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Maurus Servius Honoratus
Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?
Celtic languages
What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp?
Indo-European origin
There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin?
Albania
What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe?
the eastern Caucasus
Albania was a name for what during Roman Times?
Scotland
Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language?
alb ("white") and albus
What words are likely to have common origins?
the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.
Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?
white
Alb can also mean what?
a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks
The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages?
An alp
What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months?
German speaking regions
Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions?
French speaking regions
Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions?
The Alps
What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe?
2.5 km (1.6 mi)
What is the mean height of the Alp's peak?
the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland
How far does the Alps range stretch?
alpine territory
Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what?
the glacial trough of the Rhone valley
The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what?
the easterly portion
Where are the peaks smaller in the range?
northern
The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range?
The variances in nomenclature
What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?
geologist Stefan Schmid
Who came up with the general classification?
Splügen Pass
Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?
Mont Blanc
The highest peak of the Western Alps is where?
4,810 m
How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc?
Piz Bernina
The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?
4,049 metres
How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina
France
Where are the French Prealps located?
the Jura Mountains
What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?
The secondary chain of the Alps
What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?
the line of the main chain
What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?
The Alps
What have been crossed for war and commerce?
hospices
What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?
the summits of many of the main passes
Where were hospices established?
Col de l'Iseran
What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?
the Brenner Pass
What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?
since the 14th century
How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route?
985 m (3,232 ft)
The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops?
col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France)
Where is the highest point in the alps located?
naturalists
Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps
the 18th century
When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?
theory of geosynclines
What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains?
the theory of plate tectonics
What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century?
about 300 million years ago
When did the formation of the alps began?
a single tectonic plate
What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?
the Mesozoic Era
When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?
Jurassic Period
The Tethys sea developed during what period of time?
the late Cretaceous Period
The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time?
marine sedimentary rocks
What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure?
As the rising peaks underwent erosion
When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?
Coarse sediments
What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?
flysch
Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?
a late-stage orogeny
What caused the development of the Jura Mountains?
A series of tectonic events
What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?
lithology
What is another word for rock composition?
Helveticum
What geological subdivision is located in the north?
geologist
What is Stefan Schmid's profession?
a metamorphic event
What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era
the Cretaceous Period
When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?
nappe formations
The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?
Cretaceous
When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?
Houillière zone
What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in?
High "massifs"
What are more common in the Western Alps?
Eastern Alps
When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?
the structure of the Alps
Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?
continental Europe
What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure?
the African plate
Where are the top of the nappes derived from?
The Matterhorn
What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?
folded and fractured
What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak?
layers of rock from the various orogenies
Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what?
steep vertical peaks
What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt?
Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)
What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?
subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives
What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?
500 m (1,640 ft)
The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?
1786
When was Mont Blanc first climbed?
first half of the 19th century
When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber?
1865
When was the ascent of the Matterhorn?
the end of the golden age of alpinism
What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark?
Karl Blodig
Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks?
1788
When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent?
1819
When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc?
the mid-1850s
When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks?
1865
What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?
1938
When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed?
minerals
What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years?
copper
What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps?
gold
What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area?
high-quality iron ore
What does Erzberd in Styria furnish?
Slovenia
The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?
hundreds of years
How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected?
the 18th century
When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified?
Leonhard Euler
Who studied the shapes of crystals?
crystal hunting
By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?
David Friedrich Wiser
Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?
Miocene Epoch
Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?
glaciation
What was the cause of the severe erosion?
Louis Agassiz
Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?
the "father of the ice-age concept"
What was Louis Agassiz also known as?
the Unteraar Glacier
Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s?