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the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people
What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?
The Hamidian Massacres
What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?
middle of the 19th century
When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?
the East Indies
In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area
the Levant
"Near East" applied to this mainly known area
the Ottoman Porte
What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in?
permits from the Ottoman Empire
What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean?
North Africa west of Egypt
What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?
Barbary Coast
Where were the piratical kingdoms from?
because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia
Why was Iran included in the collection of regions?
the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia
What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?
of the sick man of Europe
The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East"
the opposites of far and near
The terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what?
the mid-19th century
When do the terms "Near East" and "Far East" appear together in journals?
the near or far east of a field, village or shire.
The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what?
The Romans
Who used the terms near Gaul?
the Greeks
The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?
a geographic feature
Usually the terms were given when referencing what?
Ptolemy's Geography
What divided Asia on a similar basis?
In the north
"Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where?
To the south
"India on this side of the Ganges" is located where?
In the north
"Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where?
on the coast of Anatolia
Where did Asia begin?
1670
When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?
the East Indies
What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become?
"the East Indies"
China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what?
"east"
What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?
1590
What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map?
England
Where was Elizabeth I from?
trade with the east
What was Elizabeth primarily interested in?
English merchants
Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?
obtain trading concessions by treaty
What was the goal of the first trading companies?
The East India Company
What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?
to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire
What has pleased western historians?
The borders
What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire?
the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire
What was the Ottoman Empire created from?
fighting hand-to-hand in the streets
How did the last Roman emperor die?
Constantinople
Where was the Roman emperor's capital?
Turkish rule
The populations did not accept what?
1688
The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year?
the Serbian Revolution
What created Serbia?
1815–1833
When was the Serbian Revolution?
1821–1832
When was the Greek War of Independence?
1853
When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?
1853–1856
When was the Crimean War?
the Ottoman Empire
During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?
the incursions of the Russian Empire
What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?
the Balkan region
The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?
1855
Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region?
The Crimean War
What brought a change in vocabulary?
the Ottoman Empire
The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?
the British government
Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power?
the British Empire
What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?
1855
When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?
Thomas Taylor Meadows
Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?
the suggestion by another interpreter
What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?
the letter to the Times
What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?
Meadows' terminology
What was said must represent usage by that administration?
Duke of Wellington
Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?
"Near East"
What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?
"the Nearer East,"
What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?
the Biblical lands
There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?
the land of the Old and New Testaments
What did the Christians see the country as?
on the basis of archaeology
How did the scholars attempt their definition?
1861
When was the London Review?
The London Review of 1861
Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?
(Telford and Barber
Who wrote The London Review of 1861?
India
What region was explicitly excluded?
the Balkans
What region has no mention?
regions in their inventory
Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?
where and why
What does Hogarth say in detail?
the classics
Hogarth makes no mention of what?
geopolitical
How is Hogarth's analysis?
the 19th century
When did the term "Near East" acquire considerable disrepute?
English-speaking public
The term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?
the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians
What was the cause of the onus?
they were Christians
What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?
1913)
When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?
influential British travellers
Reports from who made the change evident?
the Far East
Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894
The Peoples and Politics of the Far East
What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?
1895
What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out?
New York
Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?
June, 1896
When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?
Scribner's Magazine
What magazine did Norman publish his work in?
The Russians
Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states?
England
Who did Norman say "turned her back"?
the countries where "the eastern question" applied
What does Norman mean in the article when saying "Near East"?
just "the east."
What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?
The rest of the Ottoman domain
"The East" refers to what?
1864–1945
What was William Miller's life span?
the Near East
What was William Miller an expert on?
signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires
So to speak, what did William Miller do?
Oxford
Where did Miller attend school?
fighting words
Miller's words were considered what?
Turkey
It was considered Europe needed what country?
the "collective wisdom" of Europe
What was Miller citing?
Austro-Hungarian Empire
The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?
the German Empire
Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
the Russian Empire
Who did the British Empire side with?