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What were the nobles named in lithuanian?
kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'
What were the higher nobility named?
King of Lithuania.
The kunigai were subordinate to who?
бояре
What word is used to denominate nobility?
Polish szlachta
What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?
polonized
What did the polish szlachta become more of?
they were of Roman extraction
What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?
šlėkta
What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility?
Lithuanian linguists
Who forbid the use of the word slekta?
the highest members of the nobility
WHo was first invloved in the polonization?
Russian Empire
Who imposed various sanction on the people?
removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas
What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?
"Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism"
What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?
Lithuanian language.
What language was banned from printing on books?
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards?
multicultural and multilingual
What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?
principalities of Halych and Volhynia
What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania?
intermarried
What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian?
Polish and Lithuanian nobility
What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?
convert to Catholicism
What social pressure was pressing down the people?
Union of Brest
What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism.
1596
What year was the union of brest
by monarch
Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?
ennoblement
What right was reversed by sijm?
undifferentiated coat of arms
What would be given to the enobled one?
sejm
After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?
szlachta clan
What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,
Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?
two ennoblements per year
What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.
heraldic sources
What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?
1,600
What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth
14th century onward
When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?
final years of the late 18th century
When were most ennoblements implemented?
Vytautas the Great
WHo reformed the grand duchy army?
bajorai
vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?
Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors
What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?
Goštautai,
What is an example of noble family name?
Union of Horodlo
Who gave the coat of arms to others?
Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries
Who defined the significant legislative changes?
1374 exemption from the land tax,
What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?
requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms
What did the 1425 requirement entail?
rights of commoners
What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
service to the state
What was a rarest rare to become a noble?
really usurpers, being commoners,
Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?
Hieronim Nekanda Trepka
Who denounced many nobles?
first half of the 16th century
When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?
owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer
What did the nobles lose by being denounced?
many rights
THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what?
Poland
What was the nobilities commonwealth?
not of the king or the ruling dynasty
WHo elected the king?
the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty
WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on?
dynasty's female-line descendants.
The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom?
at the time of their election to the throne
When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?
king-elect's Pacta conventa
What specified the kings privileges?
ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax
What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?
privileges
What did nobles get in from the king during election?
1355
When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
Buda King Casimir III the Great
who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility?
Louis I of Hungary
WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?
the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes
What was promised by Buda King Casimer?
the king and the court
WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
1374
When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?
in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga
WHy did King louis approve the privilege?
exempted the entire class from all but one tax
What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?
abolished
WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?
King to pay indemnities
What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?
King Władysław II Jagiełło
Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
1422
When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?
ceded
What happened to the right to mint coinage?
at Kraków in 1433
Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
Brześć Kujawski privilege
WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?
nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest
What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?
warrant from a court of justice
What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility?
King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon
What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons?
1454
When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?
the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks
What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?
judicial abuses
THe nobility was protected from what?
magnates
Whos power was curbed?
their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.
Why did the szlachta demand privileges?
1492
When did the first free election take place?
no restrictions on the choice of candidates.
What was different about later elections then first free election?
senators
Who only voted in the election of 1492?
John I Albert
Who won the election of 1492?
Jagiellonian Dynasty
What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?
King John I Albert
Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?
On April 26, 1496
Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?
increasing
WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
one son (not the eldest)
Who was allowed to leave the village?
owning land
What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?
23 October 1501
When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?
Union of Mielnik
Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?
Union of Mielnik
Where was the coronation Sejm founded?
more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility
What did the actof of milno do?
disobey the King or his representatives
What right was given to the nobles?
3 May 1505
When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen?
King Alexander I Jagiellon
Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"?
forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility
What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do
greatly strengthened
What happened to the notabilities political position?
legislative power from the king to the Sejm.
What has happened to the legislative power?
"executionist movement
What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?