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▁Ast ero id ▁Light cur ve ▁Database ▁( LC DB ), ▁query ▁form ▁( info ) ▁ ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Minor ▁Planet ▁Names , ▁Google ▁books ▁ ▁Ast ero ids ▁and ▁com ets ▁rotation ▁curves , ▁C d R ▁– ▁Observ atoire ▁de ▁Gen ève , ▁Ra oul ▁Be hr end ▁ ▁Disc overy ▁Circ um st ances : ▁Number ed ▁Minor ▁Plan ets ▁( 1 )- ( 5 0 0 0 ) ▁– ▁Minor ▁Planet ▁Center ▁▁▁▁▁▁ 0 0 0 7 7 4 ▁Category : Dis cover ies ▁by ▁C . ▁le ▁Mor van ▁Category : Min or ▁plan ets ▁named ▁for ▁places ▁Category : Named ▁minor ▁plan ets ▁ 1 9 1 3 1 2 1 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁C ie ply ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁entertain ment ▁industry ▁writer , ▁first ▁for ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁and ▁then ▁for ▁T alk ▁magazine ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁media ▁correspond ent ▁for ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times . ▁Here ▁he ▁covers ▁Hollywood ▁for ▁the ▁media ▁des k . ▁He ▁joined ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁as ▁a ▁movie ▁editor . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁film ▁producer ▁for ▁Sony ▁for ▁eight ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁years ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁producing ▁or ▁trying ▁to ▁produce ▁mov ies ▁and ▁TV ▁programs . ▁While ▁working ▁for ▁Sony , ▁C ie ply ▁would ▁consult ▁with ▁Ray ▁St ark ▁Produ ctions . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁production ▁executive ▁for ▁a |
▁number ▁of ▁companies , ▁including ▁ABC , ▁Columbia ▁Pictures , ▁Disney , ▁Fox , ▁Universal , ▁and ▁United ▁Airlines . ▁C ie ply ▁also ▁was ▁an ▁editor ▁and ▁rep orter ▁for ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times , ▁where ▁he ▁covered ▁entertain ment ▁and ▁media ▁for ▁the ▁business ▁section ▁and ▁for ▁various ▁publications ▁such ▁as ▁For bes ▁magazine ▁and ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal . ▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁currently ▁a ▁staff ▁editor ▁in ▁the ▁Culture ▁section ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times . ▁C ie ply ▁was ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁editor ▁of ▁Inside . com , ▁a ▁website ▁covering ▁the ▁media ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁indust ries . ▁He ▁has ▁covered ▁entertain ment ▁for ▁over ▁ 1 7 ▁years . ▁ ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Dead line ▁Hollywood ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Book ▁The ▁H ear st s : ▁Family ▁and ▁Empire ▁with ▁L inds ay ▁Chan ey ▁( 1 9 8 1 ▁Simon ▁& ▁Sch uster ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁Front line ▁interview ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁people ▁Category : The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁edit ors ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁journal ists <0x0A> </s> ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁, ▁originally ▁S put nik ▁Plan um , ▁is ▁a ▁high - al bed o ▁ice - cover ed ▁bas in ▁on ▁Pl uto , ▁about ▁ ▁in ▁size , ▁named |
▁after ▁Earth ' s ▁first ▁artificial ▁satellite , ▁S put nik ▁ 1 . ▁It ▁constit utes ▁the ▁western ▁lo be ▁of ▁the ▁heart - sh aped ▁T omb augh ▁Reg io . ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁lies ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁hem is phere , ▁but ▁extends ▁across ▁the ▁equ ator . ▁Much ▁of ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁surface ▁of ▁irregular ▁pol yg ons ▁separated ▁by ▁tr ough s , ▁interpreted ▁as ▁con ve ction ▁cells ▁in ▁the ▁relatively ▁soft ▁nit ro gen ▁ice . ▁The ▁pol yg ons ▁average ▁about ▁ ▁across . ▁In ▁some ▁cases ▁tr ough s ▁are ▁populated ▁by ▁block y ▁mountains ▁or ▁hills , ▁or ▁contain ▁dark er ▁material . ▁There ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁wind ▁stre aks ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁with ▁evidence ▁of ▁sub lim ation . ▁The ▁dark ▁stre aks ▁are ▁a ▁few ▁kilom eters ▁long ▁and ▁all ▁aligned ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁direction . ▁The ▁plan it ia ▁also ▁contains ▁p its ▁apparently ▁formed ▁by ▁sub lim ation . ▁No ▁cr aters ▁were ▁detect able ▁by ▁New ▁Hor iz ons , ▁imp lying ▁a ▁surface ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 0 ▁million ▁years ▁old . ▁Model ing ▁sub lim ation ▁pit ▁formation ▁yields ▁a ▁surface ▁age ▁estimate ▁of ▁ ▁years . ▁Near ▁the ▁north west ▁margin ▁is ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁trans verse ▁d unes ▁( per pend icular ▁to ▁the ▁wind ▁stre aks ), ▁spac ed ▁about ▁ 0 . 4 ▁to ▁ 1 km ▁apart , ▁that ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁composed ▁of ▁ |
2 0 0 - 3 0 0 ▁ μ m ▁diameter ▁particles ▁of ▁m eth ane ▁ice ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁nearby ▁Al - Id ris i ▁Mont es . ▁ ▁Com position ▁The ▁ice ▁compos ing ▁the ▁bas in ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁consist ▁primarily ▁of ▁nit ro gen ▁ice , ▁with ▁smaller ▁fra ctions ▁of ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁and ▁m eth ane ▁ice , ▁although ▁relative ▁proport ions ▁are ▁uncertain . ▁At ▁Pl uto ' s ▁ambient ▁temperature ▁of ▁, ▁nit ro gen ▁and ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁ ices ▁are ▁dens er ▁and ▁much ▁less ▁rig id ▁than ▁water ▁ice , ▁making ▁gla cial - like ▁flows ▁possible ; ▁nit ro gen ▁ice ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁vol atile . ▁The ▁nit ro gen ▁ice ▁of ▁the ▁bas in ▁rest s ▁on ▁Pl uto ' s ▁cr ust ▁mostly ▁composed ▁of ▁much ▁more ▁rig id ▁water ▁ice . ▁ ▁Origin ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁likely ▁origin ated ▁as ▁an ▁impact ▁bas in ▁that ▁subsequently ▁collected ▁vol atile ▁ ices . ▁The ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁hypoth et ical ▁imp actor ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁as ▁ 1 5 0 – 3 0 0 km . ▁Alternatively , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁ ices ▁in ▁this ▁location ▁de pressed ▁the ▁surface ▁there , ▁leading ▁to ▁formation ▁of ▁a ▁bas in ▁via ▁a ▁positive ▁feedback ▁process ▁without ▁an ▁impact . ▁The ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁several ▁kilom eters ▁of ▁nit ro gen ▁ice ▁in ▁the ▁bas in ▁was ▁in |
▁part ▁a ▁consequence ▁of ▁its ▁higher ▁surface ▁pressure , ▁which ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁higher ▁N 2 ▁cond ens ation ▁temperature . ▁The ▁positive ▁temperature ▁gradient ▁of ▁Pl uto ' s ▁atmosphere ▁cont ributes ▁to ▁making ▁a ▁top ographic ▁de pression ▁a ▁cold ▁trap . ▁ ▁The ▁terrain ▁on ▁Pl uto ▁ant ip od al ▁to ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁alter ed ▁by ▁the ▁foc using ▁there ▁of ▁se ism ic ▁energy ▁from ▁the ▁form ative ▁impact . ▁While ▁this ▁suggestion ▁is ▁tent ative ▁in ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁poor ▁resolution ▁of ▁the ▁imag ing ▁of ▁the ▁ant ip od al ▁region , ▁the ▁concept ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁what ▁has ▁been ▁proposed ▁for ▁areas ▁ant ip od al ▁to ▁the ▁Cal oris ▁bas in ▁on ▁Mercur y ▁and ▁Mare ▁Orient ale ▁on ▁the ▁Moon . ▁ ▁A ▁high ▁season al ▁thermal ▁in ert ia ▁of ▁Pl uto ' s ▁surface ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁driver ▁of ▁de position ▁of ▁nit ro gen ▁ice ▁at ▁low ▁lat itudes . ▁These ▁lat itudes ▁receive ▁less ▁annual ▁ins olation ▁than ▁Pl uto ' s ▁polar ▁regions ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁high ▁ob liqu ity ▁( 1 2 2 . 5 ° ). ▁The ▁col dest ▁regions ▁on ▁Pl uto , ▁on ▁average , ▁are ▁at ▁ 3 0 ° ▁N . ▁and ▁S . ▁latitude ; ▁early ▁in ▁Pl uto ' s ▁history , ▁ice ▁would ▁tend ▁to ▁accum ulate ▁at ▁these ▁lat itudes ▁in ▁a ▁run away ▁process ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁positive ▁feedback ▁association |
▁of ▁increased ▁al bed o , ▁cool ing ▁and ▁further ▁ice ▁de position ▁( similar ▁to ▁the ▁ice ▁seg reg ation ▁that ▁occurred ▁on ▁I ap et us ). ▁Sim ulations ▁suggest ▁that ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁about ▁a ▁million ▁years , ▁the ▁run away ▁process ▁would ▁collect ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁ice ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁cap ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁a ▁pre ex isting ▁bas in . ▁ ▁The ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁dense ▁nit ro gen ▁ice ▁would ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁making ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁a ▁positive ▁gravity ▁anom aly , ▁but ▁by ▁itself ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁sufficient ▁to ▁overcome ▁the ▁top ographic ▁de pression ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁bas in . ▁However , ▁other ▁effects ▁of ▁an ▁impact ▁event ▁( see ▁below ) ▁could ▁have ▁also ▁contributed ▁to ▁such ▁an ▁anom aly . ▁A ▁positive ▁gravity ▁anom aly ▁could ▁have ▁caused ▁polar ▁w ander , ▁re orient ing ▁the ▁spin ▁axis ▁of ▁Pl uto ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁plan it ia ▁near ▁the ▁Pl uto - Ch aron ▁tid al ▁axis ▁( the ▁minimum - energy ▁configuration ). ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁is ▁presently ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁anti - Ch aron ▁point ▁on ▁Pl uto , ▁a ▁result ▁that ▁has ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁ 5 % ▁probability ▁of ▁ar ising ▁by ▁chance . ▁ ▁If ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁an ▁impact , ▁then ▁explaining ▁the ▁positive ▁gravity ▁anom aly ▁requires ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁sub sur face ▁liquid ▁water ▁ocean ▁below ▁Pl |
uto ' s ▁water ▁ice ▁cr ust ; ▁is ost atic ▁u pl ift ▁of ▁the ▁th inned ▁cr ust ▁and ▁consequ ent ▁intr usion ▁of ▁dens er ▁liquid ▁water ▁below ▁the ▁bas in ▁would ▁account ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁anom aly . ▁Grad ual ▁free zing ▁of ▁such ▁an ▁ocean , ▁in ▁combination ▁with ▁polar ▁w ander ▁and ▁the ▁loading ▁of ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁with ▁ice , ▁would ▁also ▁explain ▁the ▁ext ensional ▁t ect onic ▁features ▁seen ▁across ▁Pl uto . ▁Alternatively , ▁if ▁the ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁ice ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁cap ▁( without ▁an ▁impact ) ▁created ▁a ▁positive ▁gravity ▁anom aly ▁that ▁re orient ed ▁Pl uto ▁prior ▁to ▁formation ▁of ▁a ▁bas in , ▁the ▁tid al ▁bul ge ▁raised ▁by ▁Char on ▁might ▁then ▁have ▁maintained ▁Pl uto ' s ▁orientation ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁positive ▁anom aly ▁later ▁disappeared . ▁ ▁The ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁gravity ▁anom aly ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁require ▁thin ning ▁the ▁ice ▁cr ust ▁by ▁~ 9 0 km ▁below ▁S put nik ▁Plan um . ▁However , ▁the ▁cr ust ▁must ▁be ▁kept ▁cool ▁to ▁maintain ▁such ▁variations ▁in ▁its ▁thick ness . ▁Model ing ▁has ▁suggested ▁that ▁this ▁can ▁be ▁explained ▁if ▁under ne ath ▁Pl uto ' s ▁water ▁ice ▁cr ust ▁is ▁a ▁layer ▁of ▁m eth ane ▁hyd rate . ▁This ▁cl ath rate ▁has ▁ins ulating ▁properties ; ▁its ▁thermal ▁conduct ivity ▁is ▁about ▁ 5 – 1 0 ▁times ▁less ▁than |
▁that ▁of ▁water ▁ice ▁( it ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁vis cos ity ▁roughly ▁an ▁order ▁of ▁magnitude ▁greater ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁water ▁ice ). ▁The ▁additional ▁ins ulation ▁would ▁help ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁layer ▁of ▁water ▁below ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁liquid ▁state , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁keep ▁the ▁ice ▁cr ust ▁above ▁it ▁cool . ▁A ▁similar ▁mechanism ▁may ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁sub sur face ▁o ce ans ▁on ▁other ▁outer ▁Sol ar ▁System ▁sat ell ites ▁and ▁trans - Ne pt un ian ▁objects . ▁ ▁Con ve ction ▁cells ▁ ▁The ▁pol yg onal ▁structure ▁is ▁a ▁sign ▁of ▁con ve ction ▁of ▁the ▁nit ro gen / car bon ▁mon ox ide ▁ice , ▁with ▁ice ▁war med ▁by ▁heat ▁from ▁the ▁interior ▁well ing ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁cells , ▁spread ing ▁and ▁then ▁s inking ▁at ▁the ▁rid ged ▁marg ins . ▁Con ve ction ▁cells ▁have ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁m ▁of ▁vertical ▁relief , ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁points ▁being ▁at ▁their ▁cent ers . ▁Model ing ▁of ▁nit ro gen ▁ice ▁con ve ction ▁cells ▁suggests ▁a ▁depth ▁of ▁about ▁one ▁t enth ▁their ▁width , ▁or ▁ 3 – 4 km ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁plan it ia , ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁flow ▁rate ▁of ▁about ▁ 7 cm ▁per ▁year . ▁Cell ▁marg ins ▁can ▁become ▁pin ched ▁off ▁and ▁abandoned ▁as ▁cells ▁evol ve . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁cells ▁are ▁covered ▁by ▁Sub lim ation ▁p its |
. ▁These ▁p its ▁grow ▁larger ▁by ▁sub lim ation ▁during ▁ ▁transport ▁ ▁from ▁ ▁the ▁cent ers ▁to ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁con ve ction ▁cells . ▁Using ▁their ▁size ▁distribution , ▁scient ists ▁have ▁estimated ▁a ▁con ve ction ▁velocity ▁of ▁ ▁cm ▁per ▁year , ▁imp lying ▁a ▁surface ▁age ▁of ▁ ▁years . ▁ ▁Other ▁obvious ▁indic ations ▁of ▁ice ▁flow ▁visible ▁in ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁plan it ia ▁include ▁examples ▁of ▁valley - type ▁gla ci ers ▁flow ing ▁down ▁into ▁the ▁bas in ▁from ▁adjacent ▁eastern ▁high lands ▁( the ▁right ▁lo be ▁of ▁T omb augh ▁Reg io ), ▁pres umably ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁de position ▁of ▁nit ro gen ▁ice ▁there , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ice ▁from ▁the ▁plan it ia ▁flow ing ▁into ▁and ▁filling ▁adjacent ▁de press ions . ▁The ▁plan it ia ▁has ▁numerous ▁block y ▁hills ▁( one ▁to ▁several ▁km ▁across ) ▁that ▁form ▁aggreg ations ▁at ▁cell ▁marg ins ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 km ▁across ; ▁these ▁may ▁represent ▁floating ▁ch unks ▁of ▁det ached ▁water ▁ice ▁cr ust ▁that ▁were ▁carried ▁onto ▁the ▁plan it ia ▁by ▁gla cial ▁flow ▁and ▁were ▁then ▁collected ▁into ▁tr ough s ▁by ▁the ▁con ve ction . ▁In ▁some ▁cases ▁the ▁hills ▁seem ▁to ▁form ▁ch ains ▁along ▁the ▁entry ▁paths ▁of ▁gla ci ers . ▁The ▁hills ▁may ▁also ▁con greg ate ▁in ▁non con ve ct ing ▁regions ▁when ▁they ▁get ▁stuck ▁at ▁locations ▁where ▁the ▁nit |
ro gen ▁ice ▁becomes ▁too ▁shall ow . ▁ ▁The ▁plan it ia ▁has ▁numerous ▁p its ▁that ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁result ▁from ▁f ract uring ▁and ▁sub lim ation ▁of ▁nit ro gen ▁ice ; ▁these ▁p its ▁also ▁collect ▁in ▁the ▁marg ins ▁of ▁con ve ction ▁cells . ▁O ften ▁the ▁bottom s ▁of ▁the ▁p its ▁are ▁dark , ▁which ▁may ▁represent ▁an ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁th ol ins ▁left ▁behind ▁by ▁the ▁sub lim ing ▁ice , ▁or ▁a ▁dark ▁substr ate ▁below ▁the ▁plan it ia , ▁if ▁the ▁p its ▁pen et rate ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁through ▁the ▁ice . ▁In ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁plan it ia ▁where ▁con ve ction ▁cells ▁are ▁not ▁apparent , ▁the ▁p its ▁are ▁more ▁numerous . ▁ ▁Border ing ▁mont es ▁ ▁On ▁its ▁north west , ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁is ▁border ed ▁by ▁a ▁cha otic ▁set ▁of ▁block y ▁mountains , ▁the ▁al - Id ris i ▁Mont es , ▁which ▁may ▁have ▁formed ▁via ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁adjacent ▁water ▁ice ▁high lands ▁onto ▁the ▁plan it ia . ▁ ▁On ▁its ▁south west , ▁the ▁plan it ia ▁is ▁border ed ▁by ▁the ▁Hill ary ▁Mont es , ▁rising ▁ ▁above ▁the ▁surface , ▁and , ▁further ▁south , ▁the ▁N org ay ▁Mont es , ▁rising ▁ ▁above ▁the ▁surface . ▁These ▁mountains ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁cha otic , ▁block y ▁character . ▁The ▁mountains ▁were ▁named ▁after ▁Sir ▁Edmund ▁Hill ary |
, ▁New ▁Zealand ▁mount aine er , ▁and ▁Nep al ese ▁Sher pa ▁mount aine er ▁T enz ing ▁N org ay , ▁who ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁clim bers ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁sum mit ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁peak ▁on ▁Earth , ▁Mount ▁Ever est , ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁Some ▁groups ▁of ▁hills ▁in ▁the ▁bas in ▁are ▁named ▁after ▁space craft ; ▁for ▁example , ▁“ C ole ta ▁de ▁D ados ”, ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Brazil ian ▁satellite ▁launched ▁into ▁space . ▁ ▁Im medi ately ▁to ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁N org ay ▁Mont es ▁( context ) ▁is ▁a ▁large , ▁circular ▁mountain ▁with ▁a ▁central ▁de pression , ▁Wright ▁M ons . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁identified ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁cry ov ol cano . ▁ ▁N aming ▁ ▁The ▁inform al ▁name ▁S put nik ▁Plan um ▁was ▁first ▁announced ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁Hor iz ons ▁team ▁on ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁A ▁plan um ▁is ▁a ▁flat ▁region ▁of ▁higher ▁elev ation ▁( a ▁plate au ). ▁When ▁top ographical ▁data ▁was ▁analyz ed ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁it ▁became ▁clear ▁that ▁S put nik ▁is ▁actually ▁a ▁bas in , ▁and ▁the ▁inform al ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁S put nik ▁Plan it ia ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁still ▁inform al ▁because ▁it ▁had ▁not ▁yet ▁been ▁adopted ▁by |
▁the ▁International ▁Astronom ical ▁Union ▁( IA U ). ▁On ▁ 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁officially ▁approved ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁T omb augh ▁Reg io ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁other ▁nearby ▁surface ▁features . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Anim ated ▁videos ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Geography ▁of ▁Pl uto ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁of ▁Pl uto ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ge ological ▁features ▁on ▁Pl uto ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Sur face ▁features ▁of ▁Pl uto ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Pl uto ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁video ▁cli ps <0x0A> </s> ▁Mitchell ▁Municipal ▁Airport ▁ ▁is ▁three ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁Mitchell , ▁in ▁Dav ison ▁County , ▁South ▁Dak ota . ▁The ▁National ▁Plan ▁of ▁Integr ated ▁Airport ▁Systems ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 5 ▁categor ized ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁general ▁av iation ▁air port . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Open ed ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁the ▁facility ▁was ▁re built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁as ▁a ▁Second ▁Air ▁Force ▁B - 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁and ▁B - 2 4 ▁Liber ator ▁heavy ▁bom ber ▁training ▁air field ▁field ▁known ▁as ▁Mitchell ▁Army ▁Air field . ▁ ▁From ▁July ▁to ▁late ▁September , ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁the ▁ 7 0 0 th ▁Bomb ▁Squadron ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 4 5 th ▁Bomb ▁Group ▁conducted ▁their ▁advanced ▁training ▁at ▁Mitchell |
▁Army ▁Air ▁Field . ▁ ▁Upon ▁completion ▁of ▁training ▁and ▁subsequent ▁notification ▁for ▁over se as ▁deployment , ▁the ▁ 7 0 0 th ▁Bomb ▁Squadron ▁fle w ▁to ▁Lincoln ▁Army ▁Air ▁Field ▁for ▁last ▁minute ▁aircraft ▁modifications ▁before ▁taking ▁the ▁Southern ▁Atlantic ▁crossing ▁route ▁to ▁Tib en ham , ▁England . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁when ▁training ▁ended ▁at ▁the ▁facility , ▁it ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Air ▁Techn ical ▁Service ▁Command ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁Og den ▁Air ▁Service ▁Command ▁as ▁an ▁auxili ary ▁air field . ▁It ▁was ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁civil ▁use ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Air line ▁fl ights ▁began ▁about ▁ 1 9 5 1 : ▁Mid west ▁Airlines ▁C ess na ▁ 1 9 0 s . ▁Bran iff ▁stopped ▁at ▁Mitchell ▁ 1 9 5 2 – 5 9 ; ▁North ▁Central ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁successor ▁Republic ▁left ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁( N orth west ▁Air link ▁pulled ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 .) ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁The ▁air port ▁covers ▁ 1 , 3 7 6 ▁acres ▁( 5 5 7 ▁ha ) ▁at ▁an ▁elev ation ▁of ▁ 1 , 3 0 4 ▁feet ▁( 3 9 7 ▁m ). ▁It ▁has ▁two ▁as ph alt ▁run ways : ▁ 1 2 / 3 0 ▁is ▁ 6 , 7 0 0 ▁by ▁ 1 0 0 ▁feet ▁( 2 , 0 4 |
2 ▁x ▁ 3 0 ▁m ) ▁and ▁ 1 7 / 3 5 ▁is ▁ 5 , 5 1 3 ▁by ▁ 1 0 0 ▁feet ▁( 1 , 6 8 0 ▁x ▁ 3 0 ▁m ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ending ▁August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁air port ▁had ▁ 1 9 , 4 5 0 ▁aircraft ▁operations , ▁average ▁ 5 3 ▁per ▁day : ▁ 9 5 % ▁general ▁av iation , ▁ 4 % ▁air ▁tax i , ▁and ▁ 1 % ▁military . ▁ 2 9 ▁aircraft ▁were ▁then ▁based ▁at ▁this ▁air port : ▁ 7 9 % ▁single - engine ▁and ▁ 2 1 % ▁multi - engine . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Army ▁Air fields ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Shaw , ▁Frederick ▁J . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁Loc ating ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁S ites ▁History ' s ▁Leg acy , ▁Air ▁Force ▁History ▁and ▁Museum s ▁Program , ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force , ▁Washington ▁DC , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Aer ial ▁image ▁as ▁of ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁from ▁US GS ▁The ▁National ▁Map ▁▁▁ ▁Category : A ir ports ▁in ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : M itch ell , ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Dav ison ▁County , ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : A ir fields ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in |
▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : A ir ports ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Dav ison ▁County , ▁South ▁Dak ota <0x0A> </s> ▁Meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁is ▁a ▁closely ▁related ▁concept ▁to ▁met am aterial ▁dynamics ▁in ▁physics . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁was ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁connect ▁the ▁e ph em eral ▁and ▁statistical ▁nature ▁of ▁quantum ▁mechanical ▁objects ▁with ▁the ▁temporary ▁and ▁statistical , ▁but ▁yet ▁stable , ▁nature ▁of ▁" struct ures " ▁in ▁tur bul ent ▁flows ; ▁that ▁work ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁th esis ▁( Mar man is ▁ 1 9 9 3 ). ▁ ▁The ▁works ▁that ▁influenced ▁its ▁conception ▁were ▁Albert ▁Ein stein ' s ▁ins istence ▁on ▁a ▁caus al ▁interpretation ▁of ▁quantum ▁mechan ics , ▁De ▁Bro g lie ' s ▁mechanical ▁models , ▁and ▁related ▁work ▁along ▁these ▁lines . ▁The ▁literature ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁a ether ▁models ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁upon ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁theory ' s ▁core ▁ideas ▁during ▁the ▁academic ▁years ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁" meta fl uid ▁dynamics " ▁appeared ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁a ▁conference ▁talk ▁delivered ▁in ▁the ▁" Intern ational ▁Sym pos ium ▁on ▁The oret ical ▁and ▁Comput ational ▁Fl uid ▁Dynam ics " ▁at ▁Florida ▁State ▁University ▁on ▁November ▁ 7 , |
▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Initial ▁publications ▁ ▁The ▁theory ▁was ▁published , ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁Physics ▁of ▁Fl u ids ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁Anal ogy ▁between ▁the ▁Nav ier - Sto kes ▁and ▁Max well ' s ▁equations : ▁Application ▁to ▁Tur bul ence ▁( Mar man is ▁ 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁the ▁theory ▁was ▁presented ▁in ▁more ▁detail ▁in ▁the ▁th esis ▁entitled ▁Anal ogy ▁between ▁the ▁Elect romagnet ic ▁and ▁H yd rod ynamic ▁Equ ations : ▁Application ▁to ▁Tur bul ence ▁( Mar man is ▁ 1 9 9 9 ). ▁ ▁This ▁paper ▁attempted ▁to ▁introduce ▁an ▁ont ological ▁connection ▁between ▁tur bul ent ▁motion ▁as ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁Nav ier – Sto kes ▁equations ▁and ▁dynamics ▁of ▁the ▁elect romagnet ic ▁field ▁as ▁described ▁by ▁Max well ' s ▁equations . ▁The ▁paper ▁observed ▁that ▁the ▁elect romagnet ic ▁field ▁is ▁non - linear ▁when ▁expressed ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁elect romagnet ic ▁potential s — y et ▁Max well ' s ▁equations ▁are ▁linear ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁model ing ▁of ▁charge ▁and ▁current . ▁It ▁should ▁be ▁str essed ▁that ▁this ▁ont ological ▁interpretation ▁was ▁never ▁previously ▁published , ▁although ▁several ▁fluid ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁presented ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁for ▁the ▁same ▁purpose . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁article ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁author , ▁namely , ▁" T ur bul ence , ▁elect romagnet ism , ▁and ▁quantum ▁mechan ics : |
▁A ▁common ▁perspective " ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁Phot on : ▁Old ▁problems ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁new ▁ideas ▁( D vo eg laz ov ▁ 2 0 0 0 ). ▁ ▁The ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁was ▁not ▁created ▁by ▁trial - and - error ▁of ▁mechanical ▁models ▁of ▁a ether ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁anal ogy ▁that ▁was ▁rev ived ; ▁a ▁ju xt ap osition ▁of ▁the ▁fields ▁that ▁are ▁involved ▁in ▁earlier ▁models ▁and ▁those ▁that ▁are ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁suff ices ▁as ▁a ▁proof . ▁For ▁historical ▁references , ▁see , ▁the ▁compreh ensive ▁book ▁by ▁Wh itt aker ▁( 1 9 5 1 ). ▁ ▁Later ▁publications ▁ ▁Since ▁that ▁time ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁several ▁other ▁publications ▁that ▁relate ▁directly ▁or ▁indirect ly ▁to ▁the ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics : ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁R . M . ▁Kir by , ▁H . ▁Mar man is ▁and ▁D . H . ▁La id law ▁presented ▁the ▁first ▁visual izations ▁of ▁tur bul ent ▁charge — the ▁analog ▁of ▁the ▁electric ▁charge ▁in ▁elect romagnet ism — in ▁a ▁conference ▁paper ▁entitled ▁" Visual izing ▁Mult ival ued ▁Data ▁from ▁ 2 D ▁In com press ible ▁Flow s ▁Using ▁Con cept s ▁from ▁P ain ting ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁A . ▁C . ▁R . ▁M endes , ▁W . ▁O live ira ▁and ▁F . I . ▁Tak ak ura ▁presented ▁hyd rod |
ynamic ▁tur bul ence ▁as ▁a ▁const rained ▁system ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁of ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁in ▁" T ur bul ence ▁as ▁a ▁const rained ▁system ". ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁L agr ang ian ▁description ▁of ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁that ▁the ▁author ▁is ▁aware ▁of . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁G . ▁R ous se aux ▁discussed ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁comple ten ess ▁for ▁Max well ' s ▁equations ▁in ▁Les ▁é qu ations ▁de ▁Max well ▁sont - elles ▁in com pl ètes ? ▁and ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁on ▁that ▁matter . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁G . ▁R ous se aux ▁and ▁É . ▁Guy on ▁presented ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁in ▁the ▁paper ▁" À ▁propos ▁d ’ une ▁analog ie ▁entre ▁la ▁mé can ique ▁des ▁flu ides ▁et ▁l ’ é lect rom agn ét isme ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁A . ▁C . ▁R . ▁M endes , ▁C . ▁Ne ves , ▁W . ▁O live ira ▁and ▁F . I . ▁Tak ak ura ▁presented ▁the ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁as ▁a ▁gauge ▁field ▁theory . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁L . ▁Sa ul ▁presented ▁a ▁kin etic ▁theory ▁of ▁a ▁space - time ▁model ▁that ▁is ▁end owed ▁with ▁spin . ▁In ▁that ▁context , ▁by ▁following ▁the ▁anal ogy ▁that ▁forms ▁the ▁core |
▁of ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics , ▁the ▁author ▁shows ▁how ▁to ▁derive ▁( to ▁first ▁order ) ▁Max well ' s ▁equations ▁of ▁elect romagnet ism ▁and ▁Sch r öd inger ' s ▁equation ▁for ▁the ▁electron . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁D . ▁B ǎ lean u ▁presented ▁the ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁as ▁a ▁const rained ▁system ▁within ▁fraction al ▁Riemann - Li ou ville ▁derivatives . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁A . ▁C . ▁R . ▁M endes , ▁C . ▁Ne ves , ▁W . ▁O live ira ▁and ▁F . I . ▁Tak ak ura ▁applied ▁the ▁Di rac ▁quant ization ▁condition ▁to ▁the ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁on ▁NC ▁spaces . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁D . ▁B ǎ lean u ▁published ▁the ▁Meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁and ▁Hamilton - Jac obi ▁formal ism ▁and ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁the ▁hidden ▁gauge ▁symmetry ▁was ▁analyz ed . ▁The ▁main ▁point ▁of ▁this ▁work ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁obtained ▁results ▁are ▁in ▁agreement ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁F ad de ev - Jack iw ▁approach . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Z . ▁Ak den iz , ▁P . ▁V ign olo ▁and ▁M . P . ▁T osi ▁published ▁the ▁paper ▁" Shell ▁structure ▁in ▁the ▁density ▁profile ▁of ▁a ▁rot ating ▁gas ▁of ▁spin - pol ar ized ▁ferm ions ". ▁The ▁authors ▁of ▁that ▁paper ▁study ▁a ▁F erm i ▁gas ▁of ▁spin - pol ar |
ized ▁charged ▁particles ▁in ▁a ▁uniform ▁magnetic ▁field , ▁under ▁conditions ▁such ▁that ▁the ▁C oul omb ▁interactions ▁can ▁be ▁neglect ed , ▁can ▁be ▁mapped ▁into ▁a ▁rot ating ▁F erm i ▁gas ▁of ▁neutral ▁atomic ▁particles ▁in ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁complete ▁spin ▁polar ization , ▁where ▁the ▁atom – atom ▁interactions ▁are ▁neg lig ible ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁Paul i ▁principle ▁suppress ing ▁s - wave ▁scatter ing . ▁The ▁interesting ▁part ▁here ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁authors ▁invoke ▁the ▁meta fl uid ▁dynamics ▁correspond ence ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁map . ▁ ▁References ▁B ǎ lean u ▁D . ▁Czech oslov ak ▁Journal ▁of ▁Physics , Vol . ▁ 5 4 , ▁No . ▁ 1 1 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁pp . 1 1 6 5 - 1 1 7 0 ▁B ǎ lean u ▁D . ▁Czech oslov ak ▁Journal ▁of ▁Physics , Vol . ▁ 5 5 , ▁No . ▁ 4 ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁pp . 4 7 3 ▁- ▁ 4 7 8 ▁Deb n ath ▁L . ▁Intern at . ▁J . ▁Math . ▁& ▁Math . ▁Sci ., ▁Vol . ▁ 2 2 , ▁No . ▁ 4 ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁pp . 6 6 7 – 6 8 8 ▁Mar man is ▁H . ▁On ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁tur bul ence ▁in ▁the ▁equilibrium ▁range , ▁Techn ical ▁Report , ▁Institute ▁de ▁M ec an ique ▁des ▁Fl u ides ▁de ▁Toul |
ouse ▁( IM FT ), ▁France , ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁Mar man is , ▁H . ▁Phys . ▁Fl u ids ▁Vol . ▁ 1 0 , ▁No . ▁ 6 , ▁pp . 1 4 2 8 - 1 4 3 7 ▁Mar man is ▁H . ▁Anal ogy ▁between ▁the ▁Elect romagnet ic ▁and ▁H yd rod ynamic ▁Equ ations : ▁Application ▁to ▁Tur bul ence , ▁Ph . D . ▁Th esis , ▁Brown ▁University ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁Mar man is , ▁H . ▁Phot ons : ▁Old ▁problems ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁new ▁ideas , ▁Ed . ▁V . V . ▁D vo eg laz ov , ▁Nova ▁Science ▁Publications ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁M endes ▁A . C . R ., ▁O live ira ▁W . ▁and ▁Tak ak ura ▁F . I . ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁M endes ▁A . C . R ., ▁Ne ves ▁C ., ▁O live ira ▁W . ▁and ▁Tak ak ura ▁F . I . ▁Bra z . ▁J . ▁Phys . ▁Vol . 3 3 , ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁M endes ▁A . C . R ., ▁Ne ves ▁C ., ▁O live ira ▁W . ▁and ▁Tak ak ura ▁F . I . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Sa ul , ▁L . ▁" Sp in ▁W aves ▁as ▁Met ric ▁in ▁a ▁Kin etic ▁Space - Time |
" ▁Physics ▁Let ters ▁A ▁ 3 1 4 ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁pp . 4 7 2 – 4 7 8 ▁ ▁Category : Fl uid ▁dynamics ▁Category : T ur bul ence <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁dec ath lon ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁World ▁Junior ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athletics ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Se oul , ▁Korea , ▁at ▁Olympic ▁Stadium ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁September . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Final ▁ 1 6 / 1 7 ▁September ▁ ▁Part icip ation ▁According ▁to ▁an ▁uno fficial ▁count , ▁ 2 0 ▁athlet es ▁from ▁ 1 6 ▁countries ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁event . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Dec ath lon ▁Category : Com b ined ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Athletics ▁U 2 0 ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁K iz h ap ar ay ar ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁in ▁Ker ala ▁state , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Me en ach il ▁Pan ch ay at ▁in ▁K ott ay am ▁district . ▁The ▁village ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁Me en ach il . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁traces ▁when ▁the ▁first ▁settlement ▁came ▁to ▁this ▁village . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁sp ars ely ▁populated ▁place . ▁K iz har ay ar ▁borders ▁with ▁Ed am att om ▁in ▁the ▁South , ▁Pal ak k adu ▁in ▁North , ▁Pala ▁in ▁the ▁west . ▁The ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁me en ch il |
▁is ▁B har an ang an am . ▁ ▁The ▁major ▁agricult ure ▁is ▁rub ber . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁Co con uts ▁and ▁T api oca ▁cultiv ations . ▁The ▁other ▁agricult ural ▁products ▁include ▁C ocoa ▁and ▁Ar can ut . ▁There ▁are ▁few ▁small ▁p addy ▁fields ▁also . ▁The ▁main ▁income ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁comes ▁from ▁Rub ber ▁plant ations ▁and ▁related ▁jobs . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁major ▁business ▁activities ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁k iz h ap ar ay ar . ▁ ▁People ▁belongs ▁to ▁ 2 ▁religious ▁faith s ▁- ▁Roman ▁C athol ics ▁( S y rian ▁Christians ) ▁and ▁H indu ism . ▁The ▁local ▁parish ▁is ▁St . ▁Greg or ios ▁Church ▁which ▁is ▁situated ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁A ▁Con vent , ▁Government ▁C lin ic , ▁Co - oper ative ▁bank ▁and ▁few ▁sh ops ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁forms ▁the ▁small ▁town ship . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁late x ▁processing ▁unit ▁also ▁running ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁rub ber ▁own ers ▁to ▁sell ▁late x . ▁There ▁are ▁ 2 ▁tem ples ▁also ▁in ▁K iz h ap ar ay ar . ▁ ▁The ▁nearest ▁town ▁is ▁Pala ▁which ▁is ▁about ▁ 4 km ▁from ▁K iz h ap ar ay ar . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁K ott ay am ▁district ▁Category : R ub ber ▁industry <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁episodes ▁for ▁the |
▁British ▁reality ▁series ▁The ▁Only ▁Way ▁Is ▁Es sex ▁that ▁first ▁a ired ▁on ▁I TV 2 ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁I TV Be , ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁series . ▁ ▁Series ▁over view ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 3 ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 4 ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 5 ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 6 ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 7 ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 8 ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 9 ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 0 ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 1 ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 2 ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 3 ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 4 ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 5 ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 6 ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 7 ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 8 ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 9 |
▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 0 ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 1 ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 2 ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 3 ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 4 ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 5 ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 5 th ▁series ▁of ▁The ▁Only ▁Way ▁Is ▁Es sex ▁began ▁air ing ▁on ▁I TV Be ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Spe ci als ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁British ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁episodes ▁Epis odes <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 6 2 – 6 3 ▁Norwegian ▁ 1 . ▁Div is jon ▁season ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁season ▁of ▁ice ▁hockey ▁in ▁Norway . ▁E ight ▁teams ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁league , ▁and ▁Val er eng a ▁I sh ockey ▁won ▁the ▁championship . ▁ ▁Reg ular ▁season ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Norwegian ▁Ice ▁Hockey ▁Federation ▁ ▁Nor ▁Category : GET - liga en ▁seasons ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁in ▁Norwegian ▁sport ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁in ▁Norwegian ▁sport <0x0A> </s> ▁Hard m oney ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Gra ves ▁County , ▁Kentucky , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁but |
▁it ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁Hard m oney ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁political ▁controvers y ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁over ▁the ▁gold ▁standard . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : G ra ves ▁County , ▁Kentucky <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar h op ala ▁cent aur us , ▁the ▁cent aur ▁o ak blue ▁or ▁d ull ▁o ak blue , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ly ca en id ▁or ▁blue ▁but ter fly ▁found ▁in ▁India ▁and ▁sout heast ▁Asia ▁to ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Sub species ▁A . ▁c . ▁cent aur us ▁ ▁K ange an , ▁Java , ▁B ali , ▁Lomb ok , ▁S umb awa , ▁Sum atra , ▁main land ▁New ▁Guinea , ▁Tor res ▁Stra it ▁islands , ▁northern ▁Australia ▁( QL D ), ▁Mo a ▁Is . ▁A . ▁c . ▁as opus ▁ ▁Water house ▁& ▁Ly ell , ▁[ 1 9 1 4 ] ▁▁ ▁northern ▁& ▁north western ▁Australia ▁( NT ), ▁K ool an ▁Is . ▁A . ▁c . ▁nak ula ▁ ▁( C . ▁& ▁R . ▁Fel der , ▁ 1 8 6 0 ) ▁▁ ▁Th ailand , ▁La os , ▁Vietnam , ▁H ain an , ▁S . Y unn an , ▁Mal ay ▁Pen ins ula , ▁Singapore , ▁Bor neo , ▁Sing ke p , ▁Sum atra , ▁Bel itung , ▁Bang ka ▁A . ▁c . ▁ag lais ▁ ▁C . ▁& ▁R . ▁Fel der , ▁[ 1 8 |
6 5 ] ▁▁ ▁Philippines ▁( L uz on , ▁Mind oro , ▁Mind ana o ) ▁A . ▁c . ▁cor usc ans ▁ ▁Wood - M ason ▁& ▁de ▁Nic é ville , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁▁ ▁And am ans ▁A . ▁c . ▁pir ama ▁ ▁( Mo ore , ▁[ 1 8 8 1 ]) ▁▁ ▁C ey lon , ▁South ▁India ▁A . ▁c . ▁pir ith ous ▁( ▁Moore , ▁[ 1 8 8 4 ]) ▁▁ ▁North ▁India , ▁Ass am , ▁S ik kim , ▁S . Ch ina , ▁H ain an ▁A . ▁c . ▁cent en it us ▁ ▁F ru h stor fer , ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁▁ ▁B atu , ▁P agi ▁A . ▁c . ▁dix oni ▁ ▁Eli ot , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁▁ ▁Malays ia ▁A . ▁c . ▁cu yo ensis ▁ ▁Sch r öder ▁& ▁T read away , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁▁ ▁Philippines ▁( C uy o ) ▁A . ▁c . ▁b ab uy ana ▁ ▁Sch r öder ▁& ▁T read away , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁Philippines ▁( B ab uy anes ) ▁A . ▁c . ▁dec im arie ▁ ▁Sch r öder ▁& ▁T read away , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁Philippines ▁( H omon hon ) ▁A . ▁c . ▁din ac ola ▁ ▁Sch r öder ▁& ▁T read away , ▁ 1 9 9 |
9 ▁ ▁Philippines ▁( D in ag at ) ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁The ▁lar va ▁fe eds ▁on ▁Terminal ia ▁t oment osa , ▁Terminal ia ▁pan icul ata , ▁L ager st ro emia ▁micro car pa ▁and ▁X yl ia ▁dol ab r iform is ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Ar h op ala ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁Singapore ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 5 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Johan ▁Christian ▁Fab r ici us <0x0A> </s> ▁Di h ydro test oster one ▁( D HT ) ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁▁ 5 α - D ih ydro test oster one ▁– ▁an ▁active ▁met abol ite ▁of ▁test oster one ▁and ▁pot ent ▁and ro gen ▁ster oid ▁h orm one ▁▁ 5 β - D ih ydro test oster one ▁– ▁an ▁in active ▁met abol ite ▁of ▁test oster one ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Test oster one ▁ ▁And ro stan edi ol ▁ ▁And ro stan ed ione <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Wed ding ▁Night ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁American ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁King ▁Vid or ▁and ▁st arring ▁Gary ▁Cooper ▁and ▁Anna ▁St en . ▁Writ ten ▁by ▁Ed ith ▁Fitz ger ald ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁story ▁by ▁Ed win ▁H . ▁Kn opf , ▁the ▁film ▁is ▁about ▁a ▁finan cially ▁stra pped ▁novel ist |
▁who ▁returns ▁to ▁his ▁country ▁home ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁looking ▁for ▁insp iration ▁for ▁his ▁next ▁novel ▁and ▁becomes ▁involved ▁with ▁a ▁beautiful ▁young ▁Polish ▁woman ▁and ▁her ▁family . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Gold w yn ▁and ▁fil med ▁at ▁Samuel ▁Gold w yn ▁Studios ▁from ▁early ▁November ▁to ▁early ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁March ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁received ▁generally ▁positive ▁reviews , ▁with ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁calling ▁it ▁" both ▁p ict orial ly ▁and ▁dram atically ▁striking ". ▁Despite ▁the ▁reviews , ▁the ▁film ▁did ▁poor ly ▁at ▁the ▁box ▁office , ▁ear ning ▁only ▁$ 1 7 4 , 0 8 1 . ▁King ▁Vid or ▁won ▁the ▁Vol pi ▁Cup ▁for ▁Best ▁Director ▁at ▁the ▁Ven ice ▁Film ▁Festival ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁The ▁Wed ding ▁Night ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁DVD ▁format ▁by ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Fox ▁Home ▁Entertainment ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁ 7 0 th ▁Berlin ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁dedicated ▁to ▁King ▁Vid or ' s ▁career . ▁ ▁Plot ▁New ▁York ▁novel ist ▁Tony ▁Bar rett ▁( G ary ▁Cooper ) ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁D ora ▁( H elen ▁Vin son ) ▁have ▁accum ulated ▁serious ▁deb ts |
▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁their ▁fast ▁and ▁aff lu ent ▁l ifest yle ▁in ▁the ▁big ▁city . ▁When ▁Tony ▁approaches ▁his ▁publish er ▁expecting ▁an ▁advance ▁on ▁his ▁new est ▁novel , ▁he ▁is ▁told ▁that ▁success ▁has ▁gone ▁to ▁his ▁head ▁and ▁the ▁novel ▁is ▁un publish able . ▁With ▁few ▁options ▁available , ▁Tony ▁and ▁D ora ▁move ▁to ▁his ▁family ' s ▁run - down ▁farm ▁in ▁Connecticut , ▁where ▁they ▁meet ▁his ▁neighb ors : ▁a ▁Polish ▁far mer , ▁Jan ▁Nov ak ▁( S ig ▁R uman ), ▁and ▁his ▁beautiful ▁daughter , ▁Many a ▁( An na ▁St en ). ▁Looking ▁to ▁expand ▁his ▁own ▁property , ▁Mr . ▁Nov ak ▁offers ▁Tony ▁$ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁a ▁field ▁border ing ▁the ▁Nov ak ▁farm , ▁and ▁the ▁author ▁eager ly ▁accepts . ▁With ▁their ▁fin ances ▁re pl en ished , ▁D ora ▁returns ▁to ▁New ▁York , ▁leaving ▁Tony ▁at ▁the ▁farm , ▁where ▁he ▁int ends ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁new ▁novel ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Nov aks ▁and ▁their ▁friends . ▁ ▁S omet ime ▁later , ▁Tony ▁and ▁Many a ▁are ▁at ▁his ▁house ▁discuss ing ▁her ▁bet ro th al ▁to ▁Fred rik ▁( R alph ▁Bell amy ), ▁the ▁young ▁man ▁chosen ▁by ▁her ▁father ▁to ▁be ▁her ▁husband . ▁A ▁d run ken ▁Tony ▁tells ▁Many a ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁the ▁young ▁man , ▁and ▁makes ▁suggest ive ▁remarks ▁that ▁anger ▁her . |
▁The ▁following ▁day , ▁Tony ▁apolog izes ▁to ▁Many a ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁begin ▁a ▁close ▁friendship . ▁After ▁Tony ' s ▁servant ▁leaves ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁New ▁York , ▁Many a ▁begins ▁sp ending ▁more ▁time ▁at ▁Tony ' s ▁farm ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁fall ▁in ▁love , ▁just ▁like ▁the ▁characters ▁in ▁his ▁new ▁novel , ▁Stephen ▁and ▁Sony a . ▁Fred rik ▁soon ▁lear ns ▁that ▁Many a ▁has ▁been ▁seeing ▁Tony ▁at ▁his ▁farm , ▁and ▁he ▁and ▁her ▁father ▁forb id ▁her ▁from ▁seeing ▁Tony ▁again . ▁Ign oring ▁their ▁orders , ▁Many a ▁continues ▁to ▁spend ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁novel ist ▁at ▁his ▁house . ▁One ▁evening , ▁a ▁snow ▁storm ▁prevents ▁Many a ▁from ▁returning ▁home . ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁Mr . ▁Nov ak ▁an gr ily ▁confront s ▁Tony ▁at ▁his ▁farm . ▁Later , ▁he ▁dem ands ▁that ▁Many a ▁marry ▁Fred rik ▁the ▁following ▁Monday . ▁When ▁Many a ▁tells ▁him ▁that ▁she ▁will ▁not ▁spend ▁her ▁life ▁being ▁an ▁un pa id ▁servant ▁like ▁her ▁mother , ▁Nov ak ▁sla ps ▁her . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁day , ▁D ora ▁arriv es ▁back ▁at ▁the ▁farm , ▁telling ▁her ▁husband ▁that ▁she ▁missed ▁him ▁ter rib ly ▁during ▁their ▁separation . ▁D ora ▁he ars ▁stories ▁about ▁the ▁previous ▁night , ▁and ▁hopes ▁that ▁they ▁mean ▁nothing . ▁When ▁she ▁reads ▁his ▁new ▁manuscript , ▁however , ▁she ▁suspect s ▁that ▁the ▁love ▁affair ▁between ▁the ▁characters ▁of ▁Stephen ▁and ▁Sony |
a ▁reflect ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁own ▁feelings ▁for ▁Many a . ▁On ▁the ▁night ▁before ▁her ▁wed ding , ▁Many a ▁goes ▁to ▁see ▁Tony , ▁but ▁finds ▁D ora ▁instead . ▁The ▁two ▁speak ▁about ▁Tony ' s ▁new ▁novel ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁will ▁end — both ▁real izing ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁really ▁speaking ▁about ▁their ▁own ▁lives . ▁D ora ▁tells ▁Many a ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁sure ▁that ▁Stephen ' s ▁wife ▁will ▁not ▁give ▁up ▁her ▁husband , ▁but ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁feel ▁sorry ▁for ▁Sony a . ▁Many a ▁tells ▁her ▁about ▁the ▁up coming ▁wed ding , ▁and ▁then ▁leaves . ▁ ▁When ▁Tony ▁returns ▁home , ▁he ▁asks ▁D ora ▁for ▁a ▁divor ce , ▁but ▁she ▁ref uses , ▁telling ▁him ▁that ▁his ▁novel ▁should ▁end ▁with ▁Sony a ▁marry ing ▁her ▁Polish ▁f ian cé . ▁The ▁next ▁day , ▁after ▁learning ▁that ▁Many a ▁and ▁Fred rik ▁are ▁getting ▁married , ▁Tony ▁goes ▁to ▁the ▁wed ding ▁party ▁and ▁d ances ▁with ▁Many a . ▁Later , ▁a ▁d run ken ▁Fred rik , ▁anger ed ▁by ▁his ▁f ian cé ' s ▁lack ▁of ▁passion ▁and ▁interest ▁on ▁their ▁wed ding ▁night , ▁storm s ▁out ▁of ▁their ▁bed room ▁and ▁goes ▁to ▁Tony ' s ▁house ▁to ▁confront ▁the ▁man ▁he ▁suspect s ▁is ▁to ▁bl ame . ▁Many a ▁follows ▁him ▁to ▁Tony ' s ▁house , ▁where ▁she ▁attempts ▁to ▁stop ▁Fred rik ▁from ▁fighting ▁with ▁Tony ▁on ▁the |
▁st airs . ▁During ▁the ▁struggle , ▁Many a ▁falls ▁down ▁the ▁st airs ▁and ▁is ▁seriously ▁injured . ▁Tony ▁car ries ▁her ▁to ▁the ▁par lor , ▁where ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁he ▁lov es ▁her , ▁just ▁before ▁she ▁dies . ▁Later , ▁D ora ▁tells ▁Tony ▁that ▁he ▁can ▁now ▁see ▁Many a ▁priv ately . ▁Gaz ing ▁out ▁the ▁window , ▁Tony ▁tells ▁her ▁about ▁how ▁full ▁of ▁life ▁Many a ▁was ▁and ▁imag ines ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁w aving ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Gary ▁Cooper ▁as ▁Tony ▁Bar rett ▁ ▁Anna ▁St en ▁as ▁Many a ▁Nov ak ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Bell amy ▁as ▁Fred rik ▁Sob ies ki ▁ ▁Helen ▁Vin son ▁as ▁D ora ▁Bar rett ▁ ▁Sig ▁R uman ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Jan ▁Nov ak ▁ ▁Est her ▁D ale ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Ka ise ▁Nov ak ▁▁ ▁Leon id ▁S nego ff ▁as ▁Sob ies ki ▁▁ ▁Ele an or ▁W essel ho eft ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Sob ies ki ▁▁ ▁M illa ▁D aven port ▁as ▁Grand m other ▁▁ ▁Ag nes ▁Anderson ▁as ▁Hel ena ▁▁ ▁H ilda ▁V aug hn ▁as ▁He z zie ▁Jones ▁▁ ▁Walter ▁B ren nan ▁as ▁Bill ▁Jenkins ▁ ▁Production ▁Anna ▁St en ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁American ▁movie ▁mog ul ▁Samuel ▁Gold w yn ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁while ▁the ▁actress ▁was ▁still ▁making ▁films ▁in ▁Germany . ▁Born ▁in ▁K iev ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁An j |
usch ka ▁St ens ki ▁began ▁her ▁career ▁making ▁films ▁for ▁Me zh rab pom - Russ ▁film ▁studio , ▁becoming ▁the ▁prote ge ▁of ▁director ▁Fed or ▁O ze p , ▁who ▁became ▁her ▁husband . ▁They ▁moved ▁to ▁Berlin ▁and ▁began ▁making ▁films ▁there . ▁Gold w yn ▁had ▁been ▁looking ▁for ▁a ▁foreign - born ▁actress ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁build ▁up ▁as ▁the ▁rival ▁of ▁Gre ta ▁Gar bo , ▁and ▁possible ▁successor ▁to ▁Vil ma ▁B án ky , ▁with ▁whom ▁Gold w yn ▁had ▁great ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁silent ▁era . ▁He ▁brought ▁her ▁to ▁America ▁and ▁signed ▁her ▁to ▁a ▁four - year ▁contract , ▁sp ending ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁having ▁his ▁new ▁star ▁t utor ed ▁in ▁English ▁and ▁teaching ▁her ▁Hollywood ▁screen ▁acting ▁methods . ▁He ▁pou red ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁time ▁and ▁money ▁into ▁her ▁first ▁American ▁film , ▁N ana ▁( 1 9 3 4 ), ▁a ▁somewhat ▁hom ogen ized ▁version ▁of ▁É mile ▁Z ola ' s ▁sc and alous ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁novel . ▁However , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁not ▁successful ▁at ▁the ▁box ▁office , ▁nor ▁was ▁her ▁subsequent ▁Gold w yn ▁film , ▁We ▁Live ▁Again ▁( 1 9 3 4 ). ▁Gold w yn ▁decided ▁to ▁pair ▁her ▁with ▁Gary ▁Cooper ▁for ▁her ▁third ▁American ▁film . ▁ ▁The ▁Wed ding ▁Night ▁was ▁fil med ▁at ▁Samuel ▁Gold w yn ▁Studios ▁in ▁West ▁Hollywood , ▁California ▁from ▁early ▁November ▁to ▁early ▁December ▁ 1 9 |
3 4 . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁originally ▁titled ▁Bro ken ▁So il . ▁When ▁director ▁King ▁Vid or ▁began ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁with ▁Cooper , ▁he ▁was ▁initially ▁disappoint ed ▁and ▁the ▁actor ' s ▁apparent ▁" m umb ling ▁and ▁st umb ling " ▁style . ▁When ▁he ▁viewed ▁foot age ▁from ▁that ▁first ▁day , ▁however , ▁the ▁director ▁was ▁surprised ▁to ▁see ▁" a ▁performance ▁that ▁overflow ed ▁with ▁charm ▁and ▁person ality ▁... ▁a ▁highly ▁complex ▁and ▁fasc in ating ▁inner ▁person ality ▁revealed ▁itself ▁on ▁the ▁projection ▁room ▁screen ". ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁Wed ding ▁Night ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁March ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁In ▁his ▁review ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁Andre ▁F enn wald ▁pra ised ▁the ▁film ▁for ▁its ▁" un comm only ▁adult ▁style ", ▁calling ▁it ▁" both ▁p ict orial ly ▁and ▁dram atically ▁striking ". ▁F enn wald ▁also ▁noted ▁the ▁" uniform ly ▁expert " ▁performances ▁by ▁Cooper ▁who ▁" cont in ues ▁to ▁reve al ▁a ▁ref res hing ▁sense ▁of ▁humor ▁in ▁his ▁work ", ▁the ▁" high ly ▁tal ented " ▁St en , ▁and ▁Vin son ▁who ▁is ▁" ex cell ently ▁right ▁as ▁the ▁wife , ▁playing ▁the ▁part ▁with ▁such ▁intelligence ▁and ▁sympathy ▁that ▁she ▁cont ributes ▁definitely ▁to ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁clim ax ". ▁F enn wald ▁con cludes : ▁ ▁The ▁Wed ding ▁Night ▁has ▁received ▁generally |
▁favor able ▁reviews ▁from ▁recent ▁film ▁critics . ▁In ▁his ▁review ▁for ▁the ▁Im mort al ▁E ph em era ▁website , ▁Cl iff ▁Ali per ti ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁eight ▁out ▁of ▁ten ▁stars , ▁calling ▁it ▁a ▁" f rank ▁rom ance " ▁with ▁" stand out ▁performances " ▁by ▁Gary ▁Cooper , ▁Anna ▁St en , ▁and ▁Helen ▁Vin son . ▁Ali per ti ▁pra ises ▁Cooper ' s ▁" qu iet ▁intensity , ▁his ▁lov able ▁cl ums iness ▁at ▁close ▁qu arters , ▁and ▁his ▁strong ▁sense ▁of ▁will ▁power ". ▁He ▁reject s ▁contemporary ▁views ▁of ▁St en ▁as ▁" G old w yn ' s ▁Fol ly " ▁not ing ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁" at ▁her ▁best ▁in ▁the ▁more ▁universal ▁silent ▁moments , ▁where ▁she ▁can ▁really ▁em ote ". ▁He ▁also ▁called ▁Vin son ' s ▁port ray al ▁of ▁D ora ▁" the ▁best ▁performance ▁I ' ve ▁ever ▁seen ▁[ her ] ▁give ". ▁Ali per ti ▁is ▁equally ▁im pressed ▁with ▁Vid or ' s ▁direction , ▁obser ving ▁that ▁it ▁" add s ▁an ▁impress ive ▁slice ▁of ▁Amer icana ▁to ▁an ▁overall ▁output ▁that ▁forever ▁capt ures ▁the ▁America ▁of ▁his ▁time ". ▁Ali per ti ▁con cludes : ▁" The ▁Wed ding ▁Night ▁is ▁well - act ed , ▁touch ing , ▁shock ing ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁sp ots , ▁and ▁m ature , ▁with ▁interesting ▁visual s ▁provided ▁especially ▁by ▁the ▁Polish ▁ceremony ▁of ▁the ▁title . |
▁An ▁exc iting ▁movie ▁to ▁view ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ." ▁ ▁TV ▁Guide ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁three ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁stars , ▁not ing , ▁" Al though ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁art istic ▁mer it — G old w yn ' s ▁influence , ▁Vid or ' s ▁director ial ▁skill , ▁and ▁Tol and ' s ▁sharp ▁phot ography — it ▁fell ▁victim ▁to ▁ind ifference ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁mov iego ers ▁... ▁[ and ] ▁just ▁didn ' t ▁make ▁much ▁of ▁an ▁impression ▁on ▁the ▁De pression - era ▁aud ien ces ." ▁Jer emy ▁Heil man ▁on ▁the ▁Movie Mart yr ▁website ▁called ▁the ▁film ▁" a ▁satisfying , ▁if ▁un exception al , ▁mel od rama ▁bu oy ed ▁by ▁its ▁performances ". ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁The ▁film ▁earned ▁a ▁box ▁office ▁gross ▁of ▁only ▁$ 1 7 4 , 0 8 1 ▁( ). ▁The ▁film ▁became ▁known ▁around ▁Hollywood ▁as ▁" G old w yn ' s ▁Last ▁St en ". ▁After ▁the ▁public ▁failed ▁to ▁em brace ▁his ▁Ukrain ian ▁actress , ▁Gold w yn ▁informed ▁St en ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁susp ending ▁her ▁contract . ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁Ven ice ▁Film ▁Festival ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Director ▁( K ing ▁Vid or ) ▁W on ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁The ▁Wed ding ▁Night ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁DVD ▁format ▁by ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Fox ▁Home ▁Entertainment ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ |
2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁King ▁Vid or ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁Category : Sam uel ▁Gold w yn ▁Produ ctions ▁films ▁Category : American ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁S utton ▁( 1 9 2 7 - 1 9 8 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁sport sp erson . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁hur ling ▁with ▁his ▁local ▁club ▁M ull in av at ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Kil ken ny ▁senior ▁inter - count y ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁ ▁With ▁Kil ken ny ▁S utton ▁won ▁an ▁All - I reland ▁title ▁and ▁three ▁Le in ster ▁titles . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : K il ken ny ▁inter - count y ▁h url ers ▁Category : All - I reland ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁w inners ▁Category : P oss ibly ▁living ▁people ▁Category : M ull in av at ▁h url ers ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁C log m ia ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁d rain ▁f lies ▁in ▁the ▁sub family ▁Psych od inae . ▁ ▁Species ▁Species ▁within ▁this ▁genus ▁include : ▁▁▁ ▁C log m ia ▁alb ip |
unct ata ▁( Will ist on , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ) ▁▁ ▁C log m ia ▁lat ip ennis ▁( S ar à , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁▁ ▁C log m ia ▁tr ist is ▁( Me igen , ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P s ych od idae ▁Category : P s ych od om or pha ▁gener a ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Gün ther ▁End er lein <0x0A> </s> ▁Man ▁of ▁the ▁Century ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Adam ▁Abraham ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Abraham ▁and ▁Gib son ▁Fra z ier . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Fra z ier , ▁Car a ▁Bu ono , ▁Susan ▁E gan , ▁D w ight ▁E well ▁and ▁Anthony ▁R app . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁far ce ▁about ▁the ▁att itudes , ▁values , ▁and ▁sl ang ▁displayed ▁in ▁the ▁popular ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁( and , ▁to ▁some ▁extent , ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ). ▁Man ▁of ▁the ▁Century ▁was ▁fil med ▁in ▁black ▁and ▁white . ▁Its ▁working ▁title ▁was ▁" John ny ▁Tw enn ies ". ▁ ▁Char acters ▁▁ ▁The ▁main ▁characters ▁include : ▁Johnny ▁Tw enn ies ▁– ▁( G ib son ▁Fra z ier ) ▁A ▁lov able , ▁good - looking , ▁fast - t alk ing ▁newspaper ▁rep orter ▁whose ▁manner ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁a |
▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁pul p ▁character . ▁Virginia ▁C lem ens ▁- ▁( C ara ▁Bu ono ) ▁A ▁sweet ▁girl ▁who ▁has ▁an ▁innoc ent ▁school - g irl ▁cr ush ▁on ▁Johnny . ▁Sam anth a ▁Winter ▁- ▁( S us an ▁E gan ) ▁Johnny ' s ▁modern ▁girl friend . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Sur la ▁Road ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁Kh ur da ▁Road – Vis akh apat nam ▁section , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁How rah - Ch en na i ▁main ▁line ▁under ▁Kh ur da ▁Road ▁railway ▁division ▁of ▁East ▁Coast ▁Railway ▁zone . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁at ▁Sur la ▁in ▁Gan j am ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁Od ish a . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁the ▁coast al ▁railway ▁track ▁from ▁C utt ack ▁to ▁V ij ay aw ada ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁opened ▁to ▁traffic ▁by ▁East ▁Coast ▁State ▁Railway . ▁The ▁route ▁was ▁elect r ified ▁in ▁several ▁phases . ▁Kh ur da - Vis akh apat nam ▁section ▁was ▁completely ▁elect r ified ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁How rah - Ch en na i ▁route ▁was ▁fully ▁elect r ified ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Gan j am ▁district ▁Category : K h ur da ▁Road ▁railway ▁division <0x0A> </s> ▁Patrick ▁W ym ark ▁( 1 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 6 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁stage , ▁film ▁and ▁television ▁actor . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁W ym ark ▁was ▁born ▁Patrick ▁Carl ▁Che es eman ▁in ▁Cle eth or pes , ▁Lincoln shire . ▁He ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁Gr ims by ▁and ▁frequently ▁revis ited ▁the ▁area ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁Catholic ▁School ▁and ▁Win tring ham ▁Boys ' ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁in ▁Gr ims by , ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁and ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁mid ship man ▁in ▁the ▁Mediter rane an . ▁On ▁leaving ▁the ▁n avy , ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁government ▁grant ▁to ▁study ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁London , ▁where ▁he ▁read ▁English ▁and ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁university ' s ▁dram atic ▁society . ▁ ▁Career ▁W ym ark ▁trained ▁at ▁the ▁Br istol ▁Old ▁Vic ▁Theatre ▁School ▁and ▁making ▁his ▁first ▁stage ▁appearance ▁in ▁a ▁walk - on ▁part ▁in ▁O th ello ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁He ▁tou red ▁South ▁Africa ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁and ▁then ▁directed ▁plays ▁for ▁the ▁drama ▁department ▁at ▁Stan ford ▁University , ▁California . ▁ ▁After ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁Shakespeare ▁Memorial ▁Theatre ▁in ▁Str at ford - up on - Av on , |
▁W ym ark ▁played ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁Shakespeare an ▁roles , ▁including ▁Dog berry ▁in ▁Much ▁A do ▁About ▁Nothing , ▁Steph ano ▁in ▁The ▁Temp est , ▁Mar ull us ▁in ▁Julius ▁Ca esar ▁and ▁B ottom ▁in ▁A ▁Mid sum mer ▁Night ' s ▁Dream . ▁Other ▁stage ▁cred its ▁included ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁D anton ' s ▁Death ▁and , ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Shakespeare ▁Company ▁( R SC ), ▁E phi hod ov ▁in ▁The ▁Cher ry ▁Or ch ard . ▁His ▁theatre ▁roles ▁also ▁included ▁Bos ola ▁in ▁a ▁R SC ▁production ▁of ▁John ▁Web ster ' s ▁The ▁Duch ess ▁of ▁M alf i ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁television , ▁W ym ark ▁was ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁the ▁mach ia vel li an ▁business man ▁John ▁W ilder ▁in ▁the ▁tw in ▁drama ▁series ▁The ▁Pl ane ▁Mak ers ▁and ▁The ▁Power ▁Game ▁( which ▁were ▁broadcast ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁offers ▁of ▁real ▁company ▁director ships ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Academy ▁Television ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁However , ▁W ym ark ▁was ▁a ▁gentle ▁person ▁in ▁real ▁life ▁and ▁was , ▁by ▁his ▁own ▁ad mission , ▁ignor ant ▁of ▁business ▁matters . ▁He ▁considered ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁W ilder ▁a ▁" b ast ard " ▁and ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Ol wen ▁as ▁" the ▁most |
▁in efficient , ▁dream y ▁mud d ler ▁in ▁the ▁world ." ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 6 0 s , ▁W ym ark ▁was ▁considered ▁as ▁the ▁replacement ▁for ▁William ▁Hart nell ▁in ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁of ▁Doctor ▁Who . ▁ ▁W ym ark ' s ▁film ▁appearances ▁included : ▁Children ▁of ▁the ▁Dam ned ▁( 1 9 6 4 ), ▁Operation ▁Cross bow ▁( 1 9 6 5 ), ▁Rep ulsion ▁( 1 9 6 5 ), ▁Where ▁E ag les ▁D are ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁W itch find er ▁General ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Do ppel g änger ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁The ▁Blood ▁on ▁Sat an ' s ▁Cla w ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁and ▁C rom well ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁W ym ark ▁married ▁American ▁play w right ▁Ol wen ▁Buck ▁( known ▁as ▁Ol wen ▁W ym ark ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ; ▁the ▁couple ▁met ▁while ▁both ▁were ▁students ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁London . ▁He ▁took ▁his ▁acting ▁name ▁from ▁his ▁wife ' s ▁pat ernal ▁grand father , ▁the ▁writer ▁William ▁W ym ark ▁Jacob s . ▁The ▁couple ▁lived ▁in ▁Parliament ▁Hill , ▁H amp st ead , ▁and ▁had ▁four ▁children , ▁including ▁the ▁future ▁actress ▁Jane ▁W ym ark . ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁brother , ▁John ▁Che es eman . ▁ ▁W ym ark |
▁died ▁suddenly ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁aged ▁ 4 4 , ▁of ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁in ▁the ▁hotel ▁room ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁stay ing . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁due ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁play ▁ ▁S le uth ▁at ▁the ▁Com edy ▁Theatre ▁three ▁days ▁later . ▁On ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁his ▁death , ▁he ▁was ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁TV ▁variety ▁programme ▁In ▁Melbourne ▁Ton ight . ▁He , ▁guest ▁Richard ▁De acon ▁and ▁host ▁Stuart ▁W ag st aff ▁had ▁just ▁appeared ▁together ▁in ▁a ▁TV ▁production ▁of ▁Hans ▁Christian ▁Anders en ▁stories , ▁and ▁his ▁non - app earance ▁led ▁to ▁several ▁j okes ▁by ▁W ag st aff ▁and ▁De acon . ▁Host ▁W ag st aff ▁was ▁informed ▁of ▁W ym ark ' s ▁death ▁mid - way ▁through ▁the ▁programme ▁and ▁announced ▁it ▁at ▁the ▁end . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁High gate ▁C emetery ▁in ▁London . ▁W ym ark ▁View — located ▁in ▁his ▁home ▁town , ▁Gr ims by — is ▁named ▁after ▁him . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁ ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Gent le men ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁as ▁W yl ie ▁ ▁The ▁C riminal ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁as ▁Sol ▁ ▁West ▁ 1 1 ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁as ▁Father ▁Hog an ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Syn , ▁Ali as ▁the ▁Sc are c row ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) |
▁as ▁Jo es ph ▁R ans ley ▁ ▁Children ▁of ▁the ▁Dam ned ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁as ▁Commander ▁▁ ▁The ▁Secret ▁of ▁Blood ▁Island ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁as ▁Major ▁Jo como ▁ ▁Operation ▁Cross bow ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁W inst on ▁Church ill ▁ ▁Rep ulsion ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁as ▁Land l ord ▁▁ ▁The ▁Sk ull ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁as ▁Marco ▁ ▁The ▁Psych op ath ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁as ▁Ins pect or ▁H ollow ay ▁ ▁Woman ▁Times ▁Seven ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁as ▁Henri ▁( segment ▁" At ▁The ▁Opera ") ▁ ▁Tell ▁Me ▁L ies ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁as ▁Gu est ▁ ▁W itch find er ▁General ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁as ▁C rom well ▁ ▁Where ▁E ag les ▁D are ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁as ▁Colonel ▁Wy att ▁Turner ▁ ▁Do ppel g änger ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁( altern ative ▁title : ▁J our ney ▁to ▁the ▁Far ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ) ▁as ▁Jason ▁Web b ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁as ▁Air ▁Vice ▁Marsh al ▁Tra ff ord ▁Le igh - M all ory ▁ ▁C rom well ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁as ▁The ▁Earl ▁of ▁Stra ff ord ▁ ▁The ▁Blood ▁on ▁Sat an ' s ▁Cla w ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) |
▁as ▁The ▁Judge ▁▁ ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁as ▁Christian ▁Hol m ▁( final ▁film ▁role ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁University ▁College ▁London ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Br istol ▁Old ▁Vic ▁Theatre ▁School ▁Category : B AF TA ▁w inners ▁( people ) ▁Category : Best ▁A ctor ▁B AF TA ▁Award ▁( tele vision ) ▁w inners ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁High gate ▁C emetery ▁Category : English ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁people ▁of ▁Finn ish ▁descent ▁Category : English ▁theatre ▁direct ors ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Cle eth or pes ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Gr ims by ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Shakespeare ▁Company ▁members ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁of ▁Finn ish ▁descent ▁Category : English ▁Roman ▁C athol ics <0x0A> </s> ▁K har est an - e ▁O ly a ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Kh ā rest ā n - e ▁‘ O ly ā ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Kh ā r ▁s ū n ▁‘ O ly ā ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁How me h ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Be h bah an ▁County , |
▁Kh uz est an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 0 , ▁in ▁ 2 2 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Be h bah an ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Philipp a ▁York ▁( born ▁Robert ▁Mill ar ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁journalist ▁and ▁former ▁professional ▁road ▁racing ▁cycl ist . ▁ ▁York , ▁who ▁competed ▁as ▁Robert ▁Mill ar , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁Britain ' s ▁most ▁successful ▁cycl ists ▁of ▁all ▁time . ▁York ▁won ▁the ▁" K ing ▁of ▁the ▁Mountains " ▁competition ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁and ▁finished ▁fourth ▁overall . ▁This ▁success ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁a ▁British ▁r ider ▁won ▁a ▁major ▁Tour ▁classification , ▁and ▁was ▁un sur pass ed ▁as ▁the ▁highest ▁Tour ▁finish ▁for ▁a ▁Brit on ▁ ▁for ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁until ▁Brad ley ▁W igg ins ▁was ▁ret ros pect ively ▁placed ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁York ▁rode ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁eleven ▁times , ▁comple ting ▁the ▁race ▁eight ▁times . ▁ ▁York ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁G iro ▁d ' Italia ▁and ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁the ▁Mountains ▁classification . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁highest ▁finish ▁by ▁a ▁Brit on ▁in ▁the ▁G iro ▁d ' Italia ▁until ▁Chris ▁Fro ome ▁won ▁the |
▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁race . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁G iro ▁second - place ▁finish , ▁York ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁two ▁other ▁Grand ▁T ours : ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁España . ▁The ▁second ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁V uel ta ▁came ▁after ▁losing ▁the ▁leader ' s ▁j er sey ▁on ▁the ▁pen ult imate ▁stage , ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁widely ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁coll usion ▁by ▁the ▁Spanish - spe aking ▁teams . ▁Further ▁vict ories ▁came ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya , ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré . ▁ ▁After ▁ret iring ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁York ▁moved ▁into ▁journal ism , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁sp ending ▁a ▁year ▁as ▁a ▁coach ▁for ▁British ▁Cy cling . ▁She ▁reduced ▁her ▁public ▁commit ments ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁following ▁host ile ▁stories ▁regarding ▁rum ours ▁of ▁her ▁gender ▁transition , ▁and ▁after ▁an ▁appearance ▁as ▁Mill ar ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁left ▁public ▁life ▁altogether . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 s , ▁having ▁transition ed ▁to ▁living ▁as ▁York , ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁journal ism , ▁publishing ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Robert ▁Mill ar ▁until ▁a ▁decision ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁television ▁comment |
ary ▁and ▁reve al ▁her ▁transition ▁public ly ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁amateur ▁career ▁ ▁York ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Glasgow , ▁Scotland , ▁as ▁Robert ▁Mill ar . ▁At ▁one ▁time ▁dest ined ▁for ▁a ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁factory ▁engineer , ▁York ▁attended ▁Shaw lands ▁Academy ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁York ▁revealed ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁first ▁felt ▁" d ifferent " ▁aged ▁five , ▁but ▁was ▁una ware ▁that ▁this ▁difference ▁came ▁from ▁dis com fort ▁with ▁her ▁gender . ▁ ▁She ▁initially ▁began ▁r iding ▁for ▁Glen mar no ck ▁W heel ers ▁cy cling ▁club ▁and ▁quickly ▁established ▁herself ▁as ▁a ▁leading ▁amateur ▁road ▁racing ▁r ider . ▁As ▁Robert ▁Mill ar , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁man ▁meaning ▁she ▁had ▁compar atively ▁less ▁weight ▁to ▁carry ▁u ph ill ▁and ▁she ▁excel led ▁as ▁a ▁special ist ▁hill ▁and ▁mountain ▁cycl ist . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁Scottish ▁junior ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁and ▁was ▁Scottish ▁hill - cl imb ▁champion ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁York ▁established ▁herself ▁on ▁the ▁British ▁scene . ▁She ▁was ▁twenty - first ▁in ▁the ▁Mil k ▁Race , ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁British ▁amateur ▁road ▁race ▁championship . ▁She ▁moved ▁to ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Athlet ic ▁Club ▁de ▁Bou log ne ▁Bill anc ourt ▁( A . C . |
B . B .), ▁one ▁of ▁Europe ' s ▁top ▁amateur ▁teams . ▁York ▁was ▁as ▁ever ▁focused ▁and ▁quickly ▁began ▁winning ▁races ▁such ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁de ▁la ▁Ville ▁de ▁L ill ers . ▁This ▁success ▁brought ▁her ▁the ▁adm iration ▁of ▁her ▁A . C . B . B . ▁manager ▁Claude ▁Es cal on . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁after ▁retain ing ▁her ▁British ▁road ▁title , ▁taking ▁fourth ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁amateur ▁road ▁championship , ▁claim ing ▁five ▁wins ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁winning ▁the ▁French ▁' Best ▁Am ateur ' ▁Tro phy , ▁she ▁turned ▁professional ▁for ▁the ▁Pe uge ot ▁cy cling ▁team , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁clim bing ▁special ist ▁focused ▁on ▁single - day ▁road ▁races ▁and ▁stage ▁races ▁in ▁h illy ▁or ▁mountain ous ▁terrain . ▁York ▁was ▁happy ▁to ▁travel ▁abroad ▁and ▁wasn ' t ▁homes ick . ▁As ▁Mill ar , ▁she ▁married ▁a ▁French ▁woman ▁and ▁lived ▁with ▁her ▁in ▁France . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 8 2 : ▁Early ▁years ▁ ▁York ' s ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁debut ▁pro ▁season ▁included ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁du ▁V au cl use ▁to ▁Michel ▁Laurent ▁and ▁e ighth ▁in ▁a ▁race ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁would ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁overall ▁in ▁her ▁career ▁seven ▁times , ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie . ▁Return ing ▁home ▁for ▁the ▁UK ▁National ▁Championship , ▁she ▁finished ▁fifth . ▁In ▁ |
1 9 8 1 ▁she ▁improved ▁one ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁year ▁before ▁with ▁her ▁sevent h ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie . ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁was ▁her ▁first ▁prominent ▁finish ▁in ▁another ▁race ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁would ▁again ▁consist ently ▁impress , ▁the ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré . ▁York ▁finished ▁sevent h ▁as ▁per ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁six ▁occasions ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁would ▁end ▁the ▁D au ph iné ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁in ▁the ▁General ▁Classification . 1 9 8 2 ▁saw ▁York ▁again ▁finish ▁sevent h ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁under - 2 3 ▁Tour ▁de ▁l ' A venir ▁being ▁opened ▁to ▁profession als , ▁York ▁finished ▁second ▁to ▁Greg ▁Le M ond . ▁▁ 1 9 8 3 : ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁debut ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁York ▁came ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁with ▁Le M ond ▁again ▁finishing ▁a ▁place ▁above ▁her . ▁With ▁her ▁impress ive ▁June ▁showing ▁in ▁the ▁D au ph ine , ▁York ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁Any ▁hopes ▁of ▁a ▁high ▁placing ▁in ▁the ▁tour ▁General ▁Classification ▁ended ▁on ▁stage ▁three ▁when ▁she ▁crash ed ▁losing ▁sevent een ▁minutes . ▁ 1 1 ▁July ▁was ▁that ▁year ' s ▁tour ▁first ▁mountain ous ▁race |
▁crossing ▁the ▁A ub is que , ▁Tour ma let , ▁Asp in , ▁and ▁P ey res our de ▁in ▁the ▁Py ren ees ▁on ▁stage ▁ten . ▁The ▁only ▁Py rene an ▁stage ▁of ▁that ▁tour , ▁York ▁won ▁the ▁day ▁six ▁seconds ▁ahead ▁of ▁Pedro ▁Del g ado . ▁York ▁finished ▁four teenth ▁overall , ▁twenty - three ▁minutes ▁behind ▁the ▁winner , ▁Laurent ▁F ignon ▁and ▁sand wich ed ▁in ▁between ▁two ▁rid ers ▁who ▁would ▁figure ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁her ▁career , ▁Stephen ▁Ro che ▁in ▁th ir teenth ▁and ▁Del g ado ▁in ▁fif teenth . ▁York ' s ▁debut ▁grand ▁tour ▁gave ▁her ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁mountains ▁classification , ▁one ▁place ▁above ▁Del g ado ▁like ▁in ▁the ▁General ▁Classification ▁with ▁Luci en ▁Van ▁Im pe ▁taking ▁the ▁pol ka ▁dot ▁j er sey . ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 : ▁York ' s ▁best ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁saw ▁continued ▁improvement . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁season ▁Paris – N ice , ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁team - m ates ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁stage ▁four ▁team ▁time ▁trial . ▁Two ▁days ▁later ▁York ▁finished ▁second ▁on ▁a ▁ ▁stage ▁ending ▁on ▁Mont ▁Vent oux ▁putting ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁overall ▁lead ▁at ▁that ▁point . ▁She ▁ended ▁the ▁race ▁in ▁sixth ▁overall ▁behind ▁winner ▁Se an ▁Kelly , ▁Stephen ▁Ro che , ▁Bernard ▁H ina ult , ▁Michel ▁Laurent ▁and ▁Phil ▁Anderson . ▁In ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁second ▁stage |
▁at ▁Cr ans ▁Mont ana ▁she ▁beat ▁Pascal ▁Simon ▁into ▁second ▁place . ▁Ro che ▁won ▁the ▁race ▁with ▁York ▁finishing ▁in ▁fifth . ▁York ▁took ▁the ▁mountains ▁competition . ▁York ▁also ▁enjoyed ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁du ▁M idi ▁Lib re ▁winning ▁a ▁stage ▁and ▁finishing ▁fourth ▁overall . ▁Then ▁came ▁York ' s ▁best ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁Stage ▁eleven ▁again ▁began ▁at ▁P au . ▁After ▁crossing ▁the ▁clim bs ▁of ▁the ▁Port et ▁d ' A sp et , ▁Core ▁and ▁Lat ra pe , ▁York ▁won ▁the ▁stage ▁finishing ▁with ▁a ▁clim b ▁to ▁Gu zet - Ne ige ▁ski ▁station . ▁She ▁was ▁forty - one ▁seconds ▁ahead ▁of ▁Luis ▁Herr era ▁with ▁Del g ado ▁a ▁further ▁twenty ▁seconds ▁behind ▁in ▁third . ▁York ▁finished ▁fourth ▁overall ▁( sur pass ing ▁Tom ▁Sim pson ' s ▁sixth ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁British ▁finish ▁at ▁the ▁time ) ▁with ▁F ignon ▁winning ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁success ive ▁year ▁and ▁H ina ult ▁and ▁Le M ond ▁also ▁ahead ▁of ▁York . ▁Kelly ▁was ▁a ▁place ▁behind ▁York ▁in ▁fifth . ▁York ▁won ▁the ▁" K ing ▁of ▁the ▁Mountains " ▁pol ka ▁dot ▁j er sey , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁a ▁native ▁English ▁speaker ▁had ▁won ▁this ▁j er sey . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁September ▁was ▁York ' s ▁best ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁U CI ▁World ▁Championships . ▁R ac ed ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁York ▁finished ▁sixth ▁with |
▁winner ▁Claude ▁C ri qu iel ion , ▁Cla udio ▁Cort i ▁and ▁Steve ▁B auer ▁taking ▁the ▁pod ium ▁places . ▁Other ▁races ▁that ▁year ▁included ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁du ▁Haut ▁Var ▁to ▁Eric ▁Car it oux ▁and ▁second ▁in ▁Nice – ▁A lass io ▁to ▁Ro che . ▁York ▁finished ▁sevent h ▁in ▁the ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya , ▁won ▁by ▁Kelly . ▁▁ 1 9 8 5 : ▁The ▁“ st olen ▁V uel ta ” ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁España ▁was ▁still ▁held ▁in ▁its ▁April – ▁May ▁slot ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁grand ▁t ours ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁York ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁race ▁lead ▁on ▁stage ▁ten , ▁a ▁stage ▁won ▁by ▁Kelly . ▁York ▁held ▁the ▁lead ▁going ▁into ▁what ▁has ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁inf am ous ▁days ' ▁racing ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁event . ▁York ▁started ▁the ▁day ▁just ▁ten ▁seconds ▁ahead ▁of ▁Francisco ▁Rodríguez ▁with ▁Spain ' s ▁P ello ▁Ru iz ▁Cab est any ▁ 6 5 ▁seconds ▁further ▁behind ▁in ▁third . ▁With ▁the ▁following ▁day ' s ▁last ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁race ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁cer emon ial , ▁York ▁said ▁to ▁the ▁press , ▁" I ▁just ▁have ▁to ▁stick ▁to ▁P ach o ▁Rodríguez ' s ▁wheel ▁and ▁it ' s ▁done ." ▁A ▁mountain ous ▁stage ▁with ▁three ▁major ▁clim bs , ▁Rod rig uez ▁tried ▁but ▁was ▁unable ▁to |
▁make ▁any ▁in ro ads ▁on ▁York ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁clim b ▁of ▁the ▁day , ▁the ▁Mor cu era . ▁At ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁clim b , ▁the ▁C otos , ▁York ▁pun ct ured , ▁meaning ▁once ▁the ▁pun ct ure ▁had ▁been ▁tack led ▁York ▁had ▁to ▁ch ase ▁to ▁get ▁back ▁to ▁Rod rig uez ▁and ▁Cab est any . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁rid ers ▁reached ▁the ▁third ▁clim b , ▁Los ▁Le ones , ▁York ▁had ▁not ▁only ▁reached ▁Rod rig uez ▁and ▁Cab est any ▁but ▁was ▁also ▁taking ▁their ▁con gr at ulations , ▁indicating ▁their ▁accept ance ▁of ▁the ▁race ▁being ▁effectively ▁over ▁as ▁a ▁contest . ▁However , ▁York ▁was ▁una ware ▁that ▁Del g ado , ▁in ▁the ▁mountains ▁around ▁his ▁Seg ov ia ▁home ▁town ▁that ▁he ▁knew ▁so ▁well , ▁had ▁launched ▁an ▁attack . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁rid ers ▁in ▁York ' s ▁group ▁made ▁York ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁attack ▁by ▁Del g ado , ▁an ▁el ite ▁special ist ▁clim ber ▁like ▁York , ▁with ▁the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁roads ▁allowing ▁him ▁to ▁descend ▁ag gress ively . ▁Del g ado ▁had ▁support ▁in ▁his ▁break ▁from ▁a ▁second ▁r ider , ▁Jose ▁Re cio . ▁Del g ado ▁had ▁started ▁the ▁day ▁in ▁sixth ▁place ▁and ▁six ▁minutes ▁behind ▁York . ▁Working ▁with ▁Re cio , ▁Del g ado ▁was ▁now ▁nearly ▁seven ▁minutes ▁ahead ▁of ▁York ▁on ▁the ▁road . ▁York ▁had ▁no ▁team - |
m ates ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁with ▁Rod rig uez ▁and ▁Cab est any ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁unable ▁to ▁keep ▁up . ▁Re cio ▁won ▁the ▁stage ▁and ▁Del g ado ▁took ▁overall ▁lead ▁of ▁the ▁race ▁by ▁thirty - six ▁seconds ▁from ▁York . ▁With ▁the ▁race ▁being ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" The ▁St olen ▁V uel ta ', ▁from ▁the ▁coll usion ▁among ▁the ▁Spanish - spe aking ▁rid ers , ▁York ▁finished ▁second ▁overall . ▁Pe uge ot ▁directeur ▁sport if , ▁Roland ▁Ber land , ▁said ▁" It ' s ▁ro tt en , ▁the ▁whole ▁pel ot on ▁was ▁against ▁us . ▁It ▁seems ▁a ▁Sp ani ard ▁had ▁to ▁win ▁at ▁all ▁costs ." ▁L ' É quipe ' s ▁Philip ▁B ouv et ▁stated ▁York ▁was ▁" the ▁victim ▁of ▁a ▁form id able ▁Spanish ▁coal ition ". ▁York ▁said ▁afterwards ▁" I ' ll ▁never ▁return ▁to ▁Spain ". ▁In ▁the ▁television ▁document ary ▁on ▁the ▁career ▁of ▁Robert ▁Mill ar , ▁" The ▁High ▁Life ", ▁York ▁critic ised ▁Ber land ▁for ▁his ▁handling ▁of ▁the ▁situation ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁when ▁Del g ado ▁attacked , ▁stating ▁that ▁Ber land ▁had ▁been ▁unable ▁to ▁negoti ate ▁support ▁from ▁other ▁non - Span ish ▁speaking ▁teams ▁during ▁the ▁stage ▁to ▁give ▁York ▁the ▁required ▁support ▁to ▁ch ase ▁down ▁Del g ado ' s ▁lead . ▁ ▁Ear lier ▁that ▁year , ▁York ▁had ▁come ▁sixth ▁once ▁more ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁season ▁Paris – N |
ice , ▁with ▁Kelly ▁again ▁winning ▁in ▁his ▁run ▁of ▁seven ▁success ive ▁vict ories ▁in ▁the ▁event . ▁In ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France , ▁York ▁finished ▁ele vent h . ▁In ▁September , ▁York ▁was ▁overall ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya , ▁taking ▁the ▁leader ' s ▁j er sey ▁on ▁the ▁pen ult imate ▁stage , ▁a ▁ ▁individual ▁time ▁trial ▁at ▁T ort osa . ▁York ▁beat ▁Se an ▁Kelly , ▁the ▁previous ▁overall ▁winner , ▁by ▁three ▁seconds . ▁In ▁the ▁G iro ▁del ▁P iem onte , ▁York ▁finished ▁third ▁behind ▁Char ly ▁M ott et . ▁In ▁the ▁Tour ▁du ▁Haut ▁Var , ▁York ▁ended ▁sevent h , ▁with ▁M ott et ▁again ▁the ▁vict or . ▁York ▁was ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁de ▁Wall onie ▁( won ▁by ▁Marc ▁Mad iot ). ▁York ▁was ▁sixth ▁in ▁two ▁races ▁won ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Ro che , ▁the ▁Tour ▁M idi - Py ren ees – ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Route ▁du ▁Sud – ▁and ▁the ▁Crit éri um ▁International . ▁In ▁the ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré , ▁York ▁placed ▁nin th ▁behind ▁a ▁winning ▁Phil ▁Anderson . ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 : ▁V uel ta ▁runner ▁up ▁again ▁ ▁York ▁changed ▁teams ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ride ▁for ▁Pan ason ic . ▁Despite ▁her ▁previous ▁comment ▁after ▁the ▁' 8 5 ▁race , ▁she ▁again ▁rode ▁in ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁España |
. ▁York ▁won ▁stage ▁six ▁from ▁Sant ander ▁to ▁Lag os ▁de ▁Cov ad ong a ▁putting ▁her ▁into ▁the ▁leader ' s ▁j er sey . ▁On ▁stage ▁eleven ▁however , ▁a ▁ ▁time ▁trial ▁at ▁Vall ad olid , ▁Al var o ▁P ino ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁lead ▁and ▁retained ▁this ▁to ▁the ▁finish ▁with ▁York ▁finishing ▁second ▁overall ▁like ▁she ▁had ▁the ▁year ▁before . ▁The ▁winning ▁margin ▁was ▁one ▁minute ▁and ▁six ▁seconds . ▁In ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁York ▁was ▁racing ▁well ▁even ▁before ▁the ▁race ▁reached ▁the ▁mountains ▁with ▁a ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁team ▁time ▁trial ▁and ▁nin th ▁in ▁the ▁individual ▁time ▁trial ▁on ▁stage ▁nine . ▁York ▁was ▁placed ▁t enth ▁at ▁this ▁point . ▁This ▁improved ▁further ▁in ▁the ▁Py ren ees ▁on ▁stage ▁th ir teen ▁from ▁P au ▁crossing ▁the ▁Tour ma let , ▁the ▁Asp in , ▁the ▁P ey res our de ▁and ▁finishing ▁at ▁Super b agner es . ▁York ▁finished ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁to ▁event ual ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁race , ▁Greg ▁Lem ond . ▁This ▁placed ▁York ▁in ▁fourth ▁overall ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁lead ▁in ▁the ▁mountains ▁competition . ▁She ▁retained ▁this ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁stage ▁sevent een ▁between ▁G ap ▁and ▁Ser re ▁Che val ier . ▁However ▁York ▁was ▁batt ling ▁ill ness ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁spir al ▁down ▁the ▁pla c ings ▁in ▁a ▁struggle ▁just ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁race . ▁In ▁the ▁stage ▁twenty ▁time ▁trial , |
▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁nin th ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁earlier ▁time ▁trial , ▁York ▁placed ▁ 1 1 2 th ▁over ▁ten ▁minutes ▁behind ▁the ▁stage ▁winner ▁( H ina ult ). ▁York ▁started ▁stage ▁twenty - one ▁in ▁fif teenth ▁overall ▁but ▁clim bed ▁off ▁her ▁bi ke ▁to ▁abandon ▁the ▁race ▁before ▁the ▁con ical ▁final ▁clim b ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁up ▁the ▁P uy ▁de ▁D ôme . ▁In ▁other ▁races , ▁York ▁finished ▁second ▁overall ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Suisse ▁behind ▁Andrew ▁H amp sten . ▁York ▁was ▁sixth ▁in ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Arag ón ▁and ▁sevent h ▁in ▁the ▁Es cal ada ▁a ▁Mont ju ï c . ▁▁ 1 9 8 7 : ▁G iro ▁d ' Italia ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁York ▁rode ▁the ▁G iro ▁d ' Italia ▁for ▁the ▁only ▁time ▁in ▁her ▁career . ▁The ▁race ▁provided ▁high ▁drama ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁controvers y ▁between ▁two ▁rid ers ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁Car rera ▁team , ▁Roberto ▁Vis ent ini ▁and ▁Ro che . ▁The ▁two ▁team m ates ▁batt led ▁each ▁other , ▁but ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁York ▁and ▁her ▁own ▁Pan ason ic ▁team - mate , ▁Erik ▁Bre uk ink , ▁challeng ing ▁for ▁the ▁race ▁made ▁this ▁ris ky . ▁York ▁won ▁stage ▁ 2 1 ▁in ▁a ▁three - man ▁break away ▁with ▁Ro che ▁and ▁Mar ino ▁Le jar re ta . ▁The ▁result ▁moved ▁her ▁up ▁to ▁second ▁overall ▁and ▁gave ▁Ro |
che ▁the ▁win ▁as ▁Vis ent ini ▁fell , ▁broke ▁his ▁w rist ▁and ▁lost ▁six ▁more ▁minutes ▁on ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁his ▁last ▁day ▁in ▁the ▁race . ▁York ▁also ▁took ▁the ▁clim ber ' s ▁green ▁j er sey . ▁In ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie , ▁York ▁finished ▁fourth , ▁a ▁race ▁won ▁by ▁Ro che ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁York ▁finished ▁nin ete enth ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France , ▁although ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁stage ▁four teen ▁from ▁P au ▁to ▁Lu z ▁Ar d iden ▁York ▁again ▁enjoyed ▁her ▁z en ith ▁in ▁the ▁race ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁fifth ▁overall . ▁Like ▁the ▁year ▁before ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁helped ▁by ▁a ▁strong ▁showing ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁individual ▁time ▁trial . ▁However , ▁York ▁sli pped ▁to ▁fifth , ▁then ▁sixth , ▁before ▁on ▁stage ▁nin ete en ▁she ▁lost ▁over ▁fifteen ▁minutes ▁to ▁slide ▁out ▁of ▁cont ention . ▁Else where ▁York ▁was ▁fifth ▁in ▁Li ège – B ast ogne – Li ège ▁with ▁Mor eno ▁Argent in ▁winning ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁year ▁running . ▁York ▁was ▁sixth ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁of ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁( G er rit ▁Sol level d ▁won ) ▁and ▁sevent h ▁in ▁the ▁Set mana ▁Catal ana ▁de ▁Cic l isme ▁behind ▁ ▁winner ▁Vic ent ▁Bel da . ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁York ▁joined ▁the ▁French ▁F ag or ▁team ▁as ▁had ▁Ro che |
▁and ▁Sch ep ers . ▁York ▁managed ▁her ▁best ▁position ▁in ▁a ▁one - day ▁' Mon ument ' ▁Classic , ▁third ▁in ▁Li ège – B ast ogne – Li ège ▁behind ▁Adri ▁van ▁der ▁Po el . ▁York ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Esp ana ▁and ▁finished ▁sixth ▁overall ▁with ▁Kelly ▁winning . ▁In ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France , ▁after ▁struggling ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps , ▁on ▁stage ▁four teen ▁she ▁lost ▁the ▁opportunity ▁of ▁a ▁repeat ▁Py ren ees ▁stage ▁win ▁in ▁Gu zet - Ne ige . ▁York ▁led ▁over ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁clim bs ▁from ▁B lag n ac . ▁In ▁s print ing ▁u ph ill ▁to ▁the ▁finish ▁with ▁Ph illi pe ▁B ouv at ier , ▁both ▁rid ers ▁mist ook ▁a ▁g endar me ' s ▁signals , ▁took ▁a ▁wrong ▁turn ▁and ▁c eded ▁the ▁win ▁to ▁Mass imo ▁G hi rot to . ▁York ▁finished ▁in ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁two ▁seconds ▁behind . ▁The ▁next ▁day ▁York ▁was ▁again ▁r iding ▁at ▁the ▁front ▁when ▁leading ▁over ▁the ▁second ▁clim b ▁but ▁crack ed ▁and ▁finished ▁twenty - one ▁minutes ▁behind . ▁Stage ▁sevent een ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁she ▁would ▁complete ▁that ▁year . ▁High ▁pla c ings ▁that ▁year ▁were ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁B ic icle ta ▁Vas ca ▁included ▁third ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁Crit éri um ▁International ▁and ▁the ▁Route ▁de ▁Sud ▁( R on an ▁P ense c ▁won ). ▁York ▁was ▁e |
ighth ▁in ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya ] ▁and ▁nin th ▁in ▁Paris – ▁Nice . ▁▁ 1 9 8 9 : ▁A ▁third ▁Tour ▁stage ▁win ▁ ▁York ▁returned ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁previous ▁teams , ▁Z - Pe uge ot ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁now ▁known ▁and ▁was ▁second ▁overall ▁behind ▁M ott et ▁after ▁winning ▁stage ▁seven ▁in ▁the ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré . ▁York ▁was ▁a ▁stage ▁winner ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁and ▁a ▁runner - up ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁de ▁Wall onie ▁to ▁Thomas ▁Weg m üller . ▁She ▁rode ▁only ▁one ▁grand ▁tour ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁and ▁she ▁had ▁her ▁best ▁placing ▁in ▁the ▁tour ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁race . ▁She ▁won ▁stage ▁ten ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁from ▁C aut er ets ▁to ▁Super b agn ères . ▁York ▁was ▁first ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁all ▁four ▁of ▁that ▁days ▁clim bs ▁scaling ▁the ▁Tour ma let , ▁Asp in , ▁and ▁P ey res our de ▁before ▁the ▁Super b agner es ▁finish . ▁Char ly ▁M ott et ▁was ▁dropped ▁from ▁the ▁three - man ▁group ▁approaching ▁the ▁finish ▁leaving ▁York ▁to ▁out ▁s print ▁Del g ado ▁at ▁the ▁line . ▁York ▁was ▁placed ▁e ighth ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁and ▁ended ▁that ▁year ' s ▁tour ▁in ▁t enth . ▁In ▁the ▁aut umn ▁York ▁was |
▁overall ▁winner ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain ▁with ▁her ▁decis ive ▁move ▁coming ▁in ▁a ▁long ▁two - man ▁break away ▁with ▁Mau ro ▁Gian etti ▁into ▁Card iff . ▁Gian etti ▁took ▁the ▁s print ▁for ▁the ▁stage ▁but ▁York ▁comfort ably ▁stayed ▁in ▁yellow ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁race . ▁Other ▁top ▁ten ▁pla c ings ▁included ▁e ighth ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁V au cl use ▁( R ook s ▁won ) ▁and ▁nin th ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas . ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁ ▁Vict ory ▁in ▁the ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁York ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁stage ▁six , ▁two - person ▁break away ▁with ▁Th ier ry ▁Cla vey rol at . ▁Both ▁rid ers ▁finished ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁in ▁the ▁leading ▁group ▁the ▁next ▁day . ▁Stage ▁eight ▁was ▁an ▁individual ▁time ▁trial ▁and ▁despite ▁strong ▁time ▁trial ists ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁pel ot on ▁such ▁as ▁Ro che ▁and ▁T oni ▁Rom inger , ▁York ▁took ▁the ▁overall ▁title ▁with ▁Cla vey rol at ▁the ▁runner ▁up . ▁York ▁was ▁runner ▁up ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Suisse ▁with ▁Kelly ▁the ▁vict or ▁that ▁year . ▁York ▁was ▁a ▁stage ▁winner ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁( M ott et ▁took ▁overall ▁prize ). ▁York ▁took ▁fourth ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁G iro ▁di |
▁Lomb ard ia ▁behind ▁G illes ▁Del ion . ▁In ▁between , ▁she ▁also ▁took ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain ▁ham per ed ▁by ▁a ▁crash ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁day . ▁In ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁York ▁rode ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁intended ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁previous ▁year ' s ▁winner ▁and ▁reign ing ▁world ▁champion , ▁Greg ▁Le M ond . ▁The ▁Z ▁team ▁not ▁only ▁helped ▁deliver ▁the ▁yellow ▁j er sey ▁for ▁Le M ond ▁but ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁team ▁competition . ▁York ▁though ▁was ▁denied ▁the ▁yellow ▁cap ▁award ▁from ▁the ▁competition ▁her ▁team ▁led ▁from ▁stage ▁ten ▁on wards . ▁Stage ▁four teen ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁she ▁completed ▁on ▁the ▁tour ▁that ▁year . ▁This ▁was ▁York ' s ▁third ▁and ▁last ▁withdraw al ▁from ▁the ▁eleven ▁times ▁she ▁rode ▁the ▁tour . ▁Other ▁pla c ings ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁that ▁year ▁included ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁And al uc ía ▁and ▁nin th ▁in ▁La ▁Fl è che ▁Wall onne . ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ ▁York ▁won ▁a ▁stage ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Tour ▁de ▁Suisse ▁and ▁finished ▁fifth ▁overall . ▁That ▁year ▁was ▁her ▁best ▁overall ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie , ▁second , ▁with ▁Rom inger ▁the ▁man ▁den ying ▁York ▁the ▁title . ▁She ▁was ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁debut ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Class ique ▁des ▁Al pes , ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁Crit éri um |
▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré , ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain ▁and ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas . ▁She ▁finished ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁in ▁sevent y - second ▁place , ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁eight ▁finish es ▁in ▁the ▁tour ▁that ▁was ▁outside ▁the ▁top ▁twenty - five . ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 – 9 5 : ▁Later ▁racing ▁career ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁York ▁revealed ▁her ▁veget arian ism , ▁which ▁was ▁an ▁intention ▁to ▁improve ▁her ▁performance ▁on ▁the ▁bi ke . ▁" It ' s ▁not ▁a ▁principle – ▁it ' s ▁a ▁personal ▁thing . ▁I ' ve ▁read ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁books ▁about ▁it ". ▁York ▁completed ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁( 1 8 th ) ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁( 2 4 th ), ▁and ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁( 2 0 th ) ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁( 1 5 th ). ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁do ping ▁was ▁common ▁and ▁b ans ▁shorter , ▁York ▁tested ▁positive ▁for ▁test oster one ▁after ▁a ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁España , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁She ▁was ▁f ined ▁£ 1 , 1 0 0 , ▁lost ▁her ▁third ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁stage , ▁in cur red ▁a ▁ 1 0 - min ute ▁time ▁penalty ▁and ▁was ▁given |
▁a ▁three - month ▁susp ended ▁ban . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁final ▁years ▁of ▁her ▁career , ▁she ▁achieved ▁top ▁ten ▁finish es ▁in ▁the ▁Set mana ▁Catal ana ▁de ▁Cic l isme , ▁G iro ▁del ▁P iem ont i ▁and ▁Lie ge – ▁Bast ogne – ▁Lie ge ▁( all ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Class iques ▁des ▁Al pes ▁and ▁the ▁M idi ▁Lib re ▁( both ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ). ▁However , ▁further ▁vict ories ▁largely ▁el ud ed ▁her . ▁Her ▁final ▁major ▁victory ▁came ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁when ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁National ▁Road ▁Race ▁Championship . ▁However , ▁soon ▁afterwards , ▁her ▁French ▁team ▁Le ▁Group ement ▁went ▁b ust ▁and ▁York ▁retired ▁from ▁racing . ▁ ▁After ▁racing ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁York ▁became ▁the ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁national ▁team , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁managed ▁the ▁Scottish ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain , ▁an ▁eight - day ▁round - B rit ain ▁stage ▁race . ▁She ▁also ▁worked ▁in ▁journal ism , ▁writing ▁for ▁several ▁cy cling ▁mag az ines . ▁ ▁Abs ence ▁from ▁public ▁life ▁ ▁York ▁and ▁her ▁wife ▁were ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁separated ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁a ▁tab lo id ▁news ▁story ▁reported ▁that ▁York , ▁still ▁known ▁public ly ▁as ▁Robert ▁Mill ar , |
▁was ▁now ▁living ▁as ▁a ▁woman . ▁The ▁story ▁hurt ▁York , ▁who ▁reduced ▁her ▁connections ▁with ▁cy cling , ▁though ▁still ▁kept ▁up ▁some ▁writing ▁and ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁as ▁Mill ar . ▁Following ▁this , ▁however , ▁she ▁re ced ed ▁further ▁from ▁view ▁and ▁cut ▁her ▁t ies ▁with ▁cy cling . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁journalist ▁Richard ▁Moore ▁wrote ▁a ▁bi ography ▁of ▁York ▁titled ▁In ▁Search ▁of ▁Robert ▁Mill ar . ▁After ▁initially ▁ref using ▁to ▁respond , ▁York ▁did ▁answer ▁some ▁of ▁Moore ' s ▁questions ▁via ▁email , ▁though ▁dram atically ▁cut ▁off ▁contact . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Moore ▁wrote ▁that ▁" It ▁is ▁impossible ▁to ▁put ▁a ▁date ▁on ▁Mill ar ' s ▁disapp earance . ▁It ▁was ▁more ▁a ▁fade - out ▁than ▁a ▁van ishing ▁act ... ▁ ▁These ▁days , ▁Mill ar ▁is ▁in ▁very ▁occas ional ▁email ▁contact ▁with ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁former ▁acquaint ances ▁but ▁his ▁where about s ▁are ▁a ▁mystery ". ▁ ▁Re - emer gence ▁ ▁York ▁partially ▁returned ▁to ▁journal ism ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 s , ▁writing ▁a ▁blog ▁for ▁Cy cling news ▁and ▁later ▁writing ▁occasionally ▁for ▁other ▁publications ▁including ▁The ▁Guardian . ▁She ▁remained ▁a ▁private ▁figure , ▁but ▁following ▁her ▁announ cement ▁of ▁her ▁gender ▁transition ▁ ▁joined ▁the ▁I TV 4 ▁comment ary ▁team ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁ ▁In |
▁popular ▁culture ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s ▁Mill ar ▁appeared ▁in ▁television ▁commer ci als ▁for ▁Kel log g ' s ▁' Start ' ▁c ere al . ▁A ▁one - hour ▁Gran ada ▁Television ▁document ary ▁about ▁Mill ar ' s ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁racing ▁season , ▁entitled ▁The ▁High ▁Life , ▁which ▁also ▁included ▁appearances ▁by ▁All an ▁Pe i per ▁and ▁music ▁by ▁Steve ▁Win wood , ▁was ▁screen ed ▁in ▁Britain ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁ ▁Robert ▁Mill ar – ▁The ▁High ▁Life ▁was ▁redis cover ed ▁and ▁screen ed , ▁simultaneously ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁book , ▁at ▁Edinburgh ▁Bi ke ▁Week ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁A ▁DVD ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁document ary ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Mill ar ▁author ed ▁analyt ical ▁opinions ▁for ▁Cy cling news ▁during ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁As ▁Mill ar , ▁York ▁married ▁a ▁French ▁woman , ▁Syl vie ▁Trans ler , ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁No - one ▁from ▁York ' s ▁family ▁was ▁in ▁attend ance , ▁nor ▁were ▁any ▁of ▁her ▁team - m ates , ▁who ▁had ▁no ▁idea ▁she ▁even ▁had ▁a ▁girl friend . ▁Pan ason ic ▁team - mate ▁Phil ▁Anderson ▁commented , ▁" He |
▁didn ' t ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁skills ▁for ▁getting ▁on ▁with ▁men , ▁let ▁alone ▁women ". ▁The ▁couple ▁were ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁separated ▁by ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁cycl ist , ▁York ▁had ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁being ▁t ac it urn ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁un co oper ative ▁with ▁the ▁media . ▁Jeff ▁Con nor , ▁author ▁of ▁W ide ▁E yed ▁& ▁Leg less : ▁Inside ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁was ▁told ▁to ▁" f uck ▁off " ▁when ▁request ing ▁an ▁interview ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁When ▁told ▁this , ▁comment ator ▁Phil ▁Lig get t ▁replied , ▁" That ▁sounds ▁like ▁Mill ar , ▁he ' s ▁been ▁really ▁awk ward ▁with ▁us ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁Person ally , ▁I ▁think ▁it ' s ▁a ▁dis gra ce . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁duty ▁to ▁his ▁spons or ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁team ▁and ▁you ▁don ' t ▁do ▁that ▁by ▁telling ▁journal ists ▁to ▁' f uck ▁off ' ." ▁During ▁comment ary ▁for ▁Stage ▁ 2 3 ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France , ▁Lig get t ▁stated ▁"[ It ▁has ▁been ▁a ] ▁very ▁disappoint ing ▁Tour ▁for ▁Robert . ▁He ▁has ▁lost ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁popular ity , ▁too , ▁one ▁has ▁to ▁say . ▁He ▁won ' t ▁speak ▁to ▁journal ists ▁and ▁the ▁team ▁itself ▁[ Pan ason ic ] ▁is ▁also ▁becoming ▁dis |
content ed ▁with ▁Robert ▁this ▁year ." ▁York ▁subsequently ▁left ▁Pan ason ic ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁season , ▁to ▁join ▁F ag or . ▁ ▁York ' s ▁' dis app earance ' ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁attributed ▁to ▁her ▁ins ular ity ▁and ▁ecc ent ric ity . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁rum ours ▁of ▁her ▁gender ▁transition ▁were ▁largely ▁dis reg arded . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁in ▁a ▁statement ▁on ▁Cy cling news , ▁York ▁confirmed ▁her ▁gender ▁transition . ▁She ▁wrote ▁that : ▁ ▁York ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁former ▁professional ▁cycl ist ▁to ▁have ▁public ly ▁changed ▁gender . ▁ ▁Career ▁achiev ements ▁ ▁Major ▁results ▁ ▁Source : ▁▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁▁ 1 st ▁Road ▁race , ▁Scottish ▁Junior ▁Road ▁Championships ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Road ▁race , ▁National ▁Am ateur ▁Road ▁Championships ▁▁ 1 st ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁of ▁the ▁Pe ak ▁▁ 1 st ▁Scottish ▁Hill - C lim b ▁Championship ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Premier ▁Calendar ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Road ▁race , ▁National ▁Am ateur ▁Road ▁Championships ▁▁ 1 st ▁Over all ▁Mer lin ▁Pl age ▁Tro phy ▁▁ 1 st ▁Paris – E vre ux ▁▁ 1 st ▁Over all ▁Route ▁de ▁France ▁( Under - 2 3 ) ▁▁ 1 st ▁GP ▁de ▁la ▁Ville ▁de ▁L ill |
ers ▁▁ 1 st ▁GP ▁de ▁la ▁B ouch erie ▁▁ 4 th ▁Road ▁race , ▁U CI ▁Am ateur ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁▁ 8 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁▁ 5 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁l ' A ude ▁▁ 7 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁▁ 7 th ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁l ' A venir ▁▁ 7 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 1 0 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁du ▁Haut ▁Var ▁▁ 4 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Mountains ▁classification ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 1 1 ▁▁ 4 th ▁Over all ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁du ▁M idi ▁Lib re ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 4 ▁▁ 5 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 2 ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁Paris – N ice ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 1 1 ▁▁ 6 th ▁Road ▁race , ▁U CI ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁▁ 7 th ▁Over all ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁Vol ta |
▁a ▁Catalunya ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁España ▁▁ 3 rd ▁G iro ▁del ▁P iem onte ▁▁ 4 th ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁de ▁Wall onie ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁Paris – N ice ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁International ▁▁ 7 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁du ▁Haut ▁Var ▁▁ 9 th ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁▁ 1 0 th ▁Road ▁race , ▁U CI ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁España ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 6 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Suisse ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Arag ón ▁▁ 1 0 th ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁d ' Is berg ues ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁G iro ▁d ' Italia ▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Mountains ▁classification ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 2 1 ▁▁ 4 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁▁ 5 th ▁Li ège – B ast ogne – Li ège ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁Mediter rane an ▁▁ 7 th ▁Over all ▁Catal an ▁Week ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁B ic icle ta ▁Vas ca ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁International ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Over all ▁Route ▁du ▁Sud ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Li ège – B ast ogne – Li ège ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁V uel |
ta ▁a ▁España ▁▁ 8 th ▁Over all ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya ▁▁ 9 th ▁Over all ▁Paris – N ice ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 7 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁de ▁Wall onie ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 4 ▁ 7 th ▁GP ▁B ess è ges ▁▁ 8 th ▁Paris – Cam ember t ▁▁ 9 th ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁des ▁Am éri ques ▁▁ 1 0 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 1 0 ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 4 ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Suisse ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain ▁▁ 4 th ▁GP ▁O uest – France ▁▁ 4 th ▁G iro ▁di ▁Lomb ard ia ▁▁ 4 th ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁And alu cia ▁▁ 7 th ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁de ▁R ennes ▁▁ 9 th ▁La ▁Fl è che ▁Wall onne ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Rom and ie ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Class ique ▁des ▁Al pes ▁▁ 4 th ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁▁ 4 |
th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain ▁▁ 5 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁Suisse ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 5 ▁▁ 5 th ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁des ▁Am éri ques ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁▁ 6 th ▁G iro ▁del ▁Laz io ▁▁ 7 th ▁G iro ▁del ▁P iem onte ▁▁ 9 th ▁Over all ▁Catal an ▁Week ▁▁ 9 th ▁Li ège – B ast ogne – Li ège ▁▁ 9 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁of ▁Britain ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁du ▁M idi ▁Lib re ▁▁ 7 th ▁Over all ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Ast ur ias ▁▁ 9 th ▁Class ique ▁des ▁Al pes ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁▁ 6 th ▁Coppa ▁P lac ci ▁▁ 7 th ▁Coppa ▁Sab at ini ▁▁ 9 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁of ▁Gal icia ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Road ▁race , ▁National ▁Road ▁Championships ▁▁ 9 th ▁Class ique ▁des ▁Al pes ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁▁ ▁Scottish ▁Sports ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame : ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁British ▁Cy cling ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame : ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁British ▁cycl ists ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁secondary ▁classification ▁w inners ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁people ▁from ▁Glasgow ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Form er ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁cycl ist ▁Philipp a ▁York ▁on ▁her ▁transition ▁from ▁Robert ▁Mill ar , ▁Te legraph ▁online ▁ 7 ▁July |
▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁retrieved ▁ 1 1 ▁A pr ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁easy ▁way ▁of ▁becoming ▁Philipp a , ▁The ▁Daily ▁Te legraph , ▁ 1 1 ▁A pr ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sport ▁pp ▁ 1 0 - 1 2 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁cy cling ▁road ▁race ▁champions ▁Category : B rit ish ▁G iro ▁d ' Italia ▁stage ▁w inners ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁stage ▁w inners ▁Category : B rit ish ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁España ▁stage ▁w inners ▁Category : Cy cling ▁journal ists ▁Category : G iro ▁d ' Italia ▁cycl ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Shaw lands ▁Academy ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁cycl ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁cy cling ▁coach es ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Sports ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁induct ees ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Glasgow ▁Category : Trans gender ▁and ▁trans sex ual ▁sports people ▁Category : Trans gender ▁and ▁trans sex ual ▁women ▁Category : T our ▁de ▁France ▁cycl ists ▁Category : T our ▁de ▁Suisse ▁stage ▁w inners ▁Category : V uel ta ▁a ▁España ▁cycl ists ▁Category : L GB T ▁sports people ▁from ▁Scotland ▁Category : L GB T ▁cycl ists ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Cy cling ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁induct ees <0x0A> </s> ▁Brian ▁Patrick ▁Herbert ▁( born |
▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁author ▁who ▁lives ▁in ▁Washington ▁state . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁elder ▁son ▁of ▁science ▁fiction ▁author ▁Frank ▁Herbert . ▁ ▁Brian ▁Herbert ' s ▁nov els ▁include ▁Sid ney ' s ▁Com et , ▁Pr ison ers ▁of ▁Ar ion n , ▁Man ▁of ▁Two ▁World s ▁( written ▁with ▁his ▁father ), ▁and ▁Sud anna ▁Sud anna . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Herbert ▁wrote ▁a ▁bi ography ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁titled ▁Dream er ▁of ▁D une : ▁The ▁Biography ▁of ▁Frank ▁Herbert . ▁The ▁younger ▁Herbert ▁has ▁edited ▁The ▁Songs ▁of ▁Mu ad ' d ib ▁and ▁the ▁Not ebook s ▁of ▁Frank ▁Herbert ' s ▁D une . ▁Brian ▁has ▁also ▁created ▁a ▁conc ord ance ▁for ▁the ▁D une ▁universe ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁father ' s ▁notes , ▁though , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁younger ▁Herbert , ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁immediate ▁plans ▁to ▁publish ▁it . ▁ ▁Career ▁Herbert ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁collabor ations ▁with ▁author ▁Kevin ▁J . ▁Anderson , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁has ▁written ▁multiple ▁pre qu els ▁to ▁his ▁father ' s ▁land mark ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁science ▁fiction ▁novel , ▁D une , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁have ▁made ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Best ▁S eller ▁list . ▁The ▁du o ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁tr ilog ies ▁P rel ude ▁to ▁D une ▁ ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 1 ) ▁and ▁Leg ends |
▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 4 ). ▁Brian ▁and ▁Anderson ▁next ▁published ▁Hun ters ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁and ▁Sand w orm s ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 0 7 ), ▁two ▁sequ els ▁to ▁Frank ▁Herbert ' s ▁original ▁D une ▁series ▁after ▁his ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁death , ▁which ▁was ▁left ▁incomplete ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Frank ' s ▁sixth ▁D une ▁novel , ▁Chapter house : ▁D une . ▁These ▁nov els ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁outline ▁and ▁notes ▁left ▁behind ▁by ▁Frank ▁Herbert ▁for ▁what ▁he ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁D une ▁ 7 , ▁his ▁own ▁planned ▁sevent h ▁novel ▁in ▁the ▁D une ▁series . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Brian ▁and ▁Anderson ▁began ▁publishing ▁Hero es ▁of ▁D une , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁four ▁nov els ▁which ▁take ▁place ▁between ▁the ▁first ▁five ▁nov els ▁of ▁Frank ▁Herbert ' s ▁six ▁original ▁D une ▁series , ▁but ▁only ▁two ▁were ▁successfully ▁published ▁and ▁so ▁the ▁inter ▁pre qu els ▁ended ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Finally , ▁their ▁invol vement ▁in ▁expand ing ▁D une ▁ended ▁with ▁the ▁Great ▁School s ▁of ▁D une ▁tr il ogy ▁( 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 6 ). ▁Furthermore , ▁Brian , ▁along ▁with ▁Kevin , ▁have ▁also ▁written ▁the ▁D une ▁short ▁stories ▁( 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 1 7 ). ▁ ▁Personal ▁life |
▁Mar ried ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁Herbert ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Jan ▁Herbert , ▁have ▁three ▁daughters ▁named ▁Jul ie , ▁Kim , ▁and ▁Marg aux ▁B ever ly ▁( named ▁after ▁Herbert ' s ▁mother , ▁B ever ly ▁Ann ▁Stuart - Her bert ). ▁Herbert ▁ ▁also ▁has ▁an ▁elder ▁half - s ister , ▁Pen ny ; ▁their ▁younger ▁brother , ▁L GB T ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁and ▁photograph er ▁Bruce ▁Cal vin ▁Herbert , ▁died ▁of ▁A ID S ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁ ▁Classic ▁Com eb acks ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁In cred ible ▁In sur ance ▁Cla ims ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Sid ney ' s ▁Com et ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Gar bage ▁Chron icles ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁ ▁Man ▁of ▁Two ▁World s ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁( with ▁Frank ▁Herbert ) ▁ ▁Sud anna , ▁Sud anna ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁ ▁Pr ison ers ▁of ▁Ar ion n ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Race ▁for ▁God ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Memory m akers ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁( with ▁Marie ▁Land is ) ▁ ▁Blood ▁on ▁the ▁Sun ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁( with ▁Marie ▁Land is ) ▁The ▁Little ▁Green ▁Book ▁of ▁Chair man ▁Rah ma ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Time |
web ▁series ▁ ▁Time web ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Web ▁and ▁the ▁Stars ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Web d anc ers ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Non - f iction ▁ ▁Dream er ▁of ▁D une : ▁The ▁Biography ▁of ▁Frank ▁Herbert ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁F org ot ten ▁Hero es : ▁The ▁Hero ic ▁Story ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Mer chant ▁Marine ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁D une ▁books ▁( all ▁with ▁Kevin ▁J . ▁Anderson ) ▁ ▁P rel ude ▁to ▁D une ▁tr il ogy ▁ ▁D une : ▁House ▁At re ides ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁D une : ▁House ▁H ark onnen ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁D une : ▁House ▁Cor r ino ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Leg ends ▁of ▁D une ▁ ▁D une : ▁The ▁Butler ian ▁J ih ad ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁D une : ▁The ▁Machine ▁Cr us ade ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁D une : ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Cor rin ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Collection ▁( also ▁with ▁Frank ▁Herbert ) ▁ ▁The ▁Road ▁to ▁D une ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁D une ▁ 7 ▁ ▁Hun ters ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Sand w orm s ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Hero es |
▁of ▁D une ▁ ▁Paul ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁W inds ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Th r one ▁of ▁D une ▁( Cancel led ) ▁( Origin ally ▁titled ▁Ir ul an ▁of ▁D une ) ▁ ▁Let o ▁of ▁D une ▁( Cancel led ) ▁( Title ▁may ▁have ▁changed ▁to ▁Golden ▁Path ▁of ▁D une ) ▁ ▁Great ▁School s ▁of ▁D une ▁ ▁Sister hood ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁M ent ats ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁N avig ators ▁of ▁D une ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁D une ▁short ▁stories ▁ ▁" D une : ▁A ▁Wh is per ▁of ▁Cal ad an ▁Se as " ▁ ▁" D une : ▁Hun ting ▁H ark onn ens " ▁ ▁" D une : ▁Wh ipping ▁M ek " ▁ ▁" D une : ▁The ▁F aces ▁of ▁a ▁Mart yr " ▁ ▁" D une : ▁Sea ▁Child " ▁ ▁" D une : ▁Tre asure ▁in ▁the ▁Sand " ▁ ▁Hell hole ▁series ▁with ▁Kevin ▁J . ▁Anderson ▁Hell hole ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Hell hole ▁Aw ak ening ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Hell hole ▁In fer no ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁, ▁Auth ors @ Google ▁video ▁talk . ▁October ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 |
8 ▁ ▁Brian ▁Herbert ▁Inter view ▁with ▁A MC tv . com ▁Modern ▁Sign ed ▁Books ▁B log T alk Radio ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Rod ger ▁Nich ols ▁about ▁The ▁Little ▁Green ▁Book ▁of ▁Chair man ▁Rah ma ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁science ▁fiction ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁book ▁edit ors ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁B ain bridge ▁Island , ▁Washington ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Seattle ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : Nov el ists ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁J éré my ▁Ber th od ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁in ▁T ass in - la - D emi - L une , ▁Rh ône ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁French ▁professional ▁footballer . ▁ ▁Football ▁career ▁A ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁Olymp ique ▁Ly onna is ▁youth ▁a cademy , ▁Ber th od ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁team ▁debut ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 – 1 ▁home ▁draw ▁against ▁A J ▁A ux er re . ▁He ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁somewhat ▁important ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁team ' s ▁four ▁consecutive ▁Ligue ▁ 1 ▁titles ▁( |
with ▁the ▁player ' s ▁presence ), ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁regular ▁selection ▁for ▁the ▁France ▁U - 2 1 ▁squad ▁during ▁that ▁time frame . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁l ' OL ▁agreed ▁to ▁transfer ▁Ber th od ▁to ▁AS ▁Mon aco ▁FC ▁for ▁a ▁fee ▁of ▁€ 2 m . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Mon aco ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁season ' s ▁second ▁round , ▁a ▁ 1 – 2 ▁defeat ▁at ▁FC ▁Lor ient ▁– ▁pick ing ▁up ▁a ▁yellow ▁card ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁– ▁and ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁ 1 2 ▁league ▁cont ests ▁played . ▁ ▁After ▁an ▁un im press ive ▁year ▁at ▁Mon aco , ▁Ber th od ▁made ▁a ▁summer ▁move ▁to ▁A ux er re . ▁Over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁four ▁top ▁flight ▁seasons ▁he ▁was ▁used ▁sole ly ▁as ▁a ▁backup , ▁being ▁released ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁as ▁his ▁team ▁ranked ▁ 2 0 th ▁and ▁last . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁aged ▁nearly ▁ 2 9 , ▁Ber th od ▁moved ▁abroad ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁signing ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Norwegian ▁club ▁Sar ps borg ▁ 0 8 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁re - jo ined ▁ly on ▁as ▁semi - am ateur ▁to ▁help ▁team ▁with ▁many ▁inj uries . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Ber th od |
' s ▁younger ▁brother , ▁Alexandre , ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁footballer ▁( and ▁a ▁def ender ), ▁and ▁also ▁briefly ▁represented ▁Lyon . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁Olymp ique ▁ly onna is ▁ ▁Tro ph ée ▁des ▁Champions : ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Ligue ▁ 1 : ▁Ligue ▁ 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁International ▁ ▁France ▁U - 1 7 ▁ ▁U - 1 7 ▁World ▁Champion : ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T ass in - la - D emi - L une ▁Category : F rench ▁football ers ▁Category : France ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : France ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : O lymp ique ▁Ly onna is ▁players ▁Category : AS ▁Mon aco ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : A J ▁A ux er re ▁players ▁Category : S ar ps borg ▁ 0 8 ▁FF ▁players ▁Category : L igue ▁ 1 ▁players ▁Category : El ites er ien ▁players ▁Category : F rench ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Norway <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁article |
▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁all ▁ 2 6 ▁episodes ▁of ▁Future ▁Boy ▁Con an , ▁an ▁an ime ▁television ▁series ▁by ▁N ipp on ▁An imation . ▁The ▁series ▁began ▁air ing ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁at ▁ 7 : 3 0 pm ▁on ▁the ▁N H K ▁TV ▁network ▁in ▁Japan . ▁It ▁ran ▁for ▁about ▁seven ▁months , ▁with ▁episode ▁ 2 6 ▁air ing ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁{ | class =" wik itable " ▁style =" width : 1 0 0 %; ▁margin : auto ; ▁background :# FF F ;" ▁| - ▁! ▁width =" 3 0 " ▁| ▁# ▁!! ▁Title ▁!! ▁width =" 1 5 0 " ▁| ▁Original ▁air ▁date ▁ ▁{{ E pisode ▁list ▁| ▁E pisode Number ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ 2 6 ▁| ▁Title ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁Den ou ement ▁| ▁Trans lit Title ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁Da idan ' en ▁| ▁Native Title ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ 大 <0xE5> <0x9B> <0xA3> <0xE5> <0x86> <0x86> ▁| ▁Native Title L ang Code ▁= ▁ja ▁ ▁| ▁Original A ir Date ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ ▁| ▁Short Summary ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁On ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁High ▁Har bor , ▁the ▁passenger ▁ship ▁re co vers ▁Con an , ▁Dy ce ▁and ▁Jim s y ▁from ▁the ▁sea ; ▁and ▁after ▁asking ▁Con an ▁to ▁look ▁after ▁L ana , ▁Dr . ▁La o ▁dies ▁cont ently . ▁S omet ime ▁later , ▁the |
▁old ▁and ▁new ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁High ▁Har bor ▁conduct ▁a ▁double ▁celebr ation ▁surrounding ▁Dy ce ▁and ▁M ons ley ' s ▁wed ding ▁and ▁the ▁rela unch ▁of ▁the ▁Bar rac uda . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁sett lers , ▁including ▁Con an , ▁L ana , ▁Jim s y , ▁T era , ▁Luke , ▁M ons ley ▁and ▁the ▁Bar rac uda ''' s ▁crew , ▁leave ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁new ▁col ony ▁on ▁Rem nant ▁Island , ▁now ▁expanded ▁by ▁the ▁c ata c ly sm ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁continent . ▁}} ▁| } ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁General ▁▁▁▁ ▁Specific ▁ ▁See ▁also Future ▁Boy ▁Con an '' ▁ ▁Future ▁Boy ▁Con an <0x0A> </s> ▁Operation ▁Term ite ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Emer gency . ▁It ▁involved ▁extensive ▁attacks ▁on ▁commun ist ▁cam ps , ▁dro pping ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁British ▁troops ▁into ▁the ▁j ung le . ▁Commun ist ▁cas ual ties ▁were ▁low ▁but ▁many ▁cam ps ▁were ▁destroyed . ▁ ▁The ▁RA AF ▁fle w ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁operation . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Document ary ▁about ▁the ▁operation ▁ ▁Category : W ars ▁involving ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Mal ay an ▁Emer gency ▁Category : J uly ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁events ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁in ▁Mal aya <0x0A> </s> ▁Sa ul ces - Mon cl in ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Ar den nes ▁department ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁Population |
▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Ar den nes ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Ar den nes ▁( de partment ) ▁Category : Ar den nes ▁communes ▁articles ▁need ing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁Min is ink ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Min is ink ▁- ▁a ▁lo os ely ▁defined ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁Upper ▁Del aware ▁Valley ▁in ▁north western ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁n ort he astern ▁Pennsylvania , ▁and ▁around ▁Port ▁Jer vis , ▁New ▁York , ▁first ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 9 0 s ▁Min is ink , ▁New ▁York ▁Min is ink ▁Ford , ▁New ▁York ▁Min is ink ▁Valley ▁Central ▁School ▁District ▁Min is ink ▁Valley ▁High _ Sch ool ▁ ▁Min is ink ▁Ar che ological ▁Site ▁- ▁A ▁Native ▁American ▁site ▁in ▁Sus sex ▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁connected ▁to ▁Mun see ▁( L ena pe ) ▁settlement ▁and ▁first ▁contact ▁with ▁European ▁sett lers ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Min is ink ▁- ▁a ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁battle ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁ ▁Min is ink ▁Ang le ▁- ▁a ▁colonial ▁land ▁grant ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁Century ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁Min is ink ▁Pat ent ▁- ▁a ▁colonial ▁land ▁grant ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁Century ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁Big ▁Night ▁is ▁the ▁nin th ▁studio ▁album ▁released ▁by ▁British - Austral ian ▁singer - song writer ▁Peter ▁Andre . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 |
6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁preced ed ▁by ▁the ▁lead ▁single , ▁" K id ". ▁ ▁Background ▁Andre ▁wanted ▁to ▁take ▁another ▁musical ▁direction ▁with ▁this ▁swing ▁music ▁album . ▁Peter ▁co - w rote ▁all ▁ 1 1 ▁songs ▁with ▁singer - song writer ▁Ste vie ▁App leton . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁released ▁the ▁first ▁song ▁off ▁this ▁album , ▁" K id ", ▁which ▁was ▁chosen ▁for ▁the ▁Dream Work s ▁animated ▁movie ▁Mr . ▁Pe ab ody ▁& ▁Sh erman . ▁ ▁Kid ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁Aut umn ▁I cel and ▁TV ▁commer ci als . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁C ary s ▁Jones ▁wrote ▁for ▁Entertainment - Focus ▁that ▁Big ▁Night ▁was ▁" a ▁really ▁great ▁effort ▁from ▁Peter ▁Andre ▁and ▁[ was ] ▁probably ▁the ▁best ▁album ▁that ▁he ▁[ had ] ▁ever ▁released " ▁and ▁Jan elle ▁T uck not t ▁of ▁Ren owned For Sound . com ▁claimed ▁that ▁" le aping ▁into ▁the ▁Big ▁Band / Sw ing / S oul / Bl ues ▁direction ▁of ▁Big ▁Night ▁[ was ] ▁a ▁risk ▁which ▁[ had ] ▁paid ▁off ▁nicely ▁for ▁Peter ▁Andre ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Peter ▁Andre ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁NGC ▁ 4 2 1 4 ▁is ▁a ▁d war f ▁bar red ▁irregular ▁galax y ▁located ▁around ▁ 1 0 ▁million ▁light |
- year s ▁ ▁away ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁Can es ▁Ven at ici . ▁ ▁NGC ▁ 4 2 1 4 ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁M 9 4 ▁Group . ▁ ▁Character istics ▁ ▁NGC ▁ 4 2 1 4 ▁is ▁both ▁larger ▁and ▁br ighter ▁than ▁the ▁Small ▁Mag ellan ic ▁Cloud ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁star bur st ▁galax y , ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁star - form ing ▁regions ▁( N GC ▁ 4 2 1 4 - I ▁and ▁NGC ▁ 4 2 1 4 - II ) ▁in ▁the ▁galax y ' s ▁center . ▁Of ▁the ▁two , ▁NGC ▁ 4 2 1 4 - I ▁contains ▁a ▁super ▁star ▁cluster ▁rich ▁in ▁Wolf - R ay et ▁stars ▁and ▁NGC ▁ 4 2 1 4 - II ▁is ▁younger ▁( age ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 ▁million ▁years ), ▁including ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁star ▁clusters ▁and ▁stell ar ▁associations . ▁ ▁NGC ▁ 4 2 1 4 ▁also ▁has ▁two ▁older ▁super ▁star ▁clusters , ▁both ▁with ▁an ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁million ▁years ▁and ▁respective ▁masses ▁of ▁ 2 . 6 * 1 0 . 5 ▁and ▁ 1 . 5 * 1 0 6 ▁solar ▁masses . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁NGC ▁ 4 2 3 6 ▁- ▁a ▁similar ▁irregular ▁galax y ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Hub ble ▁Heritage ▁site : ▁D etailed ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁H ST ▁picture ▁of ▁ 4 2 1 4 ▁ ▁Gal axy |
▁NGC ▁ 4 2 1 4 : ▁A ▁star ▁formation ▁labor atory ▁E SA / Hub ble ▁photo ▁release ▁ ▁Category : D war f ▁galaxies ▁Category : I r regular ▁galaxies ▁Category : Bar red ▁irregular ▁galaxies ▁Category : Can es ▁Ven at ici ▁ 4 2 1 4 ▁ 0 7 2 7 8 ▁ 3 9 2 2 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁G jer g j ▁K ast ri oti ▁( 6 ▁May ▁ 1 4 0 5 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁ 1 4 6 8 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Sk ander beg ▁( ▁or ▁Sk ë nder be u ▁from ▁), ▁was ▁an ▁Alban ian ▁no blem an ▁and ▁military ▁commander ▁who ▁led ▁a ▁re bell ion ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁Alban ia , ▁North ▁Mac ed onia , ▁Kos ovo , ▁ ▁Mont en eg ro ▁and ▁Ser bia . ▁ ▁A ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁noble ▁K ast ri oti ▁family , ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁a ▁host age ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁court . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁there ▁and ▁entered ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁s ultan ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁twenty ▁years . ▁His ▁rise ▁through ▁the ▁ranks ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁his ▁appointment ▁as ▁san jak bey ▁( g overn or ) ▁of ▁the ▁San jak ▁of ▁D ib ra ▁in ▁ 1 4 4 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 4 4 3 , ▁ ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ni š , ▁he ▁desert ed ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁and |
▁became ▁the ▁r uler ▁of ▁Kru j ë , ▁S vet ig rad , ▁and ▁Mod ri č . ▁In ▁ 1 4 4 4 , ▁the ▁council ▁of ▁fe ud al ▁l ords ▁that ▁histor ians ▁would ▁later ▁call ▁the ▁League ▁of ▁Le zh ë ▁named ▁Sk ander beg ▁its ▁chief ▁military ▁commander ▁( first ▁among ▁equals ). ▁The ▁league ▁cons olid ated ▁nob ility ▁throughout ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁Northern ▁Alban ia , ▁under ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁V , ▁with ▁Sk ander beg ▁as ▁captain ▁general . ▁Thus , ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁Alban ia ▁was ▁un ited ▁under ▁a ▁single ▁leader . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁re bell ion ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁general ▁u pr ising ▁of ▁Alban ians , ▁because ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁gain ▁support ▁in ▁the ▁Ven et ian - control led ▁north ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman - control led ▁south . ▁His ▁follow ers ▁included , ▁apart ▁from ▁Alban ians , ▁also ▁S lav s , ▁V la chs , ▁and ▁Gree ks . ▁Despite ▁this ▁military ▁valor ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁able ▁to ▁do ▁more ▁than ▁to ▁hold ▁his ▁own ▁poss essions ▁within ▁the ▁very ▁small ▁area ▁in ▁today ' s ▁northern ▁Alban ia ▁where ▁almost ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁vict ories ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁took ▁place . ▁His ▁re bell ion ▁was ▁a ▁national ▁re bell ion . ▁The ▁resistance ▁led ▁by ▁him ▁brought ▁Alban ians ▁of ▁different ▁regions ▁and ▁dialect s ▁together ▁in ▁a ▁common ▁cause , ▁helping ▁define ▁the ▁eth nic ▁identity ▁of |
▁the ▁Alban ians . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁military ▁skills ▁presented ▁a ▁major ▁obst acle ▁to ▁Ott oman ▁expansion , ▁and ▁many ▁in ▁western ▁Europe ▁considered ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁model ▁of ▁Christian ▁resistance ▁against ▁Muslim s . ▁For ▁ 2 5 ▁years , ▁from ▁ 1 4 4 3 ▁to ▁ 1 4 6 8 , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 - man ▁army ▁march ed ▁through ▁Ott oman ▁territory , ▁winning ▁against ▁consist ently ▁larger ▁and ▁better - supp lied ▁Ott oman ▁forces . ▁He ▁was ▁greatly ▁adm ired ▁for ▁this . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁always ▁signed ▁himself ▁in ▁ ▁(" L ord ▁of ▁Alban ia "), ▁and ▁claimed ▁no ▁other ▁titles ▁but ▁that ▁in ▁surv iving ▁documents . ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 1 , ▁through ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Ga eta , ▁he ▁recognized ▁de ▁j ure ▁the ▁so vere ig nt y ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Nap les ▁over ▁Alban ia , ▁ens uring ▁a ▁protect ive ▁al liance , ▁although ▁he ▁remained ▁a ▁de ▁fact o ▁independent ▁r uler . ▁In ▁ 1 4 6 0 – 6 1 , ▁he ▁supported ▁ ▁Ferdinand ▁I ▁of ▁Nap les ▁in ▁his ▁wars ▁against ▁John ▁of ▁An jou ▁and ▁the ▁bar ons ▁who ▁supported ▁John ' s ▁claim ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁of ▁Nap les . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 6 3 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁chief ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁cr us ading ▁forces ▁of ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁II , |
▁but ▁the ▁Pope ▁died ▁while ▁the ▁arm ies ▁were ▁still ▁gather ing . ▁T ogether ▁with ▁Ven et ians , ▁he ▁fought ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁during ▁the ▁Ott oman – V en et ian ▁War ▁( 1 4 6 3 – 1 4 7 9 ) ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 4 6 8 . ▁He ▁ranks ▁high ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁history ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁persistent — and ▁ever - v ict orious — opp on ent ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁its ▁he yd ay . ▁ ▁Name ▁ ▁The ▁original , ▁Latin ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁surname , ▁Cast ri oti ▁( also ▁as ▁Cast ri oth i ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 8 ), ▁is ▁rendered ▁in ▁modern ▁Alban ian ▁histor i ography ▁as ▁K ast ri oti . ▁In ▁correspond ence ▁with ▁S lav ic ▁regions , ▁ Đ ura đ ▁and ▁ Đ or đ e ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁his ▁first ▁name . ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 0 ▁his ▁full ▁name ▁was ▁written ▁in ▁Old ▁S lav ic ▁C yr ill ic ▁as ▁ Đ ura đ ▁K ast ri ot ▁( ). ▁ ▁G jer g j ▁is ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁equivalent ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁George . ▁Charles ▁du ▁F res ne ▁( 1 6 1 0 – 1 6 8 8 ), ▁writing ▁in ▁Latin , ▁used ▁Georg ius ▁Cast ri ot us ▁Sc ander beg us ▁in ▁his ▁work . ▁C . ▁C . ▁Moore ▁in ▁his |
▁bi ographical ▁work ▁on ▁Sk ander beg ▁( 1 8 5 0 ) ▁used ▁Cast ri ot . ▁The ▁surname ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁cas tr um ▁via ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁ κ ά σ τ ρ ο ▁( ). ▁According ▁to ▁F an ▁N oli , ▁the ▁surname ▁is ▁a ▁to pon ym , ▁of ▁K ast ri ot ▁in ▁modern ▁n ort he astern ▁Alban ia . ▁ ▁The ▁Ott oman ▁Tur ks ▁gave ▁him ▁the ▁name ▁ ا س ک ن د ر ▁ ب گ ▁ İ sk ender ▁be y ▁or ▁ İ sk ender ▁be ğ , ▁meaning ▁" L ord ▁Alexander ", ▁or ▁" L ead er ▁Alexander ", ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁rendered ▁as ▁Sc ander beg ▁or ▁Sk ander beg ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁versions ▁of ▁his ▁bi ograph ies , ▁and ▁Sk ë nder be u ▁( or ▁Sk ë nder be j ) ▁is ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁version . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 4 5 0 ▁letter ▁in ▁Ser bian ▁and ▁C yr ill ic ▁sent ▁to ▁R ag usa ▁by ▁Sk ander beg , ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁" С ке дер ь ▁бе г ь " ▁( Sk eder ▁beg ), ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 9 ▁as ▁" С к ен дь рь ▁бе г ь " ▁( Sk ender ▁beg ). ▁Latin ized ▁in ▁Bar let i ' s ▁version ▁as ▁Sc ander beg i ▁and ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁Sk ander beg , ▁the ▁combined ▁app ell |
ative ▁is ▁assumed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁comparison ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁military ▁skill ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁Alexander ▁the ▁Great . ▁In ▁ 1 4 6 3 , ▁his ▁name ▁was ▁written ▁in ▁Latin ▁as ▁Z or zi ▁Cast ri oti . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁many ▁theories ▁on ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁born . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁Sk ander beg ▁bi ograph ers , ▁Fr ash ë ri , ▁has , ▁among ▁other , ▁interpreted ▁G jon ▁M uz aka ' s ▁book ▁of ▁gene alog ies , ▁sources ▁of ▁R aff ae le ▁Ma ff ei ▁(" il ▁Vol ter rano "; ▁ 1 4 5 1 – 1 5 2 2 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁def ter ▁( c ensus ) ▁of ▁ 1 4 6 7 , ▁and ▁placed ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁village ▁of ▁Sin ë , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁villages ▁owned ▁by ▁his ▁grand father ▁Pal ▁K ast ri oti . ▁F an ▁N oli ' s ▁pla cement ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁birth ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 5 ▁is ▁now ▁largely ▁agreed ▁upon , ▁after ▁earlier ▁disag re ements , ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁birth ▁documents ▁for ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁sib lings . ▁His ▁father ▁G jon ▁K ast ri oti ▁held ▁a ▁territory ▁between ▁Le zh ë ▁and ▁P riz ren ▁that ▁included ▁Mat , ▁M ird it ë ▁and ▁D ib ë r ▁in ▁north - central ▁Alban |
ia . ▁His ▁mother ▁was ▁Vo is ava , ▁whose ▁origin ▁is ▁disput ed . ▁One ▁view ▁holds ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁S lav ic ▁prin cess ▁from ▁the ▁P olog ▁region , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁interpreted ▁as ▁her ▁being ▁a ▁possible ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁B rank ović ▁family ▁or ▁a ▁local ▁Bulgar ian ▁noble ▁family . ▁The ▁other ▁view ▁is ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁M uz aka ▁family , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Domin icus ▁alias ▁Mon c inus ▁a ▁relative ▁of ▁M uz aka ▁house . ▁Sk ander beg ▁had ▁three ▁older ▁brothers , ▁Stan ish a , ▁Re pos h ▁and ▁Const antine , ▁and ▁five ▁sister s , ▁Mar a , ▁J el ena , ▁Angel ina , ▁V la j ka ▁and ▁Mam ica . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ge opol it ical ▁context s ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁changed ▁alleg ian ces ▁and ▁relig ions ▁when ▁al lied ▁to ▁Ven ice ▁as ▁a ▁Catholic ▁and ▁Ser bia ▁as ▁an ▁Orth odox ▁Christian . ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁v ass al ▁of ▁the ▁Sultan ▁since ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century , ▁and , ▁as ▁a ▁consequence , ▁paid ▁t ribute ▁and ▁provided ▁military ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁( like ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁An k ara ▁ 1 4 0 2 ). ▁In ▁ 1 4 0 9 , ▁he ▁sent ▁his ▁el dest ▁son , ▁Stan ish a , ▁to ▁be ▁the |
▁Sultan ' s ▁host age . ▁According ▁to ▁Mar in ▁Bar let i , ▁a ▁primary ▁source , ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁his ▁three ▁older ▁brothers , ▁Re pos h , ▁Kost and in , ▁and ▁Stan ish a , ▁were ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁Sultan ▁to ▁his ▁court ▁as ▁host ages . ▁However , ▁according ▁to ▁documents , ▁besides ▁Sk ander beg , ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁brothers ▁of ▁Sk ander beg , ▁probably ▁Stan ish a , ▁was ▁taken ▁host age ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁cons cript ed ▁into ▁the ▁Dev ş ir me ▁system , ▁a ▁military ▁inst itute ▁that ▁en rolled ▁Christian ▁boys , ▁converted ▁them ▁to ▁Islam , ▁and ▁trained ▁them ▁to ▁become ▁military ▁officers . ▁Rec ent ▁histor ians ▁are ▁of ▁the ▁opinion ▁that ▁while ▁Stan ish a ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁cons cript ed ▁at ▁a ▁young ▁age , ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁go ▁through ▁the ▁Dev ş ir me , ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁Sk ander beg , ▁who ▁is ▁assumed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁sent ▁host age ▁to ▁the ▁Sultan ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁only ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁custom ary ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁a ▁local ▁ch ie ft ain , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁Sultan , ▁would ▁send ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁children ▁to ▁the ▁Sultan ' s ▁court , ▁where ▁the ▁child ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁host age ▁for ▁an ▁un spec ified ▁time ; ▁this ▁way , ▁the ▁Sultan ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁exercise ▁control ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁ruled |
▁by ▁the ▁host age ' s ▁father . ▁The ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁host ages ▁was ▁not ▁bad . ▁Far ▁from ▁being ▁held ▁in ▁a ▁prison , ▁the ▁host ages ▁were ▁usually ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁best ▁military ▁schools ▁and ▁trained ▁to ▁become ▁future ▁military ▁leaders . ▁ ▁Ott oman ▁service ▁ 1 4 2 3 ▁to ▁ 1 4 4 3 ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁a ▁host age ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁court ▁in ▁Ad rian ople ▁( Ed ir ne ) ▁in ▁ 1 4 1 5 , ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 4 2 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁assumed ▁that ▁he ▁remained ▁at ▁Mur ad ▁II ' s ▁court ▁as ▁i ç ▁o ğ lan ▁for ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁three ▁years , ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁military ▁training ▁at ▁End er un . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁existing ▁record ▁of ▁George ' s ▁name ▁is ▁the ▁First ▁Act ▁of ▁Hil and ar ▁from ▁ 1 4 2 6 , ▁when ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁and ▁his ▁four ▁sons ▁don ated ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁the ▁proceed s ▁from ▁tax es ▁collected ▁from ▁two ▁villages ▁in ▁Mac ed onia ▁( in ▁modern ▁M av ro vo ▁and ▁Rost u š a , ▁North ▁Mac ed onia ) ▁to ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁monaster y ▁of ▁Hil and ar . ▁After wards , ▁between ▁ 1 4 2 6 ▁and ▁ 1 4 3 1 , ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁and ▁his ▁sons , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁Stan ish a , ▁purchased ▁four ▁ad |
el ph ates ▁( right s ▁to ▁res ide ▁on ▁mon astic ▁territory ▁and ▁receive ▁subs id ies ▁from ▁mon astic ▁resources ) ▁to ▁the ▁Saint ▁George ▁tower ▁and ▁to ▁some ▁property ▁within ▁the ▁monaster y ▁as ▁stated ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Act ▁of ▁Hil and ar . ▁ ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁End er un , ▁the ▁s ultan ▁granted ▁Sk ander beg ▁control ▁over ▁one ▁tim ar ▁( land ▁grant ) ▁which ▁was ▁near ▁the ▁territ ories ▁controlled ▁by ▁his ▁father . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁concerned ▁that ▁the ▁s ultan ▁might ▁order ▁Sk ander beg ▁to ▁occup y ▁his ▁territory ▁and ▁informed ▁Ven ice ▁about ▁this ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 4 2 8 . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁John ▁had ▁to ▁seek ▁forg iveness ▁from ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁Senate ▁because ▁Sk ander beg ▁participated ▁in ▁Ott oman ▁military ▁campaign s ▁against ▁Christians . ▁In ▁ 1 4 3 0 , ▁John ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁battle ▁by ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁governor ▁of ▁Sk op je , ▁I sh ak ▁Bey , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁his ▁territorial ▁poss essions ▁were ▁extremely ▁reduced . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁Sk ander beg ▁continued ▁fighting ▁for ▁Mur ad ▁II ▁in ▁his ▁exped itions , ▁and ▁gained ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁s ip ah i . ▁Several ▁sch ol ars ▁have ▁assumed ▁that ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁f ief dom ▁in ▁Nik opol ▁in ▁northern ▁Bulg aria , ▁because ▁a ▁certain ▁" I sk ander ▁be y " ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 4 |
3 0 ▁document ▁holding ▁f ief s ▁there . ▁Although ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁sum mon ed ▁home ▁by ▁his ▁relatives ▁when ▁G jer g j ▁A rian iti ▁and ▁Andrew ▁Th op ia ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁chief s ▁from ▁the ▁region ▁between ▁V lor ë ▁and ▁Sh k od ë r ▁organized ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁revol t ▁of ▁ 1 4 3 2 – 1 4 3 6 , ▁he ▁did ▁nothing , ▁remaining ▁loyal ▁to ▁the ▁s ultan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 3 7 – 3 8 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁sub a ş i ▁( g overn or ) ▁of ▁the ▁Kru j ë ▁sub a ş il ik ▁before ▁H iz ir ▁Bey ▁was ▁again ▁appointed ▁to ▁that ▁position ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 4 3 8 . ▁Until ▁May ▁ 1 4 3 8 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁controlled ▁a ▁relatively ▁large ▁tim ar ▁( of ▁the ▁vil ay et ▁of ▁D h imit ë r ▁Jon ima ) ▁composed ▁of ▁nine ▁villages ▁which ▁previously ▁belonged ▁to ▁his ▁father ▁( register ed ▁as ▁" J ovan ' s ▁land ", ▁). ▁According ▁to ▁ İ nal c ı k , ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁Ott oman ▁documents ▁as ▁Ju van ▁og lu ▁I sk ender ▁be y . ▁It ▁was ▁because ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁display ▁of ▁military ▁mer it ▁in ▁several ▁Ott oman ▁campaign s , ▁that ▁Mur ad ▁II ▁( r . ▁ 1 4 2 1 |
– 5 1 ) ▁had ▁given ▁him ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁val i . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁leading ▁a ▁caval ry ▁unit ▁of ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁men . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁brother ▁Re pos h ' s ▁death ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 4 3 1 ▁and ▁the ▁later ▁death s ▁of ▁Kost and in ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁father ▁( who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 4 3 7 ), ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁his ▁surv iving ▁brother ▁Stan ish a ▁maintained ▁the ▁relations ▁that ▁their ▁father ▁had ▁with ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁R ag usa ▁and ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ven ice ; ▁in ▁ 1 4 3 8 ▁and ▁ 1 4 3 9 , ▁they ▁sust ained ▁their ▁father ' s ▁privileges ▁with ▁those ▁states . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 4 3 8 – 4 3 ▁period , ▁he ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁fighting ▁alongside ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁in ▁their ▁European ▁campaign s , ▁mostly ▁against ▁the ▁Christian ▁forces ▁led ▁by ▁Jan os ▁Hun y adi . ▁In ▁ 1 4 4 0 ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁appointed ▁san jak bey ▁of ▁D ib ra . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁stay ▁in ▁Alban ia ▁as ▁Ott oman ▁governor , ▁he ▁maintained ▁close ▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁his ▁father ' s ▁former ▁properties ▁and ▁also ▁with ▁other ▁Alban ian ▁noble ▁families . ▁ ▁Reb ell ion ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁ ▁R ise ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁November ▁ |