answer stringlengths 1 239 ⌀ | question stringlengths 1 25.7k |
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destroyed | What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525? |
immediately after publication | At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed? |
S. Wanradt and J. Koell | What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language? |
1535 | In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written? |
bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism | What type of book was it? |
An Estonian grammar book | What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian? |
1637 | What year was the priests' grammar book put into print? |
Kristjan Jaak Peterson | Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820? |
patriotic and philosophical | What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on? |
March 14 | When was Peterson born? |
Mother Tongue Day | What is another name given for Peterson's birthday? |
German-language University of Dorpat | What university did Peterson attend? |
23,868 | In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed? |
14,503 | In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed? |
Estonian | In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918? |
Age of Enlightenment | What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance? |
Baltic Germans | Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians? |
Estophile educated class | Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture? |
Danes and Germans | Who conquered the ancient Estonians? |
13th century | When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end? |
1919 | What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place? |
Estonian | After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language? |
97.3% | What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945? |
Estonian | What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians? |
invaded and occupied | What happened to Estonia during WWII? |
Soviet Union | Who invaded Estonia? |
Russian | After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language? |
Latvia | What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia? |
pressure of bilingualism | What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia? |
collapse of the Soviet Union | What historical event once again freed Estonia? |
Estonian | Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language? |
Russian | What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages? |
The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language | What came into being in January 1989? |
above 70% | Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia? |
two | How many groups of Estonian dialects are there? |
the northern and southern dialects | What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups? |
Tallinn | What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated? |
the northeastern coast of Estonia | Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken? |
Tartu | What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken? |
the keskmurre | What dialect is also known as the central dialect? |
the idamurre or eastern dialect | What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi? |
Saaremaa and Hiiumaa | What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre? |
the läänemurre | What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect? |
the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects | What dialects comprise the southern group? |
their culture | More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other? |
separate languages altogether | Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered? |
Christian | What religion is associated with Seto and Võro? |
Latin | From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet? |
Finnish | What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet? |
[æ], as in English mat | In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced? |
phonemic principles | What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography? |
one | To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond? |
some historical and morphological deviations | What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle? |
Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž | On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh? |
Pasha (pas-ha) | What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative? |
Newer Orthography | In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis? |
Eduard Ahrens | Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography? |
19th century | In what century was the Newer Orthography created? |
Older Orthography | Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place? |
standard German orthography | From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis? |
Russian | In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from? |
Encyclopædia Britannica | What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian? |
"ostrov Khiuma" | What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica? |
transitional | What is the typological form of Estonian? |
an agglutinating language | What is Estonian typologically transitioning from? |
a fusional language | What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into? |
subject–verb–object | How are words ordered in Estonian canonically? |
Estonian | What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns? |
adjectives | In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case? |
Finnish | What other language has a telicity contrast? |
partitive | Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found? |
total objects | What is the accusative used for? |
verbal system | From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking? |
present tense | What is used in place of the future tense? |
special forms | What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject? |
Germanic languages | Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages? |
Low Saxon | What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary? |
during the period of German rule | When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language? |
High German | From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary? |
High German | Standard German is part of what Germanic language? |
'b' & 'p' | What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian? |
The initial letter 's' is often dropped | What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'? |
pagas | In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced? |
Ado Grenzstein | Who was the journalist who was also a language planner? |
1870s–90s | In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia? |
formation ex nihilo | What is another term for making up words from nothing? |
Ado Grenzstein | Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique? |
Johannes Aavik | Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known? |
1880–1973 | What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive? |
creations ex nihilo | What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing? |
Aavik’s dictionary | In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found? |
approximately 4000 | How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary? |
Ancient Greek, Latin and French | What languages did Aavik know? |
1921 | When was Aavik's dictionary published? |
Aavikisms | What is another term for words created by Aavik? |
foreign lexical items | Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what? |
wood | What is a source for the particles in paper? |
writing | What is a common use for paper? |
drying | What is the last step in paper production? |
2nd century AD | When was the pulp papermaking process developed? |
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