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meantone temperament
What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?
studied classical music
What have classical trained performers done extensively?
individual lessons from professors
What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?
postgraduate
To what level is training for classical music often required?
sight-reading
Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?
harmonic
Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?
classical music
Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?
Van Halen brothers
What brothers have had significant classical training?
classical
Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?
commercial
Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?
male
What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?
harpist
Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?
1997
What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?
the Berlin Philharmonic
Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?
Dieter Flury
Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?
1997
In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?
Anna Lelkes
Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?
harp
What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?
six
How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?
Albena Danailova
Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?
female
The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist?
male
The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?
'blind' auditions
What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?
violin
In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men?
complexity
Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?
popular styles
What is usually written in song forms?
sophisticated
The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?
movements
What are self-contained pieces in longer works called?
four
How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?
slow
What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?
sections
A movement broken up further is called what?
Allegro
The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?
Medieval
What period was from 500-1400?
1600–1750
What years dictate the Baroque period?
by calendar century
How have periods been reckoned Since 1900?
the contemporary/postmodern musical era
What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?
Romantic
The years 1804-1910 marked what era?
Haydn
What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue?
Classical
Haydn is classified as typical of what era?
Beethoven
Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?
Brahms
Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?
era
Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?
neo
A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?
20th-century
What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?
Stravinsky's
Who wrote Pulcinella?
Classical
What era is Pulcinella similar to?
2695 BC
When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?
Burgh
Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?
early Christian liturgical music,
What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?
ancient Greeks
Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?
Pythagoras
Who helped codify musical notation?
Rome
The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?
Monophonic chant
What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?
multi-voiced
What does Polyphonic mean?
1100
When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?
motets
Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?
from 1400 to 1600
When was the Renaissance era?
Renaissance
What era was from 1400 to 1600?
Renaissance
The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?
Social dancing
What became widespread in the Renaissance era?
Renaissance
Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?
staff
The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?
oral
How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?
change
What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?
the composer's presence
What can a musical scored be performed without?
the 15th century
When was the movable-type printing press invented?
the flute family
The record is part of what wind family?
the oboe
The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument?
churches
Where were the first pipe organs confined to?
the 16th century
When had the viol emerged by?
Printing
What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments?
The common practice period
When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?
The common practice period
What began with the Baroque era?
Baroque era
What era did the classical era follow?
around 1820
When did the classical era end?
about 1910
When did the romantic era end?
Baroque
Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music?
a continuous bass line
What does basso continuo mean?
more complex
What did music become during the Baroque era in comparison with earlier periods?
the sonata form
What form began to take shape during the Baroque era?
tonalities
Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
Baroque
Keyboard music became popular during what era?
stringed
The violin family is what type of instrument?
staged musical drama
Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?
vocal forms
What became more common during the Baroque era?
embellishments
What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?
equal temperament
What theories began to be put in wider practice?
a wider range of chromatic possibilities
What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?
equal temperament
What did Bach not use?
tuned
A modern piano is generally what?
meantone
What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?
1750 to 1820
When was the Classical era?
the piano
What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?
The basic forces required for an orchestra
What became more standardized during the classical era?
10
How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?
a form of comic opera
What is an opera buffa?
Wind
What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era?
the clarinet family
What is the single reed family called?
double reeded
What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?
Mozart
Who expanded the single reeds role?