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12th
During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?
upper class
What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?
Tuscany
From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?
Alessandro Manzoni
What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?
the Risorgimento
During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?
1860s
In what decade was Italy unified?
2.5%
What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?
standard Italian
When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?
World War I
During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?
television
Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?
lower
In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?
outside of one's region
Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language?
at home with family
Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language?
standard Italian
Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?
Italo-Dalmatian
What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?
Latin
What language are most languages of Italy derived from?
Romance
Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to?
The Sardinian language
Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?
Italian Tuscan
What language is Sassarese closely related to?
Italo-Dalmatian
What language family does Gallurese belong to?
Gallo-Romance
What language family does Ligurian belong to?
Sardinian
Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?
American English
Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?
Serbian and Croatian
What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?
dialects of a single language
Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?
distinct languages
Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?
the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies
Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?
Bulgarian
Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?
South Slavic
What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?
a Bulgarian dialect
What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as?
1944
In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established?
Republic of Macedonia
In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken?
Christian
Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?
Arabic
In what language are Lebanese laws written?
Lebanese Arabic
During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?
Arabic
What language is Lebanese closely related to?
Latin
What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?
Algeria
Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?
Literary Arabic
What is the liturgical language of Islam?
Literary Arabic
In what language is the Qur'an written?
spoken North African languages
What does the term Dariajs refer to?
Islam
What is the dominant religion of North Africa?
19th
During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?
the Tsarist Government
What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine?
The German Empire
What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?
the Entente
What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?
Bolsheviks
What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?
Whites
Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?
World War II
After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?
Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers
Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?
to gain independence
Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis?
Ukraine
In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?
Russian
Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?
Mircea Snegur
Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?
2003
In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?
Romanian expansionism
Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?
Ion Bărbuţă
Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?
logograms
From what did Chinese characters derive?
Cantonese
What is another name for the Yue language?
the south
Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?
Beijing
From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?
Standard Mandarin
At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?
Latin
From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?
Ancient Greek
What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?
Old Norse
From what language is North Germanic derived?
English
Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language?
Spanish
Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?
French
With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?
French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change
What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?
avere
What Italian word is similar to the French word "avoir"?
être
What French word is similar to the Italian word "essere"?
Italian and Spanish
What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?
body parts
Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian?
sere
When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used?
Interlingua
What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?
International Auxiliary Language Association
Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?
Swedish
What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?
Portuguese
Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?
the international scientific vocabulary
Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?
the Classical period
What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?
1400–1600
What years are termed the Renaissance period?
1600–1750
What years are termed the Baroque period?
Romantic
From 1804-1910 was called what era?
Western music
Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition?
Western
Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?
the Classical period
What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?
between 1550 and 1900
What time period is known at the common practice period?
1400–1600
When was the Renaissance era?
1890–1930
When was the modern era?
its system of staff notation
How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?
Western staff notation
What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?
jazz and blues
What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?
complexity
Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what?
its system of staff notation
How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?
since about the 16th century
How long has the system of staff notation been in use?
improvisation
Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation?
complexity
Classic music can a attain a high level of what?
the early 19th century
When did the term "classical music" appear?
the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven
What period is referred to as a "golden age"?