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1,200	Balans ( pronounced balance ) is a song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her eponymous and second studio album , Alesta ( 2016 ) . Released on 2 March 2016 through Global Records , the track features the vocal collaboration of Swedish Congolese singer songwriter Mohombi . Balans was produced by Play Win members Sebastian Barac and Marcel Botezan , while the writing process was handled by the latter two in collaboration with Mohombi and unk Isaac . A dance pop song incorporating tropical music and latin music influences into its sound , the recording was compared by critics to the works of fellow Romanian female singer Inna . An official music video for Balans was shot by Anton San and was uploaded on 9 March 2016 onto YouTube in order to accompany the single 's release . It portrays both Stan and Mohombi being present at a party held in a hall filled halfway by water . Following its release , the song received a mixed review by RnB Junkie they commended the collaboration , but criticized its lack of innovation and formulaic production . Commercially , the song peaked in Japan and Russia . Background and reception Balans , the third single released from Stan 's debut record , Alesta ( 2016 ) , was written by Play Win members Sebastian Barac and Marcel Botezan , Mohombi and unk Isaac , while production was handled by both Barac and Botezan . The artwork used to commercialize the track in Japan was a photograph picked up from the photo shooting for her album , while the international cover sees Stan and Mohombi sporting the outfits from the official music video . The track is an up tempo dance pop song , which includes musical elements of tropical music and latin music . Upon its release , the recording received a mixed review from Italian publication unk Junkie writer Umberto Olivio , who commended that the song resembles the works of fellow Romanian female singer Inna . He went on into praising Stan 's collaboration with Mohombi , but also saying that the formula for the recording was nothing innovative , with him describing the track as quite obvious . Olivio as well named the level of palatability of the tune a lot weaker than the other songs from Alesta , and denied the possible success of the track in mainstream clubs . Promotion and music video Stan included Balans on the setlist for her Japanese one week concert tours that promoted the release of her studio album , Alesta , in that territory . Stan performed an acoustic version of the song on Romanian radio station Pro FM . After this , she had also performed a live acoustic version of Be the One by English recording artist Dua Lipa . An accompanying music video for Balans was directed by Anton San and released onto Stan 's YouTube channel on 2 March 2016 by May 2016 , the clip amassed over one million views . The clip was filmed in an abandoned warehouse or a polygon where the inside temperature was of 6 C. About the video , Stan particularly confessed that it is very unk and colored , the way that the life of a pop artist looks like . The clip commences with Stan standing on a pickup , with fellow background dancers being present inside the car . Following their leaving , she looks from above at a partying crowd in a hall , which appears to be halfway filled with water , while sporting pink and red clothing . Subsequently , Stan is displayed dressing a pink fur coat and pants , while walking in the surroundings and finally discovering Mohombi . Following this , he provides his singing part when flirting with Stan , with her dancing around him . Following this , the crowd is once again shown dancing together to the song , and the clip closes with Stan being left alone in the room . Scenes interspersed through the main video show her posing in front of a blue wall or her lying atop the pickup car , with her head being placed on a golden purse . Italian publication RnB Junk writer , Umberto Olivio , criticized the clip for not having a plot and for being unrealistic . Track listing Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Alesta . Charts Weekly charts Release history
1,201	The current Basque coat of arms ( Spanish Escudo del Pas Vasco , Basque unk unk unk unk ) is the official coat of arms of the Basque Country , Autonomous community of Spain . It consists of a party per cross representing the three historical territories of lava , Gipuzkoa and Biscay , as well as a fourth , void quarter . The arms are ringed by a regal wreath of oak leaves , symbolic of the unk unk . The fourth quarter constituted since the late 19th century the linked chains of Navarre however , following a legal suit by the Navarre Government claiming that the usage of the arms of a region on the flag of another was illegal , the Constitutional Court of Spain ordered the removal of the chains of Navarre in a judgement of 1986 . Origin After the end of home rule in 1839 1841 , the Basque governments started a mutual approach out of common concerns in face of their exposure to Spanish centralism . The movement intensified after 1866 , and a motto was coined , the unk bat , ' the four make one ' , echoing the unk bat of the Royal Basque Company , which in turn crystallized in a coat of arms including the four historic Basque districts in Spain ( called variously the Sister Provinces , the Chartered Territories , the Basque Country , the Basque Navarrese Country , etc . ) , to represent their common bonds , as claimed during that period by the chartered provincial governments , or the 1931 draft Statute of the Basque Country . In 1936 , the Provisional Government of Euzkadi , presided over by the first president , Jos Antonio Aguirre , adopted the shield with the arms of the three provinces of lava , Gipuzkoa , Biscay comprised in the 1936 Statute ( the Basque Provinces , as established in the 1833 administrative design ) , and Navarre . The president of the government affirmed in the preamble to the Decree of 19 October 1936 , and thereby approved , the emblem and flag that was to be used by the Basque Country . Thus the shield of the Government of Euzkadi contained the arms of lava , Gipuzkoa , Biscay and Navarre in a single blazon of four quarters surrounded by a crown of oak leaves . The Provisional Government of Euzkadi stated that the flag must be that which gathers Basque unity and which the use , ever more frequent in the Basque lands , has sanctioned as such symbol of their unity . As an official shield , like the 1936 Basque Autonomous Community , disappeared after the pro Franco victory in the Spanish Civil War , but the coat of arms continued in unofficial use , it was even used in its flag by the rightist pro rebel newspaper from Donostia El Diario Vasco during wartime ( data for 2 May 1937 ) . On 2 November 1978 , the Consejo General del Pas Vasco ( General Council of the Basque Country ) , restored the republican shield , albeit modified as follows The lava quarter lost the motto En unk de la unk contra unk and both the designs of the castle and of the arm with sword were changed . The castle is now on top of a grey rock and the arm and sword are light blue in colour . In the Biscay quarter , the wolves of the arms of the Haro family were suppressed in 1986 and the field changed from gules to argent , the bordure from argent to gold , the crosses from unk to gules , and the ground ( unk ) from unk to maroon . In the Gipuzkoa quarter , the field changed from argent to gold , and the ground ( unk ) was removed , leaving only the trees and the waves . The fourth quarter once contained the linked chains of Navarre however , following a legal suit by the Navarre government claiming that the usage of the arms of a region on the flag of another was illegal , the Constitutional Court of Spain forced the Basque government to remove the chains of Navarre , leaving the red background . In 1991 the Basque Government standardised the colours used in the shield . Basque nationalists , but not only , have used an unofficially recognised Basque coat of arms , the unk Bat . It has been argued that it differs from the original one by being divided into six squares and by including the coat of arms of the Basque regions in France . The motto unk bat was coined by Antoine Thomson d 'Abbadie in the late 19th century . The quarters
1,202	Positive Black Soul ( also known as PBS ) is a hip hop group based in Dakar , Senegal , one of the first such collectives in the country . Founded in 1989 , the group is composed of Didier Sourou Awadi ( alias DJ Awadi ) and Amadou Barry ( alias Doug E. Tee or unk Tee ) , both of whom had previously been in other hip hop groups . They perform in the English , French , and Wolof languages and use traditional Senegalese instruments as part of their songs . Political and social activism have played important roles in the group since it was founded . History The two members of Positive Black Soul were both born in the city of Dakar , Senegal . As teenagers , Awadi and Barry were involved in the Dakar hip hop scene Awadi leading his own group , Didier Awadi 's Syndicate , a breakdancer as well as a rapper and Barry performing with the King MCs . Originally Awadi and Barry were rivals , competing with each other in performances and coming from separate neighborhoods of Dakar . During a birthday party held by Awadi to which Barry was invited , however , the two performed together and realized their similarities , founding Positive Black Soul very soon after . Activism and politics are central parts of the group 's philosophy its shortened name ( PBS ) was a play on the Parti Dmocratique unk initialism PDS . In 1992 , the group performed at a music festival held by the Dakar French Cultural Center , where the French rapper MC unk heard their performance and invited the group to open for him when he debuted in Dakar in October of that year . The rapper was impressed with Positive Black Soul , inviting them to continue performing with him in France . Two years later the group put out its first release , a cassette entitled Boul unk . The album was followed by more touring in France , as well as in England and Switzerland . In the same year , the Senegalese musician unk Maal offered PBS the opportunity to be on his album unk ' in unk . Maal was signed to Mango Records and because of this recording with him , Positive Black Soul were signed as well . They released their album debut Salaam on Mango Records . After achieving success in Senegal and some abroad , the group continued touring , including 130 performances in 1997 . They also began organizing concerts in Dakar and promoting new groups including Daara J and Pee unk . Positive Black Soul 's first international release , New York Paris Dakar , had been previously released as a cassette in Senegal . However it was only in 1997 , six years after its initial appearance , that it was sold outside of the country . The American rapper KRS One , one of the group 's collaborators on the album , shared a similar philosophy and interest in Pan Africanism with Awadi and Barry . In 2002 , the group appeared on the Red Hot Organization 's tribute album to Fela Kuti , Red Hot and Riot . They contributed to a track titled No Agreement alongside Res , Tony Allen , Ray Lema , unk Maal , and Archie Shepp . Since about 2002 , the group 's members have been pursuing solo projects . On August 14 , 2009 , PBS performed in Dakar for their 20th anniversary effectively ending speculations about whether they have disbanded . Guests at the concert included powerful Senegal music stars such as Youssou unk and Ismael Lo . Activism Positive Black Soul has promoted political activity and activism in other areas . The group urged Senegalese people to participate in the country 's government and vote in elections . PBS also decries images of Africa in the media , which they view as one sided . They state We want to show the positivity in the black soul . That 's our fight . Africa is not only a land of suffering , misery , war and disease . We 're proud to live there and we are not suffering . They view their chosen medium of rap as an accessible way to talk about issues such as corruption and politics . AIDS has also been featured in their music one song , unk Fils ( Listen Son ) , is written about the disease and cautions listeners about its dangers . Discography Boul unk ( 1994 ) Salaam ( 1995 ) Daw unk ( 1996 ) unk unk ( 1996 ) New York Paris Dakar ( 1997 ) Revolution ( 2000 ) Run Cool ( 2001 )
1,203	Route 12 is a state highway located in Hunterdon County , New Jersey , United States . It runs 11 . 69 mi ( 18 . 81 km ) from the unk Frenchtown Bridge at the Delaware River border with Pennsylvania in Frenchtown east to an intersection with U.S. Route 202 ( US 202 ) and Route 31 at the Flemington Circle in Flemington . The route is mostly a two lane undivided road that passes through rural areas of woodland and farmland . It intersects Route 29 and County Route 513 ( CR 513 ) in Frenchtown , CR 519 in Kingwood Township , CR 579 on the border of Delaware Township and Raritan Township , and CR 523 in Raritan Township . The route was designated in 1927 to run from Frenchtown to Raritan , Somerset County , running along its current alignment to Flemington and following present day US 202 between Flemington and Raritan . By the 1940s , US 202 and Route 29 replaced Route 12 east of Flemington , and the route was officially designated to end in Flemington in 1953 . There are currently plans to modify or eliminate three traffic circles along the route in Flemington to ease traffic congestion . Route description Route 12 begins at the unk Frenchtown Bridge over the Delaware River in Frenchtown at the Pennsylvania New Jersey border , where it connects to Pennsylvania Route 32 . The bridge and short portion of its eastern approach is maintained by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission . The route continues through the downtown area of Frenchtown as county maintained ( designated and signed by Hunterdon County as County Route 610 ) two lane undivided Bridge Street . Here , it intersects Trenton Avenue which is also the northern terminus of Route 29 before turning north onto Race Street and intersecting the southern terminus of CR 513 . Route 12 heads east on Kingwood Avenue and passes through residential areas . The route crosses into Kingwood Township , where it becomes maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation with two eastbound lanes and one westbound lane . As Route 12 climbs into the Hunterdon Plateau , it heads through a mix of woods and farms with intermittent residences , narrowing to one lane in each direction at the top of the plateau before crossing CR 519 in unk . Route 12 continues southeast through rural areas , crossing the unk Creek before intersecting CR 615 , where it becomes the Samuel Hill Highway . A short distance past this intersection , the route briefly passes through the southern corner of Franklin Township before entering Delaware Township . Here , the road crosses unk Creek before coming to an intersection with CR 579 . Past this intersection , Route 12 enters Raritan Township , where it continues through rural areas with some residences . The residential development along the road increases before it reaches the unk 's Circle ( a traffic circle ) with CR 523 . Past the traffic circle , the route crosses a small stream and enters Flemington . Here , Route 12 passes businesses before crossing the Black River Western Railroad and coming to the Main Street Circle , a modern designed roundabout , where it intersects CR 611 and unk Avenue . From here , the route continues east a short distance as a four lane divided highway before ending at US 202 and Route 31 at the Flemington Circle . History Route 12 was legislated as a new route in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering that was to run from Frenchtown east to Route 28 in Raritan borough , running along its current alignment to Flemington and following present day US 202 to Raritan . By the 1940s , US 202 and Route 29 were designated along the alignment of Route 12 between Flemington and Raritan , cutting the route 's eastern terminus back to Flemington . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 12 was officially legislated to run from Frenchtown to US 202 and Route 69 ( now Route 31 ) in Flemington . There are currently plans to modify or eliminate the three traffic circles along Route 12 in Flemington in order to ease traffic congestion along the route . The Main Street Circle was converted to a modern roundabout in 2010 while plans are still being thought out for the other two traffic circles . Major intersections
1,204	Star Film was a film production company in the Dutch East Indies . Established by Chinese Indonesian businessman Jo Eng Sek and Chinese cameraman Cho ' Chin Hsin in 1940 , it produced five black and white films in 1940 and 1941 two of these were directed by Jo , and the remainder were directed by Wu Tsun . Another film was under production when the studio was closed following the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies . Star helped establish the careers of actors such as S Waldy and Elly Joenara , and produced screenplays written by Rd Ariffien and Saeroen its output , however , is probably lost . History Star Film was established by Jo Eng Sek , who had previous film experience as co producer of Si Tjonat ( 1929 ) , and Shanghai based cameraman Cho ' Chin Hsin for much of the life of the company , Jo would take the role of producer while Cho ' would be on camera . The company 's headquarters were located at Prinsenlaan , Batavia ( now Mangga Besar , Jakarta ) . The company released its first film , Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman , in April 1941 . For this detective film , Star signed L. V. Wijnhamer Jr . , an Indo social worker popular with the ethnic Chinese community . The film was a commercial success , allowing the company to expand . Later Jo signed Rd Ariffien as a screenwriter the studio touted this as a victory , owing to Ariffien 's wide network as a journalist . He wrote a single work for the company , Tjioeng Wanara , based on the Sundanese legend as retold by M. A. Salmoen in a 1938 Balai Pustaka published edition this was directed and produced by Jo . Several actors cast for the film continued with Star for the remainder of its existence , including comedian S Waldy and future film producer Elly Joenara . However , Ariffien left Star owing to dissatisfaction over Tjioeng Wanara . Star continued expanding , and Jo brought aboard Chinese director Wu Tsun , whose first film for the company was Lintah Darat . It had begun production before the release of Tjioeng Wanara and dealt with a family torn apart by dealings with a loan shark . This production received positive reviews . Star then produced a sequel to Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman , again with Wu at the helm , and drew the journalist Saeroen as writer . In this film , titled Pah Wongso Tersangka , Star emphasised comedy , relying on the interactions between Waldy , Pah Wongso , and the comedian unk . Saeroen wrote one more film for Star in 1941 , Ajah unk , before leaving the company . This film , which follows a villager named unk over a period of several years in which he loses everything owing to his infatuation with a modern woman , was advertised as an extremely simple and touching story and received positive reviews . By late 1941 , Star was producing an adaptation of the One Thousand and One Nights , titled 1001 Malam . At the time several contemporary works were being adapted from Nights , including Tan 's Film 's Aladin and Koeda Sembrani , Populair 's Film 's Moestika dari Djemar , and Java Industrial Film 's Ratna Moetoe Manikam . By early 1942 , the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies had become concerned with the possibility of an invasion by the Empire of Japan . This fear reached the general populace , and the February 1942 edition of film magazine Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film reported that several studios would move away from the colonial capital of Batavia or go on a production hiatus . Star , though production of 1001 Malam was incomplete , was reported to be preparing to move . When the Japanese occupied the Indies in March 1942 , Star was closed , never to reopen . Filmography Star Film produced six films in two years . All were feature length , black and white works , receiving wide releases in the Dutch East Indies . Some , such as Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman , were reportedly screened as far away as and British Malaya , China , and Singapore . Though its films were screened at least into the late 1940s , the company 's output is likely lost . Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman ( 1940 ) Tjioeng Wanara ( 1941 ) Lintah Darat ( 1941 ) Pah Wongso Tersangka ( 1941 ) Ajah unk ( 1941 ) 1001 Malam ( unfinished ) Explanatory notes
1,205	Interstate 194 ( I 194 ) is a 3 . 4 mile long ( 5 . 5 km ) , north south freeway between downtown Battle Creek and I 94 in the southern portion of the city . The highway has been designated the Sojourner Truth Downtown Parkway by the state after the abolitionist Sojourner Truth , who was active in the Battle Creek area . Locals refer to the freeway by its semi official nickname , The Penetrator . I 194 is the only three digit spur or loop route off I 94 in the state of Michigan and runs concurrently throughout its length with M 66 , which continues both north and south from the termini of I 194 . The freeway was initially opened in 1961 and completed in its current form in 1966 . The highway was named in 1976 for Truth in honor of her local connections to the area . Route description Part of the much longer highway , I 194 starts when M 66 widens out to a full freeway just south of I 94 near Beckley Road . The start of I 194 is marked by the full cloverleaf interchange . It is numbered as exit 98 along I 94 and exit 1 using I 194 's mileage along the I 194 M 66 freeway . The roadway crosses Minges Creek north of the I 94 interchange . To the west of the freeway are residential subdivisions the eastern side is marked by gently rolling , wooded terrain . This section of I 194 carries 26 , 300 vehicles on an average day according to annual average daily traffic surveys done by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) in 2007 . Of these vehicles , 1 , 200 trucks were included in the totals . After crossing Golden Avenue , I 194 curves to the northwest to meet the M 96 ( Columbia Avenue ) interchange . The freeway runs underneath the Columbia Avenue overpass before running parallel to the west bank of the Kalamazoo River . The freeway crosses the river at the southern end of Lower Mill Pond . Curving back around to the northeast , I 194 meets Business Loop I 94 ( BL I 94 , Dickman Road ) . Here the AADT counts average 24 , 400 vehicles a day . The freeway ends at an at grade intersection with Hamblin Avenue , and continuing north of the intersection , the highway becomes just M 66 . BL I 94 runs east of the freeway end on Hamblin Avenue to connect to Michigan Avenue . All of I 194 is listed on the National Highway System , a system of strategically important highways , and it is concurrent with M 66 for the length of the freeway . History From its initial opening in 1961 until 1964 , I 194 also carried the BL I 94 and M 78 designations . BL I 94 was rerouted in Battle Creek to Martin Luther King Drive and M 78 in 1964 , and M 78 was replaced by M 66 in 1965 . The last change to the I 194 routing was the extension of the northern end of the freeway from Columbia Avenue to Michigan Avenue in 1966 . At the time , MDOT 's predecessor , the Michigan State Highway Department , called all auxiliary Interstate Highways Penetrator when planning the freeway network in the state a name which stuck to I 194 . Born Isabella Baumfree in 1797 , Sojourner Truth settled in the Battle Creek area in the 1840s . She travelled through the Midwest and New England speaking against slavery and for women 's rights . She lived in the area until her death in 1883 . Her connection to the state of Michigan was honored by the state American Revolution Bicentennial Commission in 1976 which urged the Michigan Legislature to name a highway in her honor . Public Act 93 of 1976 named all of M 66 in Calhoun County as the Sojourner Truth Memorial Highway . The highway was dedicated to her on May 21 , 1976 . The Cereal City Development Corporation ( unk ) asked the Legislature to amend the memorial designation in 1993 . They felt the highway was better known to locals as The Penetrator , and they wished to restore emphasis to Truth , they asked for the Sojourner Truth Downtown Parkway name to be applied to M 66 between Interstate 94 and Hamblin . The Legislature passed Public Act 208 of 1993 to affect the change , restoring the link between Sojourner Truth and the City of Battle Creek , which was once the center of abolitionist sentiment in the state . Exit list The entire highway is in Battle Creek , Calhoun County .
1,206	The Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line was a railway branch line in Buckinghamshire , United Kingdom running from Wolverton on the London and North Western Railway ( LNWR ) ( today 's West Coast Main Line ) to Newport Pagnell . The line fully opened to passengers in 1867 , with an extension to Olney planned in 1865 , but this scheme was abandoned after partial construction . Earthworks along the route of the extension still exist in Bury field , and plaques exist detailing the history of the failed project . Competition from road traffic starting in the early twentieth century put pressure on the railway , and it was later a victim of the Beeching axe in 1962 . The line was seen as unprofitable , and it closed to passengers in 1964 , and to goods traffic in 1967 . Part of the trackbed today provides a section of the Milton Keynes unk system . Background The Newport Pagnell Canal had opened in 1817 between the Grand Junction Canal at Great Linford and Newport Pagnell . The canal carried a reasonable level of traffic , but in 1845 , the LNWR attempted to buy the canal , using it for a potential railway line . The offer was refused for two decades , until 1862 , when the LNWR was able to purchase the canal for 9000 . The canal closed in 1864 . Despite this , the railway when built did not run on the line of the old canal . Two earlier proposals had been made in 1845 and 1846 for a railway serving Newport Pagnell , both schemes failing to attract sufficient capital . Construction and operation Permission to build the 4 mile ( 6 . 4 km ) long single line branch railway was obtained on 16 June 1863 . The line opened for goods in 1866 , with passenger services commencing on 2 September 1867 . The line was officially absorbed by the LNWR in 1875 . The one engine that worked the single track branch was later nicknamed Newport Nobby . In 1865 , powers were granted to extend the line from Newport Pagnell to Olney and then on to meet the Northampton and Peterborough Railway at Wellingborough . Construction was underway , and a bridge had been completed when the extension was abandoned in 1871 . Olney was later served by a station on the Midland Railway 's Bedford to Northampton Line from 1872 , that line closing in 1962 . In 1900 a spur connecting the branch to the up slow line of the West Coast Main Line was constructed . The water supply for locomotives at Wolverton was insufficient , so a water column was built at the intermediate station in Bradwell . Water came from the town 's own source , with many houses losing their supply . On Mondays , housewives were known to shake their fists at engine drivers when their weekly wash was interrupted . Eventually drivers were forbidden from taking water from Bradwell on Mondays . In 1898 , the first motor bus service in Buckinghamshire began running between Newport Pagnell and Olney , followed by numerous other routes , which took traffic away from the railway line . Despite this , the LNWR considered electrification of the line in 1904 , believing such a scheme would bring about considerable savings , but the idea never materialised . Closure The branch was included in the Beeching report of 1963 which concluded that , since 30 of the railway network carried less than 1 of the total passenger traffic , much of it should be closed . The residents of Newport Pagnell resisted the closure , demanding an enquiry which took place on 7 June 1964 . Despite many objections , it was determined that the line would close . The last passenger service was the 5 34 pm train from Newport Pagnell on 5 September 1964 , just under a century after the line opened to passengers . The mourning of the line was so great that a bucket of water was poured over a double dressed as Richard Beeching , the man commonly associated with the closure of over 4 , 000 miles of the British railway network . The crowd cheered as this happened , a mark of the public 's feelings about the closure . The line was finally closed to freight traffic in 1967 , after which the tracks were lifted . Part of the trackbed is now used by the Milton Keynes unk system , the network of cycle and pedestrian routes that serves the Milton Keynes urban area .
1,207	Route 183 is a 2 . 12 mile ( 3 . 41 km ) long state highway in the northern regions of New Jersey . The southern end of NJ 183 is at an interchange with Interstate 80 and U.S. Route 206 near Netcong , while the northern end is at an interchange with US 206 in Stanhope . The route heads northward through downtown Netcong and along the shores of Lake Musconetcong and enters Sussex County , New Jersey . The route is a former alignment of US 206 bypassed in 1973 . The highway dates back to the designations of State Highway Route 31 , which was main north south highway in New Jersey . The Netcong Circle , a traffic circle in Netcong between NJ 183 and U.S. Route 46 was present for the entire lifetime of NJ 183 until it was replaced by a signalized intersection in 2013 . A nearby bridge over a New Jersey Transit line was also replaced . Route description Route 183 begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with U.S. Route 206 and Interstate 80 in the community of Roxbury , New Jersey . The route heads northward , intersecting with local dead end streets deep in the forests of rural Morris County . Route 183 passes a nearby factory and intersects U.S. Route 46 . The route continues northward , crossing over a creek and entering downtown Netcong . Downtown Netcong is highly developed , and Route 183 serves as the main street through the community . The highway intersects with Allen Street ( Morris County Route 631 ) before running along the shores of Lake Musconetcong and into Sussex County . Upon entering Sussex County , Route 183 enters the community of Stanhope . At the intersection with Musconetcong Avenue , the highway turns to the northwest , leaving the shores of the lake . Route 183 continues through the residential developments in Stanhope , working its way into the mountains above the lake . At the intersection with Dell Road , Route 183 becomes intertwined with the interchange on U.S. Route 206 northbound , and the highways merge a short distance later in Stanhope . History The original designation in the area of Netcong along Route 183 's alignment is State Highway Route 31 , which consisted much of the alignment of current day U.S. Route 206 . The route was first assigned in the 1927 state highway renumbering as a co designation to US 206 . This alignment remained in place for about two and half decades , when in the 1953 state highway renumbering , the State Highway Route 31 designation was dropped in favor of using U.S. Route 206 . The route in Netcong stayed the same for several years after the decommissioning until the Regional Plan Association proposed a freeway realignment of US 206 in 1962 . The highway was to serve local recreation areas and relieve traffic on Interstate 287 to the east . The route was advocated through 1972 , and after the fiscal year budgets went sour , the proposal was dropped . In 2007 , the New Jersey Department of Transportation proposed the elimination of the Netcong Traffic Circle , located at the intersections of U.S. Route 46 and Route 183 just north of the interchange with Interstate 80 . The project was to produce two outcomes replacement of the New Jersey Transit bridge that Route 183 crosses , and the elimination of the Netcong Circle with a signalized intersection . The project had issues dealing with the vertical clearance of the overpass for U.S. Route 46 westbound . The removal of the circle would eliminate this bridge , and the land would go to use as the new signalized intersection , with pedestrian and bicycle fittings . The entire project cost about 13 . 3 million ( 2009 USD ) of state and local funds to construct . The Netcong Circle was replaced with a temporary junction in January 2013 the permanent intersection configuration opened in August of that year . The new bridge over the New Jersey Transit line opened in March 2013 . The circle itself dated back to construction in 1938 . The circle itself could not handle the 17 , 000 vehicles a year that use the large roadway daily , and was the site of several accidents , including 45 in 2007 alone . The entire traffic circle conversion will eliminate two businesses in the area and is still slated for construction . Major intersections
1,208	The French ironclad Invincible was the second of the three wooden hulled Gloire class ironclads built for the French Navy in 1858 62 . The ships of the Gloire class were classified as armoured frigates because they only had a single gun deck and their traditional disposition of guns arrayed along the length of the hull also meant that they were broadside ironclads . Invincible had an uneventful career and was deployed in North American waters during the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 . The unseasoned timber of her hull rotted quickly and she was condemned in 1872 and scrapped in 1876 . Design and description Designed by the French naval architect Henri Dupuy de Lme , the ships of the class were intended to fight in the line of battle , unlike the first British ironclads . The ship was 77 . 25 metres ( 253 ft 5 in ) long , with a beam of 17 metres ( 55 ft 9 in ) . Invincible had a maximum draft of 8 . 48 metres ( 27 ft 10 in ) , a depth of hold of 10 . 67 metres ( 35 ft 0 in ) and displaced 5 , 650 tonnes ( 5 , 560 long tons ) . The ships of the class had a high metacentric height of 2 . 1 metres ( 7 ft ) and consequently rolled badly . With their gun ports only 1 . 88 metres ( 6 ft 2 in ) above the waterline , they proved to be very wet . She had a crew of 570 officers and enlisted men . Invincible had a single horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine that drove one propeller . The engine was powered by eight Indret oval boilers and was designed for a capacity of 2 , 500 indicated horsepower ( 1 , 900 kW ) . On sea trials , Invincible reached 13 . 2 knots ( 24 . 4 km h 15 . 2 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 675 tonnes ( 664 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 4 , 000 kilometres ( 2 , 500 mi ) at a speed of 8 knots ( 15 km h 9 . 2 mph ) . The Gloire class ships were initially fitted with a light barquentine rig with three masts that had a sail area around 1 , 100 square metres ( 11 , 800 sq ft ) . This was later changed to a full ship rig of 2 , 500 square metres ( 27 , 000 sq ft ) , but later had to be reduced because of excessive rolling . The Gloire class ships were armed with 36 Modle 1858 164 . 7 millimetre ( 6 . 5 in ) rifled muzzle loading guns , 34 of which were positioned on the single gun deck in the broadside . The remaining two guns were placed on the upper deck as chase guns . They fired a 44 . 9 kilogram ( 99 . 0 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of only 322 metres per second ( 1 , 060 ft s ) and proved to be ineffective against armour . They were replaced by rifled breech loading Modle 1864 guns in 1868 . Six 240 millimetre ( 9 . 4 in ) guns were mounted in the centre of the gun deck and a pair of 194 millimetre ( 7 . 6 in ) guns replaced the original chase guns . Invincible 's wooden hull was completely armoured with wrought iron plates 120 millimetres ( 4 . 7 in ) thick . Backed by the 760 millimetre ( 30 in ) sides of the hull , the armour extended 5 . 4 metres ( 17 ft 9 in ) above the waterline and 2 . 0 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) below . The Gloire class ships had an open topped conning tower with armour 100 millimetres ( 3 . 9 in ) thick and 10 millimetres ( 0 . 4 in ) of armour underneath the wooden upper deck . Construction and service Ordered on 4 March 1858 , Invincible was laid down at the Arsenal de Toulon on 1 May 1858 , launched on 4 April 1861 and completed in March 1862 . In September October 1863 , she conducted tactical trials with other ironclads . While assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet , the ship made a port visit in August 1865 to Brest where the fleet hosted the British Channel Fleet . As part of the festivities , Invincible put on a banquet for the midshipmen of both fleets that was reportedly the noisiest and most enjoyable of the visit . A few days later the French fleet made a reciprocal visit to Portsmouth where it was hosted by the Channel Fleet . During the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 , the ship was sent to defend the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon from Prussian commerce raiders . Built of unseasoned timber , Invincible was in poor shape upon her return and was decommissioned . Condemned on 12 August 1872 , the ship was scrapped in 1876 at Cherbourg .
1,209	Blue Ridge Road is a 19 . 2 mile ( 30 . 9 km ) long roadway in Essex County , New York , in the United States . The road is designated as County Route 84 ( CR 84 ) from NY 28N in Newcomb to Interstate 87 ( I 87 ) in North Hudson , and as New York State Route 910K ( NY 910K ) between I 87 and U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in North Hudson . The CR 84 portion is an 18 mile ( 29 km ) , two lane stretch of rural highway maintained by the Essex County Department of Public Works ' Highway Division while NY 910K is a 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) highway maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) . All of Blue Ridge Road has been designated as the Blue Ridge Road Scenic Byway by NYSDOT . Blue Ridge Road was designated as part of NY 73 in the 1930 renumbering of state routes in New York . NY 73 was truncated to Schroon in the mid 1930s . Route description Blue Ridge Road consists of Essex County 's CR 84 , which composes the bulk of the route , and NY 910K , which is a short , state maintained roadway connecting I 87 to US 9 . The entirety of Blue Ridge Road is designated as the Blue Ridge Road Scenic Byway , a New York State Scenic Byway , by NYSDOT . County Route 84 Blue Ridge Road begins at an intersection with NY 28N and CR 75 ( Eaton Lane ) in the area south of Tahawus ( pronounced ta unk ) . The road heads to the northeast , initially paralleling the Hudson River , then intersects with CR 25 ( Tahawus Road ) , which heads north to the hamlet of Tahawus . After that , the route diverges from the Hudson River , turning to the southeast and climbing slightly to the side of Pine Hill , before progressing downhill . At the base of the mountain , CR 84 crosses over Vanderwhacker Brook , which flows into nearby Vanderwhacker Pond . The road winds its way around several different mountain peaks , passing to the north of Cheney Pond . After passing through the hamlet of Boreas River , CR 84 briefly follows Wolf Pond Brook , which eventually turns north for nearby Wolf Pond . The road continues eastward past Sand Pond and begins to descend , roughly following Sand Pond Brook . It passes along the base of Ragged Mountain , a high peak in the Adirondacks , after which the road runs along the edge of the valley of the stream known as The Branch . At the base of Three Brothers Mountain , CR 84 curves northeast before making a turn to the southeast , soon entering the hamlet of Blue Ridge . With The Branch still paralleling to the south , CR 84 continues its eastward descent and eventually intersects with its first road in several miles , Lazy Street , which provides access to the creek . At the base of unk Mountain , Blue Ridge Road passes along the north shore of Palmer Pond , a small pond visible from the Adirondack Northway ( I 87 ) . Soon after , Blue Ridge Road intersects with the ramps leading to and from the Northway and the county maintained portion of Blue Ridge Road ends . NY 910K The eastern end of Blue Ridge Road , beginning at the ramps to and from the Adirondack Northway , is maintained by NYSDOT as NY 910K . The route heads eastward from the Northway ramps to nearby US 9 . On this 0 . 72 mile ( 1 . 16 km ) stretch , there is one intermediate intersection , this being with an unnamed roadway . The route ends at US 9 in the hamlet of North Hudson . History The entirety of Blue Ridge Road was designated as the westernmost portion of NY 73 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 73 initially ran from NY 28N east to an intersection with US 9 in North Hudson , where NY 73 turned south to follow US 9 toward Schroon . The route was truncated c . 1936 to begin at US 9 in Schroon . NY 73 's former alignment along Blue Ridge Road was redesignated as CR 2B by 1969 . The section between the Northway and US 9 was later transferred to the state and assigned the NY 910K designation . On May 21 , 2009 , New York Governor David Paterson announced that stimulus money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act would be used to reconstruct the CR 84 segment of the Blue Ridge Road , seeing it as a major connector from NY 28N to I 87 . Major intersections The entire route is in Essex County .
1,210	The flag of Indiana was designed by Paul Hadley and officially adopted by the state of Indiana on May 31 , 1917 . It was the state 's first official flag and has remained unchanged since then except for the creation of a statute to standardize the production of the flag . History To commemorate the state s 1916 centennial anniversary , the Indiana General Assembly issued a resolution to adopt a state flag . At the request of the General Assembly , a contest was sponsored by the Indiana Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution to design a flag to serve as the official state banner . As an incentive to increase the number of submissions , the contest offered the winner a one hundred dollar cash prize . More than two hundred submissions were received and examined by the Society before a winner was selected . The entry created by Paul Hadley of Mooresville , Indiana , was ultimately chosen as the winner of the contest and the cash prize . On May 31 , 1917 , the flag was chosen as the state 's official banner . The General Assembly made only one change to Hadley 's original design they added the word Indiana , in a crescent shape , over the top of the torch . The state banner was later renamed the state 's flag in a new statute passed in 1955 that also standardized the dimensions of the flag . Iconography The flag consists of a gold torch that represents liberty and enlightenment the rays around the torch represent their far reaching influence . The nineteen stars represent Indiana 's place as the nineteenth state to join the United States . The thirteen stars in the outer loop symbolize the original Thirteen Colonies , the five inner stars represent the next five states added to the Union , and the one large star above the torch represents Indiana . In 2001 , a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association ( unk ) placed Indiana 's flag 32nd in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial , U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked . Statute The current statute that governs the design of the state flag states The flag 's dimensions shall be three feet fly by two feet hoist or five feet fly by three feet hoist or any size proportionate to either of those dimensions . The field of the flag shall be blue with nineteen stars and a flaming torch in gold or buff . Thirteen stars shall be arranged in an outer circle , representing the original thirteen states five stars shall be arranged in a half circle below the torch and inside the outer circle of stars , representing the states admitted prior to Indiana and the nineteenth star , appreciably larger than the others and representing Indiana shall be placed above the flame of the torch . The outer circle of stars shall be so arranged that one star shall appear directly in the middle at the top of the circle , and the word Indiana shall be placed in a half circle over and above the star representing Indiana and midway between it and the star in the center above it . Rays shall be shown radiating from the torch to the three stars on each side of the star in the upper center of the circle . Usage Several other laws govern the use of the state flag . The flag is required to be flown by all state militias and the Indiana National Guard . It is to be on display at the Indiana Statehouse at all times . The flag must also be displayed at any agency that is funded in part or in full by the state government , including public schools , state universities , and state parks . In all other respects the flag should be treated with the same care and respect as the flag of the United States . In late 2008 , Tribune Media station unk in Indianapolis began to use the flag 's design as part of their station 's logo until acquiring CBS affiliation in January 2015 . A variation of the Indiana state flag was used as the Gotham flag in the 1989 movie Batman . The flag can be seen in the mayor 's office . The logo of the BP acquired Amoco Corporation ( formerly Standard Oil of Indiana ) prominently features a torch to commemorate the company 's Indiana origins it remains in use at the few BP stations using Amoco and Standard trade dress to maintain trademark protection .
1,211	Hidden Treasures is an EP by American thrash metal band Megadeth , released on July 18 , 1995 by Capitol Records . The album features songs that first appeared on movie soundtracks and tribute albums . Four of the tracks were released as singles , and three have received Grammy Award nominations for Best Metal Performance . Despite having garnered mediocre or negative reviews , the material on the EP has been credited with helping expand the group 's MTV audience in the early 1990s . Background and songs Hidden Treasures is a rarities compilation that features songs that Megadeth had recorded for a number of projects , but had not released on one of the band 's studio albums . Most of these were contributions to film soundtracks . In 1989 , Megadeth recorded a version of Alice Cooper 's No More Mr. Nice Guy for the soundtrack to the Wes Craven directed horror film Shocker . It marks drummer Nick Menza 's recording debut with the band . The recording was released as a single and peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart in 1990 . Go to Hell appeared on the Bill and Ted 's Bogus Journey soundtrack in 1991 . The song features the same prayer used in Enter Sandman by Metallica , and can be heard at the beginning of the track . The band contributed three songs to soundtracks in 1993 . Angry Again , recorded during the sessions for Countdown to Extinction , appeared on the soundtrack to Last Action Hero and received a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 1993 Grammy Awards . The song has appeared on several of the band 's compilations . unk appeared on the soundtrack for the Super Mario Bros. film . 99 Ways to Die was recorded for the soundtrack to The Beavis and Butt head Experience and released as a single and a music video . It was nominated in the Best Metal Performance category at the 1995 Grammy Awards . Diadems was released on the Demon Night soundtrack in 1995 . In addition to soundtrack contributions , the band submitted a cover of Black Sabbath 's Paranoid for the tribute album Nativity in Black in 1994 . It was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 1996 Grammy Awards . Problems is a Sex Pistols cover and was previously unreleased . Release and reception While initially released in Europe as a bonus disc for a special edition of Youthanasia , Hidden Treasures was released as a stand alone EP in Japan and the US on July 18 , 1995 . It debuted at number 90 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold 13 , 000 copies in its first week . By December 2005 , Hidden Treasures sold 286 , 000 copies in the United States . It also appeared on album charts in the UK and Japan , but did not achieve notable success . The album has gone out of print in the US , but was reissued in 2007 for the Japanese and European markets . The EP has received generally mediocre reaction from critics . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that the EP doesn 't have many first rate songs and that only 99 Ways to Die made an impression . The Rolling Stone Album Guide was dismissive of the EP the staff reviewer commented that the album is worth hearing only for 99 Ways to Die . Dean unk of the Chicago Tribune wrote that the album is typical Megadeth featuring fast forward riffing and snooty snarling vocals . Carlos Ramirez from Noisecreep felt that the album contains many underrated songs that also deserve their time in the spotlight and highlighted the dueling guitar leads by Mustaine and Friedman featured in Go to Hell . Despite the negative reviews , material featured on the EP has been credited with helping expand the group 's MTV audience in the early 1990s . Track listing The following track list can be verified with the Hidden Treasures liner notes . Personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes . Megadeth Dave Mustaine lead vocals , guitar David Ellefson bass , backing vocals Marty Friedman guitar , backing vocals Nick Menza drums Production Produced by Desmond Child and Dave Mustaine ( track 1 ) Max Norman and Dave Mustaine ( tracks 2 8 ) Engineered by Max Norman ( tracks 2 8 ) Mixed by Max Norman ( tracks 2 6 ) Max Norman and Dave Mustaine ( tracks 7 8 ) Chart performance
1,212	Delaware Route 299 ( DE 299 ) is a state highway in New Castle County , Delaware . It runs 9 . 77 mi ( 15 . 72 km ) from Maryland Route 282 ( MD 282 ) at the Maryland border east of Warwick , Maryland to DE 9 in Mathews Corners , passing through Middletown and Odessa . It overlaps U.S. Route 301 ( US 301 ) from just east of the Maryland border to the west end of Middletown . It is also concurrent with DE 15 along the eastern part of the US 301 concurrency . The road runs through a mix of suburban development . Delaware Route 299 was originally designated as DE 4 in 1938 , running as far east as US 13 in Odessa . By 1957 , DE 4 became DE 299 to match MD 299 ( now MD 282 ) and was extended east to DE 9 in 1959 . Over the years , several different routes had followed the DE 299 alignment including DE 71 west of Middletown between 1959 and 1987 and US 301N between Middletown and Odessa from 1959 to 1971 . In 2008 , a widening of DE 299 in the western part of Middletown began it was completed in November 2010 . Route description DE 299 heads east from the Maryland border on Warwick Road , passing through farmland . At the state line , the road continues west into Maryland as MD 282 . Shortly after the state line , it merges onto US 301 and heads to the northeast on Middletown Warwick Road . DE 15 joins with the two routes , heading from the south on Levels Road , and they head into the commercial western part of Middletown . At the point DE 15 makes a left onto Bunker Hill Road , US 301 continues straight and DE 299 makes a right onto Main Street , heading east across Norfolk Southern 's Delmarva Secondary rail line into the downtown area of Middletown . In the center of town , DE 299 intersects DE 71 ( Broad Street ) . After running through the downtown area , the route heads east through suburban commercial development in the eastern part of Middletown , passing to the north of Middletown High School , and becomes Middletown Odessa Road . It intersects the DE 1 toll road at a diamond interchange and heads east through a mix of farms and homes into Odessa , becoming Main Street . In Odessa , the route is lined with homes and intersects US 13 , which is split onto 5th Street northbound and 6th Street southbound . Following this intersection , the road runs through the Odessa Historic District . Past Odessa , DE 299 crosses the Appoquinimink River and heads to the southeast on Old State Road into housing developments . The route makes a left turn onto Taylors Bridge Road briefly and ends at DE 9 in Mathews Corners . Portions of DE 299 are designated as part of the Delaware Byways system . The section between Silver Lake Road in Middletown and DE 9 is part of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway while the section between US 13 in Odessa and DE 9 is a spur of the Delaware 's Bayshore Byway . DE 299 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 16 , 456 vehicles at the west end of the DE 15 concurrency to a low of 433 vehicles at the Old State Road intersection . The portion of DE 299 concurrent with US 301 is part of the National Highway System . History By 1920 , what is now DE 299 existed as an unimproved county road . This county road was paved by 1924 . The present day alignment of DE 299 became a state highway by 1935 . The current DE 299 was originally designated as DE 4 in 1938 , running between the Maryland border and US 13 in Odessa . By 1957 , DE 4 was renumbered to DE 299 to match MD 299 ( now MD 282 ) across the border and DE 71 was designated concurrent with most of the route west of Middletown . US 301 was designated along the DE 71 DE 299 concurrency in 1959 while US 301N was designated between DE 71 and US 13 . Also at this time , DE 299 was extended east to DE 9 . The US 301N designation was removed between Middletown and Odessa in 1971 . DE 71 was rerouted off US 301 DE 299 by 1987 . By 1994 , DE 15 was designated to follow a portion of US 301 DE 299 west of Middletown . In July 2008 , a widening project began on US 301 DE 299 between United Drive and the east end of the concurrency . This widening to four lanes was completed in November 2010 . Major intersections The entire route is in New Castle County .
1,213	Tekno Team 2000 was a professional wrestling tag team that competed in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) from 1995 to 1996 . The team was composed of Travis and Troy . Although the team started off with a strong push from the WWF , they did not continue their initial success . Tekno Team 2000 also left the WWF temporarily to make several appearances in the United States Wrestling Association ( USWA ) . After returning to the WWF , the team continued to lose matches and was eventually disbanded . History Originally Chad Fortune and Erik Watts were football teammates for the University of Louisville . In 1994 , they reunited and began wrestling as a tag team . They would debut in Minnesota for the AWA losing to Wayne Bloom and Mike Enos . World Wrestling Federation Wearing futuristic silver and maroon ring outfits , they debuted in the WWF as a babyface tag team that was ahead of its time . As part of the New Generation of the WWF , they were said to be determined to bring the New Generation into the 21st Century . Building on their youthful appearance , Troy and Travis were featured in pin up pictures in the World Wrestling Federation Magazine . Tekno Team 2000 made their WWF debut during a house show at Madison Square Garden on March 19 , 1995 . They defeated The Heavenly Bodies ( Tom Prichard and Jimmy Del Ray ) and repeated the result the following night at Boston Garden . Their WWF television debut took place on the May 27 , 1995 episode of WWF Superstars they defeated Barry Horowitz and the Brooklyn Brawler . They were booked to appear in a series of matches against The Heavenly Bodies . Del Ray was not able to appear in several of the matches , so he was replaced by unk and Barry Horowitz in several of the matches . Tekno Team 2000 won all of the matches in this series . The WWF teased a storyline in which Tekno Team 2000 was being scouted by Ted DiBiase to join the Million Dollar Corporation , but they did not join the group . Their success led Pro Wrestling Illustrated to rank them among the top ten tag teams in the world . On July 2 , Troy and Travis served as lumberjacks in the lumberjack match between Diesel and Sid at In Your House 2 The Lumberjacks . During the match , Sid attacked Troy and Travis . While he was distracted , other wrestlers attacked Sid and helped Diesel to win the match . USWA Tennessee Watts has stated that the WWF intended to have Tekno Team 2000 win the WWF Tag Team Championship after two months in the promotion . After Watts ' father , Bill Watts , began booking matches , the team was later sent to developmental territories to improve their skills . They returned to USWA in Tennessee , where they had wrestled a tag team match together in April 1995 under their real names . Competing as Tekno Team 2000 , they defeated PG 13 on September 18 . They began losing matches , however , while facing PG 13 , The Heavenly Bodies , and The Bushwhackers . On October 30 , Troy and Travis reversed their fortunes and defeated King Cobra and unk . Return to World Wrestling Federation In 1996 , Troy and Travis resumed competition in the WWF . They lost to The unk on the May 6 episode of Monday Night Raw . During Tekno Team 2000 's return , however , the WWF instructed The unk to help make Troy and Travis look good to the fans . Five days later , Tekno Team 2000 lost to The Smoking Gunns on WWF Superstars . Their final appearance came in a loss to The unk on the June 3 episode of Monday Night Raw . Watts and Fortune were released from their WWF contracts in the summer of 1996 . Legacy After disbanding the team , Watts and Fortune competed for independent promotions . They later formed a team while wrestling in Japan . In 2001 , they reunited in Dusty Rhodes ' Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling , teaming together under their real names . Watts later found work with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling , and Fortune retired from wrestling to drive monster trucks . Tekno Team 2000 was included during a video montage of poor gimmicks during the tenth anniversary of Monday Night Raw in January 2003 . In wrestling Double team finishing moves Simultaneous vertical suplex diving crossbody combination
1,214	The 147th Boat Race was won by Cambridge by two and a half lengths . It was the first time in the history of the event that the race was stopped and restarted , following a clash of blades . In the reserve race Goldie beat Isis Cambridge also won the Women 's race . Background The Boat Race is an annual competition between the boat clubs of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) race along the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 2000 race by three lengths , but Cambridge led overall with 76 victories to Oxford 's 69 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The race was sponsored by Aberdeen Asset Management for the second consecutive year . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Crews The Oxford crew ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) consisted of seven Britons , an American and a Norwegian , while the Cambridge crew ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) was composed of six Britons , a German , an Australian and a British American . The Cambridge crew weighed , on average , 4 . 5 pounds ( 2 . 0 kg ) more than their rivals , while Josh West , Cambridge 's number five , was the tallest rower , at 6 ft 9 in ( 2 . 06 m ) . Race Boat club presidents Kieran West and Dan Snow met on the banks of the Thames at Putney for the coin toss at soon after noon on 24 March 2001 . Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . While the river was calm , rain began to fall just prior the start of the race . Oxford took an early lead , but both coxes were given warnings by race umpire Rupert Obholzer . A clash of blades ensued , with Cambridge 's bow Colin Swainson losing his oar this resulted in Obholzer called for a restart for the first time in the history of the race . Once again , Oxford took the lead and held a two second lead at Hammersmith Bridge . Although rating the same , Cambridge took the lead , to be ahead by half a length at the Surrey bend , and seven seconds ahead by Chiswick Steps . Extending their lead to more than two lengths by Barnes Bridge , Cambridge passed the finishing post in a time of 19 minutes 59 seconds . It was Cambridge 's eighth win in nine races , and took their overall lead to 77 victories to Oxford 's 69 . In the reserve race Goldie beat Isis by six lengths in a time of 19 minutes , 36 seconds . Cambridge also won the Women 's race by three feet . Reaction Race umpire Obholzer stated I could have disqualified Oxford but both sides were responsible . Cambridge president and number six West said Both teams had a good row but we had good rhythm and pushed really hard , while Oxford president Snow remarked The Boat Race is not fair ... six months ' work to be screwed by the system . We have got to deal with that . BBC commentator and former Light Blue president Richard Phelps believed that Cambridge deserved the win and that it was the superior power and application of it that saw Cambridge slowly pull clear of Oxford . Cambridge coach Robin Williams said It was a brave , quick decision by the umpire , while former Dark Blue and Olympic gold medallist Matthew Pinsent suggested the clash was simply a racing incident and that the race could have been allowed to continue . He added There is no yellow card offence between a warning and disqualification . Oxford coach Sean Bowden blamed the defeat on the restart We rowed with a lot of courage ... but having to restart after that great first take off really hurt us . It just put us at a disadvantage from then on .
1,215	Roma was an ironclad warship built for the Italian Regia Marina in the 1860s she was the lead ship of the Roma class ironclads . Armed with a main battery of five 10 inch ( 250 mm ) and twelve 8 in ( 200 mm ) guns in a broadside arrangement , Roma was obsolescent by the time she entered service . As a result , her career was limited . In 1880 , she took part in an international naval demonstration off Ragusa to enforce the Treaty of Berlin . In November 1881 , she collided with the ironclad Principe Amedeo in a storm in Naples , but she was not damaged . Roma was reduced to a guard ship in 1890 and then to a depot ship in 1895 . In July 1896 , she was scuttled to save the ship from a fire caused by a lightning strike . She was thereafter raised and broken up for scrap . Design Roma was 79 . 67 meters ( 261 ft 5 in ) long between perpendiculars she had a beam of 17 . 33 m ( 56 ft 10 in ) and an average draft of 7 . 57 m ( 24 ft 10 in ) . She displaced 5 , 698 metric tons ( 5 , 608 long tons ) normally and up to 6 , 151 t ( 6 , 054 long tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of one single expansion steam engine that drove a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by six coal fired , cylindrical fire tube boilers . Her engine produced a top speed of 13 knots ( 24 km h 15 mph ) from 3 , 670 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 740 kW ) . She could steam for 1 , 940 nautical miles ( 3 , 590 km 2 , 230 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The ship was barque rigged to supplement the steam engine . She had a crew of 549 551 officers and men . Roma was a broadside ironclad , and she was armed with a main battery of five 10 in ( 254 mm ) guns and twelve 8 in ( 203 mm ) guns . The ship was protected by iron belt armor that was 5 . 9 in ( 150 mm ) thick and extended for the entire length of the hull at the waterline . Service history The keel for Roma was laid down at the Cantiere della unk shipyard in Genoa in February 1863 . She was launched on 18 December 1865 , and fitting out work was finished by May 1869 . By the time she entered service , other navies had begun to build casemate ships , rendering Roma obsolescent almost immediately after she was completed . In addition , the Italian naval budget was drastically reduced following the defeat at Lissa in 1866 , which reflected a stark decrease in the government 's confidence in the fleet . As a result , she saw little use during her career indeed the budget was reduced so significantly that the fleet had great difficulty in mobilizing its ironclad squadron to attack the port of Civitavecchia in September 1870 , as part of the wars of Italian unification . Instead , the ships were laid up and the sailors conscripted to man them were sent home . In 1874 75 , the ship 's armament was revised to eleven 10 inch guns . In November 1880 , Roma and the ironclad Palestro took part in a naval demonstration off Ragusa in an attempt to force the Ottoman Empire to comply with the terms of the Treaty of Berlin and turn over the town of Ulcinj to Montenegro . In early November 1881 , Roma was moored in Naples when a severe storm tore the ship from her anchors . The heavy winds drove her into the ironclad Principe Amedeo , but neither ship was damaged in the collision . During the annual fleet maneuvers held in 1885 , Roma served in the 2nd Division of the Western Squadron she was joined by the ironclad Affondatore and five torpedo boats . The Western Squadron attacked the defending Eastern Squadron , simulating a Franco Italian conflict , with operations conducted off Sardinia . The ship had her guns replaced again in 1886 , this time with eleven 220 mm ( 8 . 7 in ) guns . In 1890 , Roma was removed from front line service and tasked with the defense of La Spezia . While serving as a guard ship , her armament was reduced to five 8 inch guns . The ship was stricken on 5 May 1895 and thereafter used as an ammunition depot ship based in La Spezia . The ship was accidentally set on fire by a lightning strike on 28 July 1896 her crew scuttled the ship to prevent her from being burned completely . Roma was refloated the following month and then broken up for scrap immediately thereafter .
1,216	How Brown Saw the Baseball Game , also known as How Jones Saw the Baseball Game , is an American short comedy film produced in 1907 and distributed by the Lubin Manufacturing Company . The film follows a baseball fan , named Mr. Brown , who drinks large quantities of alcohol before a baseball game and becomes so intoxicated that the game appears to him in reverse motion . During production , trick photography was used to achieve this effect . The film was released in November 1907 . It received positive reviews in a 1908 issue of The Moving Picture World , a film journal , that reported the film was successful and truly funny . As of 2015 it is unclear whether a print of the film has survived . The identities of the film 's cast and production crew are not known . Film historians have noted similarities between the plot of How Brown Saw the Baseball Game and the Edwin S. Porter directed comedy film How the Office Boy Saw the Ball Game released the previous year . Plot Before heading out to a baseball game at a nearby ballpark , sports fan Mr. Brown drinks several unk cocktails . He arrives at the ballpark to watch the game , but has become so inebriated that the game appears to him in reverse , with the players running the bases backwards and the baseball flying back into the pitcher 's hand . After the game is over , Mr. Brown is escorted home by one of his friends . When they arrive at Brown 's house , they encounter his wife who becomes furious with the friend and proceeds to physically assault him , believing he is responsible for her husband 's severe intoxication . Production How Brown Saw the Baseball Game was produced by Lubin Manufacturing Company , a company founded by German American film pioneer Siegmund Lubin . At the time How Brown Saw the Baseball Game was made , the company was creating and distributing up to three films a week . The identities of How Brown Saw the Baseball Game 's director and cast are not known . It is a silent film shot in black and white , and the finished product comprised 350 feet ( 110 m ) of film . For the scenes which took place at the ballpark , the filmmakers used a form of trick photography in order to show the baseball players running backwards . Siegmund Lubin filed a copyright for the film , under the alternate title How Jones Saw the Baseball Game , on October 26 , 1907 . Release and reception How Brown Saw the Baseball Game was released into theaters by Lubin Manufacturing Company on November 16 , 1907 , and was still being shown as late as August 1908 . During this time , the film sometimes was presented as part of a double feature with the 1907 film Neighbors Who Borrow , a short comedy film about a man who lends nearly everything he owns to his neighbors until his wife returns home and berates him for doing so . Advertisements for the film touted it as such fun , and Lubin himself promoted the film as a unk funny farce . It received a positive review in the June 1908 issue of The Moving Picture World which described the film as truly funny and that it proved to be a veritable success . Modern writings have often suggested that How Brown Saw the Baseball Game was produced as Lubin Manufacturing Company 's alternative to the Edwin S. Porter directed comedy How the Office Boy Saw the Ball Game , a film released by Edison Studios in 1906 about an office employee sneaking out of his workplace to watch a baseball game only to discover his employer in a nearby seat . Lubin Manufacturing Company was known for creating films similar to competing motion pictures made by other studios . Lubin had previously created films resembling Edison Studios ' releases Uncle Tom 's Cabin and The Great Train Robbery . Author Jack Spears wrote in his book Hollywood The Golden Era that How Brown Saw the Baseball Game and How the Office Boy Saw the Ball Game used practically the same plot Rob unk 's article The Baseball Film to 1920 in the journal Base Ball likewise notes the similarities of their plotlines . As of August 2015 , it was unclear whether there is a surviving print of How Brown Saw the Baseball Game it has likely become a lost film . If rediscovered , the film would be in the public domain .
1,217	The 54th Boat Race took place on 3 April 1897 . The Boat Race is an annual side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race . The crews were almost evenly matched weight wise , Oxford marginally the heavier , whose crew consisted almost entirely of veterans of the event . In a race umpired by former rower Frank Willan , Oxford won by two and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 12 seconds , the victory taking the overall record to 31 22 in their favour . It was Oxford 's eighth consecutive victory and the third fastest winning time in the history of the event . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the boat clubs of University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , as of 2014 it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by two fifths of a length in the previous year 's race , and held the overall lead , with 30 victories to Cambridge 's 22 . Oxford were coached by G. C. Bourne who had rowed for Oxford in the 1882 and 1883 races , William Fletcher , who rowed for Oxford in the 1890 , 1891 , 1892 and 1893 races and Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) . There is no record of who coached the Cambridge crew . Oxford were very quick , and set a full course record ( on the ebb tide ) of 18 minutes and 27 seconds two weeks before the race . Conversely , according to author and former rower George Drinkwater , Cambridge never fulfilled its early promise ... always slow into the water . The umpire for the race for the ninth year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 6 . 25 lb ( 78 . 8 kg ) , 0 . 875 pounds ( 0 . 4 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . The Cambridge boat included four former Blues in their number five William Augustus Bieber who was participating in his third Boat Race . Five of the Light Blues were studying at Trinity Hall . Their number four , American rower Benjamin Hunting Howell , was the only participant in the race registered as non British , hailing from the New York . All but one of Oxford 's crew had rowed in the event prior to 1897 , only G. O. C. Edwards was new to the race . Eight of the nine members of the Dark Blue crew were educated at Eton College four of their crew were studying at New College . George Drinkwater , former Oxford rower and author stated this year saw the finest Oxford crew that has ever rowed . Race As a result of their impressive performances during the build up to the race , Oxford were clear favourites to win . Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Oxford . The race was started at 2 24 p.m. in a light breeze from the east on a favourable tide . The Light Blues made the quicker start , with stroke William James Fernie taking his crew off at 41 strokes per minute . Within a quarter of a mile , Cambridge held a half length lead but the Dark Blues began to draw back into contention and took the lead just before Craven Cottage . A spurt at the Mile Post from the Light Blues kept them in touch but Oxford rowed away from them , taking a clear water advantage by Hammersmith Bridge , effectively ending the contest . Oxford extended their lead as they liked and passed the finishing post two and a half lengths clear of Cambridge , in a winning time of 19 minutes 12 seconds . It was Oxford 's eighth consecutive victory and was , at the time , the third fastest winning time in the history of the event . It took the overall record to 31 22 in Oxford 's favour .
1,218	Ingeborg Haug Steinholt ( born 16 July 1986 ) is a Norwegian politician for the Red Party , and since 2007 a member of Nordland County Council . Steinholt was a member of the Central Committee of Red Youth ( RU ) from 2006 to 2010 . She was also a member of the Central Board of Directors of Red Youth . Life and career Steinholt was born in Sandnessjen . She later moved to Oslo to study nursing , and works there as a nursing assistant . Steinholt has residences in Oslo and Sandnessjen . She is currently studying medicine in Troms . She stands for a more liberal policy regarding vocational education , and wants to remove much unneeded theory in such subjects . Political career Steinholt started her political career as a member of Red Youth , and later became a member of its mother party , Red . In 2007 Steinholt was elected as Red Nordland 's leading candidate in the local elections of 2007 . Steinholt had a very short election campaign , but she managed to make several notable appearances . Steinholt focused on environmental issues during the campaign , and opposed the establishment of a petroleum plant in northern Norway . Under her leadership , Red unk received 2 , 956 votes , 3 . 0 percent of the votes , an increase of 0 . 9 from the previous local election in 2003 . Red won another seat on the Nordland County Council during the election Steinholt became the youngest member of the council . One of Steinholt 's campaign promises was to put an end to the activities of the petroleum industry close to Lofoten and Vesterlen because of potentially hazardous effects on the environment . When asked if she had any political allies in parliament who could help her , Steinholt replied , Our most important partners are not in Parliament but instead those organisations whose main goal is to improve conditions for the Norwegian people . We must ensure that the Public Action For an Oil Free Lofoten and Vesterlen will be heard . In November 2009 unk Municipality cut the budgets of youth organisations by an estimated NOK 400 , 000 . Steinholt opposed this , saying that if the wages of the mayor and several other high ranking politicians had been cut , the municipality could have saved NOK 487 , 000 . In the 2009 parliamentary election Steinholt received 1 , 829 votes , again as Red Nordland 's leading candidate . She was elected a member of Red Youth 's Central Board in 2006 her term expired in 2010 . In 2008 Steinholt became a member of Red Youth 's National Board her term expired in 2010 . Views Steinholt has stated that she feels the government should reduce unnecessary theory in the vocational education programme in upper secondary school she believes it to be the main reason why an increasing numbers of pupils are dropping out of school . The Norwegian Government , Steinholt believes , should increase their funding for vocational education programmes and jobs she states that people with this type of education are the cornerstone of our society . Steinholt believes there is a broad consensus in the labor movement that the Contractual Pension ( unk unk ) bill holds a hostile policy towards the working class . unk led to a debate in the City Council , mainly between Steinholt and County Cabinet leader Odd Eriksen . She believed it would be disrespectful towards workers to deprive them the right of a dignified work age , feeling that forcing them to quit their jobs at the age of 62 is too early . She is strongly opposed to oil drilling in Lofoten , arguing that oil drilling would lead to conditions hazardous to the area . In July 2009 she told unk that the government should give emergency funding to Norwegian companies who work on developing renewable energy instead of just giving it to the banks . Steinholt does not believe that small municipalities should be merged because of their economic problems . She feels the government focus on the struggling economy of the municipalities should be towards cleaning up their debt . In 2008 alone , the municipalities of Norway had a gathered debt of NOK 20 . 7 billion . She stated that if Red was elected to parliament , they would propose a bill giving the municipalities an immediate transfer of NOK 10 billion .
1,219	Annabel Breuer ( born 23 October 1992 ) is a wheelchair fencer and 1 . 5 point wheelchair basketball player . She has played for unk Ravensburg and Sabres Ulm in the German wheelchair basketball league . In December 2012 she was contracted to play for first division club RSV Lahn Dill as well as Sabres Ulm . She has also played the national team , with which she won two European titles , was runner up at 2010 World Championships , and won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . After the London Games , President Joachim Gauck awarded the team Germany 's highest sporting honour , the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt ( Silver Laurel Leaf ) . Biography Annabel Breuer was born on 23 October 1992 . She lives with her three siblings , her parents and her dog in unk , a small town in Swabia roughly halfway between Lake Constance and Ulm . She became a paraplegic as a result of an automotive accident when she was a child . Breuer started playing wheelchair fencing recreationally . She won silver at the 2006 Wheelchair Fencing World Cup in Turin at the age of 13 . but was unable to participate in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing due to surgery on her spinal cord . At the 2009 European Championships in Warsaw she won gold with the German unk team , and silver and bronze in the singles . As a result , the German Sports Foundation named 16 year old Breuer as its Junior Sportsman of the Year for 2009 in Disability Sport . She competed in the 2010 World Championships in Paris , but was placed fifth and did not medal . She was awarded the Hilde Frey Prize in 2011 , and said that her goal was to be at the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in London . Breuer attended the Paralympics in London , but as a wheelchair basketball player rather than as a fencer . She was introduced to the sport by a friend , and spot by a national trainer . Breuer played for Sabines Ulm , where she was the only woman on a mixed gender side . She is classified as a 1 . 5 point player , but women get a 1 . 5 point bonus when playing on a mixed team , making her in effect a zero point player . Her classification , along with her high technical acumen , means that she is a valuable asset on any team . Breuer was part of the German national team which won win gold at the 2011 European Championships in Nazareth , Israel , defeating the Netherlands in the final , 48 42 . In June 2012 she was named as one of the team that competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in London . In the Gold Medal match , the team faced the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , a team that had defeated them 48 46 in Sydney just a few months before . They defeated the Australians 44 58 in front of a crowd of over 12 , 000 at the North Greenwich Arena to win the gold medal , They were awarded another Silver Laurel Leaf by President Joachim Gauck in November 2012 , and were again named Team of the Year for 2012 . In a ceremony in Ulm , Breuer was congratulated by the Lord Mayor , Ivo unk , and her name was entered in the Golden Book of the city . In December 2012 , it was announced that in addition to playing for second division Sabres Ulm , she would also play for five time Champions League winning first division club RSV Lahn Dill in 2013 . As of February 2013 , due to the constant interruptions to her education due to training and competitions , Breuer , who speaks English , French , German and Spanish , had yet to complete her final high school examinations at Matthias Erzberger school in Biberach . Achievements 2006 Silver Wheelchair Fencing World Cup ( Turin , Italy ) 2009 Gold ( team ) , Silver and Bronze ( individual ) European Championships ( Warsaw , Poland ) 2010 Silver World Championships ( Birmingham , Great Britain ) 2011 Gold European Championships ( Nazareth , Israel ) 2012 Gold Paralympic Games ( London , England ) 2013 Silver European Championships ( Frankfurt , Germany ) 2014 Silver at the World Championships ( Toronto , Canada ) Awards 2009 Junior Sportsman of the Year in Disability Sport 2012 Team of the Year 2012 Silver Laurel Leaf 2012 Entry in the Golden Book of the city of Ulm . 2015 Gold at the European Championships ( Worcester , England )
1,220	Maryland Route 291 ( MD 291 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The state highway runs 18 . 34 miles ( 29 . 52 km ) from MD 20 in Chestertown east to the Delaware state line east of Millington , where the highway continues east as Delaware Route 6 ( DE 6 ) . MD 291 parallels the Chester River along the southern edge of Kent County , connecting Chestertown with U.S. Route 301 ( US 301 ) . The state highway follows much of what was originally MD 447 , which was constructed between US 213 in Chestertown and MD 290 at Chesterville around 1930 . MD 291 itself was built east of Millington around 1930 . The state highway was extended west toward Chesterville in the early 1930s , but was not complete to MD 290 until the late 1940s . MD 291 was extended west to US 213 along a partially new alignment in the early 1960s , superseding MD 447 . MD 291 reached its present western terminus at MD 20 in 1969 . Route description MD 291 begins at a roundabout with the eastern terminus of MD 20 ( Chestertown Road ) and High Street in the town of Chestertown . The state highway heads east as two lane Morgnec Road . After intersecting the Chestertown Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad , MD 291 passes along the northern edge of the campus of Washington College before intersecting MD 213 ( Washington Avenue ) and leaving Chestertown . The state highway crosses Morgan Creek on a steel truss bridge and passes through the hamlet of Morgnec , where Morgnec Road turns north and MD 291 continues east as River Road . MD 291 crosses unk Creek and Norris Creek and intersects the eastern terminus of MD 298 ( Cherry Lane ) . The highway crosses Chesterville Branch before joining MD 290 ( Crumpton Road ) for a short concurrency south of Chesterville . East of MD 290 , MD 291 passes through a forested area and crosses Mill Branch before passing through two roundabouts with Edge Road and Howard Johnson Road , which are unsigned MD 701A and MD 701 , respectively . The two roads lead to interchange ramps to and from US 301 ( Blue Star Memorial Highway ) , over which MD 291 crosses between the roundabouts . MD 291 parallels the Chester River east to the town of Millington , where the highway 's name changes to Cypress Street . The state highway intersects MD 313 ( Sassafras Street ) and the Centreville Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad before leaving the town by crossing Cypress Branch . MD 291 continues east as Cypress Road to its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line . The highway continues east as DE 6 ( Millington Road ) toward Smyrna . History Much of what is now MD 291 was constructed as two different highways . MD 291 ran from MD 290 near Chesterville through Millington to the Delaware state line . MD 447 connected US 213 in Chestertown and MD 290 in Chesterville , much of which was on an alignment further north from the Chester River than modern MD 291 . MD 291 was constructed from Millington to the Delaware state line in 1929 and 1930 . The highway was extended west to Mills Branch just west of present day US 301 in two sections built in 1933 and 1935 . The gap from Mills Branch to MD 290 was filled around 1946 . MD 447 was constructed from US 213 to just west of Morgnec as well as from Kennedyville Road to MD 290 in Chesterville in 1929 and 1930 . MD 447 was completed between Morgnec and Kennedyville Road by 1933 . The steel truss bridge over Morgan Creek , which replaced an old timber bridge on a more curvaceous alignment , was also completed in 1933 . River Road between Morgnec and MD 290 was reconstructed beginning in 1958 . MD 291 was extended west of MD 290 along River Road to Morgnec and assumed MD 447 west to Chestertown in 1963 . MD 447 between Morgnec and Chesterville was removed from the state highway system the same year . MD 291 was extended west to its present terminus at MD 20 along a new road within Chestertown in 1969 . MD 291 's interchange with US 301 , including MD 291 's bridge over US 301 and the roundabouts with MD 701 and MD 701A , was constructed in 1999 . In 2014 , a roundabout was constructed at the western terminus at MD 20 . Junction list The entire route is in Kent County .
1,221	The 109th Boat Race took place on 23 March 1963 . Held annually , the event is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race , umpired by Gerald Ellison , the Bishop of Chester , was won by Oxford with a winning margin of five lengths . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race by five lengths , and led overall in the event with 60 victories to Oxford 's 47 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge 's coaches were Harry Almond ( who rowed for Cambridge in the 1950 and 1951 races ) , Tony Butcher ( who rowed in the 1947 race for Cambridge ) , David Jennens ( who rowed three times between 1949 and 1951 ) and Charles Lloyd ( who also rowed three times from 1949 to 1951 ) . Oxford were coached by R. M. A. Bourne ( who represented Oxford in the 1946 and 1947 races ) , Ronnie Howard ( who rowed twice , in the 1957 and 1959 races ) , Mike Nicholson ( the non rowing boat club president of Cambridge in 1947 ) , Antony Rowe ( who had rowed in the 1948 and 1949 races ) and E. R. Spencer . During practice rows at Putney , Cambridge experienced a number of crabs and while the crew demonstrated a nervous disability to cope with rough water , they had the quicker start . The race was umpired by Gerald Ellison , Bishop of Chester , who had rowed for Oxford in the 1932 and 1933 races . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 13 st 0 . 125 lb ( 82 . 4 kg ) , over 5 . 5 pounds ( 2 . 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's crew contained just a single rower with Boat Race experience in the boat club president and stroke Lord Chewton , while Oxford saw Richard Morton , David unk and cox Christopher Strong return . Four rowers , two from each university , were registered as overseas participants in the race Oxford 's Philip Roff was Australian while D. Spencer was American , and Cambridge 's B. Jackson was South African while John unk hailed from New Zealand . Oxford 's boat club president Toby Tennant had removed himself from the crew two weeks prior to the race as a result of a lack of form . A correspondent for The Times noted that although there has never been the slightest possibility that the Cambridge crew would be of really first rate , the hard work had produced a presentable University crew . Meanwhile , although Oxford had no stars and had arrived at Putney as an unusually backward crew , progress during practice made for definite improvement . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . The race commenced at unk in a fresh north north westerly wind . As had been anticipated , Cambridge took an early lead and were three quarters of a length ahead after the first minute of the race . Continuing at a higher stroke rate than Oxford in the second minute , the Light Blues were almost clear by the end of the Fulham Wall . Still nearly a length behind by the Mile Post , Oxford cox Strong began to steer towards Cambridge , forcing them towards the centre of the river , narrowly avoiding a warning from the umpire . Level by Harrods Furniture Depository , Oxford were half a length up by Hammersmith Bridge , increasing to over a length by The Doves pub , despite an almost despairing spurt from Cambridge . The lead was three and a half lengths by Chiswick Steps and four and a half by Barnes Bridge . Oxford won by five lengths in a time of 20 minutes 47 seconds , the slowest time since the 1951 race . It was the Dark Blues ' first victory in three years and took the overall record to 60 48 in Cambridge 's favour .
1,222	The thyroid ima artery ( unk ima artery , unk unk ima , thyroid artery of Neubauer or the lowest thyroid artery ) is an artery of the head and neck . It is an anatomical variant that , when present , supplies blood to the thyroid gland , which is primarily supplied by the inferior and superior thyroid arteries . The artery also supplies the trachea , the parathyroid gland and the thymus gland ( as unk unk ) in rare cases . It has also been reported to be a compensatory artery when one or both of the inferior thyroid arteries are absent and in a few cases the only source of blood to the thyroid gland . Though it mostly arises from the brachiocephalic trunk , it may also originate from other sources . It also varies in size , blood supply , and termination . The artery occurs in only 3 10 of the population and because of the variations , it may cause surgical complications such as severe bleeding . Structure Thyroid ima artery is an embryonic artery and it occurs because of the failure of the vessel to close , remaining patent ( open ) . The artery has a variable origin . It mostly arises from the brachiocephalic trunk , but may also originate from the arch of aorta , the right common carotid , the subclavian , the unk artery , the unk trunk , the transverse scapular or the internal thoracic artery . It ascends in front of the trachea in the superior mediastinum to the lower part of the thyroid gland . It differs in size and ranges from as small as accessory thyroid arteries to the size of primary thyroid vessels . The diameter of the lumen of the artery ranges from 3 5 millimetres ( 0 . 12 0 . 20 in ) . The artery may be present as an accessory thyroid artery but sometimes appears to compensate for incompetence or absence of one or more main thyroid vessels . Since it begins from below the thyroid gland and ascends upwards , it is mostly associated with absence or reduced size of the inferior thyroid arteries . In such cases , it is known as the accessory inferior thyroid artery . In rare cases , the artery has been seen to be compensating for absence of one or both superior thyroid arteries . In cases where the length of the thyroid ima artery is shorter , the artery ends by supplying the thymus gland and is known as unk unk . Function When present , the thyroid ima 's chief supply is the thyroid gland , though it also supplies the trachea . The artery may extend and supply the parathyroid glands . An infrequently observed artery , it is more frequently reported in the context of enlarged parathyroid glands ( parathyroid adenomas ) . The artery ends by supplying the thyroid gland , or the parathyroid glands , as a single unit or as multiple branches . The artery is also found to be the only supply of the parathyroid gland in rare cases . Clinical significance The artery is only present in approximately 3 10 of the population . Thyroid ima artery is of surgical importance due to its relatively small size and infrequent presence it can cause complications such as severe bleeding in surgery of the thorax , trachea , thyroid or parathyroid glands . Knowledge of occurrence of the artery is especially important during tracheostomy and unk . Because the artery is smaller than the other thyroid vessels , and having an origin from one of the bigger vessels , a brisk cut while performing the surgery may cause complications such as severe hemorrhage and significant blood loss . The artery , if dissected , may draw back into the mediastinum and further complicate the condition by causing hemorrhage and clots in the thoracic cavity . History The thyroid ima artery was first defined by German anatomist Johann E. Neubauer in the year 1772 . Hence , it was named the thyroid artery of Neubauer . The artery originates lower than the inferior thyroid arteries , so it is also known as the lowest thyroid artery . unk unk ima is the Latin name of the artery . Other animals The presence of thyroid ima artery is also observed in other higher primates . The artery has been reported in gorillas , gibbons , macaques and gray langurs . Variations in the origin were also seen it was found to originate from the aorta in the thorax , or the carotid in the neck .
1,223	The Riverview Theater is a neighborhood movie theater in the Howe neighborhood of Minneapolis , Minnesota . Designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan , the theater was built by theater owners Bill and Sidney Volk in 1948 . After building a subsequent theater in a new ultramodern style , the Volks returned to the Riverview in 1956 and had its lobby area heavily renovated and updated . The Riverview remains one of several surviving single screen cinemas in the Minneapolis Saint Paul area and typically shows second run films for 2 or 3 , as well as other special programming . Since the early 2000s , it has been consistently recognized by City Pages as one of the best movie theaters in the area . History The Lithuania born Volk brothers , Bill and Sidney , came to Minnesota in the early 1920s and got involved in the movie business by purchasing neighborhood theaters during the Great Depression . In 1946 , the Volks initiated what the publication Greater Amusements called a theater building orgy when they received a permit from the Minneapolis City Council to build the first new theater in Minneapolis in twelve years in spite of the protests of other theater managers . The Riverview was designed by architectural firm Liebenberg and Kaplan and built in 1948 in the Streamline Moderne style . It opened December 30 , 1948 , with a showing of June Bride . The single screen theater utilized stadium seating , making it one of the earlier movie theaters to do so . Three years later , the Volks again called on Liebenberg and Kaplan to construct the Terrace Theater in Robbinsdale , Minnesota , one of the first ultramodern theaters in America , and considered by author Larry Millett to be their masterpiece . Pleased with the results ( and the industry bucking receipts ) , the Volks turned back to the Riverview and had Liebenberg and Kaplan remodel it to reflect the successful Terrace model . This occurred in 1956 , eight years after the theater 's initial construction . The new lobby space was intended to reflect a living room and even included a separate TV lounge . Amenities were ample Dunbar tables , unk stools , Herman Miller unk and chairs , walnut panels imposed on light wood , graceful modern lamps , stunning draperies . Inside the theater space , however , little changed about the proscenium stage and seating . The Riverview became one of the few remaining single screen theaters in the Minneapolis Saint Paul area by the end of the 1980s , it was one of only six left , and after 1998 , it was one of only four left , with the Uptown and Parkway Theaters and the Oak Street Cinema , although since 1998 , several new single screen theaters the Trylon Microcinema and the Heights Theater have opened . The owners installed new seats in 1999 that allowed for greater leg room and more space between patrons . Contemporary status The Riverview is located in Minneapolis 's Howe neighborhood and seats over 700 patrons . It typically shows second run films for between 2 3 per ticket and its concessions are also much cheaper than at the suburban multiplexes . Sometimes , other events are shown , including midnight movies , sporting events , film festivals , and political events such as Barack Obama 's first inauguration in 2009 . Take Up Productions , operator of the nearby 50 seat Trylon Microcinema , sometimes uses the Riverview for screenings too large for the Trylon to accommodate . The theater won City Pages ' Best Budget Movie Theater award in 2000 , 2004 , and 2005 , and the Best Movie Theater award every year from 2006 to 2014 except 2011 and 2012 . The Riverview 's lobby remains largely unchanged from its 1956 renovation . Cited Berger , Todd R. ( July 17 , 2008 ) . Insiders ' Guide to the Twin Cities ( 6th ed . ) . Guilford , CT Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 0 unk unk 9 . Kenney , Dave ( November 1 , 2007 ) . Twin Cities Picture Show A Century of unk . Saint Paul , MN Minnesota Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 0 unk 595 5 . Millett , Larry ( May 15 , 2007 ) . AIA Guide to the Twin Cities The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul . Saint Paul , MN Minnesota Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 0 unk 540 5 .
1,224	Distant Lights is a song recorded by American indie rock band Ivy . It was released as the lead single from their sixth studio album , All Hours ( 2011 ) . It was issued in the United States on June 7 , 2011 as a digital download by Nettwerk . The single was written and produced by Adam Schlesinger and Andy Chase . After its release , Distant Lights received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complemented the track for being completely different when compared to Ivy 's previous material . However , one reviewer found the track to be boring and outdated . The track was made available as a free download for a short amount of time in support of the release of All Hours . Background After the release of In the Clear ( 2005 ) , Ivy embarked on an extended hiatus to focus their time on their children and solo careers . Member Adam Schlesinger was busy with his side project Fountains of Wayne , while Andy Chase was working on a new band named Brookville . In 2008 , they worked on a new record , even completing most of the project . However , after listening to the completed material , they found it to be awful Chase stated that it was the first time they doubted whether they even had another Ivy album left in them . Afraid that Ivy would become unrecognizable and boring , Durand stated that she really can 't stand when she sees musicians , great songwriters , and after having kids they become so boring , she talks about that all day . She doesn 't need to talk about that in her songs , concluding that she needed escape . Durand was determined to create the best album yet and set up dates and recording sessions with Chase and Schlesinger to work on what would become All Hours . The new album explores new genres for Ivy , including EDM and electronic music , something Chase stated seem ed natural and ma de sense . Composition and release Distant Lights was written and produced by Adam Schlesinger and Andy Chase . According to Nettwerk , the single is a slow building , hypnotic and danceable track , yet managing to sound like Ivy . In a review by Lauren Stern of Pop Break , she called the single completely different compared to Ivy 's previous material . In an interview with Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone , Durand stated that ' Distant Lights ' is , in a sense , the most important song on All Hours . It 's the song that created and led to the direction of this record in the same interview , Rosen claimed that the track had a sleek beat and wistful melody that served as the background for Durand 's vocals that come off halfway between a coo and a sigh . The single was released on June 7 , 2011 through the iTunes Store , where it came with B side single Lost in the Sun . It became Ivy 's first single release since 2005 recording Thinking About You . In September of the same year , Nettwerk made the single temporarily available as a free download to promote All Hours . A remix EP was released on January 20 , 2012 in the United States and France and featured the original composition , a Douze remix , and a Douze dub version of the single . Critical reception Distant Lights received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone praised the single for being seductive , while Frank unk of Consequence of Sound called the essential track the perfect choice for a lead single , further stating that ' Distant Lights ' is the most danceable work from Ivy yet . John Bergstrom , writing for PopMatters , was impressed by the single , stating that it sounds deceptively effortless . Kaitlyn unk of Buzz Weekly found it to be the obvious choice for a single , as it is extraordinarily catchy with a great , upbeat melody . Dorian S. Ham , writing for The unk Reader , had mixed feelings towards the single , calling it slightly worrying and panning the clubby beat as being foreign to Ivy 's catalog . Shawn Connelly of unk found the track boring and outdated . Track listings and formats Credits and personnel Credits and personnel adapted from All Hours liner notes and Ivy 's AllMusic discography . Personnel Release history
1,225	Transport Flight ( Japan ) was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) transport unit that operated in the aftermath of the Korean War . It was formed in March 1955 at Iwakuni , Japan , and equipped with three Douglas C 47 Dakotas and a CAC Wirraway . The flight 's main duty was flying a regular courier service between Japan and South Korea in support of Commonwealth military units based on the peninsula . Transport Flight ( Japan ) ceased operations in June 1956 and disbanded in September that year . History Transport Flight ( Japan ) traced its lineage to a transport contingent that the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) maintained in Japan prior to the Korean War . When the war broke out in June 1950 , No. 77 ( Fighter ) Squadron was based at Iwakuni as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force . Equipped primarily with North American P 51 Mustangs , the squadron also operated a communications flight of two Douglas C 47 Dakotas and two Austers . No. 91 ( Composite ) Wing was established at Iwakuni in October 1950 to administer all RAAF units during the war . This included No. 77 Squadron , the newly formed No. 391 ( Base ) Squadron and No. 491 ( Maintenance ) Squadron , and No. 30 Communications Flight , formerly the No. 77 Squadron Communications Flight . It was designated No. 30 Communications Unit in November . By then it had a complement of eight Dakotas and two Austers . No. 30 Communications Unit was redesignated No. 30 Transport Unit in November 1951 . By the end of 1952 , its strength was eight Dakotas and one CAC Wirraway , and fifty nine personnel . In March 1953 , No. 30 Transport Unit re formed as No. 36 ( Transport ) Squadron , which had disbanded the previous day at RAAF Base Richmond , New South Wales . Elements of No. 36 Squadron began returning to Australia in January 1955 , and by the end of the month its strength was four Dakotas and one Wirraway , and fifty eight personnel . No. 36 Squadron ceased flying on 13 March , after which its remaining strength left Iwakuni for Australia . RAAF Transport Flight ( Japan ) was formed at Iwakuni the next day under the control of No. 91 Wing . The unit was equipped with three Dakotas and one Wirraway , which had been left behind when the last members of No. 36 Squadron departed for Australia . Transport Flight ( Japan ) ' s personnel , consisting of eight officers and sixty six other ranks by the end of month , were drawn mainly from No. 36 Squadron , including its commanding officer , Squadron Leader G.L. Waller , as well as from No. 391 ( Base ) Squadron . The flight 's regular duty consisted of a courier service to Pusan and Kimpo in South Korea five days a week Wednesdays and Sundays were excluded to support Commonwealth forces on the peninsula . It became known in the process as Japan Korea Airlines . Generally carrying freight on the outbound journey , the aircraft often ferried casualties back to Iwakuni , and two nurses formerly of No. 391 Squadron were attached to the flight to assist with this task . The unit was also responsible for transporting VIPs . No. 391 Squadron and No. 91 Wing were disbanded at Iwakuni on 30 April 1955 . Transport Flight ( Japan ) flew its last courier missions on 28 June 1956 , and shortly after handed over its base facilities to the United States Navy . The flight 's last Dakota the last RAAF aircraft to be based in Japan took off for Australia from Iwakuni on 8 July . It left behind some ground staff and Flight Lieutenant Raleigh , a small yellow dog that had accompanied No. 81 ( Fighter ) Wing parent formation of No. 77 Squadron at the time to Japan as its mascot in 1945 and had remained with the RAAF contingent at Iwakuni ever since . Raleigh , a keen flyer but considered too old to return to Australia , was to be given over to the care of a US service family when the last RAAF personnel departed Iwakuni . Transport Flight ( Japan ) was disbanded on 28 September 1956 . It was reported to have carried 4 , 400 passengers and 610 , 000 pounds ( 280 , 000 kg ) of cargo between its first flight in March 1955 and its last in July 1956 , including 690 Commonwealth troops in April 1956 alone , and to have only missed one scheduled service , owing to a typhoon .
1,226	Sutton Valence Castle is a ruined medieval fortification in the village of Sutton Valence in Kent , England . It was built in the second half of the 12th century , probably by Baldwin of Bethune , the Count of Aumale . Overlooking a strategic route to the coast , the original castle probably comprised an inner and an outer bailey and a protective barbican , with a three storey high keep on its southern side . It was passed into the Marshal and de Montfort families , before being given by King Henry III to his half brother William de Valence in 1265 , from whom the castle takes its current name . It was abandoned in the early 14th century and fell into ruin . In the 21st century the castle is managed by English Heritage , and the remains of the keep are open to the public . History 12th 15th centuries Sutton Valence Castle was probably built in the second half of the 12th century by the Counts of Aumale , most likely by Baldwin of Bethune , but perhaps alternatively by William le Gros , Baldwin 's father in law . The castle was built on a commanding position overlooking the strategic route between the towns of Maidstone , Rye and Old unk and the location was originally known as Town Sutton . The stone keep of the castle was constructed around 1200 . In 1203 , Baldwin gave the castle to his daughter Alicia on her marriage to William Marshal , the Earl of Pembroke , who later remarried , passing the property to his second wife , Eleanor . After William 's death , Eleanor married Simon de Montfort , the Earl of Leicester . Simon led a rebellion against King Henry III during the Second Barons ' War , but was killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 , after which Eleanor was stripped of the castle . The King gave Sutton Valence to William de Valence , his half brother , who had supported him during the conflict . Under William , the castle acquired its current name of Sutton Valence . Aymer de Valence , his son , inherited the castle in 1307 . The unk travelled around their estates , increasingly focusing their attention on a handful of their various great houses , and stayed at Sutton Valence on at least several occasions . After Aymer 's death in 1324 , the castle passed by marriage to Lawrence , Lord Hastings , and was held in the Hastings family until 1390 , when Reginald Lord Grey de Ruthin acquired it . There are few historical records of the castle beyond this point , but it appears to have been abandoned in the early 14th century and by the 15th century had become ruined . 16th 21st centuries By the end of the 18th century , the historian Edward Hasted described Sutton Valence Castle as being now almost covered with ivy , and the branches of the trees which sprout out from the walls of it . Archaeological excavations were carried out at the site during the mid 1950s with the assistance of Maidstone Museum and the local Sutton Valence School , focusing on the castle keep . The castle was placed into the guardianship of the state in 1976 it is now owned by English Heritage and conservation work was done on the ruins in the 1980s . It is protected under UK law as a Grade II listed building and as a Scheduled Monument . Architecture Sutton Valence Castle occupied a spur of the Chart Hills , adjacent to the village of Sutton Valence , and probably comprised an inner and an outer bailey and a protective barbican . Visitors would have entered through an eastern barbican , coming through to an outer bailey these features only survive as earthworks . A dry ditch protected the inner bailey , which was approximately 300 by 34 metres ( 984 by 112 ft ) across , positioned on the southern side of the site . It probably included a hall , chapel and kitchen , but only the castle keep now survives . The keep is 11 metres ( 36 ft ) square , with walls 2 . 4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) thick , built from ragstone and flint rubble and surviving up to 7 metres ( 23 ft ) high . It was originally 20 metres ( 66 ft ) tall , with at least three storeys , and entered through an external staircase leading to a doorway in the first floor . The building had a corner tower , in which was a spiral staircase linking the floors , and had clasping buttresses at the corners .
1,227	The 115th Boat Race took place on 5 April 1969 . Held annually , it is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race featured the heaviest oarsman in the history of the event in Cambridge 's David Cruttenden . It was won by Cambridge who passed the finishing post four lengths ahead of Oxford , securing Cambridge 's second consecutive victory . The winning time of 18 minutes 4 seconds was the third fastest in modern Boat Race history . In the reserve race , Goldie beat Isis , and in the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge were victorious . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Oxford by three and a half lengths in the previous year 's race , and held the overall lead , with 63 victories to Oxford 's 51 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . The race was umpired by Alastair Graham who had rowed for Oxford , while the timekeepers for the race were Dickie Burnell and G. G. H. Page . Oxford 's coach was Derek Drury while Cambridge were led by Lou Barry . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 13 st 9 lb ( 86 . 5 kg ) , 2 . 5 pounds ( 1 . 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . At 15 st 11 lb , Cambridge 's number four David Cruttenden was the heaviest oarsman to have ever participated in the race , half a stone heavier than American rower Josh Jensen who rowed for Oxford in the 1967 race . Cambridge 's Robin Winckless and Nick Hornsby were rowing in their third Boat Race , while Chris Powell and Graeme Hall were also returning Light Blues . Peter Saltmarsh returned for Oxford , making his third appearance in the event . Australian Ashton Calvert , the Oxford cox , was the only non British competitor registered in the race . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . With helicopters hovering above the start , Douglas Calder of The Times reported that it was unlikely that either the crews could hear the umpire nor the umpire hear the crews at the start instead just the flag dropping notified the strokes of the start . Cambridge took an early lead , and their advantage was compounded when the umpire warned Oxford at Beverley Brook to move away to avoid a clash of oars . Cambridge were two seconds ahead at the Mile Post through rough water , the Light Blue boat coped better and extended their lead to six seconds ahead at Hammersmith Bridge , and at least a length clear of Oxford . While the conditions improved beyond Hammersmith , Cambridge continued to extend their lead , and held an advantage of eight seconds ahead at Chiswick Steps , increasing to eleven seconds ahead at Barnes Bridge . Cambridge won by four lengths and 14 seconds , in a time of 18 minutes 4 seconds , the third fastest time in the history of the event on the Championship Course , bettered only in the 1934 and 1948 races . Oxford 's coach Derek Drury was philosophical in defeat That 's the way the cookie crumbles . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by two lengths and in a time of 18 minutes 50 seconds , in their third consecutive victory . In the 24th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , their seventh consecutive victory .
1,228	The East and West Blockhouses were Device Forts built by King Henry VIII in 1539 to protect the harbour of Milford Haven in Wales . The two blockhouses were positioned on either side of the Milford Haven Waterway in the villages of Angle and Dale respectively , overlooking the sea . The East Blockhouse was never completed , but the remains were reused as a defensive site in the Second World War . The West Blockhouse was described by contemporaries as forming a round tower with gunports , but it was demolished when West Blockhouse Fort was built on the same site in the 19th century . Background The two blockhouses were built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities , only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and with France and the Empire in conflict with one another , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Modest defences , based around simple blockhouses and towers , existed in the south west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale . In 1533 , Henry broke with Pope Paul III to annul the long standing marriage to his wife , Catherine of Aragon , and remarry . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , and he took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England now appeared certain . Construction Henry issued an order , called a device , in 1539 , giving instructions for the defence of the realm in time of invasion and the construction of forts along the English coastline . Soon afterwards work began on the East Blockhouse in the village of Angle . Angle overlooked the mouth of Milford Haven harbour in Pembrokeshire another fortification , the West Blockhouse , was built just across the other side of the Milford Haven Waterway at Dale . The East Blockhouse was constructed on a narrow headland 35 metres ( 115 ft ) above the sea the Elizabethan historian George Owen described the building as having been intended to be a unk unk , and the physical remains in the 20th century comprised a 7 . 3 by 4 . 0 metres ( 24 . 0 by 13 . 1 ft ) stone building , with a stone enclosure to the north and a subsidiary building 15 metres ( 49 ft ) away from the main site on the south east side . The construction work was never completed and by 1546 the walls had begun to collapse . According to Owen , the West Blockhouse was a round tower , 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) in diameter , with eight gunports . Later use After peace was achieved with France in 1558 , military attention shifted towards the Spanish threat to the increasingly prosperous south west side of England . Tensions with Spain grew and invasion appeared likely in 1589 , resulting in royal permission being given to reuse the stonework from the East Blockhouse for new coastal defences , but this work was not carried out . The fort continued to decay until the 20th century . With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , the East Blockhouse was adapted for use by the British military . The interior was cleared out and a shed was built in one corner . A slit trench was dug on the north side of the building , a rifle embrasure formed on the east side of the building , and a machine gun position was dug out and protected with sandbags outside it . Land erosion has damaged the East Blockhouse site the north wall collapsed before 1975 , and between 2010 and 2011 there was another major landslip . An archaeological survey of the blockhouse , funded by the Welsh heritage agency Cadw , took place in 2011 . The East Blockhouse is the only such defensive structure to survive in Wales and is protected under UK law as a scheduled monument . The West Blockhouse was demolished in the 19th century , when West Blockhouse Fort was built on the same site , and there are no visible remains .
1,229	Joyful , Joyful is a song by contemporary Christian music band Casting Crowns from their fourth studio album Until the Whole World Hears ( 2009 ) . Written by Mark Hall and Bernie Herms and produced by Mark A. Miller , the song is a re interpretation of the hymn Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee and Ludwig van Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 . Joyful , Joyful , a CCM and alternative CCM song , is driven by a string section that has been compared to Coldplay 's song Viva la Vida . It received positive reviews from music critics and received airplay over the 2010 Christmas season , peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart . Background and recording Joyful , Joyful , is a rearrangement of the hymn Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee ( itself a re arrangement of a theme from Beethoven ) . Hall felt that there are many Christian songs that have been around and sung so long that the meaning behind them is lost he commented that you hear them so many times you don 't really hear what they 're saying anymore , listing the original version of Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee as an example . Although the song is a re interpretation of Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee , Mark Hall and Bernie Herms are credited with writing the song . It was produced by Mark A. Miller and recorded by Sam Hewitt , Michael Hewitt , and Dale Oliver at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee the string instrument tracks were recorded by John Painter and Leslie Richter at Ocean Way in Nashville , Tennessee . Digital editing was handled by Michael Hewitt , while mixing was handled by Sam Hewitt . The song was mastered by Andrew Mendelson , Shelly Anderson , Natthaphol Abhigantaphand and Daniel Bacigalupi at Georgetown Masters in Nashville . Composition Joyful , Joyful is a song with a length of four minutes and twenty eight seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , Joyful , Joyful is a CCM and alternative CCM set in common time in the key of F major with a tempo of 120 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of B 3 to the high note of F5 . The song has regarded as a re invention of Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee and Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 , the song alters the format of the former , rearranging the song 's overall structure while adding a chorus . Joyful , Joyful is led by a driving and pulsing string section that has been compared to Coldplay 's Viva la Vida . Mark Hall felt that the band 's arrangement brought out the message of one of the song 's final verses ( God our Father Christ our brother all who live in love are thine teach us how to love each other and fill us to the joy divine ) Hall described the message by saying God 's our father and Christ 's our brother , we have this connection with God . But if we can 't love each other , the joy isn 't completed . Its not real joy yet until we know how to love the people that are around us . Reception Critical response Joyful , Joyful received positive reviews from music critics . Andrew Greer of CCM Magazine praised the song as a fitting ode to Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 . Roger Ham of Christianity Today praised it as one of the best songs off of Until the Whole World Hears . Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms praised the song as having the same kind of string arrangement which made Coldplay 's ' Viva La Vida ' so enjoyable . Debra Akins of Gospel Music Channel regarded the song as a highlight of the album . Roger Gelwicks of Jesus Freak Hideout , while describing the song as interesting , felt that it wasn 't much of an improvement over the rest of the album . Chart performance Joyful , Joyful received airplay over the 2010 Christmas season , debuting at number forty two on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of December 11 , 2010 . In its fifth week on the chart , the chart week of January 8 , 2011 , it reached its peak position of number three . Credits and personnel Credits lifted from the album liner notes for Until the Whole World Hears . Recording Recorded Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . Strings recorded at Ocean Way in Nashville , Tennessee . Charts
1,230	The U.S. State of New York has been known by many nicknames , most notably as the Empire State , adopted as late as the 19th century . This nickname has been incorporated into the names of several state buildings and events , and is commonly believed to refer to the state 's wealth and resources . However , the origin of the term remains unclear . There are several theories on the origin of the name . Two of them involve George Washington , one credits aggressive trade routes , and another associates the nickname with New York exceeding Virginia in population . None has been proven . One commonly accepted tale says that , when Washington was given a full map of New York prior to the Battle of New York , he remarked on New York 's natural geographic advantages , proclaiming New York the Seat of an Empire . The origin of the term has puzzled many historians as American writer Paul Eldridge put it , Who was the merry wag who crowned the State ... as the Empire State New York would certainly raise a monument to his memory , but he made his grandiose gesture and vanished forever . History The source of the term Empire State is uncertain . It has been attributed to the state 's wealth and resources , but there is some doubt regarding that . Two possible stories involve America 's first president George Washington . The first refers to an April 10 , 1785 letter to New York City Mayor James Duane in which Washington called New York the Seat of the Empire . Washington is also said to have used the phrase Pathway to Empire once when referring to the state in conversation with Governor George Clinton in the 1790s no documentation exists for this exchange , however . Alexander Flick 's History of New York State claims that the title was used as early as 1819 , coinciding with New York surpassing Virginia in population . He does not provide any source for this claim . Further , Flick adds that the term was universally acknowledged and accepted by the time that the Erie Canal was completed in 1825 . In a later work , Flick and coauthor John Jacob Anderson claim that New York is well called the Empire State ... not only because of the vastness of its resources , but because it so conspicuously illustrates the imperial power of law abiding liberty among the people . Milton Klein proposes in The Empire State A History of New York that the name may have accompanied the success of the Black Ball Line in 1818 because of the signal advantage the regularity of shipping gave to New York 's merchants over those in other coastal cities . He claims that , by 1820 , it was clear that Empire State was in wide use , though he is doubtful that a clear origin of the term will ever be determined . The 1940 Guide to the Empire State included the following quotation ... it would gratify the people of New York if they could discover who first dared that spacious adjective . Namesakes New York is widely known by the nickname Empire State , and its effects can be seen throughout the state . Manhattan 's Empire State Building opened in 1931 and was the world 's tallest building until the completion of the north tower of the World Trade Center in 1970 . Following the September 11 attacks , the Empire State Building once again became the tallest building in Manhattan until One World Trade Center claimed the title in April 2012 . The main offices of state government are located at the Empire State Plaza ( ESP ) in Albany , the state capital . Its most iconic structure is the Erastus Corning Tower , the tallest building in New York outside of New York City . The nickname has also been used for train routes . The Empire State Express of the New York Central Railroad was established in 1891 , and Amtrak currently offers its Empire Service from New York City to Buffalo via Albany . SUNY Empire State College was established in 1971 in Saratoga Springs and makes use of the name . The Empire State Games were established in 1978 as an Olympic style competition for amateur athletes from New York . Additionally , the term Empire State has been included on New York State license plates since 2001 . In 2009 , Jay Z and Alicia Keys released the 5x platinum single Empire State of Mind .
1,231	The T19 Howitzer Motor Carriage ( HMC ) , was a 105 mm ( 4 . 1 in ) howitzer mounted on a M3 Half track chassis . It saw service during World War II with the U.S. Army . Its secondary armament consisted of an air cooled .50 in ( 13 mm ) M2 machine gun for local defense . It was produced by Diamond T between January 1942 and April 1942 . It principally served in the North African Campaign , although some served in the Allied invasion of Sicily and the subsequent Italian Campaign , and even as late as the invasion of southern France in 1944 . Specifications The T19 Howitzer Gun Motor Carriage was similar to the M3 Half track , as it shared the same chassis , engine , suspension , armor , and fuel tank . It was 20 ft 2 in long , 6 ft 5 in wide , 7 ft 8 in high , with a weight of 9 . 54 short tons . The suspension consisted of semi elliptical longitudinal leaf springs for the wheels and vertical volute springs for the tracks . It was powered by a White 160AX , 147 hp , 386 in3 , six cylinder gasoline engine with a compression ratio of 6 . 3 1 . It was capable of a maximum road speed of 45 mph . The power to weight ratio was 14 . 7 hp ton . The vehicle was operated by a crew of six . Maximum armor was only 0 . 5 inch at the windshield and 0 . 25 inches everywhere else . The armament consisted of one 105 mm M2A1 howitzer ( equipped with eight rounds of ammunition ) with a single .50 caliber ( 12 . 7 mm ) M2 Browning machine gun ( equipped with 300 rounds of ammunition ) for local defense . Development In the autumn of 1941 , when the Armored Force expanded , an urgent need for self propelled artillery arose . Although a full track chassis was preferred , the situation required the use of whatever vehicles were immediately available . The M3 Half track was selected to carry a 105 mm M2A1 howitzer . Although this design had originally been suggested in September 1941 , it had not been taken up . However , the urgency of the requirement resulted in the approval by the Adjutant General and the construction of a prototype was authorized by unk unk , dated 31 October 1941 the new vehicle designated as the 105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T19 . As with other American self propelled guns produced during the early World War II period , the prototype was assembled and tested at the Aberdeen Proving Ground . The M2 recoil mechanism and other parts of the M2 howitzer carriage were used in the vehicle mounting . After several tests , the gun carriage proved fragile on bumpy terrain . The problem was corrected by reinforcing the frame , and redesigning the howitzer mount . unk headlights were recommended because of the muzzle blast , although they were not available for early production models . Early models had no shield for the howitzer either , but a foldable shield was added during testing . The gun faced forward , like many other half track models . The total traverse was 40 degrees and the elevation was from 5 to 35 degrees . The armored windshield cover was remounted so it could fold onto the hood . After further testing , it was accepted for production . After the design was accepted , a prototype was shipped to Diamond T as a guide for production . The first production vehicle was delivered to the US Army in January 1942 . A total of 324 unk had been made by the time production ended in April 1942 . Service history The T19 HMC was designed as a stopgap measure until better self propelled artillery pieces were made it served in the Tunisia Campaign in North Africa in 1942 43 . It was employed mainly in most battalions ' headquarter platoons , and the cannon companies of infantry divisions . The T19 was soon replaced in armored divisions by the M7 Priest , a 105 mm howitzer on a fully tracked chassis . It served with only a few units in Sicily and Italy . On one occasion in Sicily , a T19 company ( part of the 16th Infantry Regiment ) halted a German tank attack by destroying six tanks , for the loss of one T19 . That unit was later awarded the Presidential Unit Citation . A few served as late as 1945 in southern France . It was finally declared obsolete in July 1945 . That month , the contractor Brown McLaughlin converted 90 unk into M3A1 Half tracks .
1,232	Luke Cain ( born 3 February 1980 ) is an SH2 classified Australian shooter who became a paraplegic after an accident while playing Australian rules football . He started competing in 2007 , as the sport suited his disability , and has been a Victorian Institute of Sport scholarship holder since 2008 . He first represented Australia internationally in 2009 at a World Cup event in South unk has been selected to represent Australia at the 2016 Rio Paralympics . These will be his second Games . Personal Cain was born on 3 February 1980 in Rosebud , Victoria . He started playing Australian rules football when he was seven years old for the Rye Football Club . He played senior football for Rosebud Football Club as a full forward . In August 1999 , at the age of nineteen , he was playing for Rosebud in a game against Hastings Football Club when he broke his neck after being sandwiched between a teammate and an opposing player . He is a paraplegic , and requires use of a wheelchair because of paralysis that affects him from the chest down . He has limited use of his fingers and no use of his hands . Before his accident , he participated in a range of sports , including basketball , athletics , waterskiing , unk and wakeboarding . After his accident , he continued in some sports , including angling . As of 2012 , he resides in unk , Victoria . His cousin is Travis Cloke , an AFL All Australian full forward . Cain has been an inspiration to his cousin on the football field . At the same time , Cloke has supported Cain . Other cousins include AFL players Jason Cloke and Cameron Cloke . Shooting Cain is an SH2 classified shooter competing in 10m air rifle prone and 10m air rifle standing events . He has been a Victorian Institute of Sport scholarship holder since 2008 , and is a member of the Springvale Range Club . He is coached by Miro unk as an individual and when on the national team . As a youngster , Cain hunted with his father and cousin . He took up the sport of shooting because it was one of the few available to people with his physical limitations . As of 2012 , he was sponsored by unk 's Gun Shop of Frankston , Victoria , who provided him with competition gear including cleaning supplies , a rifle case and a rifle . He holds two world records , one in the individual 600 600 R4 prone event , and another in the R4 10 metre standing event . Cain started competing in 2007 , and made the Australian national team the same year . During Australia 's 2009 domestic series , the Australia Cup , an invitation only series for the top shooters in the country , he earned a bronze , silver and gold medal . That year , he made his national team debut at an international event when he represented Australia at the 2009 ISSF World Cup in South Korea . By early 2010 , he was looking for a sponsor to assist with costs for his international competitions . He set a personal best of 598 out of 600 in the SH 2 prone air event at the 2010 World Cup in Germany , and not long after , set a new personal best when he shot 599 at the same event at the 2010 World Cup in France . He came in first at the 2010 Oceania Shooting Federation Continental Championship . At the 2010 IPC World Shooting Championships in Zagreb , he came in first in the SH 2 prone air event by setting a world record of 600 points , a perfect score . At the 2011 Great Britain International , he finished second in the 10m air rifle prone event . He competed in the United States hosted International Paralympic Committee World Cup in 2011 , finishing fourth in the R5 Air Rifle Prone event with a score of 599 . He earned a gold medal in the team event with teammates Jason Maroney and Bradley Mark . In 2012 , he trained up to six days a week . At the Australian nationals , he finished second in the prone event behind New Zealander Michael Johnson , and third in the standing event behind fellow Australian Bradley Marks and Johnson . Cain was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in Mixed R5 10m Air Rifle Prone SH2 and Mixed R4 10m Air Rifle Standing SH2 shooting events . Competing on 3 September , he did not medal , finishing 27th in the standing event and 28th in the prone event . Performance
1,233	Hog Island sheep are a breed of sheep descended from animals first brought to Virginia 's Hog Island in the 18th century . During the 1930s and 1940s , storm conditions forced the island 's residents to evacuate , leaving some sheep behind . These sheep adapted to the environment free of human intervention , becoming feral . The breed is preserved by various organizations because of its relevance to American history and its resemblance to historical American sheep . It also possesses some traits that have been somewhat lost in more modern breeds . Breed characteristics The Hog Island sheep is a feral breed , descended from sheep abandoned on Hog Island in the 1930s and 1940s . It is believed that the breed was descended from the Merino breed , among others , possibly the Improved Leicester or other English breeds . The sheep is relatively small but tough and hardy . Rams weigh on average 125 pounds ( 57 kg ) and ewes 90 pounds ( 41 kg ) . Lambs are born with spotted or speckled fleece about 90 of adults have white fleece and 10 black . Both males and females can have horns , and about half the total population do . The Hog Island sheep is not commonly used in modern agriculture , largely because of its endangered status and because more modern breeds have been bred for other characteristics , including maximum size and fleece yield . It is nevertheless considered important to preserve because of the insight it may give into American history and the traits it has that modern sheep might lack such as its toughness , foraging skill , efficient use of food , and easy lambing . History Hog Island was colonized in the 17th century . The sheep that colonists would have been using at the time would have been the contemporary English breeds , but Merinos were known to roam the barrier islands , taken there by Spanish ships that wrecked and let the sheep loose . The colonists would have used some combination of these sheep in their flocks . As an island , Hog Island had open space and lacked predators , therefore the colonists allowed their livestock to roam free , rounding them up only to mark them or to use them for meat or wool . In 1933 a hurricane destroyed most of the island the inhabitants abandoned the settled areas and many sheep were left to fend for themselves , reverting to a feral state . The Nature Conservancy bought the island in the 1970s , rounded up the sheep , and removed them to prevent overgrazing . The breed is extremely rare today with fewer than 200 registered animals it is listed as Critical by The Livestock Conservancy . Research and conservation ( after rediscovery ) When the Nature Conservancy bought Hog Island , most of the sheep were bought by private owners . Some were taken to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , where they were studied to determine why they were relatively free of parasites the researchers concluded that the sheep had no special resistance to parasites but were simply isolated from them by their habitat . The sheep were then sent to institutions such as George Washington 's birthplace , Mount Vernon , and Colonial Williamsburg for preservation . The United States Department of Agriculture 's National Animal Germplasm Program has collected semen samples from several of the sheep as part of a program that aims to preserve the genetic material of animals significant to American history . Because Hog Island sheep resemble the small , short fleeced sheep that would have been raised in colonial farms for meat and wool , they ( or a cross between them and Dorset sheep , a combination called American Site sheep ) are used in exhibits to recreate the look and feel of a historical farm . Because the Hog Island sheep population is so small , the preservation of the breed through a pure , inbred line would threaten the breed 's health by an increased risk of pairing of bad genes . unk and atypical looking sheep have been reported by some breeders . In response , some breeders have crossed Hog Island sheep with other breeds , including Gulf Coast Native sheep , and then bred the offspring with pure Hog Island sheep , producing almost pure Hog Island sheep except for the addition of some genetic diversity .
1,234	The 71st Boat Race took place on 28 March 1914 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race . In this year 's race , umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman , Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 20 minutes 23 seconds . The victory took the overall record to 39 31 in Oxford 's favour . It would be the last race for six years following the outbreak of the First World War . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2015 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1913 race by three quarters of a length , and led overall with 39 victories to Cambridge 's 30 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races , his son Robert Bourne ( who rowed four times from 1909 to 1912 ) , and Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four time Blue ) . Cambridge were coached by Stanley Bruce ( who had rowed in the 1904 race ) . For the eleventh year the umpire was old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . According to author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater , the Cambridge crew rapidly developed into a crew which gave every promise of being quite sensationally fast . Conversely , he noted that Oxford suffered from a dearth of material which , followed by constant changes in the crew order , resulted in a merely eight good men in a boat and nothing more . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 9 . 25 lb ( 80 . 2 kg ) , 3 . 25 pounds ( 1 . 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . The Oxford crew saw five participants return , including cox Henry Wells who was taking part in his fourth race . Cambridge 's crew also included five participants with Boat Race experience , including Sidney Swann who was making his fourth appearance in the event . Swann and Ewart Horsfall had both won gold medals in the men 's eight at the 1912 Summer Olympics , rowing for Leander Club . They defeated New College in the final for whom Arthur Wiggins , Beaufort Burdekin and Frederick Pitman rowed . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . In bright sunshine , a light wind and smooth water , umpire Pitman started the race at 2 20 p.m. Although rating slower than Oxford , Cambridge took a lead and were three quarters of a length ahead by Craven Steps . They extended their lead to a length and a quarter by the Mile Post and continued to pull away as they passed below Hammersmith Bridge . According to Drinkwater , they took things easy in the rough water towards Barnes Bridge and went on to pass the finishing post four and a half lengths ahead , in a time of 20 minutes 23 seconds . It was Cambridge 's first victory since the 1908 race and took the overall record in the event to 39 31 in Oxford 's favour . Drinkwater concluded that while Oxford were a poor crew ... individually they had quite a lot of talent . By comparison , he noted that Cambridge were a reasonably high class crew ... but they lacked quickness . It was the last race until 1920 , as a result of the outbreak of the First World War , and first time since 1853 that there was a break in the annual tradition . During the conflict , at least 42 Blues were killed , including five of the 1914 participants Dennis Ivor Day , cox L. E. Ridley , John Andrew Ritson and Gordon Garnett of the Cambridge crew , and Reginald William Fletcher from the Oxford boat .
1,235	King 's Highway 59 , commonly referred to as Highway 59 , was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . It connected Long Point Provincial Park in Norfolk County to the town of Shakespeare in Perth County , passing through the city of Woodstock in Oxford County en route . Several smaller towns also lined the highway , notably Courtland , Delhi and Norwich . Highway 59 featured junctions with Highway 3 , Highway 2 , Norfolk County Highway 24 and the concurrent routes of Highway 7 and Highway 8 . Highway 59 was established in 1937 between Highway 3 and Highway 2 . In 1961 , several highways were renumbered , establishing the final alignment of the route and tripling its length . As part of the mass highway transfers performed during the late 1990s , Highway 59 was decommissioned entirely in 1998 . Route description The route of Highway 59 followed what is now Norfolk Highway 59 , Oxford County Road 59 and Perth County Road 107 . The majority of this route travels through rural farmland , which dominates southwestern Ontario , although there are several notable towns encountered along the highway , including Courtland , Delhi , Norwich , Woodstock and Shakespeare . In the south , the highway begins at the entrance to Long Point Provincial Park , an important bird sanctuary that serves as a migratory waypoint before and after birds cross Lake Erie . Several National Wildlife Areas are also located along the surrounding shoreline . The highway passes through he community of Long Point , then curves northwest . It intersects Norfolk County Highway 24 , formerly Highway 24 , midway between Long Point and the town of Langton . It encounters Highway 3 approximately 7 kilometres ( 4 . 3 mi ) east of Tillsonburg in the community of Courtland where it turns east and travels concurrently with it for 10 kilometres ( 6 . 2 mi ) to the town of Delhi . At an intersection just west of that town , the route continues northwest to the community of Summerville , then curves north to pass through the town of Norwich . Five kilometres ( 3 mi ) north of there , the route curves west and bisects the community of unk . It then curves back to the north and travels straight towards Woodstock . After crossing Highway 401 , the route enters Woodstock , where it is known as Norwich Avenue , Dundas Street and Vansittart Avenue . Dundas Street was also formerly Highway 2 , but it was transferred to the County of Oxford at the same time as Highway 59 . North of Woodstock , Highway 59 proceeds due north through the communities of Perry Lane , Tollgate , Willow Lake , unk , Strathallan and Hickson before eventually curving northeast near the Oxford Perth boundary to pass through the town of Tavistock , turning north . Approximately 6 kilometres ( 3 . 7 mi ) north of Tavistock , the route ends in the town of Shakespeare at an intersection with Highway 7 and Highway 8 . North of this intersection , the roadway continues as Perth County Road 107 . History Highway 59 was established in 1937 when the Department of Highways ( DHO ) assumed the Delhi Woodstock Road . This 41 . 0 kilometre ( 25 . 5 mi ) road was designated on August 25 . The route remained unchanged until the early 1960s , when several highways were renumbered effective December 19 , 1961 . Highway 19 between Woodstock and Shakespeare was redesignated as Highway 59 , while Highway 100 between Thamesford and St. Marys was redesignated as Highway 19 . On July 20 , 1961 , Highway 59 was extended south from Courtland to Long Point Provincial Park along Norfolk County roads 8 and 8A , which the DHO rebuilt in the years prior . A concurrency was also established along Highway 3 between Courtland and Delhi . These extensions nearly tripled the length of the highway to 120 . 1 kilometres ( 74 . 6 mi ) . The route remained this way for nearly four decades . However , on January 1 , 1998 , as part of budget cutbacks , several highways were transferred to local jurisdiction . Highway 59 was transferred the counties of Norfolk , Oxford and Perth , decommissioning the route entirely . Major intersections The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 59 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .
1,236	The World War I Memorial is a bronze sculpture by Pietro Montana and is located at the intersection of Taunton Avenue , unk Avenue , and John Street in East Providence , Rhode Island , United States . The sculpture is modeled on Charles Atlas and depicts a dynamically posed soldier standing on a granite base . Montana 's original design was modified by the East Providence Memorial Committee for being too brutal . Dedicated on July 30 , 1927 , Major General Charles Pelot Summerall gave an address which highlighted the handicap placed upon the soldiers by a lack of preparedness and invoked the fighting ideal embodied by Montana 's doughboy . The World War I Memorial was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 . Design The World War I Memorial was designed by Pietro Montana , an Italian born painter and sculptor . Montana studied at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in Manhattan , New York City , New York . Montana 's monuments were well known , particularly in New York , and included an earlier Doughboy sculpture erected in 1920 to honor the war dead of the Bushwick , Brooklyn and Ridgewood , Queens . The success of this the earlier Fighting Doughboy memorial resulted in the production of three copies by 1921 . By 1932 , he had produced over 40 statues and won a gold medal from the National Academy of Design for Orphans in 1931 . For the design of the sculpture , Montana modeled Charles Atlas and strove to communicate the U.S. doughboy 's upstanding character and valor by way of a muscle bound physique . In 1926 , the East Providence Memorial Committee expressed concerns that Montana 's design was too brutal and modified the original design provided by Montana . The statue was erected in 1927 , and formally dedicated on July 30 , 1927 . At the dedication , Major General Charles Pelot Summerall gave an address which highlighted the handicap placed upon the soldiers by a lack of preparedness and invoked the fighting ideal embodied by Montana 's doughboy . The sculpture of a soldier stands 7 . 75 feet ( 2 . 36 m ) tall , 2 . 583 feet ( 0 . 787 m ) wide and 2 . 66 feet ( 0 . 81 m ) deep . Ronald J. Onorato , author of the National Register nomination , writes that the soldier stands with legs apart , his left hand at his belt , the right at his side . The face is impassive and expressionless . He wears a disheveled infantry uniform , rough shoes , the shirt collar open and askew , the sleeves rolled back , the knee torn open , his helmet on the ground behind his left foot . ... A holster hangs from the belt on the soldier 's right hip . Montana signed the sculpture with Pietro Montana SC 1927 . The sculpture rests atop a grey granite base that is 6 . 33 feet ( 1 . 93 m ) tall , 3 . 166 feet ( 0 . 965 m ) wide and 3 . 5 feet ( 1 . 1 m ) deep . The corners of the base have small leaf designed and has 2 feet ( 0 . 61 m ) by 2 . 66 feet ( 0 . 81 m ) bronze reliefs with arched tops on each side . The front relief states that it was erected in the memory of the citizens of East Providence who served in World War I from 1917 to 1918 , and lists the names of twenty three soldiers . The left relief depicts a marching infantry column of one man on horseback and four on foot , the right relief depicts four or five men loading a cannon and the rear relief depicts a nurse assisting two wounded soldiers . At the time of its nomination , the sculpture was described as in moderately good condition , with the surface being both stained and pitted , but free or breaks or missing pieces . The statue still stands in its original location in front of a school that has since been re purposed for residential housing . Importance The World War I Memorial designed by Montana is historically significant as the city 's principal effort to honor those who served in the first World War and because it is an unusually successful depiction of the soldier in battle . The larger than life masculine figure depicted in the sculpture stands apart from the stock figures of other war monuments by its dynamic pose , as if the soldier was arising from the heat of battle . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 19 , 2001 .
1,237	The Beguiling is a comic shop in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It specializes in underground and alternative comics , classic comic strip reprints , and foreign comics . It has built an international reputation for focusing on and promoting non superhero comics in the superhero dominated North American comic book market . The store has made effort to promote comics culture in Toronto by organizing the annual Toronto Comic Arts Festival ( TCAF ) in unk with the Toronto Public Library , and by opening sister store Little Island Comics , the first North American comic shop aimed exclusively at children . History Founded in 1987 by Steve Solomos and Sean Scoffield on Harbord Street near the University of Toronto in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , The Beguiling quickly built a reputation for the diversity of its stock , focused on art oriented , avant garde , underground and alternative comics anything that is even peripherally comic book oriented , according to current owner Peter Birkemoe . In the earliest days , much of the store 's income was made through mail order , as the material it dealt in was not mainstream . It also built a reputation for stocking the works of cartoonists such as Chester Brown and Julie Doucet , whose comics most stores would not handle due to the controversial nature of their contents . Well known Toronto based cartoonists such as the trio of Brown , Seth and Joe Matt became associated with the store , and sometimes depicted it in their comics . Others such as Jay Stephens made it their shop of choice . In 1998 , Solomos and Scoffield decided to devote their time to creating art ( and later film production ) , and ownership was passed to Peter Birkemoe and Shane Chung , who expanded operations . In 1992 it relocated to a two floor Victorian building in unk Village in Toronto , and has since branched out into selling to libraries , organizing the Toronto Comic Arts Festival , and running another location , called Little Island Comics , which caters to children . Description and reputation The Beguiling is a store with an agenda , according to Birkemoe , and has been derided for some for its perceived elitism , which stems in part from its sponsoring of Crash , a journal of comics criticism that mainly condemned bad comics . Others , such as comics historian Charles Hatfield , have praised the store for its sense of history , saying , You always leave the shop with a larger sense of what comics are about . The Beguiling is patronized by an international audience . The store has made the top five retailer list in The Comics Journal , and among the awards it has received , it shared the inaugural Eisner Spirit of Retailing Award in 1993 , and it won the Joe Shuster Awards ' Harry Kremer Retailer Award in 2010 . Toronto Comic Arts Festival In 2003 , Peter Birkemoe and Chris Butcher of The Beguiling first organized the Toronto Comic Arts Festival ( TCAF ) . Unusual in the world of comics conventions , TCAF is a free admission event . It focuses on alternative and independent comics , but includes other creative arts besides comics . Rather than being like a traditional comics convention , it is patterned after European festivals such as Angoulme , and the American Small Press Expo . The organizers considered Toronto to be a hotbed of alternative cartooning , but were concerned that most Torontonians associated comic books with superheroes . Their stated goal was to present the quality and prestige of ... local and international artists in a package that 's respected and recognized . The festival was biannual until 2009 , when in partnership with the Toronto Public Library it became an annual event . Starting that year , the festival took place at the Toronto Reference Library . Little Island Comics As most North American comic shops focus on teenage and adult customers , and The Beguiling itself mainly on adults , the owners wanted to fill a void by opening the first children 's comic shop in North America , and possibly the world . Little Island Comics opened 6 September 2011 at 742 Bathurst Street in the Annex , close to The Beguiling . The shop was designed with children in mind , with bright colours and shelves at child height .
1,238	Brainard Homestead State Park , and alternatively Brainerd Homestead State Park , is a 25 acre undeveloped Connecticut state park located in the town of East Haddam , Connecticut , United States . A farmhouse was built on the site by Timothy Green in 1842 before being purchased by Selden Tyler Brainerd in March 1854 . The ownership of the property was willed to Geraldine W. Hayden . Upon her death in 1929 , the property was willed to the State of Connecticut with the condition that William Brainerd be able to use the property for life . William Brainerd died in 1936 , the buildings were later dismantled , but the Brainard Homestead State Park was established prior to May 1 , 1932 . The undeveloped park is said to offer bird watching , sports fields and hiking according to the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection . As of 2012 , the fields were noted to be actively farmed and there were no established trails for hiking . History The known history of Brainard Homestead State Park begins in 1842 when Timothy Green constructed a farmhouse on the property . Green never lived in the farmhouse , but leased it to Jonathan Morgan . In March 1854 , the property was sold to Selden Tyler Brainerd . Brainerd with his wife , Harriet , raised five children in the 30 feet ( 9 . 1 m ) by 25 feet ( 7 . 6 m ) farmhouse . At some point ownership of the property was transferred to Geraldine W. Hayden in a will . In March 1929 , Hayden died and willed the property to the State of Connecticut so that the homestead could be utilized as a memorial to her grandfather . A report by the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission noted that it was not an ideal situation due the concerns about identifying a proposed site in advance and establishing the adaptability of the land for public use . The report also notes that Mrs. Hayden was unknown to the commissioners and despite the land having significant liabilities was waiting to become a state park by 1930 . The delay in its transformation stemmed from a request that William Brainerd , one of Selden and Harriet 's sons , have life use of the property . William Brainerd died in 1936 and the terms of the will were completed . At a later date , the State of Connecticut dismantled the buildings and established the Brainard Homestead State Park . Land use records show that two fields on the farm were once leased and used by Mortimer unk , but the fields surrounding or on the Brainard Homestead State Park continue to be actively farmed . Leary writes that the park preserves the Brainard Homestead and notes that the foundations and cellar pits are visible and provides a picture of the fieldstone foundation . The establishment date of the Brainard Homestead State Park is unknown , but it predates the death of William Brainard . The 1934 State of Connecticut Register and Manual lists the Brainard Homestead State Park as the 39th State Park and consists of 25 acres . Though it is unspecific , the 1932 State of Connecticut Register and Manual notes that there were 40 state parks as of May 1 , 1932 . Activities The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection website highlights three activities for Brainard Homestead State Park bird watching , field sports and hiking . In 2004 , Leary noted that the open fields were perfect for field sports and picnics . Use of field for sports seem to have ended soon after because a unk placed within Brainard Homestead State Park and referenced on the unk website notes that the fields were used for farming . In 2012 , the The A to Z of CT State Parks Tumblr website noted that the fields were unusable and were currently being farmed . The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection website continues to note the park 's field sports use as of 2014 . Also The A to Z of CT State Parks states that there were no established trails for hiking . Leary writes that there are limited views of the Connecticut River in winter , but the foliage in summer precludes much of a vista . Al Braden writes in his book that the park provides access to the Salmon River with parking , boat ramp and docks , but this is the Salmon River Boat Launch East Haddam and not a part of the state park .
1,239	M 77 is a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan . It starts in US 2 near Blaney Park north of Lake Michigan . The highway borders the eastern edge of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge and passes through the community of Germfask . At Seney , it overlaps M 28 to cross the Fox River before returning northward . The northern half has been designated as a Scenic Spur of the Lake Superior Circle Tour . M 77 runs along the eastern end of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore and terminates in Grand Marais north of H 58 near Lake Superior . Originally designated by 1919 , the highway has not been changed much in its history . By the late 1950s , the highway was paved , completing the modern M 77 highway . Route description From US 2 near Blaney Park going north , M 77 runs past the former Blaney Park Resort and out of town by a small private airport next to Lake Ann Louise . The highway continues through rural woodlands past Chip Lake . The road crosses the Manistique River as it runs through Germfask . From just south of Germfask to just south of Seney , the road forms the eastern boundary of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge . The refuge is a managed wetland in Schoolcraft County in Michigan . Established in 1935 , it has an area of 95 , 212 acres ( 38 , 531 ha ) bordered by M 28 and M 77 that is the remains of the Great Manistique Swamp , a perched sand wetland located in the central UP . The refuge contains the unk Bog National Natural Landmark within its boundaries . During the 1930s , work crews employed by the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) rebuilt , restored , and expanded the wetland drains , this time for active wetlands management purposes . These CCC ponds and drains are still used by the wetlands managers that staff the current National Wildlife Refuge . At Seney , M 77 crosses a line of the Canadian National Railway and turns east along M 28 . Both run concurrently for less than half a mile ( 0 . 8 km ) over a crossing of the Fox River before M 77 turns back northward . About 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of Seney , the road turns sharply to the west , near Snyder Lake . The trunkline continues along several other lakes before turning northeasterly and then northward . The road marks the easternmost extent of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore around 2 . 5 miles ( 4 . 0 km ) south of Grand Marais . Within Grand Marais , the highway follows Lake Avenue through downtown . M 77 intersects H 58 in town and the two designations run concurrently for two blocks . The trunkline continues one block farther north and ends at an intersection with unk Street by the Grand Marais harbor the roadway continues northward as Lake Avenue at that point . Grand Marais is situated on the shores of Lake Superior some 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of the mainline of the Lake Superior Circle Tour . Since the Tour runs only along state trunklines in Michigan , a Scenic Spur of the tour was created to route traffic north from Seney to Grand Marais . The scenic spur also terminates in Grand Marais with M 77 north of the junction with H 58 . M 77 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2009 showed that the highest traffic levels along M 77 were the 1 , 924 vehicles daily between unk and Ten Curves roads in Schoolcraft county the lowest counts were the 799 vehicles per day north of M 28 in Seney . No section of M 77 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History The route was first designated by July 1 , 1919 , with a route very close to its present course . A pair of sharp turns were straightened 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of Seney at Lavender Corner around 1950 . The last segments of gravel road were paved in 1958 59 . Major intersections
1,240	Sister Margaret McKenna , unk , ( born 1940 ) is an American Medical Mission Sister and anti militarist activist . Raised in Hackensack , New Jersey , she earned her PhD in the origins and religious thought of Christianity from the University of Pennsylvania . In the 1970s , McKenna began participating in non violent civil disobedience with the Plowshares Movement , sometimes being arrested or imprisoned for her actions . Her activism has continued through recent years . In 1989 , McKenna helped to found New Jerusalem Laura , a North Philadelphia addiction treatment center that strives to help people recover from substance abuse without the use of medication , by substituting community service , discussion , and Bible study as routes to recovery . Early life and education McKenna grew up in Hackensack , New Jersey and upon graduating from high school entered the Medical Mission Sisters , a Roman Catholic organization of women dedicated to improving world access to health care . She earned a bachelor 's degree in English from Chestnut Hill College , then a small Catholic women 's college , and a master 's degree in liturgy from Notre Dame University before moving on to the University of Pennsylvania and earning a doctorate in Christian origins and religious thought . For her doctorate thesis , she traveled to Israel for the clarity and solitude . Activism McKenna has been arrested for several acts of civil disobedience since becoming an activist in the 1970s . In 1987 , she participated in a protest over the Iran Contra affair during the bicentennial celebration of the signing of the constitution in Philadelphia . In 1988 on Easter Sunday , McKenna and three other Plowshares activists accessed the third deck of the USS Iowa and symbolically hammered on empty Tomahawk missile housings before pouring their own blood on them . At the same time , a banner that read Follow the nonviolent Christ was placed on the side of the ship . The group was charged with trespassing , and McKenna was sentenced to four months in prison . In 2007 , McKenna , as well as musician Aaron Weiss , was arrested for participating in a die in to protest the civilian casualties of the Iraq War on the grounds of The Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia . This event was referenced in the song Timothy Hay by Weiss 's band , mewithoutYou , on their album It 's All Crazy It 's All False It 's All a Dream It 's Alright . New Jerusalem Laura McKenna and modern day hermit Richard Withers , who were both passionate about Desert Fathers then , asked themselves , Where is the desert today After concluding that the desert was the inner cites , in 1989 , they moved to the Fox Chase neighborhood in Northeast Philadelphia . There , they witnessed the impact of drug addiction on the lives of the residents . In reaction , McKenna and Withers founded New Jerusalem Laura in an attempt to treat drug and alcohol addiction . In addition to New Jerusalem , McKenna helped set up the Peacemakers Reflection Center and the Alternate to Violence Project in her community . New Jerusalem Laura 's addict counseling methods were influenced by those of One Day at a Time , founded by the Rev. Henry Wells . For the first 60 days of their stay , recovering addicts are prohibited from contacting the outside world , must surrender their cigarettes , and must be escorted if they leave the building . During this time , residents occupy their time with chores , community service , meetings , and Bible studies . Less than half of all people who enter the program remain after the first 60 days . After the first 60 days , residents ' actions are less tightly restricted however , they are still required to participate in the chores , Bible studies , and meetings . Residents graduate from the program after six months . McKenna believes that the reason for the New Jerusalem Laura 's success is the community . In a recovery community , you can 't get away with lying , because it shows , she said . It forces you to be honest . Nearly 400 residents have graduated from the program since its inception . Of those , close to seventy percent are reported to remain drug free , well above the results of traditional recovery methods .
1,241	Benin took part in the 2008 Summer Olympics , which were held in Beijing , China from 8 to 24 August 2008 . The country 's participation at Beijing marked its eighth consecutive appearance in the summer Olympics since its debut in 1972 , and its ninth Olympic appearance ever . The Benin delegation included five athletes in 2008 , participating in three sports athletics , swimming and taekwondo . Fabienne Feraez , a sprinter , was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony . None of the Benin athletes progressed further than the heat round . Background Benin participated in eight summer Olympic games between its debut in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Competing under the name Dahomey , Benin made their Olympic debut in 1972 , sending two athletes to the games . The most number of Benin athletes participating in a summer games , is 16 in the 1980 games in Moscow . Five athletes from Benin were selected to compete in the 2008 games track and field athletes Fabienne Feraez and Mathieu Gnanligo swimmers Alois Dansou and Gloria Koussihouede and taekwondo practitioner Jean Moloise Ogoudjobi . Athletics Men 's competition A bronze medalist at the 2007 All Africa Games , Mathieu Gnanligo , participated in the 400 meters . Gnanligo 's appearance in Beijing marked his first appearance at any Olympic games . Once at the Olympics , Gnanligo was placed in the seventh heat on 18 August . He ran a time of 47 . 10 seconds and finished seventh in the heat against seven other athletes . He finished 49th out of 55 athletes , 6 . 01 seconds ahead of the slowest athlete unk Liu , and 2 . 31 seconds behind the quickest athlete Chris Brown . He was 1 . 14 seconds behind Andretti Bain , the slowest athlete who qualified for the semi finals , and therefore did not progress . Women 's competition Competing at her second Olympics , Fabienne Feraez was the oldest competitor for Benin , aged 32 . She competed in the 200 meters on 19 August . Feraez , who also competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics , was drawn into heat three . Feraez ran a time of 24 . 07 seconds and finished last in her heat , exactly a second behind the winner , Marshevet Myers . She finished 40th out of 46 athletes overall and was 8 . 09 seconds faster than the slowest athlete , Samia Yusuf Omar . Feraez was 1 . 36 seconds behind the fastest athlete and 0 . 48 seconds behind the slowest athlete who progressed to the semi finals , Eleni unk . Key Note Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q Qualified for the next round q Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR National record N A Round not applicable for the event Bye Athlete not required to compete in round Men Women Swimming Men 's competition Alois Dansou competed in heat one of the 50 meters freestyle on August 14 . Dansou also competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics , where he did not progress out of the heats . In 2008 Dansou repeated the result and failed to qualify for the semi finals . He finished first in his heat in a time of 24 . 54 seconds , ahead of Omar unk and Yasser Nez . Overall he finished 62nd of 97 competitors and did not qualify for the semi finals . Women 's competition Benin had one woman competing in swimming at the 2008 Olympics . That athlete was Gloria Koussihouede who competed in the 50 meters freestyle . The 2008 Olympics was unk second Olympics after competing in 2004 , and she was selected to compete in heat one . Koussihouede finished second in her heat in a time of 37 . 09 seconds , behind Sameera Al Bitar and ahead of Pamela unk unk and unk Barry . Her time placed her 87th out of 90 athletes and she did not qualify for the semi finals . Men Women Taekwondo Men 's competition Benin had one taekwondo practitioner competing in the 2008 Olympics . This man was Jean Moloise Ogoudjobi , a 28 year old unk athlete , competing at his first Olympic Games . Moloise Ogoudjobi fought in match three against unk unk from Thailand in the first round . Moloise Ogoudjobi lost and did not progress to the quarter finals . Men
1,242	It Takes a Church is an American dating game show hosted by Natalie Grant and broadcast by Game Show Network . The show travels to multiple churches across the country looking for single members of congregations looking for a partner . The congregation of the church is primarily in charge of looking at potential unk and judging which one would be the best match . The first season , sponsored by Christian Mingle , began airing on June 5 , 2014 . The series was later renewed for a second season , which began airing March 26 , 2015 . The series received mixed reviews one critic gave the series an Amen while another argued the viewers should pass on watching it . Ratings for the first season provided 6 million total viewers for the eight episodes , while the second season saw a decline in the ratings . Gameplay The series travels to various churches and congregations to have a single , unsuspecting member of the church presented with potential suitors . Each episode begins at the setting of a church service , with host Natalie Grant appearing to introduce the show . A single member of the congregation is introduced to his or her surprise , while members of the congregation then nominate other single members of the congregation as suitors . The number of suitors is immediately narrowed down to four they are the top three as voted by the congregation and a fourth chosen by the pastor or minister . In the first round , the single member spends time in the community ( usually at a charitable event ) with two suitors at a time . During this time , a group of matchmakers watches the events as they are recorded on camera . Once all four suitors have interacted with the single member , the matchmakers provide their input before the single member eliminates a suitor of his or her choice . The church 's pastor moderates the second round , setting up the suitors on their own dates with the single member before spending time one on one with each of the suitors . The pastor then makes recommendations to the single member , who in turn eliminates another suitor . The final round consists of actual one on one dates between the single member and each of the suitors . After the dates , the congregation gathers to see who the single member has deemed the winner , while the matchmaker who originally suggested the winner at the start of the episode earns the church a 10 , 000 donation in his or her name . Additionally , the suitors who are not selected receive a free , one year membership to the online dating website Christian Mingle . Production GSN first announced the show in their upfront presentation on April 9 , 2013 . The network then ordered eight episodes on December 17 , the first of which premiered on June 5 , 2014 . During the first season , the series was sponsored by Christian Mingle . On August 21 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered March 26 , 2015 . Reception It Takes a Church has received mixed reviews from critics . Tom Conroy of Media Life Magazine enjoyed the premiere episode , arguing that it may even attract a secular audience Even secular viewers will be curious to see which one Angela picks , and they ll get a glimpse into a subculture that is largely invisible on TV . Members of that subculture , on the other hand , will watch It Takes a Church and say , ' Amen ' . unk , Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times called the series utterly frivolous , and called into question the state of America 's spiritual health after watching an episode . Genzlinger also argued that the show was a not much more than a desperate effort to find something the conservative Christian audience will watch . Carrie Grosvenor of About Entertainment added that viewers should pass on the series , calling GSN 's The American Bible Challenge a better solid game format . Ratings The series garnered over six million total viewers for its first season , posting significant gains in multiple demographics ( including women ages 18 49 and 25 54 ) versus the time period the previous year . Ratings during the second season dropped significantly the April 23 , 2015 airing earned only 207 , 000 viewers and a 0 . 03 rating among adults 18 49 .
1,243	HMS Zubian was a First World War Royal Navy Tribal class destroyer constructed from the forward end of HMS Zulu and the rear and mid sections of HMS Nubian . These two destroyers had been badly damaged in late 1916 , and rather than scrapping both hulls at the height of World War I , the Admiralty ordered that they be rebuilt as the composite Zubian and put back into service . She was commissioned into the fleet in June 1917 . The name Zubian is a portmanteau of the names of the original ships . Zubian saw extensive service in the final two years of the war as part of the Dover Patrol . She sank the German U boat UC 50 in February 1918 , while she was on patrol in the English Channel . In late April , she participated in the First Ostend Raid as an escort for the bombardment force . After the war , Zubian was sold for scrap and broken up by December 1919 . Design Zubian was 85 . 4 metres ( 280 ft ) long overall , with a beam of 8 . 2 m ( 27 ft ) and a draught of 3 m ( 9 . 8 ft ) . She displaced 1 , 040 metric tons ( 1 , 020 long tons 1 , 150 short tons ) . The ship 's propulsion system consisted of three Parsons steam turbines , which were powered by six oil fired Thornycroft boilers . These provided 14 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 10 , 000 kW ) and a top speed of 33 knots ( 61 km h 38 mph ) . She was armed with two QF 4 inch Mk V guns and two 18 in ( 460 mm ) torpedo tubes . One gun was mounted on the forecastle and the other on the stern , with the two torpedo tubes amidships . Her crew numbered 68 officers and enlisted . Service history In late 1916 , two British destroyers of the 6th Flotilla in the Dover Patrol Nubian and Zulu were badly damaged by German attacks in the English Channel . Nubian 's bow had been destroyed by a torpedo from a German torpedo boat on 26 October , while Zulu had her stern blown off by a mine in the Channel on 8 November , and was towed to Calais . Both wrecks were then towed to Chatham Dockyard , where a complete destroyer was constructed by joining the unk of Zulu with the stern of Nubian , and despite a 3 . 5 inches ( 89 mm ) difference in beam , the unique operation was successful . The ship was renamed Zubian by Admiral Reginald Bacon , the commander of the Dover Patrol . The hybrid destroyer was commissioned on 7 June 1917 . The choice of name caused confusion among the German Imperial Admiralty Staff , who knew of no such ship under construction . Zubian joined the 6th Flotilla and served there until the end of the war . During this period , Zubian and the rest of the Flotilla rotated through nighttime patrols of the Dover Strait in groups of four , supported by flotilla leaders these patrols were intended to catch German torpedo boats that were conducting night bombardments of Allied positions in the Channel . On 4 February 1918 , she encountered the mine laying U boat UC 50 in the Dover Strait the U boat was surfaced about 400 yards ( 370 m ) off Zubian 's port bow with her radio antennae up . Zubian attempted to ram the submarine but the Germans managed to submerge . The destroyer then dropped depth charges over the submerged U boat and a significant amount of oil and wreckage was observed thereafter . Zubian marked the location with a buoy and an hour later , the patrol vessel HMS unk dropped additional depth charges there . unk later located an object that divers confirmed was UC 50 . Zubian also participated in the First Ostend Raid two months later on the night of 23 24 April . The attack was intended to close the German held ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge , which were being used as bases for the U boats . Zubian was assigned to the bombardment force , and along with the destroyers Mentor and Lightfoot , provided the close escort for a group of six monitors . The bombardment unit was covered by the Harwich Force in the Channel . The bombardment force was tasked with suppressing the German coastal defences , while a pair of old cruisers attempted to steam into the harbour entrances , where they would be sunk as blockships . The effort failed when both cruisers ran aground far outside of the harbour . Worn out by heavy wartime use , Zubian was sold in the immediate post war draw down and broken up for scrap by December 1919 .
1,244	The 100th Boat Race took place on 3 April 1954 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . In a race umpired by former Cambridge rower Kenneth Payne , Oxford won by four and a half lengths in a time of 20 minutes 23 seconds , taking the overall record in the competition to 54 45 in Cambridge 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1953 race by eight lengths , and led overall with 54 victories to Oxford 's 44 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by N. B. M. Clack ( who had rowed in the 1952 race ) , James Crowden ( who had represented Cambridge in the 1951 and 1952 races ) and R. H. H. Symonds ( who had rowed in the 1931 race ) . Oxford 's coaches were Hugh Edwards ( a Blue in 1926 and 1930 ) , W. J. Llewellyn Jones , J. H. Page and A. D. Rowe ( who had represented Oxford in the 1948 and 1949 races ) . The race was umpired for the fourth time by the former British Olympian Kenneth Payne , who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races . During the build up to the race , the rowing correspondent for The Times had suggested that until three weeks ago a Cambridge victory seemed almost certain but practice rows had proved disappointing . The Oxford crew had been struck down by influenza in training , and had to reshuffle their order a month before the race . Although the new order seemed weak , they made better progress in training than Cambridge , yet the Light Blues , who were described as well drilled but with erratic timekeeping nevertheless remained precarious favourites . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 9 . 5 lb ( 80 . 3 kg ) , 5 pounds ( 2 . 3 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . The Oxford crew saw two members return to the boat , including the cox W. R. Marsh and their boat club president H. M. C. Quick , who was making his third consecutive appearance . Cambridge 's crew contained a single participant with Boat Race experience in their stroke and boat club president J. A. N. Wallis . According to the rowing correspondent for The Times , perhaps the crews have never been more closely matched . Oxford 's crew contained four non British participants , all of them Australian , in E. V. Vine , J. A. Gobbo , J. G. McLeod and Edward Pain . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In a stiff south westerly wind , umpire Payne started the race at 12 45 p.m. Oxford made a quick start , and according to the rowing correspondent of The Times literally leaped away , seemingly to row two strokes almost before Cambridge had begun . By the end of the first minute , the Dark Blues were a few feet ahead but with the bend in the river favouring Cambridge , the crews were level by Craven Steps . Despite a push from Cambridge 's stroke M. J. Marshall , the Light Blues could not gain any advantage and both crews passed the Mile Post level . Although rating slightly lower than their opposition , Oxford made the best of the bend in the river at Harrods Furniture Depository to lead by about a canvas length by the time they passed below Hammersmith Bridge . A strong headwind faced both crews as they rowed into Chiswick Reach and Cambridge struggled in the rough water in the middle of the river . Oxford , whose cox W. R. Marsh had steered towards the shelter of the Surrey shore , gained a length in half a minute , extending out to almost four lengths by Barnes Bridge . Oxford won by four and a half lengths in a time of 20 minutes 23 seconds , for their second victory in eight years .
1,245	Delaware Route 286 ( DE 286 ) and Maryland Route 286 ( MD 286 ) is a 3 . 82 mile ( 6 . 15 km ) , two lane roadway in New Castle County , Delaware , and Cecil County , Maryland . The route begins as MD 286 at George Street , which is one of the segments of unsigned MD 537C , and heads east within Chesapeake City to the Delaware state line . Here , the road becomes DE 286 and continues east to DE 15 near Summit Bridge . The road roughly parallels the south side of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal through and passes through development in Chesapeake City and rural areas . It is called 2nd Street in Chesapeake City , Bethel Road between Chesapeake City and the Delaware border , and Bethel Church Road within Delaware . MD 286 was constructed around 1930 . The roadway in Delaware was paved in the 1930s . MD 286 originally served the lost community of Bethel near the state line , but was rerouted to the Delaware state line in the early 1960s due to expansion of the canal . DE 286 was designated in the 1990s . Route description MD 286 runs between MD 537C in Chesapeake City and the Delaware border along 2nd Street through Chesapeake City and Bethel Road east of Chesapeake City . MD 286 has an annual average daily traffic count ( AADT ) of 1 , 380 vehicles . DE 286 runs from the Maryland border east to DE 15 along Bethel Church Road . DE 286 has an AADT of 3 , 519 vehicles . Neither route is part of the National Highway System . Maryland MD 286 begins at an intersection with George Street ( unsigned MD 537C ) on the south side of Chesapeake City . The state highway heads east as two lane 2nd Street through the South Chesapeake City Historic District . At Bohemia Avenue , MD 286 becomes Bethel Road and curves around the Back Creek Mooring Basin . After crossing Back Creek , the state highway makes a right angle turn at the entrance to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Museum . MD 286 leaves the town limits of Chesapeake City and passes through a forested area along the south boundary of the Canal Wildlife Management Area . Shortly after the intersection with Bethel Cemetery Road , the old alignment of MD 286 , the state highway reaches its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line . Delaware DE 286 begins at the Maryland border and continues east on two lane , undivided Bethel Church Road through farmland . A short distance later , the road runs between residential developments . The road then passes between homes to the north and rural areas to the south before becoming lined with farms on both sides . DE 286 reaches its eastern terminus at DE 15 , which heads south on Choptank Road and east on Bethel Church Road , at a roundabout . History MD 286 originally connected Chesapeake City with Bethel , a small community on the south side of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal just west of the state line . The state highway was paved from George Street , which is the original alignment of U.S. Route 213 ( US 213 , now MD 213 ) , east along Bethel Road and then north along what is now Bethel Cemetery Road in 1930 . MD 286 was disconnected from US 213 when the Chesapeake City Bridge was completed in 1948 and George Street was designated MD 537C . In 1954 , the United States Congress approved for the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to be widened to 450 feet ( 140 m ) and the depth increased to 35 feet ( 11 m ) . The canal was expanded as it was not big enough to accommodate large ships and there were frequent collisions between ships and bridges . The community of Bethel was evacuated shortly before the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was expanded in the 1960s . Most of the buildings in the community , including the church , were demolished . As a result of the canal expansion , MD 286 was removed from Bethel Cemetery Road and extended east to the state line in 1961 . Bethel Cemetery Road presently leads to a dead end at the canal where Bethel once existed . By 1920 , what is now DE 286 existed as an unimproved county road . The road in Delaware was paved by 1936 and served as part of the route between Summit Bridge and Chesapeake City . Bethel Church Road from the state line east to DE 15 was designated DE 286 around 1994 , extending the number from MD 286 . Major intersections
1,246	Severe Tropical Cyclone Clare was a moderately strong cyclone that struck Western Australia in January 2006 . The storm formed as an area of low pressure in the Arafura Sea , and moved westward . After receiving the name Clare on 7 January , the system ultimately peaked at Category 3 intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone scale . It moved ashore on the coast of Pilbara and proceeded inland , dissipating on 10 January . Clare produced winds of 142 km h ( 88 mph ) at Karratha and triggered widespread torrential rainfall that led to flooding . Following its usage , the name Clare was retired by the Bureau of Meteorology , and will never be used again for a tropical cyclone in the area . Meteorological history On 4 January 2006 , a weak area of low pressure was situated in the Arafura Sea . It moved westward , and by 6 January , it was located in the Timor Sea . That same day , both the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) identified the system as a tropical disturbance . On 7 January , the low began to show signs of strengthening . Continuing to organise , the BoM designated it as Tropical Cyclone Clare shortly thereafter . At the time , it was centred approximately 265 mi ( 426 km ) to the north of Broome and moving west southwestward . The JTWC classified the cyclone , locally designated 05S , as a tropical storm at 1800 UTC . By early on 8 January , the storm had begun to steadily gain power . Later that day , Clare achieved severe tropical cyclone status while located around 170 mi ( 270 km ) north of Port Hedland . Tracking southwestward , the storm continued to mature . On 9 January , the JTWC estimated the storm to have peaked in intensity with maximum sustained 1 minute winds of 110 km h ( 70 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 980 millibars . However , the BoM reported the storm to have been somewhat more intense , with sustained 10 minute winds of 140 km h ( 85 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 964 millibars . This made Clare a Category 3 on the Australian tropical cyclone scale . Clare maintained roughly the same intensity as its track became more southerly . At 1600 UTC on 9 January the storm made landfall at Pilbara to the west of Dampier . Heading ashore , the storm began to quickly deteriorate , and both the JTWC and the BoM declared it dissipated on 10 January as it continued southward . Throughout the storm 's course , the JTWC 's intensity estimates were below that of the BoM . Also , it is reported that the cyclone 's presentation on satellite was not representative of its actual intensity . Preparations and impact In advance of the storm 's landfall , officials issued a red alert for several locations . Offshore , oil rigs were shut down and ports were closed . At least 2 , 000 residents were evacuated from their homes in potentially susceptible areas of the Karratha region . In areas between Broome and Port Hedland , people were urged to tidy debris and organise disaster supplies to prepare for the storm . Upon moving ashore , the storm produced winds of 131 km h ( 81 mph ) at Legendre Island and a gust of 142 km h ( 88 mph ) at Karratha . Heavy precipitation often exceeding 200 mm ( 7 . 9 in ) was recorded along the central Pilbara coast . Rainfall at Wickham totaled 215 mm ( 8 . 5 in ) , with 212 mm ( 8 . 3 in ) at Karratha and more moderate amounts elsewhere . Since storm surge from the cyclone peaked during low tide , it was not severe and caused no known damage . Clare produced extensive flooding that forced the closure of numerous roads , including part of the North West Coastal Highway . It also triggered torrential rains and flooding in southern areas of the country , including Gascoyne and the South West Land Division . There , 224 mm ( 8 . 8 in ) of rain fell in 24 hours . Additionally , the Greenough River surpassed its banks a sandbagging effort prevented the resultant floods from inundating the town of Walkaway . The storm cut off power and left tens of thousands of residents without telephone service . Property damage was generally minor , and no casualties or significant injuries from the storm were reported . The name Clare was retired following its usage in 2006 .
1,247	The TNA World Beer Drinking Championship was an unsanctioned professional wrestling championship owned by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion . The championship was introduced on November 11 , 2007 at TNA 's Genesis pay per view ( PPV ) event . It was active until February 26 , 2008 when the title belt was destroyed at the taping of the March 6 , 2008 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact . It debuted as a part of a feud between James Storm and Eric Young they were involved in a storyline that revolved around drinking beer . Like most professional wrestling championships , the title was won as a result of a scripted match or backstage segment . There were three reigns among two wrestlers in the title 's brief history . Storm was the first and last champion . History The TNA World Beer Drinking Championship was unveiled on November 11 , 2007 at TNA 's Genesis PPV event , during a backstage segment involving James Storm , Ms. Jackie , and Eric Young . The storyline behind this title began on the October 25 , 2007 episode of Impact , where Storm defeated Young to advance in the 2007 Fight for the Right Tournament . During the contest , Ms. Jackie , who was accompanying Storm , interfered and helped Storm by standing on the ring apron and distracting Young . When Storm was about to attack Young from behind , Young jumped out of the way causing Storm to knock Ms. Jackie off the apron and to the floor . Afterwards , Young went to check on Ms. Jackie , thereby allowing Storm to gain the upper hand and win the match . Following the contest , Ms. Jackie and Storm gave Young a beer , which he unk down hastily . Leading up to Genesis , Young and Storm had a beer drinking contest on the November 1 , 2007 episode of Impact , after Storm lost to Kaz in a semi final match of The 2007 Fight for the Right Tournament . Young won the championship at Genesis , after Storm passed out during the segment . This led to a bout between Storm and Young at TNA 's Turning Point PPV event on December 2 , 2007 , which Young won . Storm challenged Young to another drinking contest on the January 3 , 2008 episode of Impact . On January 6 , 2008 at TNA 's Final Resolution PPV event , Storm and Young competed in what was called the Beer Drinking Championship Series , which was a series of drinking contests . The first round was a never have I ever round , in which the participants had to admit to experiences they had never been involved in . If the opponent had partaken in a similar action he was forced to drink a shot . Storm was the victor of this round . The second round was contested with both participants having beer bottles taped to their hands and neither being allowed to go to the bathroom . Young won after Storm wet himself , which was confirmed by Ms. Jackie , now named Jackie Moore . The third round involved the two drinking shots it was won by Storm after Young passed out because Storm had drugged him . With Storm winning two contests to one , he earned the ability to determine their match at TNA 's Against All Odds PPV event on February 10 , 2008 . At Against All Odds , Young defeated Storm to retain the TNA World Beer Drinking Championship after Rhino interfered attacking Storm . On the February 28 , 2008 episode of Impact , a Ladder match for the World Beer Drinking Championship was held between Storm and Young . Storm won the bout after Moore climbed a ladder and retrieved the championship for Storm without the referee seeing . On the March 6 , 2008 episode of Impact , Rhino stole the title belt from Storm and bashed the belt across a ring post , thus destroying it and ending the storyline surrounding it . Belt designs When the title was revealed at Genesis , Chris Sokol of the Canadian Online Explorer spoke of its design in his review of the event . Sokol stated it looked like a plastic spinner belt with a beer bottle attached to it . Reigns James Storm was the first and last champion in the title 's history . He also held the record for most reigns with two and the shortest reign in the history at one day . Eric Young holds the record for longest reign at 106 days . There were three reigns among two wrestlers in the title history . Combined reigns
1,248	William J. B. J. Prager is a retired professional lacrosse attackman who played professional field lacrosse in the Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1999 through 2002 , where he was Ivy League rookie of the year , a three time United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All American ( twice third team , once honorable mention ) , a four time All Ivy League selection ( three time first team ) , a team captain and a NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player of a national champion team . For over a decade , he held the freshman goal scoring record at Princeton . During his time at Princeton , the team qualified for the NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship all four years , reached the championship game three times , won the championship game once and won four Ivy League championships . In his career , he has scored game winning overtime goals in both state high school and national collegiate championship games as well as participated on two championship MLL teams . Background Prager is from Garden City , New York on Long Island . He began playing lacrosse in fifth grade . In high school , he played both lacrosse and soccer . He led Garden City High School to an undefeated 21 0 season culminating on his overtime game winning goal in the 1997 New York State Public High School Athletic Association Class B Lacrosse Championship . In 1996 , the team had a 13 0 1 streak that included the Nassau County and Long Island Championships . During his high school career , he scored 154 goals . College career At Princeton he earned the 1999 Men 's Ivy League Rookie of the Year and the 2001 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament Most Outstanding Player . In both 2000 and 2002 , he was a third team USILA All American Team selection , while he was an honorable mention in 2001 . He was a first team All Ivy League selection in 1999 , 2000 2002 and a second team selection in 2001 . He was a 2002 USILA Scholar All American . He served as co captain of the 2002 team . His 25 goals as a freshman in 1999 was a Princeton freshman record . In 2010 , Ivy League Rookie of the Year Mike unk totaled 28 as a Princeton freshman to surpass Prager 's record . During his four year career , Princeton won the Ivy League Conference outright each year , achieving undefeated 6 0 records in 1999 2001 and having a 5 1 record in 2002 . In 2000 , Prager tore his anterior cruciate ligament while he was the leading scorer with 23 goals in his first 8 games and was lost for the remainder of the season . In the 2001 NCAA championship semifinals , Prager scored three goals against Towson State in a 12 11 victory . In the finals , he scored a total of four goals , including the game winning goal in overtime with an assist from Ryan Boyle as well as the ninth goal in the 10 9 victory over Syracuse . In the 2002 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship semifinals , he scored five goals in an 11 9 victory over Johns Hopkins , but in the 13 12 finals loss , Syracuse defenseman Solomon Bliss held him to one goal . Professional career After graduating , Prager worked for Lehman Brothers in an analyst training program . He played with the Bridgeport Barrage during the 2002 and 2003 MLL seasons and then the Philadelphia Barrage from 2004 to 2006 . On July 19 , 2003 , Prager scored five goals in a 22 17 victory against the Baltimore Bayhawks . The Barrage won the Steinfeld Cup in both 2004 and 2006 . In 2006 , he scored the goal that ended the Denver Outlaws ' last lead possession of the game . He was second in the league in power play goals in 2004 and led both the 2004 and 2006 teams in shooting percentage . After retiring from professional play , Prager represented the New York Athletic Club . Personal His father is Bill Prager . Prager is from a family of competitive lacrosse players His younger brother , Matt , who was in the class of 2005 , played at Princeton . The 2002 season was the first time the two of them played on the same organized team . Another brother , Pat , played lacrosse at C.W. Post . Statistics Princeton University MLL The following are his MLL career stats
1,249	Spongiforma thailandica is a species of fungus in the Boletaceae family , genus Spongiforma . The stemless sponge like species , first described in 2009 , was found in Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand , where it grows in soil in old growth forests . The rubbery fruit body , which has a strong odor of coal tar similar to Tricholoma sulphureum , consists of numerous internal cavities lined with spore producing tissue . Phylogenetic analysis suggests the species is closely related to the Boletaceae genera Porphyrellus and Strobilomyces . Taxonomy and phylogeny The species was first described scientifically in 2009 by E. Horak , T. unk and D.E. Desjardin , based on specimens collected in July 2002 in Khao Yai National Park , central Thailand , and roughly three years later in the same location . Prior to this , the species had been mentioned in a 2001 Thai publication as an unidentified species of unk . Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences shows that Spongiforma is sister ( sharing a common ancestor ) to the genus Porphyrellus . The next most closely related genus is Strobilomyces . All three genera are members of the Boletaceae family , and in the Boletineae , one of several lineages of Boletales recognized taxonomically at the level of suborder . The genus name Spongiforma refers to the sponge like nature of the fruit body , while the specific epithet thailandica denotes the country in which the species is found . Description The fruit body of Spongiforma thailandica is relatively large , up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) in diameter by 4 to 7 cm ( 1 . 6 to 2 . 8 in ) tall , and pale brownish gray to brown or reddish brown . It is sponge like and rubbery if water is squeezed out it will assume its original shape . The surface has irregular , relatively large cavities ( locules ) , 2 20 mm ( 0 . 08 0 . 8 in ) in diameter , lined with fertile ( spore producing ) tissue . The mushrooms do not have a stem , but rather a columella a small internal structure at the base of the fruit body , resembling a column , extending up into the fruit body . The columella has dimensions of 10 15 mm tall by 8 10 mm diameter ( at the apex ) by 3 4 mm ( at the base ) , and it is attached to copious , fine white rhizomorphs . Fruit bodies have a strong odor of coal tar or burnt rubber ( likened to Tricholoma sulphureum ) . The mushroom tissue turns purple when a drop of 3 10 potassium hydroxide is applied . In mass , the spores appear to be brown to reddish brown in color . Viewed with a microscope , they are unk ( almond shaped ) , and typically measure 10 11 . 5 by 5 . 5 7 m . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are cylindrical to roughly club shaped , four spored , with dimensions of 25 32 by 6 . 5 9 . 5 m . They have straight sterigmata ( slender extensions that attach to the spores ) up to 9 . 5 m long . The cystidia ( large , sterile cells in the hymenium ) are cylindrical to roughly club shaped , thin walled , and measure 25 48 by 5 10 m . They are inamyloid , meaning they will not absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The cystidia are plentiful on the edges of the locules , and occasional among the basidia . The hymenophore is made of interwoven branched hyphae that are arranged in a roughly parallel fashion . These thin walled cylindrical hyphae have inflated septa ( intracellular partitions ) , and are gelatinous , hyaline ( translucent ) and inamyloid . The subhymenium ( the tissue layer immediately under the hymenium ) is made of inflated hyphae that are hyaline , inamyloid , thin walled , and non gelatinous , measuring 9 20 by 9 14 m . The fruit bodies vaguely resemble those of the species unk unk , found in Australia growing in association with Eucalyptus . However , unk fruit bodies grow underground , lack a strong odor , do not stain purple with potassium hydroxide , and have longer spores , typically 11 16 m . Habitat and distribution Spongiforma thailandica was found growing on the ground in an old growth forest in Khao Yai National Park ( Nakhon unk Province , Thailand ) , at an elevation of about 750 meters ( 2 , 460 ft ) . The fungus is thought to grow in a mycorrhizal association with Shorea unk and Dipterocarpus gracilis .
1,250	HMS Empress was a seaplane carrier of the Royal Navy ( RN ) that served during World War I. Converted from the Cross Channel packet ship Empress , the ship 's aircraft conducted aerial reconnaissance , observation and bombing missions in the North Sea and Eastern Mediterranean . During the last year of the war , she conducted anti submarine patrols in the Mediterranean . Empress was returned to her owners in 1919 and was then sold to a French company in 1923 . She was scrapped in 1933 . Description Empress had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 . 5 m ) , a beam of 41 feet ( 12 . 5 m ) , and a draught of 15 feet ( 4 . 6 m ) . She displaced 2 , 540 long tons ( 2 , 580 t ) and was rated at 1 , 694 gross register tons ( GRT ) . Each of the ship 's three sets of direct drive steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . The ship 's six boilers generated enough steam to produce 8 , 800 shaft horsepower ( 6 , 600 kW ) from the turbines . The ship had a designed speed of 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) , but she made a speed of 22 . 26 knots ( 41 . 23 km h 25 . 62 mph ) during her sea trials with 8 , 872 shaft horsepower ( 6 , 616 kW ) . Empress carried 425 tonnes ( 418 long tons ) of coal , enough to give her a range of 1 , 355 nautical miles ( 2 , 509 km 1 , 559 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . Service Built as a fast packet for the South East and Chatham Railway Co . , Empress was requisitioned for service during World War I by the Admiralty on 11 August 1914 , and was commissioned on 25 August . During that month , the ship transported equipment for the Eastchurch Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service to Ostend , Belgium . Beginning on 30 August , she was converted by Chatham Dockyard to carry and operate three seaplanes . One aircraft was stowed forward and two aft , housed in canvas hangars , and handled with newly fitted cargo booms . During her career with the RN , the ship operated Fairey Hamble Baby , Short Admiralty Type 74 , Short Type 184 , Sopwith Schneider and Baby floatplanes . Two or three quick firing ( QF ) two pounder guns also were fitted at this time . Upon completion of the modifications on 30 September , Empress was assigned to the Harwich Force along with Engadine and Riviera . On Christmas Day 1914 , nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing Zeppelin airships . Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack , but they inflicted little damage . Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered , but the crews of the other three ditched safely and were recovered by a British submarine and the Dutch trawler Marta van Hattem . From 9 May to 18 July 1915 , the ship was modified by Cunard at Liverpool with a permanent , four aircraft , hangar in the rear superstructure and a pair of cranes were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out of the water . The 2 pounders were apparently removed during this refit and four QF 12 pounder 12 cwt guns , each with 130 rounds , and two Vickers QF 3 pounder anti aircraft guns , each with 65 rounds , were fitted . Empress was transferred afterwards to Queenstown for the rest of the year , before moving to the Mediterranean . She arrived there in January 1916 and was assigned to the East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron with the carriers Raven II , Anne , and Ben my Chree . The squadron was under the command of the General Officer Commanding , Egypt and its primary duty was watch and to attack Turkish positions and movements in southern Palestine and the Sinai in early 1916 . In April , Empress was detached from the squadron to support operations off the Aegean coast of Bulgaria , where her aircraft observed for several naval bombardments . After a refit at Genoa , the ship rejoined the squadron and supported operations off the Syrian and Palestinian coasts until November . In January 1918 , she was assigned anti submarine duties , first at Port Said and later at Gibraltar . She was returned to her owners in November 1919 and was sold to the Socit unk de unk et d unk of France in 1923 . On 12 January 1926 , Empress collided with the British schooner John Gibson in the English Channel and sank her . Empress was scrapped in France in 1933 .
1,251	Nauru competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics , that were celebrated in Beijing , China , from August 8 to August 24 , 2008 . Nauru was represented by the Nauru Olympic Committee , and was the only nation out of 204 participating nations and territories that sent only a single athlete , and was one of 117 that won no medals at the Games . The sole athlete to represent the nation was Itte Detenamo , who participated in the weightlifting , and was the flag bearer in both the opening and closing ceremonies . This was the same number of athletes as at the 1996 Olympics , when Marcus Stephen ( who later became President of Nauru ) represented the country in the same sport , but was a decrease from the nation 's last appearance at the Games when three athletes were sent to Athens . Nauru earned a berth for the weightlifting event in the Oceania and South Pacific Olympic Weightlifting Championships in 2008 and a chance to send participants in swimming and athletics events , but chose to send only a weightlifter . Itte Detenamo competed in the Group B of heavyweight class , fifteenth and last event of the weightlifting . He did not earn a medal , but finished with a personal best . Delegation The delegation of the Nauru for the 2008 Summer Olympics consisted of four men . The first , Itte Detenamo , was the sole athlete and competed in the weightlifting competition . Also in the delegation as a manager of Itte was Yukio Peter 2004 Olympian who holds the record for the best placing in any Olympics by any Nauruan , eighth in the lightweight category ( 69 kg ) of the weightlifting event in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Delegation was also accompanied by Vinson Detenamo , father of Itte and the then and first President of the Nauru Olympic Committee . As the former sport minister of Nauru , Vinson had helped in the establishment of Nauru Olympic Committee in 1991 during his term in the Ministry of Sport . The final member of the delegation was Lou Keke as Nauru 's Olympic chef de mission . Qualification Nauru earned a qualification place in weightlifting in the International Weightlifting Federation 's continental Olympic qualification event Oceania and South Pacific Olympic Weightlifting Championships held in Auckland , New Zealand from March 27 to 30 , 2008 . At the event only those National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) of Oceania which had not gained berths for 2008 Olympics in the 2006 and 2007 World Weightlifting Championships got chance to win qualification places . Itte Detenamo was selected over Yukio Peter to fill the earned quota . Nauru could have sent participants in swimming and athletics also , but chose not to as there was no national governing body of swimming and the nation lacked basic infrastructure and competitive athletes in order to complete in athletics . Nauru 's representation of sole athlete in the 2008 Games was the same number of athletes as at the 1996 Olympics , when Marcus Stephen incumbent President of Nauru , President of the Nauru Olympic Committee and Oceania Weightlifting Federation represented the country in the same sport . Marcus had previously competed for Western Samoa in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona as Nauru was not recognized by the International Olympic Committee as a National Olympic Committee until 1994 . The attendance at the 2008 games was a decrease from the nation 's previous appearance at the Games when three athletes were sent to Athens . Weightlifting Itte Detenamo represented Nauru in the super heavyweight class of weightlifting . It was his second Olympics appearance he was ranked previously 14th in the same weight category at the 2004 Athens Olympics . The whole competition took place on August 19 , but was divided in two parts due to the number of competitors . Group B unk competed at 15 30 CST , and Group A , at 19 00 CST . The event was the fifteenth and last weightlifting event to conclude . Itte competed in group B of the event his highest successfully lifted weight in snatch was 175 kg , out of 165 , 170 and 175 kg , and in clean and jerk his best was 210 kg , out of 205 and 210 kg , he also tried a failed attempt for 215 kg . Itte finished in 10th place in the final standings with a total of 385 kg , setting a personal best .
1,252	USS Neosho , the lead ship of her class , was an ironclad river monitor laid down for the Union Navy in the summer of 1862 during the American Civil War . After completion in mid 1863 , the ship spent time patrolling the Mississippi River against Confederate raids and ambushes as part of Rear Admiral David Porter 's Mississippi Squadron . She participated in the Red River Campaign in March May 1864 . Neosho resumed her patrols on the Mississippi after the end of the campaign . She supported the Union Army 's operations on the Cumberland River and provided fire support during the Battle of Nashville in December 1864 . Neosho was decommissioned after the war and remained in reserve until sold in 1873 . Design and description The steam powered gun turret of the Neosho was at the bow . She had a single deckhouse between the funnel and the sternwheel , although another was later added between the turret and the funnel . Her pilothouse was positioned above the rear deckhouse , next to the forward face of the sternwheel . The ship was 180 feet ( 54 . 9 m ) long overall and had a beam of 45 feet ( 13 . 7 m ) . When launched she proved to have a draft 1 foot ( 0 . 3 m ) deeper than planned and she measured 523 tons burthen . Neosho had four steam boilers powering a two cylinder , western steamboat type engine that drove the sternwheel . The ship had a maximum speed of 12 miles per hour ( 19 km h ) in service and she carried 50 long tons ( 51 t ) of coal . Her crew numbered 100 officers and enlisted men . After commissioning , the ship was modified with a small breakwater at her bow . Neosho 's main armament consisted of two smoothbore 11 inch ( 279 mm ) Dahlgren guns mounted in a single turret that had an arc of fire of 300 . Firing the guns tended to jam the turret until modifications were made to the guns ' recoil system . Each gun weighed approximately 16 , 000 pounds ( 7 , 300 kg ) . They could fire a 136 pound ( 61 . 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 3 , 650 yards ( 3 , 340 m ) at an elevation of 15 . The turret were protected by 6 inches ( 152 mm ) of wrought iron while the hull had 2 . 5 inches ( 64 mm ) of armor . The armor plates of the deck and paddle housing were 1 . 25 inches ( 32 mm ) thick . Service Neosho , named after the Neosho River that flowed through Kansas and Oklahoma , and the first of her name , was laid down in mid 1862 by James Eads at his Union Iron Works in Carondelet , Missouri . She was launched on 18 February 1863 and commissioned at Cairo , Illinois on 13 May 1863 , with Commander John C. unk in command , but was not completed until 1 July . She left Cairo on 14 July 1863 and reached Vicksburg on 6 August , just over a month after it had surrendered after a lengthy siege . Neosho and other warships patrolled the Mississippi and its tributaries to prevent Confederate raiders and flying batteries from ambushing Union supply ships . One example was on 8 December 1863 when a Confederate shore battery attacked the disabled the merchant steamer Henry Von Phul Neosho and Signal steamed up to defend the ship and silenced the battery . From 12 March to 22 May 1864 , Neosho participated in the unsuccessful Red River Campaign under the command of Rear Admiral David Porter . During the retreat down the Red River , Neosho was trapped above the falls at Alexandria , Louisiana , along with most of the other ironclads of the Mississippi Squadron , when the river 's water level unexpectedly began to fall . Two temporary dams , known as Bailey 's Dam , had to be built in April May to raise the water level high enough to allow the ironclads to proceed downstream . During the Franklin Nashville Campaign in December 1864 Neosho , accompanied by the casemate ironclad Carondelet , bombarded Confederate artillery batteries on the Cumberland River , near Bell 's Mills , Tennessee , on 6 December . Despite being hit over 100 times , she was not seriously damaged . The monitor bombarded the Confederate right wing during the Battle of Nashville on 15 16 December . Neosho was decommissioned at Mound City , Illinois on 23 July 1865 and placed in reserve . She was renamed Vixen on 15 June 1869 and renamed again Osceola on 2 August 1869 . The ship was sold on 17 August 1873 for 13 , 600 .
1,253	Upon the independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union , the country resurrected national symbols that were used before the Soviet era . These included a flag of red and white stripes and a coat of arms consisting of a charging knight on horseback . These national symbols were replaced by Soviet era symbols in a disputed 1995 vote . Those two symbols , along with the national anthem , are the constitutionally defined national symbols of Belarus . Law In the 1994 Constitution of Belarus , Article 19 lists the official symbols of the country . Article 19 reads Each national symbol is further defined by their respective laws . Uses of the national symbols are covered in the relevant law of each symbol . National flag The national flag has been in use since June 7 , 1995 , one of two symbols adopted in the 1995 referendum . The main elements of the flag is a red and green bicolor , then decorated with an ornament pattern at the hoist position . The current flag is a modification of the 1951 flag used while the country was a republic of the Soviet Union . In the Soviet version , a hammer and sickle was placed near the top hoist corner and the ornament colors were inverted . Several flags used by government officials and agencies were based on the national flag . Despite being replaced , the former flag of Belarus is used by those who oppose current Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko . The former flag consisted of a white background with a red horizontal stripe in the middle . It was used by the Belarusian National Republic and immediately after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . National emblem The other national symbol that was chosen in the 1995 referendum was the national emblem . The elements of the emblem include a ribbon in the colors of the national flag , a map of Belarus , wheat ears and a red star . At the base of the ribbon , it says the country 's official name in the Belarusian language . The emblem is an allusion to the one used by the Byelorussian SSR , designed by Ivan Dubasov in 1950 . In the Soviet version , a hammer and sickle replaced the map of Belarus and the ribbon was all red . On the left and right ribbons , the Soviet motto Workers of the world , unite appeared in the Belarusian and Russian languages . The national emblem that was used at the time of the unk and post Soviet independence was called the Pahonia ( the chase ) . On the base of a red shield , an armored white knight is mounted on a silver horse , with a sword drawn and charging to the left . On the shield of the knight , a golden Patriarchal cross is displayed . A variant of the Pahonia is used as the coat of arms of Lithuania . National anthem The only symbol that hasn 't changed over during independence is the national anthem . Adopted during the Soviet era , My Belarusy was used provisionally until 2002 . The only change that occurred was dropping the Soviet era lyrics and choosing just to use the music , composed by unk unk . On July 2 , 2002 , President Lukashenko issued a decree adopting new lyrics to the anthem , written by Uladzimir unk . Klimkovich also wrote the lyrics to the Anthem of the Byelorussian SSR . Not only the lyrics were chosen , a protocol guide related to the national anthem was released by Lukashenko . The reason that was given for keeping unk 's music was to keep the historic traditions of the country . While references to Lenin , the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the idea of Soviet brotherhood were dropped , the general idea of a friendship of peoples still remains present . According to the Belarusian Government , once the national anthem was adopted , the long process to adopt the three national symbols of Belarus was completed . Historic symbols Unofficial symbols Other than the national flag , anthem and emblem , Belarus has several unofficial symbols . The Cross of Saint Euphrosyne , a 12th century relic which disappeared during the Second World War is considered a spiritual symbol of Belarus . The European bison , commonly called the wisent , is seen as a symbol of Belarus and the unk Forest . It is also featured on the symbols of Brest Oblast . An other widely known mascots of Belarus are stork and cornflower .
1,254	Nils Vogt ( 27 October 1859 27 June 1927 ) was a Norwegian journalist and newspaper editor . Born into a family of politicians and civil servants , he became the first chairman of the Norwegian Press Association and the Conservative Press Association . Vogt worked at the conservative newspaper Morgenbladet for 45 years , acting as editor in chief from 1894 to 1913 . He wrote numerous articles during his lifetime , advocating independence from Sweden and the Riksml standard of written Norwegian . Early life and education Nils Vogt was born in Bergen as the son of politician Niels Petersen Vogt ( 1817 94 ) and his wife Karen Magdalena ( Kaja ) Ancher Arntzen ( 1819 70 ) . Amongst Nils Vogt 's forbears were many politicians and government officials . His brother was Paul Benjamin Vogt ( 1863 1947 ) and his second cousins were Johan Vogt ( 1858 1932 ) , Nils Collett Vogt ( 1864 1937 ) and Ragnar Vogt ( 1870 1943 ) . Growing up in Kristiansand and Christiania ( today Oslo ) , he finished his secondary education in 1876 . He graduated with a cand.jur. degree in 1881 after having studied law at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania . Journalistic and political career After a stint in Statistics Norway , Vogt began devoting his life working for the newspaper Morgenbladet . His decision to make a career within journalism was met with disdain amongst his friends and family . He worked in the beginning as sub editor for the editor in chief Christian unk , whom he succeeded in 1894 . Vogt 's biographer Rune unk writes in Norsk biografisk leksikon that Vogt unfolded his wide journalistic commitment for politics in the newspaper . Having a profound interest in the plays of Henrik Ibsen , Vogt also wrote theatre reviews for the newspaper . From 1905 to 1915 , Vogt was a correspondent to The Times . He subsequently was correspondent to Stockholms Dagblad and other newspapers in Northern Europe . When it came to politics , Vogt was a conservative with many liberal opinions . He disagreed with Francis Hagerup , who supported the Union between Sweden and Norway . In his political articles , he championed the Riksml written standard and the policies of Michelsen 's Cabinet . Having founded the Conservative Press Association in 1892 , Vogt was its first chairman , serving from 1892 to 1898 and from 1906 to 1909 . He was also elected the first chairman of the Norwegian Press Association ( NP ) , notwithstanding his controversial position in the press of Kristiania . In 1910 , he penned an article for the periodical Samtiden entitled unk og unk ( The Press and The Capital ) , in which he made the distinction between newspaper editors who were solely motivated by profit and those who regarded the job as an ideal life mission . The article was reprinted in his 1913 book Under unk unk og unk unk . In 1910 , controversy arose in the NP when lawyer Olaf Madsen who had cooperated with Ola Thommessen for more than 20 years at the newspaper Verdens Gang and was responsible for its financial priorities wanted to have more dividend for his investments in the newspaper . Editor Ola Thommessen considered this to be an inappropriate intervention in the editorial part of the newspaper , and took his staff with him and started a new newspaper named Tidens Tegn . Vogt supported Thommessen in his decision , and came at odds with the chairman of Morgenbladet 's board , lawyer and politician Edmund unk . Both left Morgenbladet in the summer of 1913 as a result of the unk , although Vogt continued as theatre and literature critic in the paper until his 1927 death . As editor , Vogt was succeeded by C. J. Hambro . Marriage , honours and death On 6 November 1884 , Vogt married Helena Andrea unk ( 1861 1906 ) . Acting as Norwegian president in the Nordic press partnership , he attended the press meetings in Kristiania in 1899 and in Copenhagen in 1902 . He was also delegated to the international press congresses in Stockholm ( 1897 ) , Rome ( 1899 ) and Berlin ( 1909 ) . He was decorated as a Knight , First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1907 . He was also a knight of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog and the French Legion of Honour . Vogt died in Aker ( now Oslo ) on 27 June 1927 .
1,255	( sic ) nesses is the fourth video album by American metal band Slipknot , released on September 28 , 2010 . The double disc release features a recording of their headlining performance at the 2009 Download Festival , along with a 45 minute behind the scenes documentary created by percussionist Shawn Crahan , and the four music videos from All Hope Is Gone . It is the band 's first release since the death of the band 's former bassist Paul Gray and is dedicated in his memory . On September 22 , 2010 , ( sic ) nesses premiered in select theaters across the United States . Entrance to the screenings were free and it included free giveaways . Reception was generally positive , with Artistdirect rewarding the album a perfect five out of five stars , and Blabbermouth.net giving the album eight and a half out of ten stars . The album peaked at number one on four charts the Australian Top 40 Music DVD Chart , the Finland Top10 Music DVDs , the UK Top10 Music DVD Chart , and the US Top Music Video Chart . Recording and production ( sic ) nesses was recorded when Slipknot headlined the Download Festival in front of 80 , 000 fans on June 13 , 2009 . The show at Donington Park was filmed with 30 cameras . The 45 minute film audible visions of ( sic ) nesses features Slipknot during and in between gigs on the All Hope Is Gone World Tour . Shawn Crahan stated that , Going in and filming this , it just seemed like there was no way it could fail . It was going to be in the top five best shows of our careers , and that 's basically what it was we got off the stage and all nine of us felt the same thing , we knew that we destroyed 80 , 000 people . Watching it back just brings tears to my eyes . The DVD was released as a dedication to the band 's former bassist Paul Gray , who died of an accidental drug overdose on May 24 , 2010 . Roadrunner Records said the following about the DVD 's release It makes perfect sense that the band would release ( sic ) nesses All Slipknot shows are memorable , but this one is particularly memorable , as the band blasted through hits from all of their Platinum albums . On stage is Slipknot in its most natural state and ( sic ) nesses will put you in the front row . The live performance of Psychosocial was premiered on MSN in mid September . The DVD premiered in a collection of theaters across the United States on September 22 , 2010 , prior to its commercial release . Screenings included Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , Carmike Cinemas , Krikorian Theaters , Rave Motion Pictures , unk Cinemas , Studio Movie Grill , Bow Tie , unk Theatres , Alamo Drafthouse Cinema , unk Entertainment , Cleveland Cinemas , Cinema Caf and the Regent Theater . Crahan attended the New York event on September 27 as part of the promotion . unk were free and several prizes were given away randomly throughout the night at all three events . Crahan stated that ( sic ) nesses was one of the single hardest pieces of art for us to complete , given the circumstances ... It was mixed at Miloco Studios in London , England , and mastered at Sterling Sound in New York . Reception The album 's reception was generally positive . The album 's description on unk stated The performance was absolutely electric , in typical Slipknot fashion , especially since it came hot on the heels of one of the strongest years in Slipknot s illustrious career . Scott Alisoglu from Blabbermouth.net gave the album eight and a half out of ten stars . He called it the ultimate tribute to bassist Paul Gray . He also noted that things like display of controlled echos , the 80 , 000 person audience , their energetic performances of songs from their first album , and the unforgettable anthems like Before I Forget and Psychosocial came together to remind naysayers and fans alike that Slipknot has a dearth of rivals when it comes to live performance . In its first week the album sold 9 , 300 copies in the United States . Contents The DVD 's contents can be verified from the band 's official website and the album 's notes . A Blu ray version was released on July 31 , 2012 . Disc 1 Short Film Audible Visions of ( sic ) unk a 40 minute film directed by M. Shawn Crahan Paul Gray Tribute Disc 2
1,256	Lepiota babruzalka is an agaric mushroom of the genus Lepiota in the order Agaricales . Described as new to science in 2009 , it is found in Kerala State , India , where it grows on the ground in litterfall around bamboo stems . Fruit bodies have caps that measure up to 1 . 3 cm ( 0 . 5 in ) in diameter , and are covered with reddish brown scales . The cap is supported by a long and slender stem up to 4 . 5 cm ( 1 . 8 in ) long and 1 . 5 millimetres ( 0 . 1 in ) thick . One of the distinguishing microscopic features of the species is the variably shaped cystidia found on the edges of the gills . Taxonomy The species was first described by Arun Kumar unk unk and P. unk in the journal Mycotaxon in 2009 , in a survey of the genus Lepiota in Kerala State in southern India . The holotype collection was made in 2004 in unk , located in the Kozhikode District it is now kept in the herbarium of Kew Gardens . The specific epithet babruzalka derives from the Sanskrit word for brown scaled . Description The fruit bodies of Lepiota babruzalka have caps that start out roughly spherical , and as they expand become broadly convex , and eventually flat , with a blunt umbo . The cap attains a diameter of 1 1 . 3 cm ( 0 . 4 0 . 5 in ) . Its whitish surface is covered with small , reddish brown , pressed down scales that are more numerous in the center . The margin is initially curved inward , but straightens out in age , and retains hanging remnants of the partial veil . The gills are white , and free from attachment to the stem . They are crowded together , with two or three tiers of interspersed lamellulae ( short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem ) . Viewed with a hand lens , the edges of the gills appear to be fringed . The stem is cylindrical with a bulbous base , initially solid before becoming hollow , and measures 2 . 6 4 . 5 cm ( 1 . 0 1 . 8 in ) long by 1 1 . 5 mm thick . The stem surface is whitish , but will stain a light brown color if handled . In young fruit bodies , the stems have a whitish , membranous ring on the upper half , but the ring does not last long before disintegrating . The flesh is thin ( up to 1 mm ) , whitish , and lacks any appreciable odor . Lepiota babruzalka produces a white spore print . Spores are roughly elliptical to somewhat cylindrical , hyaline ( translucent ) , and measure 5 . 5 10 . 5 by 3 . 5 4 . 5 m . They are thick walled and contain a refractive oil droplet . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are club shaped , hyaline , and are one to four spored with sterigmata up to 8 m long the dimensions of the basidia are 15 20 by 7 8 m . Cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the edge of the gill ) are plentiful , and can assume a number of shapes , including cylindrical to club shaped , utriform ( like a wineskin bottle ) , to ventricose rostrate ( where the basal and middle portions are swollen and the apex extends into a beak like protrusion ) . The cheilocystidia are thin walled , and measure 13 32 by 7 12 m there are no cystidia on the gill faces ( pleurocystidia ) . The gill tissue is made of thin walled hyphae containing a septum , which are hyaline to pale yellow , and measure 3 15 m wide . The cap tissue comprises interwoven , inflated hyphae with widths between 2 and 25 m . Neither the gill tissue nor the cap tissue show any color reaction when stained with Melzer 's reagent . Clamp connections are rare in the hyphae of Lepiota babruzalka . Similar species According to the authors , the only Lepiota bearing a close resemblance to L. babruzalka is L. unk , an edible mushroom described by Paul Christoph Hennings in 1891 . Found in Africa and Iran , L. unk lacks the reddish brown scales on the cap , has radial grooves on the cap margin , and its stem is not as slender as those of L. babruzalka . Habitat and distribution Fruit bodies of Lepiota babruzalka grow singly or scattered on the ground among decaying leaf litter around the base of bamboo stands . The species has been documented only from unk and Nilambur in the Kozhikode and Malappuram Districts of Kerala State . As of 2009 , there are 22 Lepiota taxa ( 21 species and 1 variety ) known from Kerala , which is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot .
1,257	Apollo 's Chariot is steel roller coaster at the Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park in James City County , Virginia , United States . The ride was the first Hyper Coaster designed by Swiss firm Bolliger Mabillard . It officially opened to the public on March 30 , 1999 . The 4 , 882 foot long ( 1 , 488 m ) ride is characterised by eight air time hills , with heights ranging between 49 and 131 feet ( 15 and 40 m ) . Riders ascend 170 feet ( 52 m ) on the chain lift hill before dropping 210 feet ( 64 m ) at an angle of 65 . Apollo 's Chariot is generally well received with it consistently rating highly in industry rankings . History Apollo 's Chariot was announced on September 5 , 1998 , as the tallest and fastest roller coaster at Busch Gardens Williamsburg . On January 23 , 1999 , the ride was nearing completion with approximately 20 pieces of track left to be installed . Apollo 's Chariot opened as the first Hyper Coaster from Swiss manufacturer , Bolliger Mabillard . Busch Gardens held Apollo 's Chariot 's opening ceremony on March 30 , 1999 . Italian fashion model Fabio Lanzoni was brought in to promote the new roller coaster . During the ride 's inaugural run , a 10 pound goose struck him in the face leaving his nose covered with blood . He was treated at a nearby hospital for minor cuts . Characteristics The 4 , 882 foot long ( 1 , 488 m ) Apollo 's Chariot is a Bolliger Mabillard Hyper Coaster . The park 's existing terrain is utilised to allow a 170 foot tall ( 52 m ) lift hill to be translated into a first drop stretching 210 feet ( 64 m ) . With a top speed of 73 miles per hour ( 117 km h ) , the ride features eight air time hills . Riders of Apollo 's Chariot experience up to 4 . 1 times the force of gravity on the 2 minute , 15 second ride . Apollo 's Chariot operates with three trains with nine cars per train . Riders are arranged four across in a single row for a total of 36 riders per train . This configuration of trains allows for a theoretical capacity of 1 , 750 riders per hour . Riders are restrained by a lapbar and the seats are elevated so riders feet don 't touch the ground . Ride experience After departing from the station , the train begins to climb the 170 foot ( 52 m ) chain lift hill . When the train reaches the top , it drops down a few feet in a pre drop . The pre drop serves to reduce the stress and pull of the chain . After the pre drop , the train goes down a 210 feet ( 64 m ) drop toward a water filled ravine at a 65 degree angle and reaching a top speed of 73 miles per hour ( 117 km h ) . At the end of the ravine , the train enters a second airtime hill with a 131 foot ( 40 m ) drop . A short narrow above ground tunnel is at the bottom of the second drop . After the tunnel , the train descends a 144 foot ( 44 m ) drop , which banks to the left as it descends . The train then goes through an upward helix . Coming out of the helix , the train drops 102 feet ( 31 m ) then turns right and rises up into the mid course brake run . The train drops 48 feet ( 15 m ) out of the brake run followed by another drop at 87 feet ( 27 m ) toward the ravine . The train then banks right , makes a 38 foot ( 12 m ) dip , turns left and goes through a small 16 foot ( 4 . 9 m ) dip . The train then makes one last 49 foot ( 15 m ) airtime drop before climbing up and into the final brake run . There is approximately 26 seconds of airtime during the 2 minute and 15 second ride . Reception In the ride 's debut year , Busch Gardens Williamsburg had lower attendance levels than they were expecting . This was attributed to prolonged periods of inclement weather . As a result of this , the park planned to re launch Apollo 's Chariot in 2000 in an attempt to drive attendance . In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , Apollo 's Chariot has consistently ranked highly . In its debut year , it ranked position 20 . In the 13 years since , the coaster has consistently ranked higher , peaking at 4 in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 and 2012 . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , Apollo 's Chariot entered at position 6 in 1999 , before dropping to a low of 32 in 2012 . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below .
1,258	The Finnieston Crane or Stobcross Crane is a disused giant cantilever crane in the centre of Glasgow , Scotland . It is no longer in working order , but is retained as a symbol of the city 's engineering heritage . The crane was used for loading cargo , in particular steam locomotives , onto ships to be exported around the world . It is one of four such cranes on the River Clyde , a fifth one having been demolished in 2007 , and one of only eleven giant cantilever cranes remaining worldwide . The crane can be seen in the background of news broadcasts from BBC Pacific Quay . History Queens Dock was opened in August 1877 as a 61 acres ( 25 ha ) dock for exporting goods from the centre of Glasgow . A 130 tonnes ( 130 long tons 140 short tons ) steam crane was constructed west of the current one in the 1890s , until it was demolished to make way for a proposed bridge crossing between Finnieston Quay and Mavisbank Quay that was never built . The present crane , constructed as a replacement , was the last giant cantilever crane to be built on the Clyde . It was commissioned in June 1928 by the Clyde Navigation Trust , the operators of the port and dock facilities in Glasgow , completed in 1931 and commenced operation in 1932 . The tower was built by Cowans , Sheldon Company of Carlisle and the cantilever by the Cleveland Bridge Engineering Company , under the supervision of Daniel Fife , mechanical engineer to the Clyde Navigation Trust . The contract to build the crane did not go to Sir William Arrol Co . , who had significant experience in dock cranes , and built a number of other cranes along the Clyde including the Titan Clydebank , although Arrol was involved in the design of the foundations . The total cost of the crane and foundations was GB 69 , 000 , 85 of which was met by the Trust . It is properly known as the Stobcross Crane or Clyde Navigation Trustees crane 7 , but its proximity to Finnieston Quay , and the fact that it was intended to replace the previous Finnieston Crane , has led to its being popularly known as the Finnieston Crane . Public artwork In the summer of 1987 , a full size replica locomotive made from straw by local sculptor George Wyllie was hauled from the old Hyde Park Works in Springburn and suspended from the crane , then hauled back to Springburn and burned to reveal the metal framework underneath . After Wyllie 's death in May 2012 , a giant question mark was suspended from the crane in an acknowledgement of his work . In 2013 , microphones were attached to the crane by American artist Bill Fontana , to record the sounds made by the structure . Purpose Connected to a spur of the Stobcross Railway , the crane 's primary purpose was the lifting of heavy machinery , such as tanks and steam locomotives , onto ships for export . As many as 30 , 000 locomotives were hauled through the streets of Glasgow by Clydesdale horses , traction engines and diesel tractors , from the works at Springburn to the crane for export to the British Empire . The crane is ( as of 1988 ) not in working order , but is retained as a symbol of the city 's engineering heritage . Design The Finnieston Crane is a giant cantilever crane , 174 feet ( 53 m ) tall with a 152 feet ( 46 m ) cantilever jib . It has a lifting capacity of 175 tons , and could perform a full rotation in three and a half minutes . It can be ascended either by a steel staircase or an electric lift , the only example of such a personnel lift in Britain . It is also the only crane fitted with a horizontal rail to permit movement of the unk hoist , an auxiliary crane intended to handle lighter loads . The docks serviced by the crane were closed in 1969 , and have since been filled in and redeveloped . The North Rotunda ( part of the defunct Clyde Harbour Tunnel ) stands to the east of the crane , and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre and the Clyde Auditorium to the west . It is one of four such cranes on the Clyde , after the Fairfield Titan was demolished in 2007 , and one of only eleven giant cantilever cranes remaining worldwide . The crane can be seen in the background of Reporting Scotland broadcasts from BBC Pacific Quay and also in the backdrop of The Riverside Show on STV Glasgow .
1,259	The Church of St John the Baptist ( Bulgarian unk , tsarkva Sveti Yoan unk ) , also known as the Church of St John the Precursor or , locally , Sveti Yani or Sveti Yan , is a small medieval Eastern Orthodox church in the town of Asenovgrad in Plovdiv Province , south central Bulgaria . The church is located on a cliff west of the town and dates to the 12th 14th centuries . Its exterior is decorated with many blind arches , while its interior features mostly frescoes from the 18th century , with some fragments of 14th century murals . Its high position and the arrowslits on the north wall made the church suitable as a defensive outpost . Location and history The Church of St John the Baptist , known to the locals as Sveti Yani or Sveti Yan , is located on a high cliff on the western outskirts of Asenovgrad , which belong to the old town . To allow its construction , the terrain around its foundations had to be reinforced . The church lies close to several less ancient chapels , such as Saint Barbara 's , Saint George 's and Chapel of the Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple . Nearby are also a 17th century water fountain and remains of medieval fortifications which date to the 11th 13th century . Together , these buildings contribute to that part of Asenovgrad 's medieval atmosphere . The church has not been conclusively dated . Art historian Andr Grabar placed it in the 14th century , scholar Nikola Mavrodinov dated it to the 13th century , while archaeologist Krastyu Miyatev is of the opinion that both theories are equally likely . Architecture writer Stefan unk gives a possible range from the 12th to the 14th century . The Church of St John the Baptist belonged to the northern fortifications of medieval Asenovgrad ( then known in Greek as Stenimachos ) . It was in continuous operation until the late 18th or early 19th century , when it suffered significant damage , perhaps during Ottoman brigand raids . During the reconstruction works which were carried out soon thereafter , the roof and the upper parts of the church were modified . The interior was also repainted at the time . The church has been protected as a national antiquity since 1940 in 1970 , it was enlisted among Bulgaria 's monuments of culture of national importance . The church was reconstructed in the 2000s by a team under architect unk unk . The restoration efforts restored the windows , the interior frescoes and the iconostasis , and took 42 days . Architecture and decoration The Church of St John the Baptist is relatively small , measuring 9 . 20 by 5 . 80 metres ( 30 . 2 ft 19 . 0 ft ) or 8 by 5 . 5 metres ( 26 ft 18 ft ) , with a height of around 5 metres ( 16 ft ) . In terms of design , it follows the Byzantine cross in square style . The church lacks a narthex and features a single triangular apse with three small windows in its eastern part . The wall which carries the iconostasis clearly divides the interior into a cella and an altar . The altar includes a prothesis and a diaconicon , which are housed in bays in the east wall . The church was built out of interchanging rows of stones and brickwork , without any ceramic facing . Blind arches form an important part of the church 's exterior decoration there are five each on the north and south walls , with an additional three on the west wall . The walls are around 1 metre ( 3 . 3 ft ) thick . In its architecture , the church closely resembles other medieval religious buildings in its close surroundings , most notably the Church of the Holy Mother of God in Asen 's Fortress south of Asenovgrad and the ossuary of the Bachkovo Monastery . However , the Church of St John the Baptist is unique in that it is the only one of the three to feature arrowslits . Six arrowslits on the north wall enabled the church to be quickly converted into a defensive tower . Most of the surviving frescoes on the church 's interior walls date from the 18th century . These include images of the Mother of God , Jesus Christ and John the Baptist , all painted as part of the church 's first reconstruction . However , restoration works carried out in the 2000s have uncovered 14th century murals depicting the meeting of Elizabeth and Mary as well as John the Baptist .
1,260	Alatskivi Castle ( Estonian Alatskivi loss , German Schloss unk ) is a Neo Gothic castle in Alatskivi , Estonia . Dating to the 17th century , it is situated in Alatskivi Parish , Tartu County . It was rebuilt in the late 19th century by Baron Arved von unk , modeled on the royal residence of Balmoral in Scotland . A renovation occurred between 2005 and 2011 . Five rooms on the first floor house the Eduard Tubin museum , which documents his accomplishments as a music composer and conductor . Alatskivi Castle is surrounded by various ancillary buildings and a forested park of 130 hectares ( 320 acres ) area , the largest in Tartu County . The park contains many oaks , ashes , maples , alders and an approach road lined with linden trees . Location Alatskivi Castle is located 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Tartu and 205 kilometres ( 127 mi ) from Tallinn . It is built on the high bank of Lake Alatskivi at the foot of the Alatskivi valley . An arched entrance leads to the castle along a road lined with linden trees . History The earliest mention of the manor was in 1601 . King Gustav Adolf II of Sweden gave it to his secretary , Johan Adler Salvius , in 1628 . In 1642 , its ownership passed on to Hans unk unk ( unk unk ) . In 1753 , it was purchased by the unk and inherited by the unk in 1870 . Baron Arved George de unk ( 1845 1909 ) rebuilt the castle between 1876 1885 according to his own designs , in the Scottish baronial style , designed as a smaller version of Queen Victoria 's Balmoral Castle in Scotland , which he had visited in 1875 . After nationalization occurred in 1919 , the castle complex was taken over by the government under the Ministry of Agriculture and became a school , cavalry barracks , state controlled farm land , council offices , cinema and library . It has been fully refurbished to its original form based on the original pictures of the aristocracy and their descendants who resided here . After the 2011 restoration , the castle was opened to the public with the Alatskivi Castle Foundation administrating the castle and the manor complex . Features The writer Ain unk refers to the manor house having been designed as a mock English castle . The castle is built to an asymmetrical plan , with single and double storied wings , turrets and a slate roof . The building has both single and double storied floors . It hosts seminars , training programmes and small conferences , and is fitted with three meeting rooms and dining facilities . Completed in 2011 , the Eduard Tubin Museum is located in five rooms on the first floor of the castle . The main feature is devoted to the life and work of Eduard Tubin who was one of Estonia 's most esteemed composers . The initial exhibits are of members of the Tartu school who studied with Tubin , including Heino Eller , Eduard unk , Alfred unk , Olav Roots , and Karl Leichter . Tubin 's music scores , manuscripts , books , records , films and photos , musical instruments , records , books , and sketches of theatre costumes are all part of the display . The museum also houses a large scale model of the castle and plays the music of Tubin . Manor Park The 130 hectares ( 320 acres ) large Manor Park consists of oaks , ashes , maples , alders and an approach road lined with linden trees , some trees being grown on terraces . It is the largest in the Tartu County . A hiking track is laid through the park and the Alatskivi Nature Reserve . There are two artificial reservoirs along the Alatskivi River . There is a large boulder at the extreme end of the park in unk Forest where Apollo Belvedere 's statue existed in the past , although the statue has been moved to unk Park in Tallinn . The main castle is surrounded by many stone buildings . During the 19th century , the manor had 57 buildings , of which 41 remain . These are grouped in four areas connected by roads . The first contains the castle , coaching house and cheese cellar the second , the economic circle , contains the laundry , kitchen , stables and sheds the third or border circle , contains the barn , mills , church and cemetery the outer fourth circle contains the Apollo Belvedere statue and the final resting place of the Estonian folklore figure unk . Gallery
1,261	Fly Me Away is an electronic song performed by British group Goldfrapp . The song was written and produced by Alison Goldfrapp and Will Gregory for the duo 's third album Supernature ( 2005 ) . The song features a synthesizer and orchestral arrangement and was written about the need to escape from the troubles of daily life . The song was released as the album 's fourth single in May 2006 to positive reviews from music critics . It was a modest commercial success , reaching the top forty in Ireland and the United Kingdom . The song has been remixed a number of times and was featured in advertising campaigns for the US retail company Target . Background and writing Fly Me Away is a mid tempo electronic song about the need to escape from the troubles of daily life . It was composed as a collaborative effort between Alison Goldfrapp and Will Gregory in late 2004 in a rented cottage in the countryside of Bath , England . The song was written and recorded while Goldfrapp and Gregory were jamming in the recording studio , bouncing song ideas off each other . Fly Me Away is written in the common verse chorus form and features instrumentation from synthesizers and an orchestra that was conducted by Nick Ingman . The North American digital EP featured a cover version of Boys Will Be Boys as its B side . The song was originally performed by British rock group The Ordinary Boys . Marketing and release In late 2006 , Fly Me Away was featured in Christmas advertising campaigns for the US retail company Target . The song , along with Number 1 , was featured in winter themed television commercials . An instrumental of the song was also featured in advertisements for L 'Oral Feria , which starred actress Scarlett Johansson . Fly Me Away was released as a various formats throughout the world . While most territories received a CD single and digital download release , the single was released as a limited edition 12 inch single in April 2006 in the UK . A DVD single was also issued and included the Fly Me Away Inflight Movies ( Paris New York London ) film , directed by Hannah Holland , and Diane Martel 's music video for Ride A White Horse . The Chris Hopewell directed music video for Fly Me Away was never released . Clips from the video have , however , leaked on to the internet , appearing on the video sharing website YouTube . Instead , Goldfrapp released a performance video on their MySpace page and an animated short film version , directed by Andreas Nilsson and titled Jakko the Poet , on the Supernature Limited Edition DVD . Chart performance Fly Me Away was released in the United Kingdom on 1 May 2006 . Because it was released as the fourth single , success was very limited since many consumers had already purchased the album , which at the time had been certified platinum in the UK . The song entered the UK Singles Chart on 8 May 2006 at number twenty six . The following week it dropped thirty five positions to number sixty one and exited the singles chart in its third week of release . In Ireland , the song entered at number forty , remaining on the singles chart for one week . In the US , Fly My Away became Goldfrapp 's fourth song to chart within the top ten of the Billboard Dance Chart , reaching number six . Remixes Carl Craig made the most well known remix of the song , titled the C2 unk 4 , which was included on the limited edition CD single . The track uses Goldfrapp 's original vocals over a heavy bass line and layered synths . Craig also created two other C2 remixes , which focus on Gregory 's instrumentation . Ladytron 's remix of Fly Me Away remained close to the original , but was called less fun and bouncy by About.com reviewer Mike Stier . Stier also disliked Filippo unk 's Naughty unk writing that it did not contain the zest and zing that Craig 's remixes had . Formats and track listings These are the formats and track listings of single releases of Fly Me Away . Personnel The following people contributed to Fly Me Away Alison Goldfrapp lead vocals , backing vocals , synthesizer Nick Batt synthesizer , programming Will Gregory synthesizer Mark Spike Stent mixing Ted Jensen mastering Charts
1,262	Jean Louis Cormier ( June 24 , 1942 May 25 , 2008 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler best known by his ring name Rudy Kay . Cormier competed primarily in Canada and often formed a tag team with his brothers together , they are known as the Cormier wrestling family . He also worked behind the scenes , operating both the Eastern Sports Association ( ESA ) and its television program , International Wrestling . Kay held seven championships while wrestling for the ESA five tag team titles while wrestling alongside his older brother Yvon the short lived Taped Fist Championship as well as the promotion 's most prestigious singles title , the North American Heavyweight Championship . Career Cormier competed in boxing as a teenager . He was then trained for a professional wrestling career by Yvon , who was known professionally as The Beast , and another wrestler named unk the Spinner . During his early career , Cormier used the ring name Rudy LaBelle while touring Australia with The Beast . Back in North America , he was given the ring name Rudy Kay by a promoter who thought that Cormier looked almost identical to a retired wrestler who had used the name . In 1969 , Cormier and Al Zinck formed the Eastern Sports Association ( ESA ) , which promoted a television program named International Wrestling ( IW ) . Several years later , Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling , operated by Emile Dupr , took over the time slot from IW . In the ESA , the four Cormier brothers ( Yvon Leonce , who wrestled as Leo Burke Jean Louis , who used the ring name Rudy Kay and Romeo , who was inspired by Jean Louis to create the moniker Bobby Kay ) often aligned with each other in feuds . The opponent would face one brother , and then move on to face the rest in succession . Jean Louis also wrestled on occasional trips to Australia with his brother The Beast . Cormier won his first title on July 29 , 1969 when he teamed with The Beast to win the ESA International Tag Team Championship . They defeated The Fabulous Kangaroos ( Al Costello and Don Kent ) to win the title but soon dropped it to Jos and Paul LeDuc . They won the title back later that summer in a rematch and held it until the end of the 1969 ESA season . Two years later , they regained the championship with a victory over Eric Pomeroy and Fred Sweetan . Their final reign together began on October 28 , 1975 with a win over Bob Brown and The Patriot . Once again , the brothers held the title until the end of the ESA wrestling season . On November 18 that year , Rudy Kay also won the IW North American Heavyweight Championship by defeating Bob Brown . He was stripped of the title , however , because the ESA operated only during the summer months and the season ended without notice . He was unable to fulfill his obligation to defend it within 30 unk ESA , which promoted shows until 1976 , operated during the summer because the venues were used for ice hockey during the other months . The following year , he won the vacant ESA Taped Fist Championship with a victory over Mad Dog Martel . When the ESA closed in 1977 , the title became part of Romeo Cormier ( Bobby Kay ) ' s Trans Canada Wrestling ( TCW ) . TCW closed later the same year , and the Taped Fist Championship was retired . His final championship win came in September 1976 he teamed with The Beast again and defeated The Mercenaries ( Mad Dog Martel and Frenchy Martin ) to win the ESA Maritimes Tag Team Championship . Later that month , Martel and Martin regained the title in a rematch . Cormier retired as a professional wrestler in 1982 . Retirement After retiring from wrestling , Cormier took a job with Federal Express , which he held for five years . He also underwent knee surgery to fix problems resulting from his wrestling career . Cormier had a wife , Claudette , and four children daughters Monique and Michelle , and sons Jamie and Jason . On May 25 , 2008 , Cormier died of septicemia in Moncton , New Brunswick . Championships and accomplishments Eastern Sports Association ESA International Tag Team Championship ( 4 times ) with The Beast ESA Maritimes Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) with The Beast ESA Taped Fist Championship ( 1 time ) IW North American Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
1,263	Route 166 is a short , 3 . 73 mile ( 6 . 00 km ) state highway in Ocean County , New Jersey . The route provides an alternate alignment of U.S. Route 9 through South Toms River and Toms River . The southern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Route 9 northbound in Beachwood , where it heads northward along Atlantic City Boulevard . The route continues until ending where U.S. Route 9 leaves the Parkway north of Toms River . US 9 itself uses the Garden State Parkway to bypass Toms River . Route 166 is a former alignment of New Jersey Route 4 , designated in 1920 and U.S. Route 9 , designated in 1927 through Toms River . The highways were realigned when the Garden State Parkway was built , and the original alignment became U.S. Route 9 Alternate in the 1950s , which was eventually replaced with Route 166 . The alignment has remained the same since . Route description Route 166 begins at an interchange with U.S. Route 9 northbound ( Atlantic City Boulevard ) in the community of South Toms River . The route heads northward along the right of way of Atlantic City Boulevard , progressing northward along residential homes . Paralleling to the north of U.S. Route 9 , Route 166 continues , passing a war memorial in the southern portion of the business district . In the center of the community , the highway intersects with Ocean County Route 621 ( Admiral Avenue ) . There , Route 166 turns to the northeast , running along the shoreline for the Atlantic Ocean . Heading past a marina , the highway crosses on a four lane bridge over the ocean and into Toms River . After landing down on the Toms River side , Route 166 heads to the northwest , intersecting with the incomplete unk Boulevard . The highway turns off its right of way , and crosses another branch into the center of Toms River . Passing the Riverfront Landing , Route 166 intersects with the eastern southern terminus of County Route 527 ( Water Street ) . The highway continues northward along commercial buildings as Main Street , passing to the west of Toms River High School and back into the residential districts . Route 166 continues northbound to an interchange with New Jersey Route 37 ( Little League World Champions Boulevard ) in Toms River . At the interchange , Route 166 switches names from Main Street to Lakewood Road , which heads northwestward . Route 166 , after changing monikers , continues northwestward through the commercial and industrial portions of Toms River , intersecting with several local and county roads until a fork with Ocean County Route 623 , where the highway forks at Riverside Cemetery . A short distance later , the highway begins a split parallel with the Garden State Parkway and U.S. Route 9 to the east . Route 166 then leaves the commercial and industrial districts for the residential ones soon later , crossing through several developments including Colonial Gardens . The highway continues northward , intersecting with Albert Avenue , where it returns to the commercial area . After an intersection with Briar Knoll , Route 166 divides , approaching Interchange 83 on the Garden State Parkway , where the designation terminates . The right of way continues northward as U.S. Route 9 . History The alignment of Route 166 was originally part of Route 4 prior to 1927 , designated from Absecon to Rahway . This designation remained in place for seven years , until the 1927 state highway renumbering , which remained part of an extended Route 4 . A year prior to the state highway renumbering , the alignment of Route 4 was also co designated as part of U.S. Route 9 , which had been assigned as part of a nationwide system . Route 4 remained intact unk with Route 9 until the state highway renumbering on January 1 , 1953 . On that day , Route 4 was truncated back to Fort Lee in Bergen County , and the alignment became only U.S. Route 9 . A bypass was built of the Route 9 alignment in the 1950s along with construction of the Garden State Parkway , which was completed soon after . The route currently Route 166 became U.S. Route 9 Alternate by 1954 , remaining for several years , when it was decommissioned in place for Route 166 . The route has remained intact since . Major intersections The entire route is in Ocean County .
1,264	Hydra the Revenge ( simply known as Hydra ) is a steel Floorless Coaster at Dorney Park Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown , Pennsylvania ( USA ) . It is the only Floorless Coaster in Pennsylvania and was built where the former wooden roller coaster Hercules once stood , which was closed and demolished at the end of the park 's 2003 season . Its name comes from the Greek Mythology story where Hercules battled the Hydra . History Hercules was a wooden roller coaster that sat in the current location of Hydra the Revenge . In 2003 , the coaster was closed and demolished . On September 14 , 2004 , the 13 million Hydra the Revenge was announced . Construction began in the spring of 2004 and continued through the winter . Hydra the Revenge was topped off ( highest piece of the lift hill ) on August 20 , 2004 and the entire track layout was completed on December 4 , 2004 . The first cars for the coaster arrived at Dorney Park on December 10 , 2004 and the first ride with people on a train took place on March 24 , 2005 . The roller coaster officially opened to the public on May 7 , 2005 . Backstory The name of the roller coaster comes from the story of Hercules in Greek Mythology . According to the story , Hercules had to perform twelve labours . After defeating the Nemean lion for the first labour , the second was to defeat the Hydra , a nine headed creature with eight serpentine heads that would regrow each time they were cut off , including one that was immortal . Dorney Park altered the remainder of the unk after Hercules managed to defeat the Hydra initially , he buried the immortal head stuck under a stone , with the intention of sealing it for all time . Years later however , the head slowly grew back , resurrecting the Hydra and taking its revenge on Hercules by killing him hence why the Hydra roller coaster sits where Hercules once did . Experience Once the floor drops and the front gate opens , the train is dispatched leading straight into the first element , a heartline roll . Upon exiting the roll , the train makes a 180 degree right turn and begins to climb the 95 foot ( 29 m ) lift hill . Once at the top , the train drops down 105 feet ( 32 m ) at a 68 degree angle . Then , the train makes a slight right turn into a 62 foot ( 19 m ) inclined diving loop before going through a zero gravity roll . Next , immediately after the roll , the train enters the first of two corkscrews . After exiting the corkscrew , the train then goes through a cobra roll . After an upward left turn , followed by a unk right turn , the train goes over an airtime hill before entering the second corkscrew . The train then makes a banked right turn , then a left turn which leads into the brake run . Once back at the station , after the floors come back up and the front gate closes , the riders unload and the next ones load . One cycle of the ride lasts about 2 minutes and 35 seconds . Characteristics Trains Hydra the Revenge operates with two steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has eight cars that can seat four riders in a single row for a total of 32 riders per train . Each train has two shades of green and pink on the bottom section while the seats and over the shoulder restraints are also pink . Each seat has an over the shoulder harness with an interlocking seatbelt . The trains have no floor as the riders ' legs can dangle throughout the ride . Track The steel track of Hydra the Revenge is approximately 3 , 198 feet ( 975 m ) long , the height of the lift is approximately 95 feet ( 29 m ) high , and the entire track weighs about 1 , 368 , 000 pounds ( 621 , 000 kg ) . It was manufactured by Clermont Steel Fabricators located in Batavia , Ohio . The track has two shades of green while the supports are turquoise . Reception Jeremy Thompson from Roller Coaster Philosophy said that the ride itself is okay , but I m not sure if I really loved the whole experience . , but that still , it s got a more interesting layout . A group of roller coaster enthusiasts also came to the conclusion that the ride wasn 't the best but still good , The general consensus is that it 's a good , but not quite great , ride that 's perfect for family oriented Dorney . Awards
1,265	Mint is a premium airline product offered by JetBlue on some flights between the West Coast and the East Coast of the contiguous United States , and seasonally on some flights between the United States and Caribbean destinations . The service is operated with a fleet of Airbus A321 aircraft in a premium configuration , with lie flat seats in premium class . As of May 2016 , JetBlue is the only low cost airline in the Americas offering a dedicated premium product of this distinction . History JetBlue first announced its intention to introduce premium seats on some of its transcontinental flights in March 2013 . The company officially announced its Mint premium class product on September 30 , 2013 the aforementioned service was to be available on flights between New York and San Francisco and New York and Los Angeles , with fares for Mint class seats starting at US 599 each way . Dave Barger , JetBlue CEO at the time , said that the move was necessary for the airline to better compete with its competitors , which were operating lie flat seats in transcontinental markets , leaving JetBlue with an all economy class cabin . The routes were to be operated with new Airbus A321 aircraft , and feature Wi Fi connectivity . JetBlue 's all seven daily round trip flights between New York and Los Angeles were to feature the service by the fourth quarter of 2014 , and all five daily round trip flights between New York and San Francisco by early 2015 . The first Mint flight , from New York JFK to Los Angeles , was to begin on June 15 , 2014 . On March 15 , 2015 , JetBlue announced seasonal expansion of its Mint service to Caribbean routes , with service from JFK Airport to Aruba and Barbados . The service was to operate once daily per destination during the winter holiday season , and once weekly per destination for the rest of the winter season . JetBlue announced expansion of its Mint service to Boston in June 2015 , with year round service from Boston to Los Angeles and San Francisco , and seasonal Saturday only service from Boston to Barbados . Flights from Boston to San Francisco began on March 24 , 2016 , and flights from Boston to Los Angeles were to begin on October 20 , 2016 . On April 12 , 2016 , JetBlue announced an expansion of its Mint service . New routes utilizing the Mint configuration were to be launched to Fort Lauderdale , Las Vegas , San Diego and Seattle , with service beginning during 2017 and 2018 . The announcement was made almost immediately after Alaska Air Group announced its intention to acquire Virgin America and merge it with Alaska Airlines . Either Alaska or Virgin operated in 4 out of 7 of JetBlue 's newly announced markets . Service The Mint unk consists of A321 aircraft with 159 seats , including 16 flat bed Mint seats . The Mint seat is a version of the Thompson Aero Vantage business class seat , customized to include extra storage and dual unk USB power outlets at every seat . 4 of the 16 Mint seats are mini suites which include a sliding door for privacy . The seats have a width of up to 22 . 3 inches and can convert to a flat bed of up to 6 ' 8 in length . Pairs of non suite Mint seats alternate with single mini suite seats . The seats use air cushioning , allowing passengers to adjust the firmness of the seats . Economy class on Mint A321 aircraft uses B E Aerospace Pinnacle slimline seats , with a seat pitch of 33 inches in the main cabin and up to 37 inches in the Even More Space extra legroom product . There are two power outlets per row of economy class seats . A 15 . 6 inch video screen provides Live TV 4 . 0 , SiriusXM Radio , and a selection of films as in flight entertainment . The unk 4 . 0 system provides about 100 DirecTV channels , up from about 30 channels offered on previous generations of JetBlue inflight entertainment systems . On flights outside the coverage range of satellite TV , such as flights to Caribbean destinations , TV channels and radio are not provided . In flight Wi Fi is provided via a Ka band satellite system named Fly Fi . Passengers are provided with a choice of five offerings for meal service , including hot and cold options , and may choose three . unk kits are provided by unk , a cosmetics company based in New York .
1,266	The 129th Boat Race took place on 2 April 1983 . Held annually , the event is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The pre race preparation saw Cambridge threaten to boycott the race for the first time , following the inclusion of Boris Rankov in the Oxford boat . The crews were the two heaviest in the history of the event , and featured ten former Boat Race competitors . Oxford won the race by four and a half lengths . Isis won the reserve race , while Cambridge were victorious in the Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 miles ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford were the reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by three and a quarter lengths in the previous year 's race . However , Cambridge held the overall lead , with 68 victories to Oxford 's 59 . The race was sponsored by Ladbrokes the winner was awarded the Ladbrokes Trophy . On 7 March 1983 , Cambridge issued a statement suggesting that they might boycott the race following a dispute over Oxford 's selection of Boris Rankov as a member of their crew . Veteran of the previous five Boat Races , all of which were Dark Blue victories , Cambridge argued Rankov was ineligible for inclusion as he was a lecturer at the university . Coach David Townsend of the University of London offered the services of his crew to provide an opponent for Oxford , should Cambridge refuse to participate . Rankov himself had offered to withdraw from the race , but the Dark Blues ' committee rejected this . Cambridge finally agreed to race after they reached an agreement with Oxford to discuss and possibly tighten the eligibility criteria . This ultimately led to establishment of the so called Rankov Rule , which states that oarsmen will compete in the race no more than four times as an undergraduate and no more than four times as a graduate . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Crews The two crews were the heaviest in Boat Race history , Oxford averaging 14 stone 8 lbs ( 92 . 3 kg ) per rower , nearly 7 pounds ( 3 . 2 kg ) a man heavier than the Cambridge crew , and were pre race favourites to win an eighth consecutive race . Cambridge 's crew featured six unsuccessful Blues , while Oxford 's boat contained four Blues with ten Boat Race victories between them . While seven of the Oxford rowers were international post graduates , Cambridge 's crew included seven undergraduates . The average age of the Oxford crew was 25 , four years more than Cambridge . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Oxford , rowing at a higher rate , took an early lead and were clear of Cambridge by the Mile Post . Extending their lead to six seconds by Hammersmith Bridge , Oxford pushed on to lead by nine seconds at Chiswick Steps . Despite trying to keep in touch , Cambridge were four lengths behind at Barnes Bridge and trailed by 13 seconds as Oxford passed the finishing post . Oxford won by four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 7 seconds . This was Oxford 's eighth consecutive victory , and their ninth in ten years , and took the overall record to 68 60 in favour of Cambridge . The race was watched by 14 million television viewers . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by six and a half lengths , while Cambridge won the 38th Women 's Boat Race .
1,267	The French ironclad Belliqueuse ( Bellicose ) was a wooden hulled , armored corvette , built for the French Navy in the 1860s and designed as a cheap ironclad . She was the first French ironclad to sail around the world , which she did between December 1867 and May 1869 . She spent the bulk of her career in the Pacific before returning to Toulon , where she was used as a target in 1886 . Design and description Belliqueuse was designed as a small and cheap ironclad suitable for foreign deployments . Her armament and armor was concentrated in the middle of the ship like a central battery ironclad , but unlike those ships she lacked armored transverse bulkheads and was very vulnerable to raking fire . Like most ironclads of her era she was equipped with a bronze ram hers weighed 2 , 200 kilograms ( 4 , 900 lb ) . Belliqueuse measured 68 . 05 meters ( 223 ft 3 in ) at the waterline and 70 meters ( 229 ft 8 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 . 01 meters ( 46 ft 0 in ) . She had a draft of 6 . 97 meters ( 22 ft 10 in ) and displaced 3 , 777 metric tons ( 3 , 717 long tons ) . Propulsion The ship had a single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving a single propeller . Her engine was powered by four oval boilers . The engine produced a total of 1 , 200 indicated horsepower ( 890 kW ) and gave a top speed of 11 knots ( 20 km h 13 mph ) . On sea trials the engine produced 1 , 227 indicated horsepower ( 915 kW ) and the ship reached 11 . 83 knots ( 21 . 91 km h 13 . 61 mph ) . Belliqueuse carried 250 metric tons ( 250 long tons ) of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1 , 410 nautical miles ( 2 , 610 km 1 , 620 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Belliqueuse was barque rigged initially she had a sail area of 1 , 450 square meters ( 15 , 600 sq ft ) , but this was later increased to 1 , 800 square metres ( 19 , 000 sq ft ) in 1869 . Armament Belliqueuse mounted her four 194 millimeter ( 7 . 6 in ) Modle 1864 guns in the central battery on the battery deck along with four of her six 164 millimeter ( 6 . 5 in ) Modle 1864 guns . The other two 164 mm guns were carried on pivot mounts fore and aft on the upper deck . She was partially rearmed in 1870 and exchanged her 164 mm pivot guns for a pair of 138 millimeter ( 5 . 4 in ) Modle 1870 guns . In addition four 37 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 barrel revolving guns each were added . They fired a shell weighing about 500 g ( 1 . 1 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m s ( 2 , 000 ft s ) to a range of about 3 , 200 meters ( 3 , 500 yd ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute . Armor Belliqueuse was completely armored with 150 millimeters ( 5 . 9 in ) of wrought iron from the battery deck down to 1 . 5 meters ( 4 ft 11 in ) below the waterline . The sides of the battery itself were protected with 120 millimeters ( 4 . 7 in ) of armor , but the ends were closed only by light screens . Fore and aft of the battery , her sides were unprotected . Service Belliqueuse was laid down at Toulon in September 1863 , and launched on 6 September 1865 . The ship began her sea trials on 30 December 1865 , but did not enter service until 30 October 1866 . That day she was commissioned as the flagship of the Pacific Station under command of Rear Admiral unk . On 22 December 1867 , the ship departed Toulon in an attempt to circumnavigate the world . Belliqueuse arrived at Brest on 26 May 1869 after 396 days at sea , the first French ironclad to do so . On 15 November 1869 she hoisted the flag of Rear Admiral Chevalier as commander of the Levant Squadron . During 1870 she was transferred to New Caledonia as flagship of the Western Pacific Division ( French Division de l unk unk ) , but returned to Toulon on 5 June 1871 after the death of Rear Admiral Chevalier . In 1872 the ship was sent to the China Station and relieved French ironclad Alma as flagship of the station on 1 October 1872 . She returned to Toulon on 3 May 1874 . Belliqueuse served with the Evolutionary Squadron for six months from 5 June 1877 and was reduced to reserve afterwards . She was paid off on 15 November 1884 and struck off the Navy List on 3 May 1886 . Belliqueuse was used as a target afterwards .
1,268	SM UB 9 was a German Type UB I submarine or U boat in the German Imperial Navy ( German Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. UB 9 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in November . UB 9 was a little under 28 metres ( 92 ft ) in length and displaced between 127 and 141 tonnes ( 125 and 139 long tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck mounted machine gun . She was launched and commissioned as SM UB 9 in February 1915 . UB 9 's commanding officer at commissioning only remained in charge of the ship for a week . Sources do not report any more commanding officers assigned through the end of the war , so it 's not clear if the submarine remained in commission . UB 9 was reported in use as a training vessel at Kiel in September 1915 . The U boat made no war patrols and sank no ships during the war , which may indicate that the vessel remained in a training role . At the end of the war , UB 9 was deemed unseaworthy and unable to surrender at Harwich with the rest of Germany 's U boat fleet . She remained in Germany where she was broken up by Drger at Lbeck in 1919 . Design and construction After the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I , the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . Project 34 , a design effort begun in mid August 1914 , produced the Type UB I design a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled . Constrained by railroad size limitations , the UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and displacing about 125 tonnes ( 123 long tons ) with two torpedo tubes . UB 9 was the first of the initial allotment of seven submarines numbered up to UB 15 ordered on 15 October from AG Weser of Bremen , just shy of two months after planning for the class began . UB 9 was laid down by Weser in Bremen on 6 November . As built , UB 9 was 27 . 88 metres ( 91 ft 6 in ) long , 3 . 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) abeam , and had a draft of 3 . 03 metres ( 9 ft 11 in ) . She had a single 59 brake horsepower ( 44 kW ) Krting 4 cylinder diesel engine for surface travel , and a single 119 shaft horsepower ( 89 kW ) Siemens Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel , both attached to a single propeller shaft . Her top speeds were 7 . 45 knots ( 13 . 80 km h 8 . 57 mph ) , surfaced , and 6 . 24 knots ( 11 . 56 km h 7 . 18 mph ) , submerged . At more moderate speeds , she could sail up to 1 , 500 nautical miles ( 2 , 800 km 1 , 700 mi ) on the surface before refueling , and up to 45 nautical miles ( 83 km 52 mi ) submerged before recharging her batteries . Like all boats of the class , UB 9 was rated to a diving depth of 50 metres ( 160 ft ) , and could completely submerge in 33 seconds . UB 9 was armed with two 45 centimeter ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes . She was also outfitted for a single 8 millimeter ( 0 . 31 in ) machine gun on deck . UB 9 's standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men . After work on UB 9 was complete at the Weser yard , she was launched on 6 February 1915 . Career The submarine was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB 9 on 18 February 1915 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Wilhelm Werner , a 26 year old first time U boat commander . Wenninger was only in command of UB 9 for ten days . Sources do not indicate who , if anyone , succeeded him as commander of UB 9 , or if UB 9 remained in commission . According to authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast , UB 9 had been assigned to the Kiel Periscope School by September 1915 . Uboat.net reports that UB 9 ' undertook no war patrols and had no successes against enemy ships , which may indicate that the vessel remained in use only as a training vessel . At the end of the war , the Allies required all German U boats to be sailed to Harwich for surrender . UB 9 was one of eight U boats deemed unseaworthy and allowed to remain in Germany . UB 9 was broken up by Drger at Lbeck in 1919 .
1,269	The French ironclad Jeanne d 'Arc was a wooden hulled armored corvette built for the French Navy in the late 1860s . She was named for Joan of Arc , a Roman Catholic saint and heroine of the Hundred Years War . Jeanne d 'Arc participated in the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 and remained in commission afterwards , unlike many of her sisters . The ship was condemned in 1883 , but nothing further is known as to her disposition . Design and description The Alma class ironclads were designed as improved versions of the armored corvette Belliqueuse suitable for foreign deployments . Unlike their predecessor the Alma class ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal reinforced ram . Jeanne d 'Arc measured 68 . 9 meters ( 226 ft 1 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 . 08 meters ( 46 ft 2 in ) . She had a mean draft of 6 . 37 meters ( 20 ft 11 in ) and displaced 3 , 675 metric tons ( 3 , 617 long tons ) . Her crew numbered 316 officers and men . Propulsion The ship had a single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving a single propeller . Her engine was powered by four oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 1 , 884 indicated horsepower ( 1 , 405 kW ) and the ship reached 11 . 75 knots ( 21 . 76 km h 13 . 52 mph ) . Unlike all of her sisters except Thtis , she had two funnels , mounted side by side . Jeanne d 'Arc carried 250 metric tons ( 250 long tons ) of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1 , 710 nautical miles ( 3 , 170 km 1 , 970 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She was barque rigged and had a sail area of 1 , 454 square meters ( 15 , 650 sq ft ) . Armament Jeanne d 'Arc mounted four of her 194 millimeter ( 7 . 6 in ) Modle 1864 breech loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck . The other two 194 millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship . The four 120 millimeter ( 4 . 7 in ) guns were also mounted on the upper deck . She may have exchanged her Mle 1864 guns for Mle 1870 guns . The armor piercing shell of the 20 caliber Mle 1870 gun weighed 165 . 3 pounds ( 75 . 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 7 . 83 long tons ( 7 . 96 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 , 739 ft s ( 530 m s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12 . 5 inches ( 320 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . Armor Jeanne d 'Arc had a complete 150 millimeter ( 5 . 9 in ) wrought iron waterline belt , approximately 2 . 4 meters ( 7 . 9 ft ) high . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 millimeters ( 4 . 7 in ) of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness . The barbette armor was 100 millimeters ( 3 . 9 in ) thick , backed by 240 millimeters ( 9 . 4 in ) of wood . The unarmored portions of her sides were protected by 15 millimeter ( 0 . 6 in ) iron plates . Service Jeanne d 'Arc was laid down at Cherbourg in 1865 and launched on 28 September 1867 . The ship began her sea trials on 9 March 1868 and was put into reserve at Brest in 1869 . She was commissioned on 12 April 1870 , shortly before the Franco Prussian War began , and assigned to the Northern Squadron . On 24 July 1870 she departed Cherbourg in company with the rest of the Northern Squadron and they cruised off the Danish port of Frederikshavn between 28 July and 2 August until they entered the Baltic Sea . The squadron , now renamed the Baltic Squadron , remained in the Baltic , attempting to blockade Prussian ports on the Baltic until ordered to return to Cherbourg on 16 September . On 1 August 1873 Jeanne d 'Arc was in Mlaga , Spain and departed later that day bound for Cadiz . In 1875 she accidentally rammed and sank the dispatch vessel unk . On 3 December 1875 she became the flagship of Rear Admiral unk , but was placed in reserve on 1 January 1876 at Brest . Jeanne d 'Arc was recommissioned on 12 April 1879 for service with the Levant Squadron . She was condemned on 28 August 1883 and nothing further is known of her fate .
1,270	Route 20 , known locally as McLean Boulevard , is a state highway that runs 4 . 15 miles ( 6 . 68 km ) in New Jersey , United States . It runs along the east side of Paterson , Passaic County , following the west bank of the Passaic River between U.S. Route 46 and River Street ( County Route 504 ) , at which point County Route 504 begins . It is a four to six lane divided highway most of its length that runs through residential and commercial areas of Paterson , intersecting with Interstate 80 and Route 4 at interchanges . The northernmost part of the route is a county maintained one way pair that follows 1st and 2nd Avenues . Route description Route 20 begins at an interchange with U.S. Route 46 and County Route 630 ( Crooks Avenue ) just north of the Garden State Parkway on the border of Clifton and Paterson . The road follows the bend of the Passaic River directly north of Dundee Lake , heading to the north into Paterson as McLean Boulevard , a four lane divided highway with a 45 mph ( 72 km h ) speed limit . The route runs in between the Passaic River to the east and two large cemeteries to the west before coming to an interchange with Interstate 80 and Market Street . Past Interstate 80 , Route 20 becomes a six lane divided highway that heads through a mix of residential and commercial areas . The next interchange along the route is for Route 4 ( Broadway ) , with access to both eastbound Route 4 and westbound Broadway from both directions . The road continues further north as a four lane divided highway with a speed limit of 35 mph ( 56 km h ) , heading through more urbanized areas of Paterson . It crosses County Route 651 ( East 33rd Street Morlot Avenue ) , which crosses the Passaic River to become County Route 78 ( Morlot Avenue ) in Bergen County . Route 20 continues to follow the Passaic River as a 45 mph ( 72 km h ) road through commercial areas , featuring an intersection with County Route 652 ( 5th Avenue ) . Past this intersection , the route proceeds through urban areas , turning west and splitting into a one way pair . Here , the route becomes county maintained , with the northbound direction following 1st Avenue and the southbound direction following 2nd Avenue before coming to an end at County Route 504 ( River Street ) . History The present day routing of Route 20 north of Market Street was legislated in 1927 as part of Route 3 , which was to run from the New York border at Greenwood Lake to Secaucus . In addition , the present day routing south of Route 4 was also legislated as part of that route , which was to run from the George Washington Bridge to Cape May . In 1929 , the western terminus of Route 3 was moved to Paterson as Route S4B ( now Route 208 ) was planned to replace the alignment of Route 3 from Paterson to the New York border . McLean Boulevard through Paterson was built by the 1930s . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 20 was legislated to follow the former alignment of Route 3 between Paterson and East Rutherford as Route 3 was moved to the Route S3 freeway that was built between East Rutherford and Clifton . Another freeway routing of Route 20 was planned in 1959 . This road , which was to be a six lane freeway called the Paterson Peripheral , was to run from Clifton north to the existing Route 20 in downtown Paterson . This road was completed between the Garden State Parkway and Valley Road by 1969 and north to Interstate 80 in 1975 . Upon completion , this road received the Route 20 designation . In 1972 , the state took over maintenance of the Paterson Plank Road from Route 3 to Route 17 in East Rutherford and made it a part of the route . As these three sections of Route 20 were not connected , they received three different route designations by the 1990s . The freeway section of Route 20 from the Garden State Parkway to Interstate 80 was designated Route 19 , the section between Route 3 and Route 17 was designated Route 120 , and the Route 20 designation was retained along McLean Boulevard through Paterson . The unfinished section of Route 20 that was to connect McLean Boulevard to Paterson Plank Road was built as a northern extension of the Route 21 freeway in 2000 . Major intersections The entire route is in Passaic County .
1,271	Skinner 's Room is a short story by William Gibson originally composed for Visionary San Francisco , a 1990 museum exhibition exploring the future of San Francisco . It features the first appearance in Gibson 's fiction of the Bridge , which Gibson revisited as the setting of his acclaimed Bridge trilogy of novels . In the story , the Bridge is overrun by squatters , among them Skinner , who occupies a shack atop a unk . An altered version of the story was published in Omni magazine and subsequently anthologized . Skinner 's Room was nominated for the 1992 Locus Award for Best Short Story . Synopsis The story takes place in a near future where the United States is in decline , having been negatively affected by some event referred to as the devaluations . It is set in a decaying San Francisco in which the San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge is closed and taken over by the homeless . The wealthy denizens of the city have retreated to gated access enclaves . The room mentioned in the title is a shack built on top one of the bridge 's towers . Skinner has lived on the bridge , and in his room , for a long time , and is accompanied by a girl with an interest in the history of the bridge town and who arrived only three months before . The story reveals that , long ago , the Bridge had been closed to vehicle traffic ( for three years ) and that the pressure to find somewhere to live had forced homeless people to seize the bridge and set up a squatters ' town there . The community that arose was vibrant and was watched by the world 's media . The town grew in a piecemeal fashion , built from salvaged parts as well as from material apparently donated by more wealthy nations . At the end of the story Skinner has a dream in which he remembers being at the front of the crowd who seized the bridge ( Skinner is the first onto the bridge ) and scaled the towers . Publication history Skinner 's Room was commissioned by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art for its exhibition Visionary San Francisco , shown from June 14 to August 26 , 1990 . Gibson 's story inspired a contribution to the exhibition by architects Ming Fung and Craig Hodgetts . Ming and Hodgetts designed the urban environment which would have catalysed the transformation of the Bridge . They envisioned a San Francisco in which the rich live in high tech , self sufficient , self contained towers , above the decrepit city and its crumbling bridge , isolated from the amorphous city . The crate packaged installation , which was surrounded by scrap metal , computer chips , and pages from manga comic strips , featured a model of the towers , along with Gibson on a monitor discussing the future and reading from Skinner 's Room . A slightly different version of the short story was featured in the November 1991 issue of Omni . The unk version concerns an unnamed girl and an old man named Skinner who live in the one room shack built on top of the first cable tower of the Bridge . This version was collected in Gardner Dozois ' 1992 anthology The Year 's Best Science Fiction Ninth Annual Collection , and in Larry McCaffery 's After Yesterday 's Crash ( 1995 ) . Significance Skinner 's Room is the first appearance of the Bridge in Gibson 's fiction . In the acknowledgments at the end of his 1994 novel Virtual Light , Gibson writes that the short story later developed into the novel the character of Skinner is one of the main characters in Virtual Light and the setting and characters of Skinner 's Room are revisited in the sequels to the novel , Idoru and All Tomorrow 's Parties ( collectively known as the Bridge trilogy ) . The New York Times hailed the Visionary San Francisco exhibition as one of the most ambitious , and admirable , efforts to address the realm of architecture and cities that any museum in the country has mounted in the last decade . Despite organiser Paulo unk 's claim that the collaboration was an appeal to civic responsibility by showing the effects of its absence , The New York Times judged Ming and Hodgetts 's reaction to Skinner 's Room a powerful , but sad and not a little cynical , work . After its 1991 republication in unk , Skinner 's Room was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Short Story in 1992 .
1,272	The Vote That Counted is a 1911 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on a state senator who disappears from a train and detective Violet Gray investigates the case . Gray manages to find that he was kidnapped and that it was done because he opposed a powerful lobby . She manages to free the state senator in time for him to cast the deciding vote to defeat the lobby . The film was released on January 13 , 1911 , it was the second of four films in the Violet Gray , Detective series . The film received favorable reviews from Billboard and The New York Dramatic Mirror . The film is presumed lost . Plot The Moving Picture World synopsis states , State Senator Jack Dare , one of the reform members of the legislature , starts to the state capitol to attend an important session of that body . That he took the midnight train from his home city is clearly proven , for his aged mother was a passenger on it , and besides the conductor and porter are certain that he retired for the night . In the morning , however , his berth is empty , although some of his garments are found there . The case puzzles the railroad officials and the police , and Violet Gray is given a chance to distinguish herself . She learns from the conductor and porter , who had happened to spend the night awake at opposite ends of the car , that the senator did not go by them . Consequently this leaves only the window as his means of egress , and she knows that he must have gone that way . Violet discovers that Dare is a hearty supporter of a bill that a powerful lobby is trying to defeat . The fight is so close that his is the deciding vote . Dare cannot be bribed , so his opponents spirited him away in a novel fashion . But the girl finds where he is hidden and brings him back , although he is much injured . He reaches his seat in time to cast the needed vote , and to astound and defeat the lobby . Cast and production The only known credit in the cast is Julia M. Taylor as Violet Gray . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not cite any scenario or directorial credits . At this time the Thanhouser company operated out of their studio in New Rochelle , New York . In October 1910 , an article in The Moving Picture World described the improvements to the studio as having permanently installed a lighting arrangement that was previously experimental in nature . The studio had amassed a collection of props for the productions and dressing rooms had been constructed for the actors . The studio had installed new equipment in the laboratories to improve the quality of the films . By 1911 , the Thanhouser company was recognized as one of leading Independent film makers , but Carl Laemmle 's Independent Moving Picture Company ( IMP ) captured most of the publicity . Two production companies were maintained by the company , the first under Barry O 'Neil and the second under Lucius J. Henderson and John Noble , an assistant director to Henderson . Though the company had at least two Bianchi cameras from Columbia Phonograph Company , it is believed that imported cameras were also used . The Bianchi cameras were unreliable and inferior to competitors , but it was believed to be a non infringing camera , though with rare fortune it could shoot up to 200 feet of film before requiring repairs . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on January 13 , 1911 . This would be billed as the second in the series following the successful Love And Law film . The two later releases would be The Norwood Necklace and The Court 's Decree would conclude the Violet Gray , Detective series . Apparently the film series made an impact because the Lubin Manufacturing Company released a film under the title Violet Dare , Detective in June 1913 . The film received a positive review from The Billboard for its interest plot , good acting and photography . The New York Dramatic Mirror found the film to be a good melodrama , but found fault in that a woman detective was used to resolve the case when the part would have had more dignity and realism if the case was resolved by a man . The film would be shown in Pennsylvania and be advertised by theaters even a year after its release .
1,273	Microgale macpheei is an extinct shrew tenrec from southeastern Madagascar . It is known only from two partial skulls found in Andrahomana cave , which radiocarbon dating of associated rodent remains suggests are about 2000 years old . It is the only known recently extinct tenrec . First described in 2007 , it is most similar to the smaller Microgale brevicaudata of northern and western Madagascar . M. macpheei has a broad rostrum ( front part of the skull ) and , like M. brevicaudata , lacks a diastema ( gap ) between the premolars . A number of details of tooth morphology are characteristic of M. macpheei . Taxonomy Remains of shrew tenrecs ( Microgale ) were found during expeditions to the cave of Andrahomana in southeastern Madagascar , led by David Burney in 2000 and 2003 . The Microgale material was described as a new species , M. macpheei , in 2007 by Steven Goodman , Natalie Vasey , and Burney . The species was named after Ross MacPhee in honor of his contributions to knowledge of the genus Microgale and the paleontology of Madagascar . Goodman and colleagues considered the living Microgale brevicaudata from northern and western Madagascar to be the closest relative of M. macpheei some populations of this tenrec have since been separated into a different species , M. grandidieri . The common name MacPhee 's shrew tenrec has been proposed for M. macpheei . The genus of M. macpheei , Microgale , includes more than 20 species and is the largest of the tenrec family , which includes a variety of other Madagascan mammals . Description Microgale macpheei is known from two specimens a damaged cranium ( skull without mandibles , or lower jaws ) lacking the back part ( the parietal bones and further back ) as well as the incisors , canines , and second premolars and another damaged cranium lacking the same parts as well as the left toothrow . Both show no evidence of ongoing tooth replacement , indicating that the permanent dentition is complete . M. macpheei was larger in most measurements than M. brevicaudata , but because of small samples , some differences are not statistically significant . The length of the bony palate in the two specimens of M. macpheei is 9 . 4 and 9 . 7 mm , compared to 7 . 1 to 9 . 0 mm in eight adult M. brevicaudata . In both specimens , the length of the molar row is 3 . 0 mm , compared to 2 . 4 to 2 . 8 mm in the sample of M. brevicaudata . The rostrum ( front part of the skull ) is short and blunt in both M. macpheei and M. brevicaudata , contrasting with the condition in other Microgale , but the rostrum of M. brevicaudata is distinctly more tapered at the front , whereas that of M. macpheei is more blunt at the front . Unlike other Microgale , M. brevicaudata and M. macpheei lack gaps ( diastemata ) between the premolars . M. macpheei had larger , more robust teeth than M. brevicaudata . In both species , the unk and unk , two crests , on the fourth premolar ( P4 ) and the molars are reduced relative to the condition in other Microgale . M. macpheei lacks an extension of the protocone cusp on the lingual ( inner ) side of the third upper premolar ( P3 ) and P4 , present in M. brevicaudata , and has the paracone cusp on P4 less well developed . On the other hand , the front part of the unk crest on P4 is larger . The relative lengths of some of the crests on the two last molars also differ between the two species . Distribution and ecology Microgale macpheei is known only from the cave of Andrahomana . Its past presence there , like that of the extinct rodent Hypogeomys australis , suggests formerly more mesic ( wet ) conditions around the cave , which is currently in a dry area . In addition to M. macpheei , three other tenrecs have been described from subfossil material , but none are currently recognized as valid species thus , M. macpheei is at present the only known Recently extinct tenrec species . However , there is a remnant patch of mesic forest near Andrahomana , where a population of M. macpheei may survive . Although no radiocarbon dating has been carried out on M. macpheei remains , bones of the rodent Macrotarsomys petteri from layers in the same cave deposit bracketing those where M. macpheei was found yield dates of around unk and 1760 Before Present .
1,274	The Battle of Krasos was a battle in the Arab Byzantine Wars that took place in August 804 , between the Byzantines under Emperor Nikephoros I ( r . 802 811 ) and an Abbasid army under Ibrahim ibn Jibril . Nikephoros ' accession in 802 resulted in a resumption of warfare between Byzantium and the Abbasid Caliphate . In late summer 804 , the Abbasids had invaded Byzantine Asia Minor for one of their customary raids , and Nikephoros set out to meet them . He was surprised , however , at Krasos and heavily defeated , barely escaping with his own life . A truce and prisoner exchange were afterwards arranged . Despite his defeat , and a massive Abbasid invasion the next year , Nikephoros persevered until troubles in the eastern provinces of the Caliphate forced the Abbasids to conclude a peace . Background The deposition of Empress Irene of Athens ( r . 797 802 ) , in October 802 , and subsequent accession of Nikephoros I signalled a more violent phase in the long history of the Arab Byzantine Wars . Following a series of destructive annual raids across Asia Minor by the Caliphate , Irene seems to have secured a truce with Harun al Rashid in 798 in exchange for the annual payment of tribute , repeating the terms agreed for a three year truce following Harun 's first large scale campaign in 782 . Nikephoros , on the other hand , was more warlike and determined to refill the imperial treasury by , among other measures , ceasing the tribute . Harun retaliated at once , launching a raid under his son al Qasim . Nikephoros could not respond to this , as he faced an ultimately unsuccessful revolt of the Asian army under its commander in chief , Bardanes Tourkos . After disposing of Bardanes , Nikephoros assembled his army and marched out himself to meet a second , larger invasion under the Caliph himself . After Harun raided the frontier region , the two armies confronted each other for two months in central Asia Minor , but it did not come to a battle Nikephoros and Harun exchanged letters , until the Emperor arranged for a withdrawal and a truce for the remainder of the year in exchange for a one off payment of tribute . Battle In August 804 , Harun dispatched another raid under his general Ibrahim ibn Jibril . The Arabs crossed into Asia Minor through the Cilician Gates and raided freely . Nikephoros set out to meet them , but was forced to return before he could do so , due to some unspecified event at his back ( Warren Treadgold surmises news of a possible conspiracy ) . On his march home , however , the Arabs launched a surprise attack at Krasos in Phrygia and defeated his army . According to al Tabari , the Byzantines lost 40 , 700 men and 4 , 000 pack animals , while the Emperor himself was wounded three times . The Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor confirms that the imperial army lost many men and that Nikephoros was almost killed himself saved only by the bravery of his officers . Aftermath Preoccupied with trouble in Khurasan , Harun now accepted tribute and made peace . An exchange of prisoners was also arranged and took place during the winter at the two empires ' border , on the Lamos river in Cilicia some 3 , 700 Muslims were exchanged for the Byzantines taken captive in the previous years . During Harun 's absence in Khurasan , however , Nikephoros used the opportunity to rebuild the destroyed walls of the towns of Safsaf , Thebasa , and Ancyra . The following summer he launched the first Byzantine raid for two decades into the Arab frontier district ( thughur ) in Cilicia . The Byzantine army raided and took prisoners as it went , even capturing the major Abbasid stronghold of Tarsus . At the same time , another Byzantine force raided the Upper Mesopotamian thughur and unsuccessfully besieged the fortress of Melitene , while a Byzantine instigated rebellion against the local Arab garrison began in Cyprus . Harun retaliated with a massive invasion in 806 , which forced Nikephoros to come to terms , but the Byzantine ruler soon violated them and prevailed over the Abbasid expeditions sent against him in 807 . Following renewed trouble in Khurasan , a peace treaty was signed in 808 which left the Byzantine frontier zone intact and ended the payment of tribute to the Caliphate .
1,275	Krohn Air AS was a virtual , regional airline whose primary route was between Molde Airport , r to Trondheim Airport , Vrnes in Norway . The airline was established in 2010 after Scandinavian Airlines pulled out of the Molde Trondheim route . The airline aimed at the business segment , with early morning departures and two daily round trips . Services were originally flown using a Dornier Do 328 operated by Sun Air of Scandinavia . Later in that year , Krohn Air acquired a Jetstream 32 and started flights from Molde to Bergen Airport , Flesland and Stavanger Airport , Sola , but these services did not have sufficient patronage and were later terminated . By 2011 , the aircraft operation was transferred to Helitrans . In the spring of 2013 the aircraft operation was transferred to AIS Airlines , using two British Aerospace Jetstream 32 . The airline started a service from lesund Airport , Vigra to Trondheim in March 2013 , but pulled out in September . The airline ceased operations on 4 February 2014 . History From 31 January 2010 , Scandinavian Airlines terminated its service from Molde to Trondheim . Krohn Air started operations on 3 February 2010 on the same route , using a Dornier Do 328 wet leased from Sun Air of Scandinavia . The airline was established and fully owned by Claus Krohn , a local businessman , who was 76 years old at the time . SAS stated in 2011 that they did not regret closing the route , as with the size of aircraft they operated they would need in excess of 20 , 000 passengers per year on the route , while Krohn Air could survive with fewer because they used smaller aircraft . On 28 June , the Scandinavian Airlines route from Molde to Bergen was taken over by Widere . However , while Scandinavian Airlines previously flew from Molde at 06 45 , Widere 's first flight departed at 08 55 . Krohn Air stated that it saw this as a market opportunity to provide a business service from Molde to Bergen . Krohn Air had just bought a Jetstream 32 from Sun Air , which it planned to use on a new route from Kristiansund Airport , Kvernberget to Trondheim . However , after Widere stated that it would start that route in 2011 , Krohn Air changed their plans and announced that the aircraft would instead be used on the route from Molde to Bergen . The Bergen service was started on 31 August . On 7 September , the airline announced it would start services from Molde to Stavanger Airport , Sola on 13 August . Because there were few passengers , the services to Bergen and Stavanger were terminated from 19 November 2010 . Krohn Air bought both aircraft from Sun Air , but later decided that they would lease aircraft . Krohn Air paid 21 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) for the Dornier and NOK 9 . 5 million for the Jetstream . The Dornier was sold back to Sun Air , whilst the Jetstream was sold to Helitrans , who took over operation of the route . However , there arose a disagreement between Krohn Air and Sun Air regarding the price of the Dornier , which was settled in court . The settlement resulted in a loss of NOK 13 million for Krohn Air . In 2010 , the airline transported 14 , 000 people and had a revenue of NOK 17 million , allowing Krohn Air to break even . On 14 February 2011 , the company increased the service from Molde to Trondheim from two to four daily services in each direction , from Monday through Thursday . From 2010 to 2012 the airline had an accumulated loss of NOK 3 . 3 million . This later was reduced back to a typical twice daily schedule . A twice daily route from lesund to Trondheim was introduced on 3 March 2013 . The lesund service was terminated on 13 September 2013 , with Krohn stating that they were lacking two to three passengers per flight to break even . The company had a revenue of NOK 19 million in 2013 . Krohn Air ceased all operations on 4 February 2014 , and filed for bankruptcy the following day . Widere commenced flights on the Molde Trondheim route from 1 September 2014 . Operation Krohn Air was a virtual airline , with a single Jetstream 32 operated by AIS Airlines . The airline provided two daily round trips between Molde Airport , r and Trondheim Airport , Vrnes . As of 2013 Claus Krohn owned 90 percent of the company , and Roy Uren was co owner . Destinations
1,276	CSS Missouri was a Confederate States Navy casemate ironclad paddle steamer deployed on the Red River during the American Civil War . For most of the war she was trapped in the Shreveport , Louisiana area by low water on the Red River . The ship was surrendered in June 1865 to the United States Navy and sold in November . Description Missouri was 183 feet ( 55 . 8 m ) long overall , had a beam of 53 feet 8 inches ( 16 . 4 m ) and a draft of 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 . 6 m ) . Her casemate extended for most of the length of the ship and was 130 feet 6 inches ( 39 . 8 m ) long . It partially enclosed her 22 foot 6 inch ( 6 . 9 m ) diameter center paddle wheel in a recess at the aft end of the casemate the upper 8 feet 4 inches ( 2 . 5 m ) of the paddle wheel protruded above the casemate and was totally unprotected . The stern wheel was powered by two steam engines taken from the steamboat Grand Era four boilers provided steam to the engines and were connected to a single funnel . The ship had a maximum speed of 6 miles per hour ( 5 . 2 kn ) . Missouri 's armor consisted of railroad T rails , laid alternately with the crowns up and down . They were spiked to the backing of 23 inch ( 580 mm ) of yellow pine , but not closely together enough to give them a solid surface . On the sides of the ship , they were laid diagonally , but were vertical on the bow and stern faces of the casemate . The armor extended approximately 6 feet ( 1 . 8 m ) below the waterline . The casemate was sloped at an angle of 30 . The deck fore and aft of the casemate was also protected by T rails . At the forward end of the casemate was a pilothouse that was raised 19 inches ( 480 mm ) above the deck . She was built of green timber , caulked with cotton and leaked like a sieve . Despite her three rudders , her stern wheel made her difficult to steer . The casemate had eight gun ports , two in the bow face and three on each side , although only three guns were mounted in the ship . A smoothbore 11 inch ( 279 mm ) Dahlgren pivot gun was mounted in the starboard forward position . It could fire out of the starboard bow port or the forward starboard broadside port . It weighed approximately 16 , 000 pounds ( 7 , 300 kg ) and could fire a 136 pound ( 61 . 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 3 , 650 yards ( 3 , 340 m ) at an elevation of 15 . An old 32 pounder ( 14 . 5 kg ) siege gun was in the equivalent position on the port side of the ship . The characteristics of this gun cannot be reliably determined because the United States produced a multitude of 32 pounder guns before the Civil War , but none of them were designated as siege guns . The third gun was a smoothbore 9 inch ( 229 mm ) Dahlgren pivot gun that could fire out of either of the two aft broadside gun ports . It weighed approximately 9 , 200 pounds ( 4 , 200 kg ) and could fire a 72 . 5 pound ( 32 . 9 kg ) shell up to a range of 3 , 357 yards ( 3 , 070 m ) at an elevation of 15 . Construction and service The Confederate Navy Department authorized the construction of one or more ironclad warships at Shreveport on 3 October 1862 and Lieutenant Jonathan H. Carter signed a contract for two ships on 1 November . The keel of the first ship was laid the following month and she was launched on 14 April 1863 . The ship was commissioned on 12 September 1863 with the name of Missouri , after the high water season on the Red River had ended . Lieutenant Commander Charles Fauntleroy was appointed as her captain , although he told Lieutenant Carter that he hoped the damned boat would sink and that he never intended to serve on her if he could help it . The low water prevented Missouri from playing any part in the Red River Campaign of early 1864 . In September , Lieutenant Carter commanded an unsuccessful attempt to seize the gunboat USS Rattler using men from the crews of Missouri and CSS Webb . In March 1865 , the river began to rise and Missouri was able to leave the Shreveport area for the first time . She reached Alexandria , Louisiana on 8 April and anchored where she could defend the town . Lieutenant Carter surrendered the ship to Union forces on 3 June , the last Confederate ironclad to surrender . After her armor was removed , Missouri was sold at public auction on 29 November .
1,277	Who Said is a pop song by American recording artist and actress Miley Cyrus . She is performing as Hannah Montana the alter ego of Miley Stewart , a character she plays on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana . The song was written by Matthew Gerrard , Robbie Nevil , and Jay Landers and produced by Gerrard . It was released on July 11 , 2006 by Walt Disney Records as a promotional single from the series ' first soundtrack , Hannah Montana . Who Said bears teen pop aspects musically , while its lyrics are about individualism . In the United States , the song peaked at number eighty three on the Billboard Hot 100 and within the top seventy on the Pop 100 . Its appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 made Cyrus the first act to have seven songs appear on the chart in the same week . A music video for Who Said was released , taken from footage of a concert performance . Background and composition Who Said was composed by Matthew Gerrard with the aid of Robbie Nevil and Jay Landers . Gerrard co wrote a total of six songs on Hannah Montana while Nevil co wrote four and Landers two . A karaoke version appears on Disney 's Karaoke Series Hannah Montana ( 2007 ) , while a remixed version appears on Hits Remixed ( 2008 ) . The song first premiered on Radio Disney on March 10 , 2006 in order to promote the series and was afterward released as a promotional single from Hannah Montana on July 11 , 2006 to digital retailers . The album artwork for the release was the same as the soundtrack 's . Who Said is pop song with a length of three minutes and fifteen seconds . The song incorporates various teen pop styles within its music , according to Allmusic . The song is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is written in the key of E major and Cyrus ' vocals span two octaves , from B3 to C 5 . Who Said follows the chord progression of E A. Chris William of Entertainment Weekly perceived the lyrics of Who Said pertained to individualism , noting the lines I 'm individual I 'm not like anyone . Reception Critical reception Chris William of Entertainment Weekly described Who Said ' s style as a simultaneous mimic of the styles of Avril Lavigne , Ashlee Simpson , and Britney Spears , which he felt contracted its lyrical theme . Chart performance As it was not released as a single , Who Said received exclusive airplay on Radio Disney , thus its chart appearances consisted mainly of digital downloads . On the week ending August 5 , 2006 , the song debuted at number ninety two on the Billboard Hot 100 succeeding the appearance , the song dropped from the chart . Following the release of the Hannah Montana soundtrack , the song entered Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs Chart at number forty four , which led to a reappearance on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending November 11 , 2006 . Who Said re entered the Billboard Hot 100 at its peak of eighty three , thus becoming one of the songs to make Cyrus the female act with the most songs charting in the same week . The record was later duplicated by Taylor Swift . The song also peaked at number sixty three on the now defunct Pop 100 Chart . Who Said peaked at number sixty five on the Hot Canadian Digital Singles chart . Live performances Cyrus , costumed as Montana , first performed Who Said , along with six other songs , at the concert taping for the first season of Hannah Montana . In the performance , Cyrus dressed in a white tank top embroidered with a rhinestone cross , blue jeans with a loose , black miniskirt on top of it , black leather boots , and silver leather jacket . It began with Cyrus entering from behind a huge , illuminated sign that spelled Hannah Montana . She then roamed throughout the stage singing the number . The performance was later released as the song 's music video on April 10 , 2006 on Disney Channel . Cyrus also performed the song on twenty dates in the fall of 2006 , when she opened for the Cheetah Girls ' 2006 and 2007 concert tour The Party 's Just Begun Tour . Track listings U.S. Digital Download Who Said ( Radio Edit ) 3 17 U.S. iTunes Digital Download Who Said ( Radio Edit ) 3 17 Radio Disney Interview 1 25 Charts
1,278	USS Osage was a single turreted Neosho class monitor built for the Union Navy during the American Civil War . After completion in mid 1863 , the ship patrolled the Mississippi River against Confederate raids and ambushes as part of Rear Admiral David Porter 's Mississippi Squadron . Osage participated in the Red River Campaign in March May 1864 , during which she supported the capture of Fort DeRussy in March and participated in the Battle of Blair 's Landing in April . The ship was grounded on a sandbar for six months after the end of the campaign and badly damaged . Osage , after being refloated and repaired , was transferred to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron in early 1865 for the campaign against Mobile , Alabama . During the Battle of Spanish Fort in March 1865 she struck a mine and rapidly sank . The ship was later salvaged and sold in 1867 . Design and description The steam powered gun turret of the Osage was at the bow and she had a deckhouse between the funnel and the sternwheel , although another was later added between the turret and the funnel . Her pilothouse was positioned above the rear deckhouse , next to the forward face of the sternwheel . The ship was 180 feet ( 54 . 9 m ) long overall and had a beam of 45 feet ( 13 . 7 m ) . When launched she proved to have a draft 1 foot ( 0 . 3 m ) deeper than planned and she measured 523 tons burthen . Osage had four steam boilers powering a two cylinder , western steamboat type engine that drove the sternwheel . The ship had a maximum speed of 12 miles per hour ( 19 km h ) in service and she carried 50 long tons ( 51 t ) of coal . Her crew numbered 100 officers and enlisted men . Osage 's main armament consisted of two smoothbore 11 inch ( 279 mm ) Dahlgren guns mounted in a single turret that had an arc of fire of 300 . Firing the guns tended to jam the turret until modifications were made to the guns ' recoil system . Each gun weighed approximately 16 , 000 pounds ( 7 , 300 kg ) . They could fire a 136 pound ( 61 . 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 3 , 650 yards ( 3 , 340 m ) at an elevation of 15 . The turret was protected by 6 inches ( 152 mm ) of wrought iron while the hull had 2 . 5 inches ( 64 mm ) of armor . The armor plates of the deck and paddle housing were 1 . 25 inches ( 32 mm ) thick . Service Osage , named after the American Indian tribe , was laid down in mid 1862 and launched 13 January 1863 by James Eads at his Union Iron Works , Carondelet , Missouri . She was commissioned at Cairo , Illinois on 10 July 1863 , with Acting Volunteer Lieutenant Joseph unk unk in command . After completion , the ship was assigned to Rear Admiral David Porter 's Mississippi Squadron and patrolled the Mississippi River against Confederate raids and ambushes . During the Red River Campaign Osage was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Thomas O. Selfridge , Jr . She supported the Union Army when it captured Fort DeRussy and captured Alexandria , Louisiana by herself on 15 March 1864 without firing a shot . She successfully defended the navy transports attacked during the Battle of Blair 's Landing on 12 April , driving off the Confederate forces with heavy losses after having run aground and freed herself . After the end of the campaign in May she was assigned to patrol the Mississippi River . During that month she grounded on a sandbar near Helena , Arkansas and could not be refloated due to the rapidly falling water level even when some of her armor was removed . As the water receded Osage began to hog at the ends because only her middle was supported by the sand . This caused her longitudinal bulkheads to split and broke many rivets in her hull and on her deck . She was repaired in place before being refloated at the end of November . After being towed to Mound City for more permanent repairs , Osage was transferred to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron on 1 February 1865 for the attack on Mobile , Alabama . She participated in the Battle of Spanish Fort , defending Mobile from the east , but struck a mine in a previously swept channel and sank rapidly on 29 March . Two crewmen were killed and some others wounded . The ship was later refloated and sold at auction at New Orleans on 22 November 1867 , along with three ex Confederate ships , for 20 , 467 .
1,279	Tonga competed in the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games held in the British Crown Dependency of Isle of Man from 7 to 13 September 2011 . Their participation marked their second Commonwealth Youth Games appearance . The delegation of Tonga consisted of three officials and four competitors ( two men and two women ) participating in three different sports athletics , boxing and swimming . This was a decrease in the number of athletes from the nation 's last appearance at the Games , when nine athletes were sent to the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games in Pune . Heamasi Sekona won a bronze in the light heavyweight class of boxing without winning a single bout . Sekona was the only medalist from Tongan side . None of the rest three athletes advanced past the qualifying stages , and thus did not win any medals . Katiloka ranked eighth overall in the qualifying round for triple jump middleweight boxer , Pomale , lost to Cody Crowley of Canada in his first round match . Additionally , Prescott ranked 18th and 13th in the heat rounds of 50 m and 100 m backstroke events respectively . Sekona 's was the first medal for Tonga in the history of the Games . Background Independent Tonga became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 , and debuted in the Commonwealth Games in 1974 in Christchurch , New Zealand . Tonga did not participate in first two 2000 Edinburgh and 2004 Bendigo Commonwealth Youth Games . It entered nine athletes ( two men and seven women ) in the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games in Pune , India , competed in athletics , table tennis and tennis but failed to win any medal . Tonga was one of the 63 nations that participated in the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games held in the British Crown Dependency of Isle of Man from 7 to 13 September 2011 , making its second Commonwealth Youth Games appearance . Tonga finished last in the medal table , in 22nd , sharing the position with nine other Commonwealth Games Associations . Delegation The Tonga Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee selected a delegation consisting of three officials and four competitors for the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games . None of the athletes had previously participated in the Commonwealth Youth Games . The first , Ana Katiloka , was the sole athlete to represent the nation in athletics . Two pugilists Tevita Pomale and Heamasi Sekona competed in the middleweight and light heavyweight classes . Irene Prescott , as the only swimmer from Tongan side , participated in two events . Also in the delegation as a chef de mission of Tonga for the Games was Hiko unk . The delegation was also accompanied by the head boxing coach Lolo unk . The final member of the delegation was Sione Prescott as an extra official . Athletics Athletics events were held in the National Sports Center Athletics Stadium . Ana Katiloka represented Tonga in the triple jump event of athletics . This event took place on 11 September 2011 . Katiloka 's best jump in the event was 10 . 41 m , and she finished last ( eighth ) in the final standings . The gold medal in this event was won by Nat unk of Australia with a best jump of 12 . 55 m . Boxing Tonga 's boxing squad consisted of two pugilists , Tevita Pomale and Heamasi Sekona , who participated in the middleweight and light heavyweight classes , respectively . Pomale was eliminated in the first round after losing to Cody Crowley of Canada . Sekona won a bronze medal in the light heavyweight class without winning a single match . He received a bye in his first match ( quarterfinals ) , and lost to Calum Evans of Wales in the semifinals by a points difference of 23 14 . The semifinal appearance of Sekona guaranteed him a bronze medal , which he shared with Jack Massey of England another semifinalist who lost to gold medalist of the event , Brandon Allan of Australia . Bye Athlete received a bye . Swimming Irene Prescott was the sole swimmer in the delegation of Tonga . She competed in two events , the 50 and 100 m unk . Prescott took a time of 33 . 52 to complete her preliminary heat of the 50 m backstroke and finished in 18th place , not high enough to ensure a berth in the final . She was also eliminated in the preliminary heat of 100 m backstroke after ranking 13th with a time of 1 13 . 42 .
1,280	The Brazilian monitor Santa Catharina ( in modern spelling , Santa Catarina ) was the sixth , and last , ship of the Par class river monitors built for the Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the late 1860s . By the time she was completed the war was winding down and she only had one significant engagement against Paraguayan forces in 1869 . The ship was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla after the war . Santa Catharina sank at her moorings while under repair in 1882 . Design and description The Par class monitors were designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for small , shallow draft armored ships capable of withstanding heavy fire . The monitor configuration was chosen as a turreted design did not have the same problems engaging enemy ships and fortifications as did the central battery ironclads already in Brazilian service . The oblong gun turret sat on a circular platform that had a central pivot . It was rotated by four men via a system of gears 2 . 25 minutes were required for a full 360 rotation . A bronze ram was fitted to these ships as well . The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling . The ships measured 39 meters ( 127 ft 11 in ) long overall , with a beam of 8 . 54 meters ( 28 ft 0 in ) . They had a draft between of 1 . 51 1 . 54 meters ( 4 ft 11 in 5 ft 1 in ) and displaced 500 metric tons ( 490 long tons ) . With only 0 . 3 meters ( 1 ft 0 in ) of freeboard they had to be towed between Rio de Janeiro and their area of operations . Their crew numbered 43 officers and men . Propulsion The Par class ships had two direct acting steam engines , each driving a single 1 . 3 meter ( 4 ft 3 in ) propeller . Their engines were powered by two tubular boilers at a working pressure of 59 psi ( 407 kPa 4 kgf cm2 ) . The engines produced a total of 180 indicated horsepower ( 130 kW ) which gave the monitors a maximum speed of 8 knots ( 15 km h 9 . 2 mph ) in calm waters . The ships carried enough coal for one day 's steaming . Armament Santa Catharina had a single 120 pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loader ( RML ) in her gun turret . The gun had a maximum range of about 5 , 540 meters ( 6 , 060 yd ) . The 7 inch ( 178 mm ) shell of the 120 pounder gun weighed 151 pounds ( 68 . 5 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 16 , 660 pounds ( 7 , 556 . 8 kg ) . Most unusually the guns ' Brazilian designed iron carriage was designed to pivot vertically at the muzzle this was done to minimize the size of the gunport through which splinters and shells could enter . Armor The hull of the Par class ships was made from three layers of wood that alternated in orientation . It was 457 millimeters ( 18 . 0 in ) thick and was capped with a 102 millimeter ( 4 in ) layer of peroba hardwood . The ships had a complete wrought iron waterline belt , 0 . 91 meters ( 3 . 0 ft ) high . It had a maximum thickness of 102 millimeters amidships , decreasing to 76 millimeters ( 3 in ) and 51 millimeters ( 2 in ) at the ship 's ends . The curved deck was armored with 12 . 7 millimeters ( 0 . 5 in ) of wrought iron . The gun turret was shaped like a rectangle with rounded corners . It was built much like the hull , but the front of the turret was protected by 152 millimeters ( 6 in ) of armor , the sides by 102 millimeters and the rear by 76 millimeters . Its roof and the exposed portions of the platform it rested upon were protected by 12 . 7 millimeters of armor . The armored pilothouse was positioned ahead of the turret . Service Santa Catharina was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Crte in Rio de Janeiro on 8 December 1866 , during the Paraguayan War , which saw Argentina and Brazil allied against Paraguay . She was launched on 5 May 1868 and commissioned the next month . She reached Paraguay in mid 1868 , when the war was winding down . Santa Catharina , together with her sister ships Cear and Piau , broke through the Paraguayan defenses at Guaraio on 29 April 1869 and drove off the defenders . The monitor provided fire support to the army for the rest of the war . After the war she was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla . While docked for repairs in 1882 , Santa Catharina sank at her moorings due to the poor condition of her hull . Her ultimate fate is unknown .
1,281	Velites ( singular unk ) were a class of infantry in the Roman army of the mid Republic . Velites were light infantry and skirmishers who were armed with a number of light javelins ( Latin hastae unk ) to fling at the enemy , and also carried short thrusting swords , or gladii , for use in melee . They rarely wore armour as they were the youngest and poorest soldiers in the legion and could not afford much equipment . They did carry small wooden shields for protection though , and wore a headdress made from wolf skin to allow officers to differentiate between them and other heavier legionaries . Velites did not form their own units a number of them were attached to each maniple of hastati , principes and triarii . They were typically used as a screening force , driving off enemy skirmishers and disrupting enemy formations with javelin throws before retiring behind the lines to allow the heavier armed hastati to attack . They were normally the ones who engaged war elephants and chariots if they were present on the field their high mobility and ranged weaponry made them much more effective against these enemies than heavy infantry . An early Roman legion contained approximately 1000 velites . Velites were eventually done away with after the Marian reforms . Equipment and organization Velites were the youngest and usually the poorest soldiers in the legion , and could rarely afford much equipment . They were armed with hastae unk , light javelins with tips designed to bend on impact to prevent it being thrown back , similar to the heavier pila of other legionaries . As backup weapons , they also carried gladii , relatively short thrusting swords 74 centimetres ( 29 inches ) in length that were the main weapons of the hastati and principes . They fought in a very loose , staggered formation like most irregular troops and carried small round shields , 90 cm ( 3 feet ) in diameter . In the legion , the velites were attached to each maniple of hastati , principes and triarii . They usually formed up at the front of the legion before battle to harass the enemy with javelin throws and to prevent the enemy doing the same before retiring behind the lines to allow the heavier infantry to attack . In a pitched battle , the velites would form up at the front of the legion and cover the advance of the hastati , who were armed with swords , and were the first line of attack . If the hastati failed to break the enemy , they would fall back and let the principes , similarly equipped though more experienced infantry , take over . If the principes failed , they would retire behind the triarii , heavily armoured , spear armed legionaries and let them carry on . History Velites were descended from an earlier class of light infantry , leves , dating from the Camillan legion of the 5th century BC , who had a very similar role to the velites . They were also the poorer and younger soldiers in the legion , though the rorarii and accensi classes were considerably poorer and were eventually done away with , having insufficient equipment to be effective soldiers . Leves were likewise armed with a number of javelins , but carried a spear rather than a sword . Like the velites , leves did not have their own units , but were attached to units of hastati . Velites were first used at the siege of Capua in 211 BC , and were made up of citizens who would normally be too poor to join the hastati but were called up due a shortage of manpower . They were trained to ride on horseback with the unk and jump down at a given signal to fling javelins at the enemy . After the siege , they were adopted into the legions as a force of irregular light infantry for ambushing and harassing the enemy with javelins before the battle began in earnest . With the formal military reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BC , designed to combat a shortage of manpower due to wars against Jugurtha , the different classes of units were done away with entirely . The wealth and age requirements were scrapped . Now soldiers would join as a career , rather than as service to the city , and would all be equipped as medium infantry with the same , state purchased equipment . unk , local irregular troops , would now be used to fulfill other roles such as archery , skirmishing and flanking .
1,282	The Little Hero of Holland is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . It is an adaptation of the short fictional story popularized in Hans Brinker , or The Silver Skates , about a boy who plugs a leaking dike with his finger to prevent it from bursting . The role of the boy was played by Marie Eline , but little else is known about the production and cast of the film . The director may have been Barry O 'Neil and the writer may have been Lloyd Lonergan . Parts of the film were shot on Glen Park Island in New Rochelle , New York . The film was released on June 17 , 1910 and saw a wide release , including the United Kingdom . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis of the film was published in The Moving Picture World on June 18 , 1910 . It states Hans is a little Dutch boy , the son of a poor fisherman . He , like all children of Holland , is early impressed with the fact that the safety of the whole community depends on the strength of the dike . He is sent upon an errand to his aunt late one evening . Walking along the foot of the dike , he discovers a tiny hole , through which the water is pouring . Realizing that if left to flow through even this small aperture , the water would soon break down the dike and flood the village , he sticks his tiny finger in the hole , and waits for someone to come to his assistance . Night comes on . His family decided he has stayed with his aunt , and do not worry about him . In the morning he is found almost unconscious from fatigue and exposure , by his little sister who has been searching for him . She runs back and notifies the villagers , who come to his assistance , repair the dike , and carry the little hero back to the village in triumph . He is received by the burgomaster and praised by the minister . By his night 's heroism he has made himself a place in history , and will always be known as ' the little hero of Holland . ' Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser , averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915 . The film was an adaptation of the fictional story that was popularized in Hans Brinker , or The Silver Skates . The name of the boy , Hans , may be a reference to the erroneous association to unnamed character in the book . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . Many of the scenes for the film were shot at Glen Park in New Rochelle , New York . Only Marie Eline 's credit as Hans , the young boy , is credited . Eline had previously played an Italian boy in The Two Roses . The other members cast may have included the leading players of the Thanhouser productions , Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane . Rosemond was one of two leading ladies for the first year of the company . Crane was also involved in the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company and acted in numerous productions before becoming a director at Thanhouser . Release The single reel drama , approximate 650 feet long , was released on June 17 , 1910 . Some trade publications list the length of the film as 1000 feet though . The United Kingdom release of the film may have had the name of the hero changed to Peter . A synopsis in The Bioscope on October 27 , 1910 refers to the hero by the name Peter . This alternative name for the hero of the story can be found in the 1910 publication of Reader 1st 4th by D. Appleton and Company . A review in The Moving Picture World was neutral because it lacked specific praise or criticism of the production . The film had a wide release , advertisements for the showing in theaters include those in Pennsylvania , Oklahoma , Indiana , and Missouri . The film is presumed lost .
1,283	SM UB 11 was a German Type UB I submarine or U boat in the German Imperial Navy ( German Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. UB 11 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in November . UB 11 was a little under 28 metres ( 92 ft ) in length and displaced between 127 and 141 tonnes ( 125 and 139 long tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck mounted machine gun . She was launched and commissioned as SM UB 11 in March 1915 . UB 11 's commanding officer at commissioning only remained in charge of the ship for a week . Sources do not report any more commanding officers assigned through the end of the war , so it 's not clear if the submarine remained in commission . UB 11 was reported in use as a training vessel at Kiel in September 1915 . The U boat made no war patrols and sank no ships during the war , which may indicate that the vessel remained in a training role . At the end of the war , UB 11 was deemed unseaworthy and unable to surrender at Harwich with the rest of Germany 's U boat fleet . She remained in Germany where she was broken up by Stinnes in February 1920 . Design and construction After the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I , the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . Project 34 , a design effort begun in mid August 1914 , produced the Type UB I design a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled . Constrained by railroad size limitations , the UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and displacing about 125 tonnes ( 123 long tons ) with two torpedo tubes . UB 11 was part of the initial allotment of seven submarines numbered UB 9 to UB 15 ordered on 15 October from AG Weser of Bremen , just shy of two months after planning for the class began . UB 11 was laid down by Weser in Bremen on 7 November . As built , UB 11 was 27 . 88 metres ( 91 ft 6 in ) long , 3 . 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) abeam , and had a draft of 3 . 03 metres ( 9 ft 11 in ) . She had a single 59 brake horsepower ( 44 kW ) Krting 4 cylinder diesel engine for surface travel , and a single 119 shaft horsepower ( 89 kW ) Siemens Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel , both attached to a single propeller shaft . Her top speeds were 7 . 45 knots ( 13 . 80 km h 8 . 57 mph ) , surfaced , and 6 . 24 knots ( 11 . 56 km h 7 . 18 mph ) , submerged . At more moderate speeds , she could sail up to 1 , 500 nautical miles ( 2 , 800 km 1 , 700 mi ) on the surface before refueling , and up to 45 nautical miles ( 83 km 52 mi ) submerged before recharging her batteries . Like all boats of the class , UB 11 was rated to a diving depth of 50 metres ( 160 ft ) , and could completely submerge in 33 seconds . UB 11 was armed with two 45 centimeter ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes . She was also outfitted for a single 8 millimeter ( 0 . 31 in ) machine gun on deck . UB 11 's standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men . After work on UB 11 was complete at the Weser yard , she was launched on 2 March . Career The submarine was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB 11 on 4 March 1915 under the command of Kapitnleutnant ( Kapt . ) Ralph Wenninger , a 25 year old first time U boat commander . Wenninger was only in command of UB 11 for a week . Sources do not indicate who , if anyone , succeeded him as commander of UB 11 , or if UB 11 remained in commission . According to authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast , UB 11 had been assigned to the Kiel Periscope School by September 1915 . Uboat.net reports that UB 11 ' undertook no war patrols and had no successes against enemy ships , which may indicate that the vessel remained in use only as a training vessel . At the end of the war , the Allies required all German U boats to be sailed to Harwich for surrender . UB 11 was one of eight U boats deemed unseaworthy and allowed to remain in Germany . UB 11 was broken up by Stinnes on 3 February 1920 .
1,284	Route 109 is a 3 . 06 mile ( 4 . 92 km ) state highway located in Cape May County , New Jersey , United States . The route runs from Jackson Street in Cape May north to an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in Lower Township . It crosses one of two road bridges over the Cape May Canal ( the other is Route 162 ) and provides access to the southern end of the Garden State Parkway and County Route 621 ( Ocean Drive ) as well as to Cape May . Only the section of road in Lower Township is state maintained the rest is maintained by Cape May County and signed as County Route 633 , which extends 0 . 34 mi ( 0 . 55 km ) past the southern terminus along Jackson Street and Perry Street to County Route 626 in West Cape May . Present day Route 109 was designated as a part of pre 1927 Route 14 in 1917 before becoming the southernmost portion of Route 4 in 1927 . By the 1940s , US 9 extended south to Cape May from Absecon along this part of Route 4 . In 1953 , the Route 4 designation was dropped from this segment of road to avoid the concurrency with US 9 . In 1972 , US 9 was rerouted to head to the Cape May Lewes Ferry terminal , with the former alignment into Cape May becoming Route 109 . Route description Route 109 begins at an intersection with County Route 633 in Cape May , heading to the northeast on Lafayette Street , a two lane undivided road that is county maintained and signed as a part of County Route 633 , which itself extends past the southern terminus of Route 109 along Jackson Street and Perry Street to County Route 626 in West Cape May . The route passes through residential and commercial areas of Cape May , intersecting the northern terminus of County Route 653 . At the intersection with Sidney Avenue , Route 109 splits into a one way pair that has two lanes in each direction , with the northbound direction following Sidney Avenue east before turning north on Washington Street and the southbound direction remaining on Lafayette Street . Along this pairing , northbound Route 109 intersects the northern terminus of County Route 622 . A short distance later , Washington Street turns west to join Lafayette Street , ending the one way pair , and the route heads north as a two lane undivided road . It crosses a body of water onto an island in Lower Township . Here , the route becomes maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and signed as Route 109 , continuing north past several marinas and other resort businesses . The road briefly widens into a four lane divided highway before the median ends and it crosses over the Cape May Canal on a bridge . Upon crossing the canal , Route 109 becomes a divided highway again and intersects County Route 621 ( Ocean Drive ) . From here , the road passes a mix of homes and businesses before intersecting the southern terminus of the Garden State Parkway at an at grade intersection . At this point , the route turns to the west and becomes a two lane undivided road and heads through woods and marshland with some residences . Route 109 heads into residential neighborhoods before it ends at an intersection with US 9 , which continues north on the road past this intersection as well as west along Sandman Boulevard toward the Cape May Lewes Ferry terminal . History The road that is now Route 109 was legislated as a part of pre 1927 Route 14 in 1917 , a route that was to run from Cape May to Egg Harbor City along what is now Route 109 , US 9 and Route 50 . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , this portion of pre 1927 Route 14 became the southernmost part of Route 4 , a route that was to run from Cape May north to the George Washington Bridge . By the 1940s , US 9 was extended south from Absecon to Cape May , running concurrent with Route 4 . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , which eliminated long concurrencies between U.S. and state routes , the Route 4 designation was dropped along this portion of road , leaving US 9 as the sole designation . In 1972 , US 9 was relocated from its southern terminus in Cape May to head west to its new southern terminus at the Cape May Lewes Ferry terminal in North Cape May , with the former route into Cape May becoming Route 109 . Major intersections The entire route is in Cape May County .
1,285	New York State Route 285 ( NY 285 ) was a state highway in Oneida County , New York , in the United States . The southern terminus of the 6 . 87 mile ( 11 . 06 km ) route was at an intersection with NY 69 west of the hamlet of Taberg in the town of Annsville . Its northern terminus was in the community of Thompson Corners , where it ended at a junction with County Route 67A ( CR 67A ) and CR 70 . NY 285 was little more than a connector between NY 69 and Thompson Corners , as it did not pass through any other areas of interest . NY 285 initially extended from Taberg to the hamlet of Florence when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It was truncated to Thompson Corners c . 1935 , but extended slightly in the 1960s when NY 69 was realigned to bypass Taberg . Ownership and maintenance of NY 285 was transferred to Oneida County on September 1 , 1988 , and the NY 285 designation was removed just over two months later . The route is now County Route 70A . Route description NY 285 began at an intersection with NY 69 southwest of the hamlet of Taberg in the town of Annsville . The route headed northward , intersecting with Main Street , which connected NY 285 to Taberg . Here , NY 285 turned to the northwest and became Taberg Florence Road . Just outside Taberg , the route passed Saint Patrick 's Cemetery , as well as the remains of an old Protestant cemetery situated directly across NY 285 from it . As it continued northwestward through a rural portion of Oneida County , NY 285 passed a junkyard near the intersection with Pond Hill Road . Past an intersection with Carlisle Road , NY 285 entered a state reforestation area . As such , the surrounding landscape became mostly forested areas . Near the center of the reforestation area , the highway intersected with Skinner Settlement Road ( CR 85 ) . After passing over Corkin Hill , NY 285 headed downhill into the town of Florence . After crossing into Florence , NY 285 remained in the reforestation area , and continued towards Thompson Corners on a linear , northwesterly routing . It passed Greely Cemetery , then continued to Thompson Corners , a very small community in southeastern Florence . NY 285 terminated here at an intersection with unk Road ( CR 67A ) and Wolcott Hill Road ( CR 70 ) . CR 70 turned northwest at this junction to follow NY 285 's right of way to the hamlet of Florence and eventually to the Oneida County line . History NY 285 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to a highway connecting NY 69 ( Main Street ) in Taberg to the isolated hamlet of Florence in the town of the same name via Thompson Corners . The route was truncated southeastward to Thompson Corners c . 1935 . In the early 1960s , NY 69 was rerouted to follow a new purpose built highway that bypassed most of Taberg to the south . Most of NY 69 's original alignment through the hamlet was transferred to the town of Annsville however , its former western approach into Taberg along Taberg Road was realigned to meet the bypass and became a short extension of NY 285 . On September 1 , 1988 , ownership and maintenance of NY 285 was transferred from the state of New York to Oneida County . The portion of the exchange relating to NY 285 was described in New York State Highway Law as follows , with annotations in brackets ... to transfer to the county of Oneida for future maintenance as part of the county highway system in Oneida and to issue official orders of abandonment of those portions of highway described as follows beginning at a point on or near state highway five thousand one hundred thirty nine NY 69 , west of the hamlet of Taberg , thence running generally northwesterly to a county highway in or near the hamlet of Thompson Corners . In return , the state of New York assumed maintenance over a portion of River Street ( CR 32 ) that connected NY 69 in Oriskany to NY 49 in Marcy . This highway became NY unk , an unsigned reference route . Meanwhile , the NY 285 designation remained in place until November 4 , 1988 , when it was officially removed from the highway . The former routing of NY 285 became CR 70A , a spur of the pre existing CR 70 . Major intersections The entire route was in Oneida County .
1,286	Kidung Abadi ( Indonesian for Eternal Ballad ) is a song written by father and daughter team Erwin and Gita Gutawa for the Kidung Abadi Chrisye concert the concert was held on 5 April 2012 to commemorate the fifth anniversary of Chrisye 's death . The song was created over a period of three months by splicing syllables from previously recorded vocals by Chrisye . At the concert , spliced black and white footage of Chrisye was shown lip synching to the song while Erwin 's orchestra performed the music . The song was well received the audience gave it a rowdy ovation , while critics praised its lyrics and described it as one of the best parts of the concert . Background Chrisye had a forty year career in Indonesia 's music industry , starting as a bassist with Sabda Nada before his first stint as a vocalist on the indie album Guruh Gipsy ( 1976 ) . After the success of the song Lilin Lilin Kecil ( Small Candles 1977 ) and album Badai Pasti Berlalu ( The Storm Shall Surely Pass 1977 ) , he began a solo career with Musica Studios . Before his death of lung cancer on 30 March 2007 , he released nineteen albums with Musica . In 2011 Rolling Stone Indonesia listed Chrisye as the third greatest Indonesian musician of all time . Towards the fifth anniversary of Chrisye 's death , Chrisye 's widow Yanti Noor , director Jay Subiyakto , and composer Erwin Gutawa began collaborating for a concert the concert was announced on 29 February 2012 and marketed as Chrisye 's fourth concert . It was held on 5 April 2012 at Plenary Hall in the Jakarta Convention Centre and featured a hologram of Chrisye singing with Once unk , Vina Panduwinata , Sophia Latjuba , and the band Gigi . Another feature of the concert was Kidung Abadi ( Eternal Ballad ) . Composition and performance The song was composed by Erwin Gutawa , who had previously collaborated with Chrisye on five albums . In an interview with The Jakarta Post , he said that he felt guilty as he had never written anything for Chrisye in the time they had worked together he had intended to make a new song with Chrisye 's voice since soon after the latter 's death . The lyrics were written by Gutawa 's daughter , Gita , who was asked by her father to write as if Chrisye were singing about having died , but his songs living on . Gita , who also sang at the concert , felt she owed something to Chrisye as her first stage performance was at his 2003 Dekade concert . To record the vocals , the elder Gutawa and a ten member team of researchers compiled thousands of syllables from Chrisye 's older songs , obtained from the masters , in a database . Some syllables were kept unaltered , while others were amalgamated to form a single sound or more than one according to Kompas , the ku syllables in Kidung Abadi were an amalgamation of 1 , 056 ku syllables in Chrisye 's previous songs . Ultimately , a total of 246 syllables were combined in Pro Tools to form the new song the program was also used to change the pitch of numerous syllables . Gutawa inserted pauses where he assumed Chrisye would have paused if singing the song in real life he based his choices on his previous experience with Chrisye . The entire process , from writing to recording , took three months . The song was initially performed at the Kidung Abadi concert on as the penultimate song . It was overlaid on a black and white video of Chrisye singing projected on an 8 by 4 metre ( 26 by 13 ft ) screen . The video was created by Jay Subiyakto , who spliced together archived footage of Chrisye performing . Chrisye 's lips were synchronised to move in time with the vocals . Subiyakto stated that he did not base the work on foreign shows , choosing instead to start from scratch . The music was provided by a live orchestra . Reception Eko unk , writing for unk , called the song one of the best parts of the concert , although he considered the synchronisation off . Frans unk wrote in Kompas that the song was touching , quoting the lyrics See the times pass , I 'm here and you 're there .... Though now I 'm far from you , I 'll keep singing . Hear my melody flow this is for you as reflecting Chrisye 's unique style . The thousands strong crowd gave the song a rowdy ovation after the performance .
1,287	Katie Hill ( born 17 February 1984 ) is an Australian 3 . 0 point wheelchair basketball player . She participated in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , where she won a bronze medal , and the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won a silver medal . She has over 100 international caps playing for Australia . Hill plays for the Sydney University Flames in the Australian Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) . As the Hills Hornets , her team won the league championship in 2007 , 2008 and 2009 . After changing their name to the Sydney University Flames , they again won the WNWBL championship in 2010 . She was named 4 point Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) and a member of the All Star Five in 2007 . In 2009 , she scored 21 points in the Hornets ' 66 49 final win against the Perth Western Stars , and was named MVP of the finals series . Hill made her national team debut in 2005 in Malaysia at the World Junior Wheelchair Basketball Championships , and has played for the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , universally known as the Gliders , at the IWBF World Wheelchair Basketball Championships in Amsterdam in 2006 and Birmingham in 2010 , and at the 2007 , 2009 and 2010 Osaka Cups in Japan . Personal Katie Hill was born in Kogarah , New South Wales , on 17 February 1984 , the youngest of three children . She has spina bifida , a condition she has had since birth . As of 2013 , she lives in unk , New South Wales , and works as a receptionist at Salesforce.com. Wheelchair basketball Hill is a 3 . 0 point player , who started playing wheelchair basketball in 1996 . In financial year 2012 13 , the Australian Sports Commission gave her a A 20 , 000 grant as part of their Direct Athlete Support ( DAS ) program . She received 11 , 000 in 2011 12 , 17 , 000 in 2010 11 , 5 , 571 . 42 in 2009 10 and 5 , 200 in 2008 09 . In 2012 and 2013 , she had a scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport . Club Hill currently plays club wheelchair basketball for the Sydney University Flames in the Australian Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) , and the Sydney University Wheelkings in the mixed National Wheelchair basketball League . Playing with the Hills Hornets , who won the league championship , she was named 4 point Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) and part of the All Star Five in 2007 . In the 2009 finals series , she scored 20 points in the semi final to get the Hills Hornets into the final , and then 21 points and 7 assists in the Hornets won 66 49 final win against the Perth Western Stars . She was named MVP of the finals series . In all , the Hornets won eight straight championships from 2002 to 2009 , before changing their name to the Sydney University Flames in 2010 , and claiming a ninth title that year . National team Hill made her national team debut in 2005 in Malaysia at the World Junior Wheelchair Basketball Championships . She played for the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , universally known as the Gliders , at the IWBF World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Amsterdam in the Netherlands in 2006 , where the Gliders came fourth , at the 2007 Asia Oceania Qualification tournament , and at the 2007 and 2009 Osaka Cup in Japan . She subsequently represented Australia at the 2010 World Championships in Birmingham , where the Gliders again finished fourth , and was a member of the 2010 team that played in the Osaka Cup . By August 2012 , she had played 110 international games . Paralympics Hill was part of the bronze medal winning team at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , and again at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . The Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics posted wins in the group stage against Brazil , Great Britain , and the Netherlands , but lost to the Canada . This was enough to advance the Gliders to the quarter finals , where they beat Mexico . The Gliders then defeated the United States by a point to set up a final clash with Germany . The Gliders lost 44 58 , and earned a silver medal . Hill played in all seven games , for a total of 107 minutes , scoring 25 points , with six assists and eight rebounds . Statistics
1,288	The British Virgin Islands took part in the 2008 Summer Olympics , which were held in Beijing , China from 8 to 24 August 2008 . The dependency 's participation at Beijing marked its seventh consecutive appearance in the summer Olympics since its debut in 1984 , and its eighth Olympic appearance ever . The British Virgin Islander delegation included two athletes in 2008 participating in two distinct events in one sport discus thrower Eric Matthias and sprinter Tahesia Harrigan . Of the athletes , Harrigan was the flagbearer and the first female Olympian to participate on behalf of the British Virgin Islands in its entire history . Overall , Harrigan advanced to quarterfinals in her event , although neither athlete medaled . Background The British Virgin Islands participated in seven summer Olympic games between its debut in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Their Olympic debut was at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , where the nation submitted a single athlete . The number of British Virgin Islanders participating in the summer games , excluding 1996 and 1984 , included four or less athletes , and until Tahesia Harrigan in Beijing , only included men . Harrigan was the first female athlete to participate on behalf of the British Virgin Islands , and was its first female flagbearer . At Beijing , the British Virgin Islands were represented by two athletes , both in their twenties and both participating in track and field events Eric Matthias and Tahesia Harrigan . Harrigan progressed to quarterfinals in her event , although neither athlete medaled . Athletics Men 's competition Former Boise State University student Eric Matthias participated on behalf of the British Virgin Islands at the discus throw event . He was one of two British Virgin Islanders participating in a track and field event and in the 2008 Olympics as a whole . Matthias ' appearance in Beijing marked his first appearance at any Olympic game . Once at the Olympics , Matthias was placed in the second qualifying heat on 16 August . He threw the discus 53 . 11 meters , ranking last out of 18 athletes . The 17th place finalist in the second qualifying heat , Iraq 's Haidar Nasser Shaheed , threw 1 . 08 meters further , with heat leader Rutger Smith of the Netherlands throwing the discus 12 . 54 meters further than Matthias . Overall , out of 37 athletes , Matthias placed last , and did not progress to the final round on 19 August . Women 's competition University of Alabama graduate and single parent Tahesia Harrigan was the sole female competitor from the British Virgin Islands , and one of two participating in a track and field event and for the unk as a whole . Her appearance at Beijing was her first Olympic appearance she did not compete in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens because she was pregnant at the time . When at the Olympics , Harrigan competed in the first round of the 100 m dash on 15 August , where she was placed in Heat 2 against , among others , Lauryn Williams of the United States and Christine Arron of France . Harrigan ranked third in a heat of eight athletes with a time of 11 . 46 seconds , placing behind Williams by 0 . 08 seconds and ahead of Brazil 's unk Moura by 0 . 14 seconds . Overall , Harrigan tied Jade Latoya Bailey of Barbados for 25th place out of 85 . She progressed to the next round . Harrigan competed in the second round on 16 August , placed in Heat 4 against Williams , Jamaica 's Kerron Stewart , and Belgium 's Kim Gevaert , among others . She placed fifth out of eight athletes with a time of 11 . 36 seconds she was 0 . 10 seconds ahead of sixth place heat finalist unk Hackett of Trinidad and Tobago and 0 . 12 seconds behind Belarusian fourth place heat finalist Yuliya unk . Overall , she tied Arron for 16th place out of 40 athletes . Harrigan did not progress further . Summary Key Note Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q Qualified for the next round q Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR National record N A Round not applicable for the event Bye Athlete not required to compete in round Men Women
1,289	Hurricane Juliette was the strongest hurricane and final tropical cyclone of the inactive 1995 Pacific hurricane season . The tenth named storm of the season , Juliette formed on September 16 from a tropical wave off the southwest coast of Mexico . For the majority of its track , the storm moved toward the west northwest , and Juliette quickly intensified to major hurricane status . On September 20 , the hurricane reached peak winds of 150 mph ( 240 km h ) . Later it turned toward the northeast , briefly threatening the Baja California Peninsula , although the hurricane never affected land . Meteorological history A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa behind Hurricane Luis on August 31 . Strong outflow from Luis prevented development of the wave , and it continued westward until crossing into the eastern Pacific Ocean on September 12 . Convection increased as it moved through the Gulf of Tehuantepec , and the cloud pattern organized sufficiently to warrant Dvorak classifications for the system on September 15 . Based on the development of a low level circulation , it is estimated the system organized into Tropical Depression Eleven E on September 16 while located around 290 miles ( 465 km ) south of Manzanillo , Mexico . Due to the tropical depression moving over an area of warm water temperatures with favorable upper level outflow , the National Hurricane Center forecast the tropical depression to slowly intensify to 70 mph ( 110 km h ) winds within 72 hours the forecast early on September 16 . The tropical depression was small in size , and moving to the west northwest , intensified into a tropical storm on September 17 . Juliette quickly organized with a well defined band of convection drawn into the circulation . The storm quickly intensified , and subsequent to the development of a small eye Juliette attained hurricane status on September 18 , just 42 hours after developing . The eye became better defined as the hurricane moved to the west northwest , a motion caused by a weak ridge to its north , and Juliette attained major hurricane status early on September 19 . Possibly due to increased northeasterly wind shear from an upper level trough , Juliette stopped its intensification trend , though as it turned to the west it again re organized . On September 20 , while located 420 miles ( 680 km ) southwest of Cabo San Lucas , Juliette attained a peak strength of 150 mph ( 240 km h ) , the strongest tropical cyclone of the season and a Category 4 on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . After maintaining its peak intensity for less than 12 hours , Juliette began to weaken due to an eyewall replacement cycle . After turning to the west northwest , the winds of the hurricane dropped to 100 mph ( 160 km h ) by September 22 , and the eyewall expanded to about 80 miles ( 130 km ) in diameter . The eyewall contracted to about 40 miles ( 65 km ) , and as a result Juliette re strengthened to attain winds of 105 mph ( 170 km h ) . An eastward moving trough of low pressure turned the hurricane to the north northeast into an area of cooler water temperatures and increased wind shear . Juliette quickly weakened to a tropical storm late on September 24 . The eastward moving trough moved past the storm , resulting in the motion of Juliette turning to a southeast drift . The convection waned and disappeared on September 25 , and on September 26 Juliette dissipated while located 450 miles ( 730 km ) west of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . Preparations and impact When the motion of Juliette turned to the northeast , some computer models predicted it to continue northeastward and strike Baja California Sur . As a result , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch as a precautionary measure for portions of the state . When the storm weakened rapidly and turned from the coast , the watch was canceled . Juliette remained away from land masses for its lifetime , and as a result there were no reports of damage or deaths . In southern California , however , the hurricane produced high waves that created dangerous surfing conditions . These waves wiped out a fishing derby . The remnants of Hurricane Juliette moved into New Mexico and western Texas , producing scattered showers and thunderstorms .
1,290	The 124th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 25 March 1978 . Umpired by former Cambridge rower James Crowden , Oxford won in a time of 18 minutes and 58 seconds . The race was complicated by bad weather , and when faced with choppy water , a strong headwind and horizontal , driving rain , the Cambridge boat , which lacked splashboards , took on water and sank . It was the fifth time a boat had sunk during the event . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by one and a quarter lengths . Cambridge won the 33rd Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) race along the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and is followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1977 race by seven lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 68 victories to Oxford 's 54 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The 1978 race was sponsored by Ladbrokes , while the BBC had paid between 10 , 000 and 20 , 000 to televise the event . During training for the race , Oxford had sunk , taking on water in the inclement weather , and had decided to fit splashboards to their boat , while Cambridge opted to leave their boat unchanged . Prior to this year 's event , there had been four sinkings in the history of the race . Cambridge sank in 1859 , Oxford sank in 1925 and 1951 , and both crews sank in 1912 . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Crews Oxford 's crew contained three Old Blues in Moran , Shealy and Michelmore , while Cambridge 's boat featured five returning rowers in Bathurst , Clegg , Horton , Ross and Cooke Yarborough . The race also marked the debut of Boris Rankov , who went on to represent Oxford in five further races . The Cambridge crew was marginally heavier per rower , averaging 1 . 5 pounds ( 0 . 68 kg ) more than Oxford . Race description Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . After a false start , the race commenced at unk in reasonable weather conditions , and Oxford took a one length lead to Hammersmith Bridge in a record time of 6 minutes 24 seconds . As the crews turned into the Surrey bend , conditions drastically worsened with a strong headwind and horizontal rain driving into them . Entering choppy water and in an attempt to push past Oxford , Cambridge made their challenge at Barnes Bridge but began to take on water . Within seconds the boat started to sink the Oxford crew realised the contest was over and rowed carefully to the finish in a time of 18 minutes 58 seconds . It was Oxford 's third victory in a row , and their fourth in the past five years . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by one and a quarter lengths , and in the 33rd running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge also triumphed . Reaction Cambridge boat club president Mark Horton immediately challenged the Oxford president Andy Michelmore to a re row the challenge was declined . Horton recalls It was hard to take and is still a painful memory . The Boat Race was supposed to be one of the proudest moments of my life . Cambridge 's Mark Bathurst was indignant about the preparation of the boat we had taken to the water without fitting any splashboards an act of monumental idiocy . Oxford cox Fail told The Guardian I was surprised when I heard that Cambridge had sunk . If you keep going steadily you forget about water and ride it out . Cambridge 's sinking was featured as the 79th in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Sporting Moments .
1,291	Agordat was a torpedo cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina built in the late 1890s . She was the lead ship of the Agordat class , which had one other member , Coatit . The ship , which was armed with twelve 76 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) guns and two 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , was too slow and short ranged to be able to scout effectively for the fleet , so her career was limited . She saw action during the Italo Turkish War in 1911 12 , where she provided gunfire support to Italian troops in North Africa . She assisted in the occupation of Constantinople in the aftermath of World War I , and in 1919 she was reclassified as a gunboat . In January 1923 , Agordat was sold for scrapping . Design Agordat was 91 . 6 meters ( 301 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 9 . 32 m ( 30 . 6 ft ) and a draft of 3 . 64 m ( 11 . 9 ft ) . She displaced up to 1 , 340 metric tons ( 1 , 320 long tons 1 , 480 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight Blechynden water tube boilers . Her engines were rated at 8 , 129 indicated horsepower ( 6 , 062 kW ) and produced a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km h 25 mph ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 300 nautical miles ( 560 km 350 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 153 185 . Agordat was armed with a main battery of twelve 76 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) L 40 guns mounted singly . She was also equipped with two 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was only lightly armored , with a 20 mm ( 0 . 79 in ) thick deck . Service history Agordat was built at the Castellammare shipyard her keel was laid down on 18 February 1897 and her completed hull was launched on 11 October 1899 . After completing fitting out work , the new cruiser was commissioned into the Italian fleet on 26 September 1900 . Sea trials lasted from 11 February 1901 to 6 March , and during the final speed trial she exceeded her design speed by a knot . She nevertheless proved to be too slow and short legged to be useful as a fleet scout , which limited her active duty career . She served in the main fleet in 1903 1904 , during which time the fleet was kept in a state of readiness for seven months . For the remaining five months , the ships had reduced crews . During the 1908 fleet maneuvers , Agordat was assigned to the hostile force that was tasked with simulating an attempt to land troops on Sicily . At the outbreak of the Italo Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire in September 1911 , Agordat was assigned in the 2nd Division of the 1st Squadron , under the command of Rear Admiral Ernesto unk , the divisional commander . On 15 October , Agordat and her sister joined the battleship Napoli , the armored cruisers Pisa , Amalfi , and San Marco , three destroyers , and several troop transports for an attack on the port of Derna . Negotiators were sent ashore to attempt to secure the surrender of the garrison , which was refused . Napoli and the armored cruisers bombarded the Ottoman positions throughout the day , and on 18 October the Ottomans withdrew , allowing the Italian troops to come ashore and take possession of the port . The fleet remained offshore and helped to repel Ottoman counterattacks over the following two weeks . In December , Agordat joined San Marco and the battleships Roma and Regina Margherita at Benghazi . There , they provided gunfire support to the Italian garrison against repeated Turkish assaults . In early April 1912 , Agordat , the torpedo cruiser Iride , and several other vessels rendezvoused with a troop convoy carrying 10 , 000 men to Zuwarah near the border with Tunisia . In November 1918 , Agordat participated in the occupation of Constantinople following the surrender of the Ottoman Empire . She and the battleship Roma joined a fleet of British , French , and Greek warships that entered the Dardanelles and landed troops to occupy the city . In 1921 , Agordat was reclassified as a gunboat and her armament was modified four of the 76 mm guns were replaced by a pair of 12 cm ( 4 . 7 in ) L 40 guns and the torpedo tubes were removed . This service lasted less than two years , and on 4 January 1923 the ship was sold for scrapping .
1,292	In Norse mythology , Ratatoskr ( Old Norse , generally considered to mean drill tooth or bore tooth ) is a squirrel who runs up and down the world tree Yggdrasil to carry messages between the Verflnir , perched atop Yggdrasil , and the wyrm Nhggr , who dwells beneath one of the three roots of the tree . Ratatoskr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . Etymology The name Ratatoskr contains two elements unk and toskr . The element unk is generally held to mean tusk . Gubrandur Vigfsson theorized that the unk element means the traveller . He says that the name of the legendary drill Rati may feature the same term . According to Vigfsson , Ratatoskr means tusk the traveller or the climber tusk . Sophus Bugge theorized that the name Ratatoskr is a loanword from Old English meaning Rat tooth . Bugge 's basis hinges on the fact that the toskr element of the compound does not appear anywhere else in Old Norse . Bugge proposed that the toskr element is a reformation of the Old English word unk ( Old Frisian tusk ) and , in turn , that the element unk represents Old English unk ( rat ) . According to Albert Sturtevant , as far as the element unk is concerned , Bugge 's hypothesis has no valid foundation in view of the fact that the Old Norse word Rata ( gen. form of Rati ) is used in unk unk ( 106 , 1 ) to signify the instrument which Odin employed for boring his way through the rocks in quest of the poet 's mead ... and that Rati must then be considered a native Old Norse word meaning The Borer , unk ... . Sturtevant says that Bugge 's theory regarding the element toskr may appear to be supported by the fact that the word does not appear elsewhere in Old Norse . Sturtevant , however , disagrees . Sturtevant says that the Old Norse proper name unk ( derived from Proto Norse unk ) refers to a person who is characterized as having some peculiar sort of tooth and theorizes a Proto Germanic form of toskr . Sturtevant concludes that the fact that the Old Norse word occurs only in the name Rata unk is no valid evidence against this assumption , for there are many Old Norse hapax unk of native origin , as is attested by the equivalents in the Mod ern Scandinavian dialects . Modern scholars have accepted this etymology , listing the name Ratatoskr as meaning drill tooth ( Jesse Byock , Andy Orchard , Rudolf Simek ) or bore tooth ( John Lindow ) . Attestations In the Poetic Edda poem Grmnisml , the god Odin ( disguised as Grmnir ) says that Ratatoskr runs up and down Yggdrasil bringing messages between the eagle perched atop it and Nhggr below it Ratatoskr is described in the Prose Edda 's Gylfaginning 's chapter 16 , in which High states that An eagle sits at the top of the ash , and it has knowledge of many things . Between its eyes sits the hawk called Vedrfolnir ... . The squirrel called Ratatosk ... runs up and down the ash . He tells slanderous gossip , provoking the eagle and Nidhogg . Theories According to Rudolf Simek , the squirrel probably only represents an embellishing detail to the mythological picture of the world ash in Grmnisml . Hilda Ellis Davidson , describing the world tree , states the squirrel is said to gnaw at it furthering a continual destruction and re growth cycle , and posits the tree symbolizes ever changing existence . John Lindow points out that Yggdrasil is described as rotting on one side and as being chewed on by four harts and Nhggr , and that , according to the account in Gylfaginning , it also bears verbal hostility in the fauna it supports . Lindow adds that in the sagas , a person who helps stir up or keep feuds alive by ferrying words of malice between the participants is seldom one of high status , which may explain the assignment of this role in the mythology to a relatively insignificant animal . Richard W. unk Jr. and Katie Ferrell theorize that the role of Ratatosk probably derived from the habit of European tree squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ) to give a scolding alarm call in response to danger . It takes little imagination for you to think that the squirrel is saying nasty things about you .
1,293	Herbert L. Mitchell , Jr . ( June 18 , 1937 January 4 , 2011 ) , credited as Herb Mitchell and sometimes Herb L. Mitchell , was an American actor , director , and teacher . He was a stockbroker before he made the switch to acting , appearing in films stage plays such as The Fiddler on the Roof , in which he played the lead role of Tevye television shows including The Practice , on which he had a recurring role and commercials , including ones for stock brokerage firms Dean Witter Reynolds and Paine Webber . He was married twice and had five children . Early life Herb Mitchell was born June 18 , 1937 , in Bar Harbor , Maine . He was one of three sons of Herbert L. Mitchell , Sr. , and Estella Mae Bourgeois Mitchell . He grew up in Bar Harbor , where he attended local schools , served as an altar boy in the local Catholic church , and participated in high school sports . Following studies at the University of Maine and the Maine Maritime Academy , he became a stockbroker in Bangor , Maine . Acting career In the late 1960s , Mitchell joined a community theater group in Ellsworth , Maine , the Ellsworth Players he eventually became its president . He was purely a behind the scenes participant in the group 's stage productions until 1971 , when director Bill unk persuaded him to take the role of Tevye in a production of the musical Fiddler on the Roof . His portrayal won praise , including a favorable review by playwright Samuel A. Taylor . A New York City producer who saw the show offered Mitchell a chance to play the same role in an off Broadway production of the musical in Brooklyn . Mitchell , as the father of four children , felt committed to his financial career and declined the offer . However , he continued to act in local productions in the following years , became disenchanted with his job , and decided to pursue acting as a profession . During the 1970s , he became co owner of a jazz club and bar that operated seasonally in Maine he spent the off season acting on stage in southern California . He auditioned for the television series M A S H ( 1972 83 ) without success . By 1980 , he was working in Los Angeles as an actor , appearing in films , television programs , live performances , and commercials . He portrayed roles in commercials for stock brokerage firms Dean Witter , as the company spokesman , and Paine Webber , as an executive . In 1992 , while living in Los Angeles , Mitchell bought a home in Blue Hill , Maine . In the early 1990s , he operated the Company of unk Theatre , which performed stage plays , one of which he directed , in Studio City , California . In the 1993 film Gettysburg , set during the American Civil War ( 1861 65 ) , he portrayed the real life Union Army flag bearer Sergeant Andrew Jackson Tozier . In the early to mid 2000s , he survived three cancers and then moved back to Blue Hill with his family , where he semi retired while occasionally appearing in local stage productions . He reprised his role as Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof in May 1990 and August 2006 , again directed by unk . He appeared in the television courtroom drama series The Practice ( 1997 2004 ) as the recurring character Judge Rodney White . In August 2006 he appeared at Ellsworth High School , in Ellsworth , Maine , as Eddie Carbone in a production of Arthur Miller 's play A View from the Bridge . Over the years , he was mentored in singing by Sheldon unk , his longtime musical collaborator . Personal life and death Mitchell was the father of four children with his first wife , Scarlett Kinney , and one daughter with his second wife , Janet Ahearn . At the time of his death he also was a grandfather of four . On January 4 , 2011 , he died in the Blue Hill home of his daughter Kathy and her husband . Selected performances Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 , 1990 , 2006 ) , Tevye theatrical productions Dean Witter commercials ( 1980s 90s ) , spokesman now called Dean Witter Reynolds Paine Webber commercials ( circa 1980s 90s ) , executive Gettysburg ( 1993 ) , Sergeant Andrew Jackson Tozier Tozier was in his 20s at the time of war The Practice ( 1997 2004 ) , Judge Rodney White recurring role in the television series A View from the Bridge ( 2006 ) , Eddie Carbone high school production
1,294	Long Ashton railway station was a railway station on the Bristol to Exeter Line , 3 . 5 miles ( 5 . 6 km ) southwest of Bristol Temple Meads , serving the village of Long Ashton in North Somerset , England . There were two stations on the site , the first , called Ashton , opened in either 1841 or 1852 and closed in 1856 . The second station , originally known as Long Ashton Platform before being renamed as Long Ashton in 1929 , was operational from 1926 to 1941 . The site is now partly under the A370 Long Ashton Bypass . There is local support for the station to be reopened , possibly sited further to the west , and possibly as part of the University of Bristol 's proposed unk Farm development . First station The Bristol and Exeter Railway was opened between Bristol Temple Meads and Bridgwater on 14 June 1841 , engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and build originally as 7 ft ( 2 , 134 mm ) broad gauge . A station named Ashton , serving the nearby village of Long Ashton , was located on an embankment 3 miles 52 chains ( 5 . 87 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads and 122 miles 3 chains ( 196 . 40 km ) from the Great Western Railway terminus at London Paddington . Quite when the station opened is uncertain Butt 's Directory of Railway Stations states that the station opened with the line in June 1841 , but Quick 's Railway Passenger Stations states it only opened in June 1852 . Both sources agree that the station closed in January 1856 , however other sources such as Oakley 's Somerset Railway Stations contain no reference to Ashton at all . If the earlier date is correct , services would have originally been provided by the Great Western Railway on behalf of the Bristol Exeter . The Bristol Exeter took over passenger operations on 1 May 1849 . The line through Ashton remained open after the station closed . In 1871 , the Bristol Exeter opened another station called Ashton , closer to Bristol , this station was later renamed Bedminster . The line had been reconstructed as mixed gauge by 1 June 1875 to accommodate local traffic . A year later in 1876 , the Bristol Exeter was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway , which took over services . Broad gauge trains ceased operation on 20 May 1892 . Second station The station was reopened by the Great Western Railway in 1926 , now called Long Ashton Platform Ashton by then was the name of a station on the unk Valley Line in Devon . Again , the exact date of opening is disputed most sources state 12 July 1926 , but some say 20 September the same year . It was located on the same site as the first station . The station was a basic halt , and had two 400 10 feet ( 121 . 9 3 . 0 m ) platforms . A corrugated iron shelter and lamp hut were provided on the westbound platform , and a small booking office was present on the road to the platform . The estimated cost of construction was 1 , 930 . The station was renamed Long Ashton on 23 September 1929 , and closed on 6 October 1941 . There is now no trace of it left , and the site is now partly under the A370 Long Ashton Bypass causeway . Future Plans were submitted in 2010 to reopen the station as part of the University of Bristol 's unk Farm development , which , if granted planning permission , will comprise some 1 , 200 houses , businesses and a school spread over 35 hectares ( 86 acres ) . The new station would be up to 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) west of the original location . The University notes that there is positive support for the station , but that it alone cannot guarantee its construction . Long Ashton parish councillor Anthony Butcher opposes the development , but supports the reopening of the station . The station could be reopened as part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme , a rail transport plan approved in July 2012 which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area . The Bristol to Exeter Line through Long Ashton is not currently electrified . The 21st century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line will see the line from London to Bristol electrified , but electrification will not extend beyond Bristol to Weston super Mare . The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing to Weston , as does Member of Parliament for Weston super Mare John Penrose .
1,295	State Route 67 ( SR 67 ) is a 43 . 4 mi ( 69 . 8 km ) long , north south state highway in northern Arizona . Also called the Kaibab Plateau North Rim Parkway , SR 67 is the sole road that links U.S. Route 89A ( US 89A ) at Jacob Lake to the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park . Along the route , the road heads through the national park as well as Kaibab National Forest and is surrounded by evergreen trees . The section inside the national park is maintained by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , whereas the section north of the entrance , completely within Kaibab National Forest , is owned by the Arizona Department of Transportation ( ADOT ) . The road was built in the late 1920s and improved through the 1930s . In 1941 , the road received its number , and was given its designation as the parkway in the 1980s . The parkway has received designations as a National Forest Scenic Byway as well as a National Scenic Byway . Route description Signage for SR 67 begins at Bright Angel Point along the North Rim of the Grand Canyon National Park . ADOT does not officially own this section of road , but it is signed as SR 67 . The road heads north as the Kaibab Plateau North Rim Parkway through the small town of North Rim , surrounded by evergreen trees . The parkway enters a small clearing before meeting the park entrance , where ownership by ADOT begins . Heading into Kaibab National Forest on a northward path , the roadway is surrounded by a narrow meadow bordered by evergreen trees . As it passes the nearby Deer Lake , SR 67 meets an unpaved National Forest road . The landscape around the route is crisscrossed by these routes as SR 67 makes several turns , turning back toward the north . The highway , with the new name of Grand Canyon Highway in addition to its other designation , makes several turns as it heads north through the woods . It takes a more northwesterly path as it runs through Coconino County . Near its terminus , the road turns back northeast toward its terminus at US 89A in Jacob Lake . The northern segment of the highway is maintained by ADOT , who is responsible for maintaining SR 67 like all other highways around the state . As part of this job , ADOT periodically surveys traffic along its routes . These surveys are most often presented in the form of average annual daily traffic , which is the number of vehicles who use the route on any average day during the year . In 2009 , ADOT calculated that around 1 , 100 vehicles used the route daily at its northern terminus in Jacob Lake . The Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) lists the highway as a National Scenic Byway , and the National Forest Service has also designated it a National Forest Service Byway . No part of the highway has been listed in the National Highway System , a system of roads in the United States important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . Due to the closure of park facilities on the north rim of the Grand Canyon during winter , winter maintenance is not undertaken after December 1st , with the result that SR 67 is usually closed to vehicular traffic from December 1st until spring . History SR 67 existed as a route to reach the north rim of the Grand Canyon National Park as early as 1927 as a dirt road . By 1935 , the road had been improved to a gravel road , and by 1938 it had been paved . In 1941 , the road was designated as a state highway and signed as SR 67 . In 1985 , the highway received the designation of Kaibab Plateau North Rim Parkway as an Arizona State Scenic Byway . The designation included SR 67 in its entirety as well as extending south into Grand Canyon National Park . Two years later , ADOT obtained the right of way for improvement of the highway from its northern terminus approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south . In 1989 , an additional right of way was acquired by ADOT from its southern terminus approximately 5 miles ( 8 . 0 km ) north . By June of that year , the parkway received the designation of a National Forest Scenic Byway , and in June 1998 , the Kaibab Plateau North Rim Parkway received another designation , this time as a National Scenic Byway . Since establishment , the route has not been realigned and retains its original routing . Junction list The entire route is in Coconino County .
1,296	SMS Wacht was an aviso of the Imperial German Navy , the lead ship of her class . She had one sister ship , Jagd . Wacht was built by the AG Weser shipyard she was laid down in 1886 , launched in August 1887 , and commissioned in August 1888 . She served in the active fleet through the 1890s and participated in numerous training exercises . Her career was cut short on 4 September 1901 , when she collided with the old ironclad SMS Sachsen . The latter 's ram bow holed Wacht under the waterline and caused her to rapidly sink . Her crew was safely rescued , however , and there were no casualties . Design Wacht was 85 . 5 meters ( 281 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 9 . 66 m ( 31 . 7 ft ) and a maximum draft of 3 . 74 m ( 12 . 3 ft ) forward . She displaced 1 , 499 metric tons ( 1 , 475 long tons 1 , 652 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two angled 3 cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal fired locomotive boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 19 kn ( 35 km h 22 mph ) and a range of approximately 2 , 860 nautical miles ( 5 , 300 km 3 , 290 mi ) at 10 kn ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Wacht had a crew of 7 officers and 134 enlisted men . As built , the ship was armed with three 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) K L 35 guns placed in single pivot mounts . The guns were supplied with a total of 180 rounds of ammunition . Wacht also carried three 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , one mounted submerged in the bow and the other two in deck mounted launchers on the broadside . In 1891 , four 8 . 8 cm SK L 30 guns in single mounts were added . The ship was the first German aviso to carry armor a 10 mm ( 0 . 39 in ) thick deck , along with 25 mm ( 0 . 98 in ) of armor plating for the conning tower . Service history Wacht was laid down in 1886 at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen . She was launched on 27 August 1887 and commissioned into the German fleet on 9 August 1888 . In 1889 , Franz von Hipper served aboard the ship as her watch officer . In early 1889 , Wacht was assigned to the Maneuver Squadron , which at the time consisted of the old ironclads Baden , Bayern , and Oldenburg and the protected cruiser Irene . The Squadron was commanded by Prince Heinrich . In May , the Maneuver Squadron conducted mock combat exercises with the Training Squadron in the Baltic Sea . In late 1889 , Wacht joined a squadron of four old ironclads Kaiser , Deutschland , Friedrich der Grosse , and Preussen that cruised the Mediterranean Sea along with Kaiser Wilhelm II 's yacht Hohenzollern and the protected cruiser Irene , which carried Prince Heinrich . The squadron visited numerous ports in the Mediterranean , including state visits to Italy and the Ottoman Empire . Wilhelm II also stopped in Greece , where he attended the wedding of his sister Sophie to the Greek crown prince Constantine . The squadron remained in the Mediterranean until April 1890 , when it returned to Germany . Wacht , meanwhile , was forced to remain in Trieste for six months due to a serious problem with her boiler tubes , which required lengthy repairs . The ship led the torpedo boat flotilla in the Maneuver Squadron in 1893 . In early 1894 , Wacht was assigned to the II Division of the Maneuver Squadron as the divisional dispatch vessel . The division was commanded by Rear Admiral Otto von Diederichs . During the 1896 annual maneuvers , Wacht was assigned to the I Division . On 4 September 1901 , Wacht collided with the ironclad Sachsen while on extensive training maneuvers with the rest of the fleet . Wacht was sunk , but the crew was safely evacuated and neither ship suffered casualties . During the maneuvers , Wacht attempted to pass between Sachsen and Wrttemberg . However , Wacht 's helmsman misjudged the distance and passed too closely in front of Sachsen . Sachsen immediately attempted to reverse course to avoid ramming the ship , but the two vessels collided . Sachsen 's ram bow tore a large hole in Wacht , which began to slowly sink . The battleship Weissenburg attempted to tow Wacht to shallow water , but several of Wacht 's internal bulkheads collapsed under the strain and the ship quickly sank . Nevertheless , her crew was taken off safely neither ship suffered any casualties .
1,297	Sir Richard de Southchurch ( unk , unk ) ( died 1294 ) was a knight and part of the landowning aristocracy of Essex in the thirteenth century . He was High Sheriff of Essex and of Hertfordshire in the years 1265 67 , and as such became involved in the Second Barons ' War ( 1264 1267 ) . Southchurch has earned a special place in the historiography of the period due to an episode during the war where he allegedly planned to attack London with incendiary cocks . Biography Little is known of Southchurch 's background , but his family came from the manor of Southchurch , now part of Southend on Sea . Richard de Southchurch held this manor of the Prior and Convent of Christ 's Church , Canterbury . He also held other land in the county of Essex , including unk , which he held in fee of the king . He served as sheriff of the combined unk of Essex and Hertfordshire from 27 October 1265 to 12 June 1267 . In 1279 , he received a pardon and was acquitted of a fine of 100 shilling for being present at the theft of a hart at the king 's forest of Chelmsford . In 1289 he was also acquitted of the great sum of 1000 pounds for perjury , in return for releasing the manor of Hatfield Peverel to the king . Southchurch was dead by 2 April 1294 , when the escheator was ordered to deliver his lands to his son and heir , Peter de Southchurch . Involvement in Barons War In the mid 1260s , England found herself in a state of civil war between king Henry III and members of his aristocracy , a conflict known as the Second Barons ' War . In April 1267 , Gilbert de Clare entered London with the baronial forces . The city welcomed him , and king Henry III had to set up camp at Stratford , besieging the capital . Orders were sent out to the sheriffs of Kent and Essex to procure supplies for the royal army . It was in this situation that Southchurch , in his capacity as sheriff , levied requisitions on Chafford Hundred of ... oats and wheat , of bacon , beef , cheese and pease , ' pur unk le ost au Rey ' of chickens to feed the wounded and tow and eggs to make dressings for their wounds and linen for bandages , of chord to make ropes for the catapults , of picks and unk and spades to lay low the walls of London , and finally of cocks , forty and more , to whose feet he declared he would tie fire , and send them flying into London to burn it down . The story survives through the Hundred Rolls , the great survey of the English hundreds made by Edward I , in 1274 5 , on returning to his new kingdom from crusade . The scheme , impractical as it might seem , was supposedly based on contemporary sagas of Viking heroes . But the complaints of the local community were based on the fact that Southchurch had taken all the supplies home to his own manor of Southchurch , received 200 marks from the exchequer , yet never paid out any of what the owners of the goods were entitled to . Historical transmission The account of Southchurch 's provisioning was first made available to a wider audience through the writings of the English historian Helen Cam . Cam was responsible for groundbreaking work on the Hundred Rolls , and their relevance to English local government , through her Studies in the Hundred Rolls ( 1921 ) and The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls ( 1930 ) . In both of these she made mention of what she calls ' ... the most picturesque series of extortions recorded in the Essex returns . ' It was , however , in a paper published in the English Historical Review as early as 1916 that she gave the most detailed account of Southchurch 's plot . Here she traced the dissemination of the Viking legend through Geoffrey of Monmouth , and speculated that Southchurch could have been acquainted with a later version by Gaimar , Wace or Layamon , or through a local , popular legend . The story was later retold by Sir Maurice Powicke in his King Henry III and the Lord Edward ( 1947 ) . Yet even though both Cam and Powicke had included the tale as a humorous anecdote , it was not until Michael Prestwich wrote his monograph of Edward I in 1988 that anyone considered the possibility that the story of the incendiary roosters was simply a ' confidence trick ' on Southchurch 's part . Powicke , in Prestwich 's words ' is to be counted among those who fell for the sheriff s unk
1,298	Rose Catherine Pinkney ( born 1964 ) is an American television development executive . She was hired as the VP Development and Original Programming for TV Land in 2012 . Pinkney has previously served as Director of Programming at Twentieth Century Fox Television , Senior Vice President of Comedy Development at Paramount Pictures Television and executive vice president of programming and production at TV One . She most recently served as the head of the television arm of Laurence Fishburne 's production company , Cinema Gypsy . Among Pinkney 's accolades are Network Journal 's 25 Most Influential Black Women in Business , Cable World 's Top 50 Women in Cable and Black Enterprise 's Top 50 Entertainment Executives . Early life and academic career Pinkney was born and raised in Prince George 's County , Maryland , the youngest child and only daughter of Joseph and Maud Pinkney . She points to her parents ' marriage , which as of 2008 had lasted 56 years , as her model of personal values that she has carried through life . Hailing from Brandywine , Maryland , Pinkney is a graduate of Gwynn Park High School . She has an A.B. from Princeton University in sociology and an M.B.A. from UCLA 's Anderson School of Management with a concentration in marketing and entertainment management . Pinkney is a 1986 graduate of Princeton and a lifetime member of its Association of Black Princeton Alumni . She graduated from the Anderson School in 1988 and as of 2011 served on its Alumni Advisory Board . Professional career While director of programming at Twentieth Century Fox , she developed series such as The X Files and supervised In Living Color for four years . While serving as director of programming she developed comedy , drama and alternative series and as current programming executive , she oversaw the production of several comedies , dramas and alternative shows each year . Among the other shows she developed were New York Undercover , South Central , and Alien Nation . Subsequently , she served as Upton Entertainment 's Vice President and head of television . Here she supervised the creation of New York Undercover . Next , she was Senior Vice President of comedy development at Paramount Network Television , where over the course of nearly ten years she developed more than 30 television programs for six television networks , including United Paramount Network 's ( UPN ) Girlfriends . She joined Paramount in 1995 as Vice President of comedy development and was promoted to Senior Vice President and department head in 2002 . During her time at Paramount other shows she developed included Becker , One on One and Andy Richter Controls the Universe . As department head , her responsibilities included identifying writers , directors , talent and ideas for comedy series for television . She was hired at TV One , which is the second oldest and second largest black television network behind BET , in December 2005 , and she started in January 2006 . At TV One , where she served as executive vice president of programming and development , she was responsible for programming strategy and oversaw all program production , acquisition , scheduling and business development for the network . Her time at TV One was spent in unscripted reality and lifestyle programming television . When UPN and WB merged to form CW in September 2006 prior to the 2006 07 United States network television season , several of the African American themed sitcoms that Pinkney had developed while at Paramount were short lived . Pinkney has been one of the more outspoken executives on the issue of portrayal of race relations on air . In December 2008 , Cinema Gypsy , which is Laurence Fishburne 's production company , signed a first look deal with CBS Paramount Network Television to produce television shows . At that time , Pinkney was named to head the television arm of Cinema Gypsy as it expanded its operations to television programming . In her capacity , she oversaw the development of programming for broadcast and cable networks . In 2012 , Pinkney became VP Development and Original Programming at TV Land , assuming responsibility for TV Land s existing original series and the development of new ones . Pinkney reports to the EVP Development and Original Programming Keith Cox .
1,299	The Cape lobster , Homarinus capensis , is a species of small lobster that lives off the coast of South Africa , from Dassen Island to Haga Haga . Only a few dozen specimens are known , mostly regurgitated by reef dwelling fish . It lives in rocky reefs , and is thought to lay large eggs that have a short larval phase , or that hatch directly as a juvenile . The species grows to a total length of 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) , and resembles a small European or American lobster it was previously included in the same genus , Homarus , although it is not very closely related to those species , and is now considered to form a separate , monotypic genus Homarinus . Its closest relatives are the genera unk and unk . Distribution and ecology The Cape lobster is endemic to South Africa . It occurs from Dassen Island , Western Cape in the west to Haga Haga , Eastern Cape in the east , a range of 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) . Most of the known specimens were regurgitated by fish caught on reefs at depths of 20 40 metres ( 66 131 ft ) . This suggests that the Cape lobster inhabits rocky substrates , and may explain its apparent rarity , since such areas are not amenable to dredging or trawling , and the species may be too small to be retained by lobster traps . Description Homarinus capensis is considerably smaller than the large northern lobsters of the Atlantic Ocean , Homarus gammarus ( the European lobster ) and Homarus americanus ( the American lobster ) , at 8 10 centimetres ( 3 . 1 3 . 9 in ) total length , or 4 5 cm ( 1 . 6 2 . 0 in ) carapace length . Accounts of the colouration of H. capensis are very variable , from tawny , red or yellow to a rather dark olive , similar to Homarus gammarus . Homarinus and Homarus are considered to be the most plesiomorphic genera in the family unk . Nonetheless , the Cape lobster differs from Homarus in a number of characters . The rostrum of the Cape lobster is flattened , while that of Homarus is rounded in section , and curves upwards at the tip . The three pairs of claws are covered with hairs in Homarinus , while those of Homarus are hairless . The telson tapers along its length in Homarus , but has sides which are nearly parallel in Homarinus . Although no egg bearing females have been collected , the gonopores ( openings of the oviducts ) of female Cape lobsters are much larger than those of Homarus gammarus and Homarus americanus . This is thought to indicate that Homarinus bears fewer , larger eggs than Homarus , and that either the larvae develop quickly into juveniles after hatching , or that the eggs hatch directly into juveniles . Taxonomy and evolution Cape lobsters are elusive and rare , with only fourteen specimens having been collected between 1792 ( the date of its first description ) and 1992 . These include five males in the collections of the South African Museum ( Cape Town ) , two in the Natural History Museum ( London ) , one in each of the East London Museum , the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie ( Leiden ) and the Albany Museum ( Grahamstown ) , and one male and one female in the Musum national d 'histoire naturelle ( Paris ) . In 1992 , a Cape lobster was discovered at Dassen Island , and the publicity the find generated resulted in more than 20 additional specimens being reported . The Cape lobster was first described by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1792 as Cancer ( Astacus ) capensis . It was independently described in 1793 by Johan Christian Fabricius as Astacus flavus , possibly based on the same type specimen . When Friedrich Weber erected the genus Homarus in 1795 , he included Fabricius ' species in it , but this placement was not followed by later authors . The species reached its current classification in 1995 , when the monotypic genus Homarinus was erected by Irv Kornfield , Austin B. Williams and Robert S. unk . While analyses of morphology suggest a close relationship between Homarinus and Homarus , molecular analyses using mitochondrial DNA reveal that they are not sister taxa . Both genera lack ornamentation such as spines and carinae , but are thought to have reached that state independently , through convergent evolution . The closest living relative of Homarus is Nephrops norvegicus , while the closest relatives of Homarinus are unk and unk .

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