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About 10,000 years ago
When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?
Evidence of human habitation
What has been found in caves near Vercors?
to keep them dry
Why were houses built on piles?
Standing stones
What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?
more than 5000 years old
How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?
a mummy of a neolithic body
Who was Otzi the Iceman?
In 1991
When was Otzi the Iceman found?
the Similaun glacier
Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered?
between 1000 to 1500 BC
When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland?
the eastern regions
The Raetians lived in what region?
the west
The Helvetii occupied which region?
salt
What did the Celtic tribes mine?
The Celts
Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?
218 BC
When was the Second Punic War?
Hannibal
Who was the Carthaginian general?
roads
What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?
Roman road markers
What can still be found on the mountain passes?
The Roman expansion
What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?
in 121 BC
When were the Allobrogi defeated?
58 BC
When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?
Germanic tribes
What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?
Romans
Who established Christianity in the region?
feudalism
What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?
Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy
What area still has intricate frescoes?
Château de Chillon
What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?
power struggles
Much of the medieval period was a time of what?
northern Italy
Where were the Visconti from?
the House of Habsburg
What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia?
Switzerland
What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century?
the Napoleonic Wars
What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?
Napoleon
Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?
1798
When was the Helvetic Republic established?
Switzerland
Where was the Helvetic Republic established?
After the fall of Napoléon
When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion?
Savoy
Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley?
to protect the major alpine passes
Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built?
Napoléon Bonaparte
Who ordered the construction of a paved road?
the monasteries built in the high Alps
What became tourist destinations during the 19th century?
The Benedictines
Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau?
the Augustinians
Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken?
the 9th or 10th centuries
When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built?
50,000 years
How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?
the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people
What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?
Seven bear skulls
What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?
Alpine passes
People blindfolded themselves to cross what?
France
Where was Charles VII from?
climb Mont Aiguille
What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?
a bronze triptych of three crosses
What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?
1492
When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?
18th century
When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?
Conrad Gessner
Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains?
Geneva
Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?
Saussure
Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?
Albrecht von Haller
Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?
After the end of the Napoleonic Wars
When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?
the sublime effects of monumental nature
What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?
Geneva
Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?
Mont Blanc
What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?
the mid-19th century
When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?
Austrian
Where was Adolf Hitler born?
the Alps
What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with?
the Obersalzberg region
Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?
1923
When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?
the Third Reich
By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?
Austria
What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?
Switzerland
What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?
The Swiss commanders
Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?
Ski troops
Who were trained for the war?
Italy
Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?
Austria
Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?
The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area
Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?
14 million
What is the population of the Alpine region?
manufacturing and service jobs
What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?
Alpine culture
Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?
Alpine culture
Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?
the medieval period
When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?
carpentry
What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?
Farming
What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?
tourism
What made farming less dominant in the 20th century?
because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps
Why is pasture land limited?
mid-June
When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?
Cheesemaking
What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?
up to 45 kg (100 lb)
How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?
Haymaking
What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?
twice
How many times is Hay normally brought each year?
before Lent
When is Carnival celebrated?
medieval designs that withstand cold winters
What do people in high villages build their homes according to?
the stube
What is the area of the home heated by a stove called?
the Bernese Oberland
The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?
south or downhill
Which direction do Chalets often face?
solid wood
What are Chalets built of?
the stube
The food is passed from the kitchen to where?
the stube
Where is the dining room table placed?
carved wooden plates
Traditionally, what are meals served on?
elaborately
How is furniture traditionally carved?
Alpine rocks
What are roofs traditionally constructed from?
the higher parts of the valleys
Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found??
40%
The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much?
19
How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?