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only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?
perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination
A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what?
1962
Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?
1917
In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?
1962
In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?
collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals
In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?
The cardinal protodeacon
Who announces the election of a new pope?
from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State
Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?
Pope John Paul I
Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?
white
What color is the hat?
30
How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?
10 years
How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?
about half
In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?
third
In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?
seven deacons in the Papal Household
What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?
cardinal deacons
Which cardinals are ranked lowest?
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests
Who can become the cardinal protopriest?
Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil
Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?
the Pope
In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?
a suburbicarian see
Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?
cardinal deacons
Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?
cardinal bishops
Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?
Cardinal priests
Which rank has the most cardinals?
priests chosen by the pope
What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?
a titular church in Rome
Each cardinal priest has what?
1587
In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?
70
What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?
Pope John XXIII
Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
Iranic languages
What is another term meaning Iranian languages?
Indo-Iranian languages
What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?
Indo-European language family
What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?
400 BCE
When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?
Middle Persian
What is an example of a Sassanid language?
86
How many different Iranian languages exist?
Proto-Iranian
Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?
Persian and Sanskrit
From what languages does the word Aryao come?
1836
When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?
Christian Lassen
Who first used the term Iranian language?
Robert Needham Cust
Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?
1878
When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?
Proto-Iranian
From where did Iranian languages originate?
Central Asia
What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?
Andronovo
What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?
2000 BC
When did the Andronovo culture exist?
Indo-European
What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?
southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia
Where did early Iranian people establish societies?
linguistic diversity
What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?
two
How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?
the Behistun inscription
In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?
520 BC
When was the Behistun inscription written?
4th century BC
During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?
Avestan
What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?
Zoroastrianism
What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?
Rigvedic Sanskrit
What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?
Old Persian
What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?
Kurdish
What language is Carduchi thought to have become?
Scythian
What language did Herodotus invent a name for?
western and eastern
What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?
Old Persian
Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?
Avestan
Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?
*ć and *dź
What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?
first-series palatal consonants
What type of letters are *ć and *dź?
Nuristani languages
What languages share a similar situation?
*ćw and *dźw
What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?
consonant clusters
What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw?
other distinct dialect groups
What may have also been in use at the time?
Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian
Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?
Old Parthian
What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?
9th century
When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?
Western and Eastern
What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?
Eastern
Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?
Avestan
Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?
Aramaic
Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?
Greek script
What did the Bactrian language use for writing?
Pahlavi
What is another term for Middle Persian?
3rd century CE
When did Middle Persian start being u sed?
Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian
What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?
Syriac script
What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?
Islam
The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?
Dari
What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?
Saffarid
What was the first dynasty to use Dari?
875 CE
When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?
Khorasan
What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?
Arabic script
What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?
second half of the 8th century
When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?
Tajik script
What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?
the 1930s
When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?
the Soviet government
Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?
Khuzestan
What is another term for Western Iran?
Sogdian and Bactrian
What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?
6th century AD
By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?
Zarafshan valley
Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?
Saka
Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?
Daylighting
What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?
positive
What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?
energy consumption
Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?
artificial light sources
Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?
Lighting or illumination
The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?
Daylighting
What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?
Lighting
Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?