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endogenous programs as well as learning
How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration?
migration
What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds?
The ability to navigate
What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration?
changes in the day length
What is the primary cue for migration?
higher activity
How do birds act in the period before migration?
migratory restlessness
What does Zugunruhe mean in English?
preferential flight direction
What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature?
the same time their wild conspecifics change course
When do caged birds change their preferential direction?
protandry
What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?
males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites
What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?
sexual dimorphism
Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?
a variety of senses
What is navigation based on?
sun
What do many birds use as a compass?
the need for making compensation based on the time
What does using the sun for direction involve?
use visual landmarks
What else is navigation based on?
the ability to detect magnetic fields
What is magnetoception?
as young birds
When do long distance migrants disperse?
potential breeding sites
What do young birds form attachments to?
wintering sites
What else do young birds form attachments to?
they show high site-fidelity
What happens when the site attachment is made?
the same wintering sites year after year
Where do migrating birds visit?
making corrections for wind drift
What are older migrating birds better at?
Satellite
How was the migrating of ospretys and honey buzzards tracked?
recognize habitats and form mental maps
What do the birds do to successfully perform long distance migration?
ospreys and honey buzzards
What are examples of day migrating raptors?
one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience
What two electromagnetic tools do birds use to find their destinations?
between the eye and "Cluster N"
Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located?
the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation
What is Cluster N?
a boy scout with a compass but no map
What is a young bird on it's first migration compared to?
let it know when it has reached its destination
How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes?
flying past their destinations
How can migrating birds lose their way?
spring overshoot
What is flying past their destinations called?
Point Pelee National Park
What location has become famous for bird overshooters?
Spurn in England
What other location is famous for spring overshoot?
further north than intended
Where do bird overshooters end up?
Reverse migration
What is it called when the genetic programing of young birds fail?
where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly
What is reverse migration?
rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range
What does reverse migration lead to?
thousands of kilometres
How far out of range can rarities get?
abmigration
What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region?
waterfowl
What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate?
the new population
Who do abmigrating birds return with?
to teach a migration route to a flock of birds
What is a re-introduction scheme?
microlight aircraft
What did they use to teach birds a migration route?
whooping cranes
Which birds did they reintroduce to the US?
Canada geese
Which birds did they use as a trial run?
their metabolism
What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?
usually once a year
How often do birds molt?
through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep
How do birds store energy?
feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear
Why do birds need to molt?
varies with some species
When do birds molt?
independently
How was migration developed?
Migration in birds
What is highly labile?
genetic control
What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?
genetic framework for migratory behavior
What exists in nearly all avian lineages?
20%
What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive?
a bird that loads itself with food
What kind of bird flies less efficiently?
Swainson's thrush
What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes?
far east across North America
Where do Swainson's thrush fly from?
climatic changes
What is expected to have an effect on migration timing?
timing changes in migration
What have studies shown regarding climate change?
breeding as well as population variations
What else is climate change been shown to change?
ectoparasites such as ticks and lice
What other species does migration help?
import of pet and domestic birds
What is a greater threat of disease transmission?
bird migration
What has been studied as a mechanism of disease transmission?
Birds
What has a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton?
West Nile Virus
What virus is maintained in birds without lethal effects?
Greater noctule bats
Who takes advantage of migrating birds?
nocturnal migrating passerines
What do greater noctule bats feed on?
migrating waders
What do some birds of prey specialize on?
marking
What is the oldest way to study migration?
a nick on the beak
How have swans been marked?
Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen
Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?
1560
Since when have swans been marked?
radar and satellite tracking
What are other forms of studying migration?
the Emlen funnel
How are orientation behavior studies traditionally carried out?
circular
What shape is the cage in the Emlen funnel?
The orientation behaviour
What is studied quantitatively inside the cage?
marks
What does the bird leave on the walls of the cage?
on the horizon
Where does the homing pigeon vanish?
Hunting along migration routes
What threatens some bird species?
Siberian cranes
What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia?
2002
When were birds last seen in Keoladeo National Park?
migratory birds
What can power lines, wind farms and oil rigs affect?
pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction
What are other migration hazards?
Absecon Island
What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?
1854
In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?
Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township
What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?
Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City
How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?
Atlantic
Which coast is Atlantic City located on?
The Belloe House
What is the name of the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?
1853
In what year was the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?
Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue
What are the names of the two avenues at which The Belloe House is located?
marshlands and islands
What are the two geographical features that Atlantic City is located between?
prime real estate and a potential resort town
What were the two potential aspects of Atlantic City that originally attracted developers?
Philadelphia
What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service?
500,000
By 1874, how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year?
Absecon Lighthouse
What is the name of the lighthouse that is located on the Atlantic City coast?
Nelson Johnson
Who is considered to be "Atlantic City's Godfather?"
1870
In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?