1 4 th ▁among ▁public ▁institutions ▁by ▁Business week ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 5 8 th ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁by ▁Fin an cial ▁Times ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁and ▁ 2 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁nation ▁by ▁For bes ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Its ▁Week end ▁M BA ▁program ▁last s ▁ 1 9 ▁months ▁and ▁is ▁for ▁working ▁profession als ▁with ▁significant ▁experience . ▁Class es ▁are ▁held ▁every ▁other ▁Saturday ▁and ▁one ▁Friday ▁evening ▁per ▁month . ▁This ▁program ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 4 6 th ▁by ▁Econom ist ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Executive ▁M BA ▁Rank ing . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁program ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 7 2 nd ▁glob ally ▁by ▁Fin an cial ▁Times ▁Executive ▁M BA ▁Rank ing . ▁ ▁Other ▁Master ' s ▁D eg ree ▁Program s ▁Master ▁of
▁Science ▁in ▁Account ing ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Business ▁Anal ytics ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Fin ance ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Hospital ity ▁Business ▁Management ▁ ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Mark eting ▁Research ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Management , ▁Str ategy ▁and ▁Le ad ership ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Supp ly ▁Ch ain ▁Management ▁Michael ▁L . ▁Minor ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Food ▁Service ▁Business ▁Management ▁ ▁Doctor al ▁Program s ▁Account ing ▁Fin ance ▁Information ▁Technology ▁Management ▁Log istics ▁Mark eting ▁Str ateg ic ▁Management ▁Oper ations ▁and ▁S our cing ▁Management ▁Organ iz ational ▁Be havior ▁ ▁Research ▁Cent ers ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁Le ad ership ▁of ▁the ▁Digital ▁Enter prise ▁( C LO DE ) ▁provides ▁an ▁intellectual ▁infrastr ucture ▁of ▁research ▁projects , ▁databases ▁and ▁case ▁studies ▁with ▁a ▁keen ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁strateg ic ▁needs ▁of ▁an ▁innov ative ▁corpor ation . ▁ ▁The ▁Institute ▁for ▁Entre pr ene ur ship ▁adv ances ▁and ▁prom otes ▁entrepr ene ur ship ▁at ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Michigan ▁through ▁research , ▁education , ▁and ▁out re ach . ▁Oper ating ▁under ▁IE , ▁the ▁Dem mer ▁Center ▁for ▁Business ▁Trans formation ▁( DC B T ) ▁was ▁established ▁through ▁a ▁gift ▁from ▁the ▁Dem mer ▁family , ▁to ▁help ▁Michigan ▁companies ▁transform ▁into ▁strateg ic , ▁lean ▁compet itors ▁by ▁providing ▁education , ▁“ hand s - on ” ▁eng agement , ▁and ▁thought ▁leadership . ▁Since ▁its ▁establishment ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ,
▁the ▁Dem mer ▁Center ▁has ▁been ▁assist ing ▁Michigan ▁manufact uring ▁business es ▁in ▁transform ing ▁and ▁increasing ▁their ▁presence ▁and ▁profit ability ▁in ▁domestic ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁global ▁mark ets . ▁ ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁Global ▁S ust ain ability ▁focus es ▁on ▁developing ▁and ▁dis sem in ating ▁knowledge ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁key ▁sust ain ability ▁dimensions ▁of ▁economic , ▁environment , ▁eth ics , ▁and ▁education . ▁ ▁The ▁International ▁Business ▁Center ▁( I BC ) ▁was ▁designated ▁as ▁a ▁Center ▁for ▁International ▁Business ▁Education ▁and ▁Research ▁( CI BER ), ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Education ▁design ation ▁as ▁a ▁National ▁Resource ▁Center , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁The ▁center ▁provides ▁education , ▁research , ▁and ▁assistance ▁on ▁issues ▁of ▁importance ▁to ▁international ▁trade ▁and ▁global ▁compet it iveness . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁International ▁Business ▁and ▁developed ▁the ▁global ED GE ▁research ▁tool . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁business ▁school ▁rank ings ▁List ▁of ▁business ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Mich igan ▁State ▁University ▁Category : Bus iness ▁schools ▁in ▁Michigan ▁Category : E ast ▁L ans ing , ▁Michigan ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Veg et ation ▁and ▁Environment ▁monitoring ▁on ▁a ▁New ▁Micro - S at ellite ▁( V EN µ S ) ▁is ▁a ▁near ▁polar ▁sun - s ynchronous ▁orbit ▁mic
ros at ellite . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁joint ▁project ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Space ▁Agency ▁and ▁C N ES . ▁The ▁project ▁was ▁signed ▁upon ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁of ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁mic ros at ellite , ▁which ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁cost ▁the ▁I SA ▁US $ 2 0 ▁million ▁and ▁C N ES ▁€ 1 0 ▁million , ▁was ▁designed ▁and ▁built ▁by ▁I AI ▁and ▁Rafael ▁under ▁I SA ' s ▁super vision . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁mission , ▁C N ES ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁supp lying ▁the ▁su pers pect ral ▁camera ▁and ▁the ▁science ▁mission ▁center . ▁The ▁I SA ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁satellite ▁control ▁center , ▁the ▁techn ological ▁mission ▁and ▁payload ▁( Is ra eli ▁Hall ▁effect ▁Th r uster ▁and ▁autonom ous ▁mission ), ▁the ▁space craft , ▁and ▁the ▁launch er ▁interface . ▁ ▁History ▁A ▁joint ▁study ▁to ▁check ▁feas ibility ▁of ▁the ▁program ▁was ▁done ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Ph ase ▁A ▁started ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁upon ▁completion , ▁a ▁memor and um ▁of ▁understanding ▁was ▁signed ▁between ▁the ▁I SA ▁and ▁C N ES . ▁The ▁satellite ▁was ▁originally ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁however ▁due ▁to ▁changes ▁of ▁the ▁launch ers ▁and ▁several ▁del ays , ▁the ▁launch ▁date ▁was ▁pushed ▁to ▁ 2 ▁August ▁
2 0 1 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁launched ▁via ▁a ▁V ega ▁launch er ▁from ▁Gu iana ▁Space ▁Centre ▁together ▁with ▁Italian ▁satellite ▁OP TS AT - 3 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Mission ▁The ▁satellite ▁has ▁a ▁scientific ▁and ▁a ▁techn ological ▁mission . ▁Scient ific ▁mission ▁requirements ▁were ▁defined ▁by ▁Centre ▁d ' E t udes ▁Sp atial es ▁de ▁la ▁B IO s ph ère , ▁France , ▁and ▁Ben - G ur ion ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Neg ev , ▁Israel , ▁and ▁C N ES . ▁Techn ological ▁Mission ▁requirement ▁were ▁defined ▁by ▁Rafael . ▁ ▁Scient ific ▁mission ▁The ▁satellite ▁has ▁a ▁ 2 - day ▁revis it ▁orbit ▁which ▁allows ▁constant ▁view ing ▁angles ▁at ▁constant ▁Sun ▁light ing ▁angles . ▁The ▁unique ▁combination ▁is ▁hoped ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁new ▁image ▁processing ▁methods . ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ 5 0 ▁points ▁of ▁interest ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁were ▁chosen ▁to ▁be ▁sc anned ▁throughout ▁the ▁scientific ▁mission . ▁The ▁points ▁will ▁be ▁res c anned ▁every ▁ 2 ▁days ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁mission ▁where ▁it ▁will ▁collect ▁sens ory ▁and ▁imag ery ▁data . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁object ives ▁from ▁the ▁scientific ▁mission ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Mon itor ing ▁and ▁analyz ing ▁surface ▁under ▁various ▁environmental ▁and ▁human ▁factors ▁▁ ▁Develop ▁and ▁validate ▁various ▁e cos ystem ▁function ing ▁models ▁ ▁Im pro ve ▁and ▁validate ▁global ▁carbon ▁cycle ▁models ▁ ▁Define ▁theoretical ▁and ▁practical ▁methods ▁for ▁scale ▁transfer ▁ ▁Collect
▁and ▁analyze ▁data ▁collected ▁by ▁the ▁low ▁spatial ▁resolution ▁sens ors ▁ ▁The ▁satellite ▁is ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁a ▁Super ▁Spect ral ▁Camera ▁compr ises ▁a ▁cat ad io pt ric ▁optical ▁system , ▁a ▁ ▁foc al ▁plane ▁assembly ▁with ▁narrow ▁band ▁filters , ▁and ▁ 4 ▁det ector ▁units ▁with ▁ 3 ▁separate ▁C CD - T DI ▁array . ▁Each ▁array ▁with ▁separate ▁oper ational ▁and ▁thermal ▁control . ▁ ▁The ▁satellite ▁is ▁also ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁a ▁R itch ey - Ch ret ien ▁teles cope ▁with ▁a ▁foc al ▁length ▁of ▁ 1 . 7 5 m ▁and ▁a ▁diameter ▁of ▁ 0 . 2 5 m . ▁The ▁teles cope ' s ▁t ube ▁will ▁be ▁covered ▁to ▁protect ▁it ▁from ▁poll ution ▁and ▁dust ▁which ▁will ▁deploy ▁once ▁in ▁orbit . ▁ ▁Techn ological ▁mission ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁scientific ▁mission , ▁the ▁satellite ▁has ▁a ▁techn ological ▁mission . ▁The ▁satellite ▁is ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁Isra eli ▁hall ▁effect ▁thrust ers ▁( I H ET ). ▁The ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁thrust ers ' ▁en hanced ▁capabilities ▁and ▁autonom ous ▁mission ▁operations ▁which ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Or bit ▁maintenance ▁ ▁LE O ▁to ▁LE O ▁orbit ▁transfer ▁ ▁En abling ▁imag ing ▁mission ▁in ▁a ▁high ▁drag ▁environment ▁- ▁performing ▁the ▁scientific ▁mission ▁at ▁an ▁alt itude ▁of ▁ 4 1 0 km ▁on ▁an ▁Earth ▁repeating ▁sun ▁synchron ous ▁orbit ▁ ▁The ▁techn ological ▁mission ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁use ▁ 1
6 kg ▁of ▁X en on . ▁ ▁Platform ▁The ▁satellite ▁platform ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Israel ▁A eros pace ▁Indust ries ▁OP S AT ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁satellite ▁platform . ▁Ven us ▁satellite ▁will ▁have ▁dual ▁prop ulsion ▁system : ▁H yd raz ine ▁for ▁orbit ▁insert ion ▁and ▁X en on ▁for ▁the ▁techn ological ▁mission . ▁ ▁Ven us ▁satellite ▁mass ▁is ▁ 2 6 5 kg ▁( w et ), ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 6 kg ▁are ▁X en on ▁and ▁ 7 kg ▁are ▁hyd raz ine . ▁ ▁Gr ound ▁control ▁station ▁The ▁satellite ▁is ▁ground ▁controlled ▁by ▁I AI ▁in ▁Israel ; ▁the ▁Israel ▁mission ▁control ▁is ▁linked ▁to ▁two ▁sub - st ations ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁miss ions : ▁The ▁scientific ▁mission ▁is ▁operated ▁from ▁Toul ouse ▁Space ▁Center , ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁technology ▁mission ▁is ▁controlled ▁from ▁the ▁Techn ological ▁Mission ▁Center , ▁Rafael , ▁Ha ifa , ▁Israel . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁C N ES ▁ ▁Israel ▁Space ▁Agency ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁space fl ight ▁ ▁Israel ▁A eros pace ▁Indust ries ▁ ▁V ega ▁ ▁R itch ey – Chr ét ien ▁teles cope ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁C N ES ▁V EN µ S ▁Mission ▁Page ▁▁ ▁Building ▁the ▁V EN US ▁satellite , ▁Israel ▁A eros pace ▁Indust ries , ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Science , ▁Technology ▁and ▁Space ▁\ ▁Israel ▁Space ▁Agency ▁May ▁ 2 0
1 7 , ▁on ▁YouTube ▁▁ ▁Me et ▁the ▁V EN US ▁satellite , ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Science , ▁Technology ▁and ▁Space ▁\ ▁Israel ▁Space ▁Agency , ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Jerusalem ▁from ▁space : ▁First ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁satellite ▁V EN US ▁ ▁Heb rew ▁, ▁Y net ▁news , ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Category : Space ▁observ ator ies ▁Category : IA I ▁sat ell ites ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : E arth ▁observation ▁sat ell ites ▁of ▁Israel ▁Category : S at ell ites ▁of ▁France ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁by ▁V ega ▁rock ets ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁invent ions <0x0A> </s> ▁Car aga ▁Regional ▁Science ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁public ▁school ▁in ▁San ▁Juan , ▁Sur iga o ▁City , ▁Philippines . ▁Car aga ▁R SH S ▁is ▁the ▁leading ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁Division ▁of ▁Sur iga o ▁City ▁with ▁high ▁M PS ▁during ▁the ▁annual ▁National ▁Ach iev ement ▁Test s ▁( N AT ), ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁consistent ▁in ▁making ▁its ▁name ▁in ▁Division , ▁Regional , ▁National ▁and ▁International ▁level ▁cont ests . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁birth ▁of ▁the ▁Dep Ed ▁Car aga ▁Administr ative ▁Region ▁or ▁Region ▁XIII ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁Act ▁No . ▁ 7 9
0 1 , ▁required ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁Regional ▁Science ▁High ▁School ▁with ▁a ▁permanent ▁site . ▁ ▁Regional ▁Director ▁Sol ▁F . ▁Mat ug as ▁task ed ▁City ▁School s ▁Division ▁Super int endent , ▁Dr . ▁G lor ina ▁Mong aya - T rem ed al , ▁to ▁seek ▁support ▁from ▁former ▁Sur iga o ▁City ▁Mayor ▁Salvador ▁Ser ing ▁who ▁agreed ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁and ▁so ▁don ated ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁sq . m . ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁Bar ang ay , ▁San ▁Juan . ▁ ▁The ▁Car aga ▁Regional ▁Science ▁High ▁School ▁made ▁Mat ilde ▁J . ▁Man lig uis , ▁appointed ▁by ▁Director ▁Mat ug as , ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁aside ▁from ▁her ▁design ation ▁as ▁the ▁principal ▁of ▁the ▁S J N HS . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁years , ▁CR SH S ▁shared ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁San ▁Juan ▁National ▁High ▁School ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Sur iga o ▁National ▁High ▁School ▁as ▁it ▁had ▁no ▁building ▁of ▁its ▁own . ▁CR SH S ▁is ▁a ▁sister / bro ther ▁of ▁SC N HS . ▁The ▁real ization ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁building ▁took ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁considering ▁that ▁the ▁location ▁was ▁still ▁sw amp y . ▁Finally ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁it ▁transferred ▁to ▁its ▁new ▁site ▁with ▁a ▁six ▁class room ▁building ▁with ▁a ▁science ▁and ▁a ▁computer ▁labor atory ▁rooms . ▁ ▁CR SH S ▁started ▁its ▁hum ble
▁beginning ▁with ▁ 1 2 0 ▁fresh men ▁qual ifiers ▁mostly ▁coming ▁from ▁the ▁elementary ▁schools ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁division ▁and ▁the ▁nearby ▁towns . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁students ▁gradually ▁decre ased ▁year ly ▁until ▁what ▁was ▁left ▁on ▁its ▁fourth ▁year ▁were ▁the ▁ 4 9 ▁students ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁pione ering ▁gradu ates . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 , ▁Dep Ed ▁Car aga ▁granted ▁CR SH S ▁the ▁permission ▁to ▁operate ▁a ▁separate ▁secondary ▁school . ▁CR SH S ▁caught ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁nation ▁when ▁it ▁maintained ▁its ▁place ▁as ▁top not cher ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Second ary ▁Ach iev ement ▁Test ▁( NS AT ); ▁consequ ently , ▁putting ▁the ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁Hall ▁of ▁fame . ▁ ▁In ▁S . Y . ▁ 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁school ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁K - 1 2 ▁C urr icul um ▁and ▁pione ers ▁of ▁this ▁curr icul um ▁were ▁introduced ▁as ▁" G rade ▁ 7 ▁or ▁ 7 th ▁Grad ers " ▁these ▁students ▁successfully ▁completed ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Junior ▁High ▁School ▁Comple ters ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁in ▁S . Y . ▁ 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 1 6 . ▁The ▁first ▁batch ▁of ▁" G rade ▁ 1 1 ▁or ▁ 1 1 th ▁Grad ers " ▁will ▁be ▁introduced ▁in ▁S . Y . ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 7 ,
▁The ▁pione ering ▁batch ▁of ▁K - 1 2 ▁C urr icul um ▁will ▁gradu ate ▁Senior ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁S . Y . ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁S . Y . ▁ 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 1 6 ▁M s . ▁Ma . ▁Lu isa ▁Guy ano ▁from ▁Sur iga o ▁City ▁National ▁High ▁School ▁replaced ▁Mrs . ▁Man lig uis ▁as ▁the ▁School ▁Princi pal ▁after ▁the ▁former ▁principal ▁retired . ▁ ▁Ad mission ▁and ▁Ret ention ▁ ▁Ad mission ▁to ▁C AR AG A ▁R SH S ▁( J un ior ▁High ) ▁Stud ents ▁who ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Gra de ▁VI ▁gradu ating ▁class ▁and ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁recommended ▁by ▁their ▁respective ▁princip als ▁are ▁qualified ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁entrance ▁exam ination . ▁ ▁Selection ▁will ▁be ▁done ▁in ▁three ▁stages ▁and ▁is ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁school . ▁The ▁first ▁stage ▁is ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁standard ized ▁mental ▁ability ▁and ▁apt itude ▁test . ▁The ▁student ▁applic ant ▁must ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁stage ▁of ▁exam ination ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁stage . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁stage ▁is ▁the ▁prof ic iency ▁test ▁in ▁Science , ▁English , ▁and ▁Mathemat ics . ▁The ▁stage ▁qual ifier ▁should ▁obtain ▁at ▁least ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁prof ic iency ▁level ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁last ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁selection ▁process
. ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁stage ▁is ▁the ▁interview ▁of ▁the ▁student ▁and ▁parents . ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁R SH S ▁screen ing ▁committee . ▁The ▁interview ▁shall ▁be ▁r ated ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁a ▁prepared ▁rub ric ▁and ▁shall ▁be ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁score ▁obtained ▁by ▁the ▁student . ▁ ▁Ret ention ▁A ▁student ▁should ▁obtain ▁a ▁final ▁average ▁grade ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ 8 5 % ▁in ▁English , ▁Research , ▁Mathemat ics ▁and ▁Science , ▁with ▁no ▁grade ▁lower ▁than ▁ 8 0 % ▁in ▁any ▁of ▁these ▁subjects , ▁in ▁any ▁grad ing ▁period , ▁and ▁a ▁final ▁grade ▁of ▁ 8 3 % ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁subjects . ▁If ▁a ▁student ▁fails ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁latter ▁grade ▁requirement ▁the ▁student ▁will ▁be ▁in ▁prob ation ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁one ▁year . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁plans ▁before ▁of ▁increasing ▁the ▁cut - off ▁grade ▁in ▁Science , ▁Research , ▁Math , ▁and ▁English ▁subjects ▁from ▁ 8 5 % ▁to ▁ 8 8 % ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁subjects ▁from ▁ 8 3 % ▁to ▁ 8 5 %, ▁however ▁this ▁wasn ' t ▁implemented ▁due ▁to ▁some ▁circumstances . ▁ ▁Transfer ▁Only ▁students ▁who ▁have ▁maintained ▁the ▁grade ▁requirement ▁set ▁for ▁R SH S ▁shall ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁transfer ▁later ally , ▁that ▁is , ▁from ▁one ▁R SH S ▁to ▁another . ▁Transfer ▁from ▁general ▁high ▁school ▁to ▁the ▁R SH S ▁is ▁not ▁allowed ▁in ▁any ▁curr
icul um ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁R SH S ▁C urr icul um ▁ ▁Over view ▁Regional ▁Science ▁High ▁School s ▁implement ▁a ▁curr icul um ▁which ▁is ▁different ▁from ▁Reg ular ▁High ▁School s ▁( which ▁uses ▁R B EC ▁curr icul um ), ▁Science ▁High ▁School s ▁other ▁than ▁R SH S ▁( which ▁uses ▁E SE P ▁curr icul um ) ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁and ▁Philipp ine ▁Science ▁High ▁School ▁( which ▁implements ▁curr icul um ▁pres cribed ▁by ▁D OST ). ▁ ▁The ▁curr icul um ▁consists ▁of ▁four ▁levels , ▁which ▁is ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁general ▁studies , ▁followed ▁by ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁a ▁student - ch osen ▁major . ▁Stud ents ▁apply ▁for ▁maj ors ▁in ▁s oph om ore ▁year , ▁and ▁take ▁four ▁sem esters ▁of ▁major ▁classes ▁throughout ▁junior ▁and ▁senior ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁offers ▁a ▁highly ▁acceler ated ▁curr icul um ▁for ▁math , ▁science ▁and ▁information ▁and ▁communic ations ▁technology ▁and ▁a ▁custom - made ▁curr icul um ▁tail ored ▁for ▁the ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁and ▁Filip ino ▁languages , ▁Social ▁Studies , ▁and ▁human ities , ▁with ▁required ▁courses ▁and ▁a ▁wide ▁selection ▁of ▁elect ives . ▁Stud ents ▁have ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁do ▁independent ▁research , ▁and ▁many ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁annual ▁Intel ▁Science ▁Fair . ▁ ▁The ▁basic ▁science ▁courses ▁includes ▁earth ▁& ▁environmental ▁sciences , ▁bi ology , ▁chem istry , ▁and ▁physics . ▁First ▁year ▁students ▁tack le ▁earth ▁&
▁environmental ▁science , ▁and ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Phys ical ▁Sciences ▁( Phys ics ▁& ▁Chem istry ). ▁Bi ology , ▁Chem istry ▁and ▁Physics ▁is ▁introduced ▁during ▁second ▁year . ▁Soph om ores ▁tack le ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁bot any , ▁in organ ic ▁chem istry , ▁and ▁mechan ics . ▁Zo ology , ▁organ ic ▁chem istry , ▁and ▁therm od ynam ics ▁is ▁studied ▁by ▁juni ors . ▁Sen iors ▁have ▁human ▁bi ology , ▁analyt ical ▁chem istry ▁and ▁electric ity , ▁electron ics , ▁elect romagnet ics , ▁and ▁vectors . ▁ ▁In ▁mathematics , ▁students ▁takes ▁up ▁elementary ▁mathematics , ▁elementary ▁and ▁intermediate ▁algebra , ▁plane ▁and ▁solid ▁geometry , ▁and ▁probability ▁and ▁statistics ▁during ▁fresh man . ▁Linear ▁algebra , ▁analyt ic ▁geometry , ▁plane ▁and ▁spher ical ▁trig on ometry , ▁and ▁statistics ▁in ▁research ▁are ▁taken ▁during ▁s oph om ore . ▁D iffer ential ▁and ▁integral ▁calculus ▁and ▁D iffer ential ▁equations , ▁and ▁Advanced ▁Statistics ▁are ▁learned ▁by ▁juni ors . ▁Sen iors ▁tack le ▁advanced ▁topics ▁in ▁mathematics . ▁ ▁Stud ents ▁takes ▁a ▁four - year ▁English ▁course . ▁Gram mar ▁and ▁composition ▁is ▁tack led ▁by ▁fresh men ▁and ▁s oph om ores , ▁while ▁journal ism , ▁and ▁speech ▁and ▁drama ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁junior ▁and ▁senior ▁course ▁respectively . ▁Techn ical ▁writing ▁is ▁also ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁fresh men ▁English ▁course . ▁Philipp ine ▁literature , ▁Asian ▁literature , ▁World ▁Liter ature , ▁and ▁Contempor ary ▁literature ▁are
▁taught ▁during ▁fresh man , ▁s oph om ore , ▁junior , ▁and ▁senior ▁years , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Information ▁and ▁communic ations ▁technology ▁( I CT ) ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁curr icul um . ▁F resh men ▁learn ▁about ▁computer ▁fund ament als , ▁digital ▁design , ▁and ▁programming . ▁Soph om ores ▁under go ▁a ▁computer ▁programming ▁and ▁applications ▁course . ▁Digital ▁signal ▁processing ▁is ▁learned ▁by ▁juni ors . ▁Data ▁communication ▁and ▁networking ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁senior ▁year . ▁ ▁Four ▁years ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁language ▁and ▁liter atures ▁are ▁required . ▁S ining ▁ng ▁Pak ik ip ag tal ast as an ▁( communic ation ▁arts ) ▁courses ▁are ▁studied ▁by ▁fresh man ▁and ▁s oph om ores . ▁Juni ors ▁tack le ▁pag bas a ▁at ▁p ags ul at ▁sa ▁i bat ▁i b ang ▁discipl ina ▁( reading ▁and ▁writing ▁in ▁different ▁discipl ines ) ▁while ▁sen iors ▁learn ▁about ▁ret or ika ▁( r het or ic ). ▁In cluded ▁in ▁their ▁pan at ikan ▁( liter ature ) ▁course ▁are ▁Ib ong ▁Ad arna , ▁Flor ante ▁at ▁Laura , ▁N oli ▁Me ▁Tang ere , ▁and ▁El ▁Fil ib uster ismo , ▁which ▁are ▁included ▁during ▁fresh man , ▁s oph om ore , ▁junior , ▁and ▁senior ▁years , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Social ▁studies ▁and ▁History ▁classes ▁are ▁required . ▁Philipp ine ▁History , ▁Asian ▁history , ▁World ▁History , ▁and ▁Life ▁of ▁Jose ▁R iz al
▁are ▁taken ▁up ▁by ▁fresh men , ▁s oph om ores , ▁juni ors ▁and ▁sen iors , ▁respectively . ▁Soci ology , ▁ge ography , ▁econom ics , ▁and ▁political ▁science ▁are ▁learned ▁during ▁fresh man , ▁s oph om ore , ▁junior ▁and ▁senior , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Health ▁and ▁Phys ical ▁Education ▁courses ▁are ▁also ▁required , ▁with ▁many ▁activities ▁to ▁choose ▁from . ▁ ▁Am end ments ▁In ▁reference ▁to ▁Dep . ▁Ed ▁order ▁No . ▁ 2 5 ▁S . ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁following ▁are ▁am end ments ▁to ▁en closure ▁no . ▁ 1 ▁of ▁Dep . ▁Ed ▁order ▁no . ▁ 4 9 ▁s . ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁entitled ▁" The ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁C urr icul um ▁of ▁Regional ▁Science ▁High ▁School s " ▁ ▁a . ▁Mathemat ics ▁C urr icular ▁offer ings ▁effective ▁school ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 0 7 ▁Mathemat ics ▁III ▁( elect ive ) ▁- ▁Anal yt ic ▁Ge ometry ▁Mathemat ics ▁IV ▁( core ) ▁- ▁Calcul us ▁ ▁b . ▁Mathemat ics ▁C urr icular ▁offer ings ▁effective ▁school ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8 ▁Mathemat ics ▁IV ▁( core ) ▁- ▁Error ▁ 4 0 4 : ▁Not ▁Found ▁Mathemat ics ▁IV ▁( elect ive ) ▁- ▁Error ▁ 4 0 4 : ▁Not ▁Found ▁ ▁c . ▁D iffer ential ▁equation ▁and ▁Ge ology / M eteor ology
/ A stronom y ▁as ▁elect ives ▁in ▁fourth ▁year ▁shall ▁not ▁be ▁offered ▁as ▁elect ives ▁for ▁high ▁school ▁students . ▁ ▁Car aga ▁Regional ▁Science ▁High ▁School ▁C urr icul um ▁ ▁Senior ▁High ▁School ▁C urr icul um ▁Car aga ▁Regional ▁Science ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁offering ▁the ▁following ▁str ands ▁under ▁the ▁Academ ic ▁Track ▁of ▁the ▁Senior ▁High ▁School ▁program : ▁ ▁Science , ▁Technology , ▁Engineering , ▁and ▁Mathemat ics ▁( ST EM ) ▁ ▁Account ancy , ▁Business , ▁and ▁Management ▁( AB M ) ▁ ▁Human ities ▁and ▁Social ▁Sciences ▁( H UM SS ) ▁ ▁Student ▁O pport un ities ▁ ▁Research ▁Al ong ▁with ▁a ▁rig orous ▁academic ▁foundation , ▁and ▁an ▁array ▁of ▁ext rac urr icular ▁choices , ▁students ▁are ▁provided ▁with ▁original ▁research ▁opportun ities ▁in ▁the ▁bi ological ▁and ▁physical ▁sciences , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁field ▁of ▁mathematics ▁and ▁programs ▁that ▁h one ▁students ' ▁investigation ▁skills ▁and ▁prepare ▁them ▁for ▁academic ▁compet itions . ▁ ▁Class ▁Se ctions ▁ ▁Club ▁Feder ations ▁and ▁Organ izations ▁Supreme ▁Student ▁Government ▁( SS G ) ▁ ▁Philipp ine ▁Society ▁of ▁Youth ▁Science ▁Club s ▁( PS Y SC ) ▁ ▁Youth ▁for ▁Environment ▁in ▁School ▁Organ ization ▁( YES - O ) ▁Information ▁and ▁Communic ations ▁Technology ▁Club ▁( I CT ) ▁ ▁Mathemat ics ▁Feder ated ▁Club ▁ ▁M AP E H ▁Feder ated ▁Club ▁Sam ah ang ▁Filip ino ▁ ▁Historical ▁Society ▁English ▁Feder ated ▁Club ▁ ▁CR SH
S ▁Online ▁Board ▁Staff ▁C lean ▁Environment ▁Adv oc ates ▁League ▁( CE AL ) ▁ ▁National ▁D rug ▁Education ▁Program ▁Club ▁( N DE P ) ▁ ▁B ant ay ▁B ili hin ▁Vol unte er ▁Network ▁ ▁Population ▁Development ▁Club ▁( Pop - Dev ) ▁Pe er ▁Fac il it ators ' ▁Club ▁ ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁( B SP ) ▁Girl ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁( G SP ) ▁Dr um ▁& ▁Ly re ▁Corps ▁Car as cian ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Ens emble ▁School ▁Watch ing ▁Team ▁School ▁Dis aster ▁R isk ▁Red u ction ▁and ▁Management ▁Council ▁Car as cian ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Ens emble ▁( CP AE ) ▁Car as ci ans ▁Camera ▁C rew ▁( CC C ) ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁ ▁Publications ▁The ▁Inform er ▁- ▁The ▁official ▁English ▁Public ation ▁of ▁Car aga ▁R SH S ▁Current ▁School ▁P aper ▁Ad vis er : ▁Mrs . ▁Fed d ila ine ▁A . ▁U bas ▁G int ong ▁Di wa ▁- ▁The ▁official ▁Filip ino ▁Public ation ▁of ▁Car aga ▁R SH S ▁Current ▁School ▁P aper ▁Ad vis er : ▁Mrs . ▁Fe ▁M . ▁Bon ono ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁publications ▁of ▁Car aga ▁Regional ▁Science ▁High ▁School ▁have ▁been ▁maintain ing ▁their ▁sp ots ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁multi - a ward ed ▁school ▁papers ▁in ▁Journal ism ▁compet itions . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Reg ional ▁Science ▁High ▁School ▁Union ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁Sur iga o
▁City ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁W PS ▁Exp ansion ▁D raft ▁was ▁a ▁special ▁draft ▁for ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁( W PS ) ▁expansion ▁team ▁Western ▁New ▁York ▁Flash ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁Flash ▁had ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁make ▁nine ▁player ▁se lections ▁from ▁the ▁existing ▁seven ▁W PS ▁teams . ▁ ▁Format ▁ ▁Ex isting ▁teams ▁may ▁protect ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁players , ▁but ▁must ▁leave ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 3 ▁un protected . ▁( Free ▁agents ▁are ▁not ▁included ▁in ▁either ▁category .) ▁ ▁Exp ansion ▁team ▁must ▁each ▁select ▁one ▁player ▁from ▁each ▁existing ▁team ▁prior ▁to ▁selecting ▁a ▁second ▁player ▁from ▁an ▁existing ▁team . ▁ ▁Ex isting ▁team ▁may ▁protect ▁one ▁additional ▁player ▁after ▁losing ▁their ▁first ▁player . ▁ ▁Ex isting ▁team ▁may ▁protect ▁all ▁players ▁after ▁losing ▁their ▁second ▁player . ▁ ▁An ▁existing ▁team ▁may ▁not ▁lose ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁players . ▁ ▁Exp ansion ▁team ▁may ▁select ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁nine ▁players . ▁ ▁Exp ansion ▁D raft ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁W PS ▁draft s ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁W PS ▁season ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Exp ansion ▁D raft <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Cu ong ▁Hu yn h ▁( born
▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁author , ▁transl ator , ▁and ▁scholar ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁classic ▁Sun ▁T zu ' s ▁The ▁Art ▁of ▁War . ▁He ▁lives ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁Georgia ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁work ▁Thomas ▁Cu ong ▁Hu yn h ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Sa ig on , ▁Vietnam , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Hu yn h ▁founded ▁S ons hi , ▁an ▁educational ▁resource ▁for ▁Sun ▁T zu ' s ▁The ▁Art ▁of ▁War . ▁He ▁wrote ▁The ▁Art ▁of ▁War : ▁Spirit ual ity ▁for ▁Conf lict , ▁a ▁translation ▁and ▁verse - by - verse ▁annotation ▁co author ed ▁with ▁Marc ▁Ben io ff ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Cle ary , ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Hu yn h ▁received ▁his ▁master ' s ▁of ▁business ▁degree ▁from ▁V ander b ilt ▁University , ▁and ▁teach es ▁Sun ▁T zu ' s ▁principles ▁in ▁business . ▁At ▁Google ▁he ▁presented ▁concepts ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁succeed ▁in ▁competition . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Blo om berg ▁Business Week ▁selected ▁him ▁as ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁engaged ▁contrib utors ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁Hu yn h ▁started ▁Cu ong ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁Asian - American ▁issues . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Trans lation ▁and ▁annotation ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Hu yn h ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁The ▁Art ▁of ▁War : ▁Spirit ual ity
▁for ▁Conf lict . ▁Sk yl ight ▁Path s ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ch inese – English ▁transl ators ▁Category : V ander b ilt ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Atlanta ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Vietnam ese ▁descent ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ho ▁Chi ▁Min h ▁City ▁Category : American ▁writers ▁of ▁Vietnam ese ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Chinese ▁descent ▁Category : V ietnam ese ▁refuge es ▁Category : V ietnam ese ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁S ons hi ▁- ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Cu ong ▁- ▁Personal ▁website <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Council ▁of ▁National ▁Def ense ▁() ▁was ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁temporary ▁government al ▁body ▁created ▁by ▁a ▁dec ree ▁of ▁the ▁Se jm ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic , ▁of ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁Poland ▁was ▁then ▁facing ▁defeat ▁by ▁B ols he vik ▁Red ▁Arm ies ▁that ▁were ▁approaching ▁Wars aw . ▁The ▁Council ▁was ▁a ▁body ▁that ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁make ▁dec isions ▁more ▁exp edit iously ▁than ▁the ▁Se jm . ▁It ▁was ▁fully ▁author ized ▁to ▁take ▁dec isions ▁regarding ▁the ▁conduct ▁and ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁The ▁Council ▁compr ised : ▁N acz eln ik ▁Pa ńst wa ▁( Ch ief ▁of ▁State ) ▁Jó zef ▁Pi ł s ud ski , ▁the ▁Council ' s ▁chair ;
▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Win cent y ▁W itos , ▁deput y ▁chair ; ▁The ▁Marsh al ▁of ▁the ▁Se jm ; ▁Ten ▁Se jm ▁deput ies , ▁representing ▁the ▁main ▁political ▁parties ; ▁Three ▁minister s ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s ; ▁Three ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁military , ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁State . ▁They ▁varied , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁specific ▁military ▁matters ▁under ▁consideration . ▁ ▁The ▁Chief ▁of ▁State ▁was ▁emp ower ed ▁to ▁call ▁Council ▁meet ings , ▁chair ▁them ▁and ▁set ▁the ▁ag enda . ▁ ▁The ▁Council ▁enjoyed ▁very ▁broad ▁powers , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁exercise ▁far - re aching ▁aut onomy ▁and ▁reduce ▁b ureau cr atic ▁obst acles . ▁Its ▁dec isions ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁implemented ▁at ▁once . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Poland ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁history ▁of ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁C AP R i M ▁l td , ▁Corpor ate ▁As set ▁Prote ction ▁and ▁R isk ▁Management , ▁was ▁an ▁intelligence ▁service ▁used ▁by ▁corpor ations . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁C AP R i M ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁as ▁a ▁successor ▁to ▁the ▁Econom ic ▁League , ▁which ▁had ▁held ▁the ▁construction ▁industry ' s ▁black list ▁but ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁w ound ▁up ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁after ▁a ▁parliament ary ▁enqu iry ▁and ▁bad ▁press . ▁It ▁provided ▁continued ▁employ
ment ▁for ▁two ▁former ▁League ▁direct ors , ▁Jack ▁W inder ▁and ▁Stan ▁Hard y . ▁Const ruction ▁company ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Mc Al pine ▁Ltd ▁inv ested ▁£ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁found ing ▁C AP R i M , ▁on ▁the ▁understanding ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁The ▁Cons ult ing ▁Association . ▁ ▁Target s ▁ ▁In ▁evidence ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ary ▁Affairs ▁Committee ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁inqu iry ▁into ▁black list ing ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁former ▁C AP R i M ▁director ▁Jack ▁W inder ▁said ▁that ▁it ▁held ▁information ▁and ▁knowledge ▁on ▁campaign ing ▁groups ▁and ▁" far - left " ▁political ▁parties ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁business es , ▁including : ▁ ▁Green pe ace ▁ ▁Rec laim ▁the ▁Stre ets ▁ ▁Eth ical ▁consumer ism ▁ ▁Camp aign ▁Again st ▁the ▁Ar ms ▁Trade ▁ ▁Animal ▁rights ▁ ▁Anti - GM ▁activ ists ▁ ▁C AP R i M ▁war ned ▁fir ms ▁of ▁those ▁it ▁believed ▁could ▁" we aken ▁a ▁company ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁manage ▁its ▁affairs ▁profit ably ". ▁Its ▁monitor ▁said : ▁" Comp an ies ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁war ned ▁what ▁these ▁organis ations ▁are ▁saying ▁and ▁planning . ▁Cap rim ▁provides ▁this ▁information . ▁And ▁ass esses ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁threat . ▁And ▁advis es ▁on ▁appropriate ▁action ." ▁ ▁Direct ors ▁ ▁Jack ▁W inder ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁joint ▁man aging
▁direct ors ▁were ▁himself ▁and ▁Stan ▁Hard y ; ▁while ▁its ▁non - exec utive ▁direct ors ▁were ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Sax on ▁T ate ▁C BE ▁( of ▁T ate ▁& ▁L yle ) ▁and ▁Bernard ▁Norman ▁Se ft on - For bes . ▁Hard y ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁director - general ▁of ▁the ▁Econom ic ▁League , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁C AP R i M ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Const ruction ▁and ▁civil ▁engineering ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Cons ult ing ▁fir ms ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : In form al ▁legal ▁termin ology ▁Category : Lab our ▁relations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Def unct ▁companies ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar ret os ▁Esp orte ▁Cl ube , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Bar ret os , ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Bar ret os , ▁São ▁Paulo ▁state . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁founded ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁They ▁finished ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁Campeonato ▁Paul ista ▁Segunda ▁Div is ão , ▁losing ▁the ▁competition ▁to ▁O este . ▁ ▁Stadium ▁Bar ret os ▁Esp orte ▁Cl ube ▁play ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Est ád io ▁Ant ô nio ▁G om es ▁Mart ins , ▁nick named ▁Est ád io ▁Fort ale za . ▁The ▁stad
ium ▁has ▁a ▁maximum ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : Bar ret os <0x0A> </s> ▁Be aver dam ▁Run ' ▁is ▁a ▁short ▁cre ek ▁dra ining ▁the ▁east ▁s lop es ▁of ▁the ▁Mah oning ▁Hills , ▁and ▁a ▁right ▁bank ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Le high ▁River . ▁The ▁cre ek ' s ▁banks ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁most ▁likely ▁valle ys ▁that ▁pack ▁animals ▁travers ed ▁to ▁reach ▁boats ▁on ▁the ▁river ▁so ▁the ▁Anth rac ite ▁from ▁the ▁earliest ▁coal ▁min ing ▁activity ▁in ▁Car bon ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁was ▁trans sh ipped ▁onto ▁boats ▁on ▁the ▁river . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Le high ▁River <0x0A> </s> ▁Pal ais ▁Au ers per g , ▁originally ▁called ▁Pal ais ▁Ros enk aval ier , ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁Bar o que ▁palace ▁at ▁Au ers per g straße ▁ 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Josef stadt ▁or ▁e ighth ▁district ▁of ▁Vienna , ▁Austria . ▁ ▁History ▁Pal ais ▁Au ers per g ▁was ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 7 0 6 ▁and ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁on ▁the ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Rotten hof ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁plans ▁of ▁two ▁well - known ▁architect s , ▁Johann ▁Bern hard ▁Fischer ▁von ▁Er lach ▁and ▁Johann ▁L uk as ▁von ▁H ilde brand t , ▁for
▁Hier onym us ▁Cape ce ▁de ▁R of rano , ▁to ▁whom ▁the ▁former ▁name ▁Ros enk aval ier ▁refers . ▁The ▁middle ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁palace ▁was ▁alter ed ▁between ▁ 1 7 2 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 2 3 ▁by ▁Johann ▁Christian ▁Ne up auer . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 9 , ▁Prince ▁Joseph ▁of ▁Sax e - H ild burg hausen ▁started ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁palace ▁as ▁his ▁winter ▁residence . ▁He ▁h ired ▁Giuseppe ▁Bon no ▁as ▁musical ▁conduct or ▁of ▁the ▁palace . ▁Between ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁and ▁ 1 7 6 1 , ▁week ly ▁music ▁courses ▁were ▁held ▁during ▁the ▁winter ▁months . ▁From ▁ 1 7 5 9 , ▁he ▁r ented ▁the ▁palace ▁and ▁h ired ▁Christoph ▁Will ib ald ▁Gl uck ▁as ▁head ▁conduct or ▁of ▁the ▁concert s ▁held ▁there . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 7 , ▁Prince ▁Johann ▁Adam ▁of ▁Au ers per g , ▁friend ▁and ▁conf id ant ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Francis ▁I ▁and ▁Maria ▁Th eres ia , ▁bought ▁the ▁palace , ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁still ▁called ▁Pal ais ▁R of rano . ▁From ▁ 1 7 8 6 , ▁the ▁palace ▁was ▁renamed ▁Pal ais ▁Au ers per g ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁setting ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁important ▁and ▁well - known ▁musical ▁events , ▁not ably ▁I dom ene o ▁by ▁Wolfgang ▁Ama de us ▁Moz art ▁( who ▁also ▁conducted ), ▁and ▁Sie ben ▁W orte ▁des ▁Er lö
sers ▁am ▁Kre u ze ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Hay dn . ▁ ▁As ▁Johann ▁Adam ▁of ▁Au ers per g ' s ▁second ▁marriage ▁stayed ▁child less ▁and ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁his ▁first ▁marriage ▁had ▁already ▁died , ▁he ▁adopted ▁his ▁nep hew ▁Carl ▁Au ers per g ▁( 1 7 5 0 – 1 8 2 2 ). ▁Carl ▁accepted ▁his ▁inheritance ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 5 . ▁The ▁marriage ▁of ▁Carl ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Jose pha ▁also ▁remained ▁child less , ▁so ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁they ▁adopted ▁Prince ▁Vin z ens ▁Au ers per g , ▁who ▁accepted ▁his ▁inheritance ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁time ▁between ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁and ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁Gustav , ▁Prince ▁of ▁V asa ▁stayed ▁at ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Au ers per g ▁with ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Royal ▁Family ▁because ▁his ▁inheritance ▁had ▁been ▁cont ested ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁on ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁Vin z ens ▁Au ers per g , ▁a ▁ball room ▁building ▁was ▁built ▁along ▁the ▁L er chen fel der str asse . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁his ▁wid ow ▁Wilhelm ine ▁commission ed ▁further ▁alter ations ▁to ▁the ▁ball room ▁building ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁rent ▁the ▁facilities ▁to ▁the ▁Ge ometric ▁Institute . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁Franz ▁Joseph ▁E manuel ▁( 1 8 5 6 – 1 9 3
8 ), ▁son ▁of ▁Wilhelm ine ▁Au ers per g , ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Wilhelm ine ▁Kin sky ▁took ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Au ers per g . ▁Wilhelm ine ▁Kin sky ▁organized ▁many ▁char ity ▁events ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁called ▁Verein igung ▁zur ▁Er rett ung ▁verw ahr loster ▁Kinder . ▁Pie ces ▁of ▁theatre ▁and ▁music ▁were ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁Ros enk av ali ers aal , ▁partially ▁with ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁arist ocracy . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁Franz ▁Joseph ▁Au ers per g ▁returned ▁the ▁ball room ▁building ▁to ▁its ▁initial ▁use . ▁During ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁the ▁ball room ▁building ▁was ▁completely ▁destroyed ▁and ▁the ▁remains ▁were ▁removed . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Au ers per g ▁was ▁tempor arily ▁r ented ▁to ▁the ▁Bundes den kmal amt ▁and ▁a ▁film ▁company . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Ferdinand ▁Au ers per g ▁( 1 8 8 7 – 1 9 4 2 ) ▁inherited ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁his ▁sister ▁Christian e ▁C roy ▁accepted ▁her ▁inheritance . ▁She ▁lived ▁with ▁her ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁rooms ▁of ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁They ▁also ▁hid ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁resistance ▁there ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁sign ▁near ▁the ▁entrance
▁of ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁which ▁comm emor ates ▁this . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁the ▁organization ▁Pro visor ische ▁österreich ische ▁National kom ite e , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁O 5 , ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁Pal ais . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁was ▁seized ▁by ▁the ▁Al li ierte ▁Komm and ant ur , ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁Al lied ▁Control ▁Council , ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁used ▁as ▁their ▁headquarters . ▁ ▁K ons ul ▁Alfred ▁We iss , ▁founder ▁of ▁Arab ia ▁K aff ee , ▁bought ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁extended ▁by ▁the ▁architect ▁O sw ald ▁Ha erd tl , ▁who ▁added ▁the ▁or ang ery , ▁the ▁winter ▁garden ▁and ▁more ▁functional ▁rooms . ▁Alfred ▁We iss ▁opened ▁a ▁large ▁c afé ▁for ▁ 6 0 0 ▁guests ▁in ▁the ▁Pal ais , ▁with ▁a ▁terra ce ▁next ▁to ▁it . ▁After ▁his ▁death , ▁his ▁descend ants ▁sold ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁to ▁a ▁company ▁called ▁General ▁Part ners ▁A . G . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁was ▁sold ▁again ▁to ▁an ▁old ▁European ▁family . ▁The ▁State ▁A part ments ▁remained ▁the ▁same ▁and ▁are ▁still ▁used ▁for ▁musical ▁purposes . ▁In ▁the ▁upper ▁floor , ▁most ▁areas ▁have ▁been ▁changed ▁into ▁office ▁rooms . ▁In
▁the ▁next ▁few ▁years , ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁will ▁be ▁restored ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁museum ▁is ▁planned . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁balls ▁and ▁musical ▁events ▁of ▁various ▁kinds ; ▁it ▁has ▁eleven ▁rooms ▁and ▁can ▁accommod ate ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁guests . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Bar o que ▁resid ences ▁ ▁References ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Art ur ▁Hart z lie b - W all th or ▁( ed .): ▁Ein ▁Wiener ▁Pal ais ▁er z ählt ▁/ ▁Das ▁Ros enk aval ier pal ais ▁Au ers per g . ▁B öh lau , ▁Wien / K ö ln / We imar ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁Felix ▁C ze ike : ▁Geschichte ▁der ▁Stadt ▁Wien . ▁Fritz ▁Mold en , ▁Wien ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁ ▁Johann ▁Adam ▁H iller : ▁Lebens b esch reib ungen ▁ber ü hm ter ▁Musik gele hr ten ▁und ▁Ton k ünstler ▁ne uer er ▁Zeit . ▁Leipzig ▁ 1 7 8 4 , ▁repr int ed ▁Leipzig ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Inter ior ▁of ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Information ▁at ▁Music of v ien na . com ▁ ▁Information ▁at ▁Bur gen - a ust ria . com ▁( in ▁German ) ▁ ▁Au ers per g ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Josef stadt ▁Au ers per g ▁Au ers per g <0x0A> </s> ▁Sang ach in
▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Sang ā ch ī n ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Sang ar ▁Ch ī n , ▁Sang arch ī n , ▁and ▁Sank ā ch ī n ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ch ah ar ▁Far ize h ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Band ar - e ▁An z ali ▁County , ▁Gil an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 , 4 2 1 , ▁in ▁ 7 0 8 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Band ar - e ▁An z ali ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁The ▁AS J A ▁L 2 ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁bi plane ▁tra iner ▁aircraft ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Air ▁Force ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁It ▁was ▁designated ▁Ö ▁ 9 ▁in ▁that ▁service . ▁The ▁fus el age ▁was ▁of ▁fabric - cover ed , ▁w eld ed ▁steel ▁t ube ▁construction ▁and ▁accommod ated ▁the ▁pilot ▁and ▁instruct or ▁in ▁tan dem ▁open ▁co ck p its . ▁The ▁wings ▁were ▁fabric - cover ed ▁wood ▁and ▁were ▁of ▁st agger ed , ▁single ▁bay ▁layout . ▁ ▁Only ▁two ▁examples ▁were ▁built , ▁one ▁with ▁whe els ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁with ▁flo ats . ▁The ▁land plane ▁served ▁until ▁written ▁off ▁in ▁a ▁crash ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁the ▁float plane ▁until ▁made ▁ob sole
te ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁Oper ators ▁ ▁Swedish ▁Air ▁Force ▁ ▁Units ▁using ▁this ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Wing ▁F ▁ 1 ▁at ▁V ä ster å s ▁ ▁Wing ▁F ▁ 2 ▁at ▁H äg ern äs ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Military ▁A viation ▁in ▁Sweden ▁( website ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁Swedish ▁military ▁tra iner ▁aircraft ▁Category : Single - eng ined ▁tra ctor ▁aircraft ▁L 2 ▁Category : Bi plan es <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁the ology ▁of ▁Script ure ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ▁has ▁evol ved ▁much ▁since ▁the ▁Second ▁V at ican ▁Council ▁of ▁Catholic ▁B ish ops ▁(" V at ican ▁II ", ▁ 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 5 ). ▁This ▁article ▁explains ▁the ▁the ology ▁( or ▁understanding ) ▁of ▁Script ure ▁that ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁domin ate ▁in ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁today . ▁It ▁focus es ▁on ▁the ▁Church ’ s ▁response ▁to ▁various ▁areas ▁of ▁study ▁into ▁the ▁original ▁meaning ▁of ▁texts . ▁ ▁W aters hed ▁Council ▁V at ican ▁II ' s ▁De i ▁Ver bum ▁( D og m atic ▁Constitution ▁on ▁Div ine ▁Re vel ation ), ▁prom ul g ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁opened ▁the ▁door ▁to ▁accept ance ▁within ▁the ▁Church ▁for ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁scholar ly ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁and ▁Christian ▁script ures ▁that ▁had ▁taken ▁place ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁Develop ments
▁within ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁can ▁be ▁trac ed ▁through ▁documents ▁of ▁the ▁Pont ific al ▁Bib lic al ▁Commission , ▁which ▁over se es ▁script ural ▁interpretation ▁as ▁it ▁per tain s ▁to ▁Catholic ▁teaching . ▁Until ▁V at ican ▁II ▁the ▁decre es ▁of ▁this ▁commission ▁reflected ▁the ▁C ounter - Re formation ▁effort ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁tradition ▁un changed , ▁l est ▁errors ▁ar ising ▁during ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation ▁enter ▁into ▁Catholic ▁belief . ▁Con sequ ent ▁on ▁V at ican ▁II , ▁the ▁C ounter - Re formation ▁ment ality ▁in ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁dimin ished ▁and ▁the ▁ec umen ical ▁spirit ▁of ▁open ness ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁good ▁in ▁modern ▁studies ▁was ▁emb rac ed . ▁The ▁Council ▁F athers ▁re iter ated ▁what ▁was ▁dog m atic ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁teaching ▁of ▁the ▁Church , ▁" that ▁the ▁books ▁of ▁Script ure ▁must ▁be ▁acknowled ged ▁as ▁teaching ▁solid ly , ▁faith fully ▁and ▁without ▁error ▁that ▁truth ▁which ▁God ▁wanted ▁put ▁into ▁sacred ▁writ ings ▁ ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁salv ation ." ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁subst ance ▁of ▁what ▁church ▁dog ma ▁( inf al li ble ▁teaching ) ▁says . ▁The ▁Council ▁document ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁show ▁an ▁open ness ▁to ▁development ▁of ▁doctrine ▁( te aching ), ▁since ▁histor ically ▁growth ▁in ▁understanding ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁more ▁developed ▁the ologies ▁– ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁of ▁script ural ▁interpretation ▁within ▁the ▁Church . ▁The ▁Council ▁F athers ▁continued : ▁ ▁However , ▁since