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the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI | What was the first index on corruption, in 1995? |
two | How many methods of judiciary corruption are there? |
executive | What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries? |
separation of powers | What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine? |
judiciary | What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries? |
Mobile telecommunications | Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption? |
Africa | What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications? |
the anti-corruption bureau | Who works against corruption in India? |
Jan Lokpal Bill | What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India? |
1990s | What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption? |
Ministers of the Council of Europe | Who started the Programme of Action? |
a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments | What did the Programme of Action issue? |
Group of States Against Corruption | What does GRECO stand for? |
Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption | What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO? |
transnational | The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what? |
Latin | What language is the word dialectus from? |
Greek | From what language does the word diálektos come? |
discourse | What does diálektos mean in English? |
two | How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe? |
two | How many distinct ways is the term dialect used? |
a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers | What is the common definition of dialect? |
regional speech patterns | What is the term dialect most often applied to? |
social class | Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect? |
sociolect | What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class? |
ethnolect | What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity? |
a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language | What is the other definition of the term dialect? |
subordinate to the standard language | How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language? |
Italy | The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects? |
regional Italian | What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called? |
Latin | From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive? |
vocabulary | Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect? |
accent | If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used? |
jargons | What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary? |
argots | Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety? |
standard language | What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect? |
institutions | The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized? |
textbooks | Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized? |
English | Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language? |
government | Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized? |
institutional support | What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect? |
English | What language is Scouse a dialect of? |
The Dialect Test | What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects? |
Joseph Wright | Who came up with the Dialect Test? |
vocabulary | Along with a syntax and grammar, what attribute does a dialect possess? |
Costa Rica | In what country is Limón Creole English spoken? |
Caribbean | On what coast of Costa Rica is Limón Creole English spoken? |
Jamaican | Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from people of what nationality? |
mutual intelligibility | What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects? |
dialect continua | What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible? |
if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other | What is the definition of mutual intelligibility? |
linguistic authority | What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages? |
East Franconian German | Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German? |
Middle High German | Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member? |
a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary | Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German? |
everybody | According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect? |
Heinz Kloss | Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework? |
1967 | In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed? |
politically and/or culturally | What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss? |
German | The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language? |
languoid | What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects? |
variety | What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language? |
lect | Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status? |
the elite class | With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated? |
low | What social status is the term "dialect" sometimes associated with? |
dialects | What is another term for language varieties? |
historical and political | What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language? |
Lombardic alpine | What dialect is the language Romansh similar to? |
Chinese | What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of? |
mutual unintelligibility | Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects? |
the French Revolution | What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism? |
its own independent state | If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows? |
regional autonomy | What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group? |
armed conflict | Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to? |
Yiddish | Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language? |
A language is a dialect with an army and navy | What does "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot" mean in English? |
1945 | When did Max Weinrich write "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"? |
traditional regional varieties | When is the term 'German dialects' used in regard to the German language? |
the regional varieties of modern standard German | What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from? |
Germanic tribes | After what entities are German dialects traditionally named? |
South | In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common? |
Northern Germany | In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen? |
cities | Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers? |
public | In what environment are dialects less common? |
familiar | In what environment are dialects more frequently heard? |
Swiss German | What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland? |
standard German | What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland? |
Liechtenstein | Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German? |
an ausbau language | What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages? |
they are roofed by standard German | Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German? |
dialetti | What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language? |
Vulgar Latin | What language are many Italian dialects derived from? |
dialects | What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian? |
they are not derived from modern standard Italian | Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian? |
they lack mutual intelligibility | What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other? |
Lombardy | From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail? |
Gallo-Italic | What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to? |
Neapolitan | What type of language is Sicilian? |
Sicilian Gallo-Italic | What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily? |
Florentine Tuscan | What language is modern standard Italian derived from? |
Latin | What language is Florentine Tuscan based on? |
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