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In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?
32%
In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?
birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes
What is leap frog migration?
Female
Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?
Eastern Fennoscandia
Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?
autumn
When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?
the birds starting off in a broad front
How do most migrations begin?
mountain ranges or coastlines
What to the migrating birds usually follow?
large stretches of open water
What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?
clockwise
What is a common pattern in North America migration?
flyways
What are the preferred routes for migration called?
in flocks
How do most birds migrate?
12–20%
How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?
3.1 mph
How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?
energy cost
What does flying in flocks reduce?
a V-formation
How do birds conserve energy?
skeletons
What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?
Bar-headed geese Anser indicus
Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?
Seabirds
What kind of birds fly low over water?
150 to 600 m
What altitude range is most migration recorded?
below 600 m
Where do most in air collisions occur?
by swimming
How do penguins migrate?
over 1,000 km
How far do penguins travel when they migrate?
mostly by walking
How do Dusky grouse migrate?
on foot
How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?
Australia
Where are Emus from?
from Iceland to Britain
Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?
arctic climates to the contiguous United States
Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?
Asia and Europe
Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?
Africa
Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?
during their first migration with their parents
How do young learn migratory routes?
an hooked or arched line
What route does a migrating bird usually follow?
large water bodies or high mountain ranges
What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?
the lack of stopover or feeding sites
Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?
lack of thermal columns
Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?
a large area of land without bodies of water
What do water birds avoid while migrating?
the Taymyr Peninsula
Where do brent geese migrate from?
the Wadden Sea
Where do brent geese migrate to?
via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea
How do brent geese migrate?
shorebirds
What are waders called in North America?
warmer locations in the same hemisphere
Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?
the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere
Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?
Arctic breeding grounds
Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?
the availability of certain key food resources
What does successful migration depend on for some waders?
stopover points along the migration route
Where do migrants refuel?
the Bay of Fundy
Where is an important stopover location?
Delaware Bay
What is another stopover location?
bar-tailed godwits
Which bird has the longest migration?
11,000 km
How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate?
Alaska
Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from
New Zealand
Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to?
55 percent
How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?
The Arctic tern
Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?
The Arctic tern
Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?
three months
How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?
22,000 km
How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?
the southern hemisphere
Where do tubenosed birds breed?
pelagic
Which species are great wanderers?
8 million km
How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it's lifespan?
Manx shearwater
Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life?
50 year
How long did the Manx shearwater live?
14,000 km
How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year?
thermal columns of rising hot air
What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar?
daytime
When do large birds of pray migrate?
Batumi bottleneck
What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels?
10 to 20%
How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration?
hundreds of thousands
How many birds funnel through Batumi, Georgia each year?
usually at night
When do many insectivorous birds migrate?
smaller insectivorous birds
Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration?
passage migrants
What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to?
a few days
How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration?
minimize predation
What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?
loss of sleep
What is a cost of nocturnal migration?
Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep
How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?
avoid overheating
What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?
respond to changing day length
What are many long distance migrants genetically programmed to do?
response to local weather conditions
How do species that move short distances know when to migrate?
to escape the cold higher ground
Why do mountain and moorland breeders move only altitudinally?
the coast or towards the south
Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to?
5 km
How far do British chaffinch more in their lives?
two
How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?
the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita
Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family?
to stay in the northern hemisphere
Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration?
the waxwings Bombycilla
What species has no long-distance migratory relatives?
winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food
What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to?
enhanced breeding opportunities
Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for?
In the tropics
Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year?
to obtain more of their preferred foods
Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds?
fruits
What are tropical birds preferred foods?
In the tropics
Where is it always warm enough for food supply?
a good breeding season followed by a food source failure
For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range?
five
How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century?
18
How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200?
1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791
What years did Red crossbills invade England?
Northern
In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen?
south
Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to?
food becomes scarce
Why do birds migrate south in winter?
species of the Southern Hemisphere
Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate?
there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere
Why are seabirds from the southern hemisphere more likely to migrate?
a primitive trait
What controls a birds migration?