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the eye,
What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain?
spinal cord and hindbrain
All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what?
the medulla and pons,
Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing?
the medulla and pons
At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord, are what areas?
coordinating movements of the arms and legs
The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body?
primary motor cortex
A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what?
pyramidal tract.
The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what?
autonomic nervous system
The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body?
autonomic nervous system
What system in the body controls heart rate?
autonomic nervous system
What system in the body controls salivation?
not under direct voluntary control
Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what?
The autonomic nervous system
Which system in the body controls urination?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what?
the hypothalamus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?
the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock?
retinohypothalamic tract
The RHT is an abbreviation for what?
the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT
THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what?
the reticular formation
A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?
the thalamus
Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?
state of coma
Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?
sleep-wake cycles.
The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?
REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM
There are two types of sleep called what?
REM sleep
What type of sleep involves dreaming?
REM, light NREM and deep NREM
The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?
deep NREM sleep
Slow wave sleep is also known as what?
slow wave sleep
During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?
The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body
Homeostasis is defined as what?
"standing still"
Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase?
Claude Bernard
The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist?
a thermostat.
Homeostasis is like what household tool?
the forebrain
The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?
the hypothalamus,
In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?
the hypothalamus,
A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?
the pituitary gland
The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?
the bloodstream
The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?
basal ganglia
A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what?
decisions
The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made?
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse?
The reward mechanism
Which of the two systems, reward or punishment is better understood?
1971
In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom?
neuroscience
What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system?
Psychology
What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior?
neurology
What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system?
study, prevent, and treat mental disorders
Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what?
neuroscience and psychology
Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields?
anatomical,
The oldest known method of studying the brain is what?
the large-scale structure of the brain
What do neuroanatomists study?
neuroanatomy
What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?
the middle of the 20th century,
Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?
the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain
What do neurophysiologists study?
drugs and recording devices
The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?
pain receptors
What type of receptors does the brain lack?
the scalp
Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies?
cerebrospinal fluid
The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid?
the blood–brain barrier
The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?
the skull and meninges
The two main structures that protect the brain are what?
strokes
What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain?
rats
What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?
the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation.
Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?
mice
What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?
Armenia
Where was the oldest brain that was found?
over 5,000 years old
How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?
12 to 14-year-old
The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?
girl
The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?
brain or heart.
The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?
the heart
Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?
Democritus,
Who invented the atomic theory of matter?
Hippocrates
The "father of medicine" is a name given to whom in history?
Democritus
What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?
Roman
The physician Galen was from which country in history?
the Renaissance
What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased?
The Roman physician Galen
Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?
animal spirits
Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?
Luigi Galvani
Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?
the Golgi stain
The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?
Spanish
What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?
Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley
Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?
the 1990s
Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"?
the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;
Multielectrode recording allows what?
molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;
Genetic engineering allows what?
variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging.
What does genomics allow the study of?
the 21st century,
During what century was multielectrode recording invented?
the 21st century,
Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century?
Near East (French: Proche-Orient)
What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia?
Ottoman Empire
The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire?
English
The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language?
Middle East
What has replaced the term Near East?
The Encyclopædia Britannica
Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?
Afghanistan
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?
the National Geographic Society
What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?
the Ottoman Empire
What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century?
1914
When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace?
the rise of Balkan nationalism
The rise of what saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria?
1912
Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?
the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13
When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?
as the sick man of Europe
How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?
Christian
The Balkan states were primarily what religion?
1894
When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?