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1,000 | Half Life 2 Survivor is an arcade game based on the science fiction first person shooter video game , Half Life 2 . It was released on June 28 , 2006 on Taito 's Type X arcade system , with a 32 widescreen high definition LCD . The game 's player character is controlled with joysticks and floor pedals , and offers three game modes Story , Battle , and Mission , each with different objectives . The game was met with a generally positive reception . Reviewers found it interesting to play the game in an arcade environment , and considered the shift to an arcade setting an excellent introduction of the Half Life series of video games to Japan . Gameplay Players control their movement using two joysticks ( one for each hand ) and floor pedals . Three gameplay modes are available Story , which approximates the events of the original game Mission , which forces networked players to work cooperatively toward a goal and Battle , which parallels the deathmatch content of the original game . Up to eight players either local players or individuals in other networked arcades can participate in the Battle and Mission modes . In Story mode , players advance through partial combat scenes from the original game , following neon lit guiding arrows . Each chapter has several levels with goals such as Kill the Combine or Find your way to the goal . When goals are completed , the player is taken to next level . When players finish all the levels of the chapter , the game ends . Progress can be saved on a removable card to allow the player to choose a new chapter at the next visit . Aside from the G Man introductory cut scene , Half Life 2 Survivor does not incorporate any of Half Life 2 's story elements , levels , or physics based puzzles . In Mission mode , there are three objective maps with three difficulties normal , hard , and super hard . Map goals include Collect gems , Destroy Zombie spawning points , and Escape . A Battle mode is also available in the game . It is essentially four on four team match . Players can choose between two different factions the Combine and the Human Resistance . Both factions have four classes of troops Ranger , Soldier , Sniper , and Engineer . Development The game uses content common to the Xbox and PC releases , although the game focuses on the set pieces that characterized the original game . Half Life 2 Survivor was first revealed to the public by Taito in a private exhibition in Tokyo on November 29 , 2005 . It was originally meant to be released in March 2006 but it was pushed back to June 28 , 2006 . The game is only available in Japan . The game runs on a machine based on Taito 's Type X unit , an arcade system built with PC components , which runs on the Windows XP Embedded operating system . The game machine 's cabinet uses a 32 inch LCD screen which runs at a resolution of unk pixels . The machine also has a 5 . 1 channel surround sound system , and it uses a smart card for storing player data . Because the game is network enabled , players in different arcades are able to play with each other . A maximum of eight players can play in the same match robots are used to fill in empty player slots if there are fewer than eight human players . Reception Reception to the transposition of the Half Life series to an arcade setting was generally positive . The stylistic shift from the earlier , more traditional gameplay style to the newer , multi point arcade control scheme was a significant stylistic shift , one reviewer calling the gameplay weird and disorienting , but still concluding it to be very enjoyable overall . The video games review website , Video Games Blogger , considered the port to an arcade setting interesting and totally unexpected , and concluded its review by commenting that the arcade game could possibly increase interest in first person shooter video games in Japan , a country considered to be more interested in arcade style games .
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1,001 | Glam is a song by American recording artist Christina Aguilera , taken from her sixth studio album Bionic ( 2010 ) . The song was written by Aguilera , Claude Kelly and C. Tricky Stewart , with production was handled by Stewart . The song talks about getting glam and sexy before a night out . According to Aguilera and Kelly , Glam was a throwback to Madonna 's Vogue ( 1990 ) . At first , the track was planned to be the lead single from Bionic , however Not Myself Tonight was released instead . Glam received mixed reviews from music critics , with some praised it as one of the best uptempo tracks on the album , while others named it dull and criticized that the song was not as good as Vogue . Upon the release of Bionic , Glam peaked at number two on the South Korean International Download Chart and number 42 on the main South Korean Download Chart . Background and composition In January 5 , 2010 , Aguilera announced that Glam would be released as the lead single from Bionic during an interview with Marie Claire magazine . She described the song as a tentative and poppy throwback to Madonna 's Vogue ( 1990 ) . On an interview with Vibe , co writer Claude Kelly described the song as a party anthem but at the same time has underlying messages . On March 23 , 2010 , after a 24 hour countdown on her official website ended , it was revealed that Not Myself Tonight would be released as the first single from the album , instead of Glam . Recorded at The Boom Boom Room in Burbank , California , Glam was written by Aguilera , Claude Kelly and Christopher Stewart , while the production was handled by Tricky Stewart . The song is preceded by a word spoken interlude titled Love Glamour . Glam was described by MTV News as a poppy , hip hop inflected throwback to Madonna 's ' Vogue . ' . Entertainment Weekly writer Leah Greenblatt called it a finger snappy ' 90s flashbacks . Lyrically , it talks about high fashion , getting glam and sexy before a night out . At a part of the song , she dispenses fashion tips and sings , Don 't let the clothes wear you . Critical reception Glam received mixed reviews from music critics . Allison Stewart from The Washington Post named it a great moment on the album . Mesfin Fekadu from Boston.com website agreed , calling it one of the disc 's best uptempo tracks . USA Today editor Elysa Gardner gave the song a positive review , writing that Aguilera chants deadpan before letting loose a creamy belt that evokes an earthier version of Whitney Houston in her prime . UK newspaper The Scotsman wrote that the song is her blatant bid to produce a Vogue for our times , while Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine labelled Glam as a top heavy cocktail that mixes one part ' Vogue ' with two parts ' Technologic ' . Brad unk from MuuMuse named it dud , while Michael Cragg from musicOMH called it dated . Omar unk of PopMatters wrote a negative review , stating Christina isn 't afraid to shake , thrust , and hustle , as she professes on ' Glam ' , an obvious homage to ' Vogue ' that isn 't nearly as catchy or sultry as it thinks it is . Jordan Richardson from Blogcritics agreed , writing that The track is a frustrating and uncomfortable ode to Madonna 's ' Vogue , ' but Aguilera fails in recreating any of the unk of the track she 's trying to emulate . Credits and personnel Recording locations Recording The Boom Boom Room , Burbank , California Vocal recording The Red Lips Room , Beverly Hills , California Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Bionic , RCA Records . Chart performance Upon the release of the album Bionic , Glam debuted at number 62 on the South Korean Gaon Digital Chart on the chart issue dated June 13 19 , 2010 . It additionally entered the Gaon International Digital Chart at number 3 . Glam was the 35th best selling international single on the Gaon Chart in 2010 , with 354 , 259 digital copies sold .
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1,002 | Harry Bassett ( 1868 1878 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse , winner of the 1871 Belmont Stakes and an outstanding racehorse of the 19th century . He also won a number of other stakes races , and was named the Champion male of his age group in 1870 , 1871 and 1872 . He was retired to stud duties in New Jersey when his five year racing career ended , having recorded 23 wins from 36 starts . Harry Bassett died in New Jersey in 1878 and was inducted into the United States Racing Hall of Fame in 2010 . Breeding and early life Harry Bassett was a chestnut stallion , foaled on 27 April 1868 , that was sired by Lexington and out of the mare Canary Bird . Canary Bird was by the imported stallion Albion and out of the mare Panola , who was sired by the imported stallion unk . Canary Bird 's second dam , or maternal grandmother , was the imported mare Sweetbriar by Recovery . Harry Basset was bred either by R. A. Alexander or by A. J. Alexander , both of the Woodburn Stud of Woodburn , Kentucky , and was the second of Canary Bird 's foals . He was sold at the 1869 S. D. Bruce yearling sale to trainer David McDaniel for 315 . Racing career Harry Bassett was trained by his owner David McDaniel his jockey was W. Miller . As a two year old he won the 1870 Nursery Stakes at Pimlico Race Course , the Central Stakes , the Kentucky Stakes , and the Saratoga Stakes . He made a total of four starts as a two year old of which he won three , placing third in the other . Harry Bassett won the fifth running of the Belmont Stakes in 1871 at Jerome Park Racetrack in a time of 2 minutes 56 seconds . He carried 110 pounds ( 50 kilograms ) pounds in the race , and won 5 , 400 ( approximately 107 , 000 as of 2016 ) for his owner . The race was run on June 10 over a distance of 1 5 8 miles ( 13 furlongs 2 , 600 meters ) on a fast track . Harry Bassett won by three lengths from the second placed finisher Stockwood the third place went to August Belmont 's By The Sea . This was the first of three consecutive wins of the Belmont Stakes by David McDaniel as both owner and trainer , as he went on to win the 1872 race with Joe Daniels and the 1873 race with Springbok . As a three year old , Harry Bassett also won the Jerome Handicap , the Travers Stakes , the Reunion Stakes , the Kenner Stakes , the Champion Stakes and the Jersey Derby . He was undefeated in nine starts at age three . During his three year old year Harry Bassett started 11 times and won eight , finishing second in the remaining three . At four he increased his win record to 14 , with wins in the Westchester Cup and a victory in a 2 miles ( 3 , 200 m ) heat , before he was beaten in the Monmouth Cup by Longfellow . He then won the 2 1 4 mile Saratoga Cup , in which he defeated Longfellow . His jockey in that race was James Rowe , Sr. , who went on to become a leading trainer for James R. Keene . At age five , Harry Bassett started eight times , winning two , placing second in two , and third once . At six , he started four times , winning once and placing third once . Harry Bassett 's racing career spanned five years and ended with 23 wins from 36 starts he finished second five times and third three times . His total earnings on the racetrack were 55 , 920 ( approximately 1 , 046 , 000 as of 2016 ) . He was awarded the title of Champion Two Year Old Male in 1870 , the title of Champion Three Year Old Male in 1871 , and the Champion Older Horse title in 1872 . Stud record When his racing career ended Harry Bassett was retired to McDaniel s stud farm in Trenton , New Jersey , where he sired stakes winners such as unk and unk out of the imported mare Letty by imported Australian . unk won the Young America Stakes , the Jackson Stakes and the Ladies Stakes in 1881 , when she was two years old . Harry Bassett died on October 27 , 1878 at McDaniel 's farm in New Jersey . He was inducted into the United States ' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2010 .
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1,003 | Tessa Ludwick ( born October 5 , 1988 ) is a Korean American actress from Apollo Beach , Florida . She began acting at age five , when she held a lead role in Allegra 's Window , a Nick Jr. children 's television program show taped at Universal Studios in Orlando , Florida . When filming on Allegra 's Window ended in May 1996 , seven year old Ludwick went from Allegra 's Window to a lead role in Big Bag , a live action television puppet program for preschoolers on the Cartoon Network . At 8 , she landed the role of Kate , an orphan girl in the touring Broadway musical Annie , the 20th Anniversary . For the next eight months , she toured the United States and Canada with the musical , during which time Ludwick gave eight performances per week . In 2003 , Ludwick appeared as the character Yumi in thirteen , an autobiographical drama film based on American film actress Nikki Reed 's experiences as a 12 and 13 year old girl . In 2004 , Ludwick appeared on Movie Surfers , a Disney Channel mini show where four teenagers go behind the scenes to report on Walt Disney related films . Three years later in June 2007 , Ludwick began work on Teen Witch the Musical , a stage musical based on the 1989 fantasy comedy film Teen Witch . Early career Tessa Ludwick was born October 5 , 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . Ludwick 's career began at age two and a half when Ludwick saw a television advertisement about modeling and begged her mother to call the number . Her modeling led to acting roles . In the summer of 1994 at age five , Ludwick spent time reading books but took time off to go to Six Flags Over Georgia , a 230 acre ( 0 . 93 km2 ) theme park located west of Atlanta , in Austell . In September of that year , Ludwick attended the first grade at Apollo Beach Elementary . While attending Apollo Beach Elementary , Ludwick held a lead role in Allegra 's Window , a children 's television program shown taped at Universal Studios in Orlando , Florida and shown on U.S. television programming block Nick Jr . When filming on Allegra 's Window ended in May 1996 , seven year old Ludwick began a lead role in Big Bag , a live action television puppet program for preschoolers that was produced by Sesame Workshop and aired from 1996 to 1998 on the Cartoon Network . Television , Broadway , and film Ludwick was drawn away in 1997 from Big Bag to act in the role of Kate in Annie , the 20th Anniversary , the Broadway musical on tour revival of the 1977 Broadway theatre production of Annie . The Annie , the 20th Anniversary tour spanned the United States and Canada from October 1997 through June 1998 , during which time Ludwick gave eight performances per week . The Buffalo News noted that her November 1997 performance as the orphan girl Kate at Buffalo , New York 's Shea 's Performing Arts Center crafted a personality for the character whose naturalness far exceeded that of the original Broadway cast . Characterized at that time as bright , bubbly and bringing a sparkle wherever she goes , Ludwick additionally made the honor roll in Hillsborough County 's program for gifted students in 1998 . A year later , Ludwick became a spokesperson for Kids with a Cause , a youth organization based in California dedicated to improving the quality of life of children who suffer from poverty , lack of education , or health related issues . When she was 13 , Ludwick played the character Yumi in thirteen , a 2003 autobiographical drama film based on American film actress Nikki Reed 's experiences as a 12 and 13 year old girl . About a year later , Ludwick appeared on Movie Surfers , a Disney Channel mini show where four teenagers go behind the scenes to report on Walt Disney related films . After this successful career , she starred in Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide as Jennifer Tu . Tessa has also appeared on a special Seventh unk edition of the game show The Weakest Link . Where she made it to the final round and won 77 , 000 , beating Jill .
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1,004 | Imelda is a 2003 documentary film directed by Ramona S. Diaz about the life of Imelda Marcos , former First Lady of the Philippines . Beginning with her childhood , the film documents her marriage to future President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos , her rule under the dictatorship , her exile in Hawaii and her eventual return to the Philippines . Reviews were largely favorable and it won the Excellence in Cinematography Award Documentary award at Sundance Film Festival in 2004 . Imelda outsold Spider Man 2 in the Philippines , but only took US 200 , 992 at the US box office with an additional US 300 , 000 worldwide . Reviews from critics are favorable with a 94 fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes and a 69 100 from Metacritic . Synopsis Diaz followed Imelda Marcos , the former First Lady of the Philippines , for a month and interviewed her daughter unk and her son Ferdinand , Jr . The film incorporates third party interviews and archive material it recounts Imelda 's life , including her marriage to her husband , Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos . Discussing the Marcos presidency , Imelda says that there were no human rights abuses in her country she says that her husband abolished Congress and declared martial law in 1972 to protect democracy . She says that she took 3 , 000 pairs of shoes with her when she went into exile , and justifies her extravagant clothing by saying that it inspired the poor to dress better . She also says that she had enormous museums and theaters constructed to enrich the lives of Filipinos . Imelda says in one vignette that she had met United States Army General Douglas MacArthur during his landing in Tacloban at the end of World War II , and that McArthur insisted that she should perform for the composer Irving Berlin , She sang God Bless the Philippines and when Berlin asked her why she sang the lyrics incorrectly she said , what 's the difference between America and the Philippines The assassination attempt on Imelda and the assassination of Benigno Aquino , Jr. are featured in the film . Footage from parties held by the Marcos couple , including one during which actor George Hamilton sang I can 't give you anything but love , Imelda , are also used in the film . Release and reception Imelda had its world premiere at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam and its North American premiere in the documentary competition of the 2004 Sundance Film Festival , where it won the Excellence in Cinematography Award Documentary . The film was also screened at the Maryland Film Festival in Baltimore . Critical reviews were mostly favorable . The film has a 94 fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes and a 69 100 from Metacritic . The website Film Threat commended the film 's treatment of the subject 's flaws because it allows her to describe them herself TV Guide called Imelda an entertaining storyteller . The New York Times said the film is a devastating portrait and equates the theme of Imelda with that of delusion and power . The San Francisco Chronicle said it was spellbinding . Both the Chronicle and Variety consider the film balanced and even handed . Variety said that Imelda who has been accustomed to public attention since her teenage years , was convinced that her charm and charisma would create a more favorable impression in the film than might otherwise be expected . It said that her defenses of her husband and his regime are obviously filled with rationalizations and unk . Other reviewers were more scathing , or note her distorted reality and the many contradictions with which she lives . The film took US 200 , 992 at the box office in the United States . In the Philippines , Imelda obtained a temporary injunction that prevented it being shown for a brief time . When the injunction was canceled and the film was released , it earned more than Spider Man 2 and was considered a smash hit . Outside the US , the film received box office revenue of US 300 , 000 .
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1,005 | George Edward Crothers ( May 27 , 1870 May 16 , 1957 ) was one of the first students at Stanford University and was instrumental in putting the university on a solid legal and financial footing following the deaths of its founders , Leland and Jane Stanford . He served as a member of Stanford 's board of trustees and as a California superior court judge . His monetary gifts to his alma mater made possible the construction of two student residences on the Stanford campus one named for himself , the other dedicated to the memory of his mother . Early life George Crothers was born on May 27 , 1870 in Wapello , Iowa to John Crothers and Margaret Jane Crothers ( ne Fair ) , who had emigrated to the United States from Ireland the previous year . The family moved to San Jose , California in 1883 , and George enrolled at Stanford in 1891 as part of the new university 's pioneer class . He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford in 1895 , followed by a law degree in 1896 . Career Crothers set up a law practice with his brother , Thomas also a Stanford graduate and a lawyer and became a close adviser to Jane Stanford . Together with his brother , Crothers identified and corrected numerous major legal defects in the terms of the university 's founding grant and successfully lobbied for an amendment to the California state constitution granting Stanford an exemption from taxation on its educational property a change which allowed Jane Stanford to donate her stock holdings to the university . In 1902 , Crothers became the first alumnus of Stanford to serve as a member of the university 's board of trustees . Crothers became involved in legal action over the estate of his maternal uncle , James Graham Fair . Nettie Craven claimed to have been married to Fair at the time of his death , but at a 1900 trial , Crothers ' detailed analysis of the handwriting on the documents Craven had offered in support of her claim convinced the court that they were forgeries . From 1913 to 1921 , Crothers served as a judge of the Superior Court in San Francisco , California . One case which came before him involved a physician whose license had been revoked by the State Board of Medical Examiners for performing an abortion . Judge Crothers refused to overturn the board 's revocation on technical grounds , and his decision was upheld on appeal . Even after Crothers ' retirement from the bench and his return to private law practice , he was commonly referred to as Judge throughout the rest of his life . In a 1956 letter , former U.S. president ( and Stanford classmate ) Herbert Hoover wrote , Judge George E. Crothers was my good friend in bad times and in good times for over sixty years . Philanthropy Crothers established a scholarship fund for Stanford law students in 1912 . In 1929 , he established an annual prize fund for literary composition at the University of California . A set of carillon bells for Grace Cathedral in San Francisco was cast with the help of donations from Crothers and other benefactors . In his later years , Crothers made a donation to Stanford for the construction of Crothers Hall , an on campus dormitory for law students which opened in 1948 . With the help of additional gifts by Crothers , a second residence ( for graduate students in engineering ) was built next to the first opened in 1955 , it was named Crothers Memorial Hall in memory of the judge 's mother . These two residences were extensively renovated and converted into undergraduate housing in 2009 . The name Crothers Memorial is commonly abbreviated to Cro Mem a short form which was the inspiration for the early personal computer company unk . Personal life Crothers married Elizabeth Mills in 1911 . They were unable to have children , and Elizabeth was 38 years old when she died in 1920 . Death Crothers died at Stanford Hospital in Palo Alto , California on May 16 , 1957 . He is buried in San Jose , California , along with his parents .
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1,006 | New York State Route 32B ( NY 32B ) was a state highway in the Capital District region of New York , in the United States . The western terminus of the route was at an intersection with NY 32 in Queensbury . Its eastern terminus was at a junction with U.S. Route 4 ( US 4 ) in Hudson Falls . NY 32B , named Warren Street in Queensbury and River Street in Hudson Falls , ran along the banks of the Hudson River as it went from Glens Falls to Hudson Falls . It crossed over the Glens Falls Feeder Canal near its junction with NY 32 in Queensbury . When NY 32B was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , it began at an intersection with US 4 and NY 32 in Northumberland and ended at US 9 in Glens Falls . The portion of the route between Northumberland and Hudson Falls was concurrent with US 4 upon assignment while the segment west of Boulevard in Queensbury became concurrent with NY 32 in 1949 . NY 32B was truncated north to Hudson Falls in the early 1940s and east to Boulevard c . 1962 . The route was partially replaced with NY 254 c . 1965 . Route description NY 32B , as routed at the time of its removal , began at the intersection of Boulevard ( then NY 32 ) , Warren Street ( NY 32 west of Boulevard ) , and Highland Avenue east of Glens Falls in the Warren County town of Queensbury . The route headed east along Warren Street ( here named Lower Warren Street ) , paralleling the eastern bank of the Hudson River . It crossed over the Glens Falls Feeder Canal prior to reaching the Warren Washington county line . Here , Warren Street turns north to straddle the county line however , NY 32B continued southeastward into Hudson Falls on River Street . NY 32B ended five blocks later at a junction with US 4 in downtown Hudson Falls . History In 1924 , Warren Street in Glens Falls and River Street in Hudson Falls became part of NY 30 , a highway that initially extended from Mechanicville to the Vermont state line near Fair Haven by way of Glens Falls and Whitehall . It was realigned by 1926 to continue north from Whitehall toward the Canadian border . In 1926 , the portion of NY 30 between Glens Falls and Whitehall was included in the new US 4 , which began in Glens Falls and continued east from Whitehall into Vermont by way of NY 30 's former routing . It was rerouted to follow its modern alignment south of Hudson Falls as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . US 4 's former routing between Glens Falls and Hudson Falls became part of NY 32B , a new route assigned in the renumbering that continued south to NY 32 in Northumberland by way of an overlap with US 4 . NY 32B was gradually truncated as time went on . In the early 1940s , NY 32B was cut back on its east end to its junction with US 4 in Hudson Falls , eliminating its lengthy overlap with US 4 along the Hudson River . The route would have been severed from its parent , NY 32 , as a result however , NY 32 was extended northeastward along US 9 from South Glens Falls to NY 32B in Glens Falls by this time . On January 1 , 1949 , NY 32 was extended east to US 4 in Hudson Falls by way of Warren Street , Boulevard , and Feeder Street . The resulting overlap between NY 32 and NY 32B along Warren Street from downtown Glens Falls to Boulevard remained in place until c . 1962 when NY 32B was truncated on its western end to the eastern terminus of the overlap . NY 32B ceased to exist altogether c . 1965 when the portion of NY 32B east of the newly constructed Quaker Road was incorporated into the new NY 254 . The segment of former NY 32B that did not become part of NY 254 located on Lower Warren Street in Queensbury is now NY 911E , an unsigned reference route 0 . 20 miles ( 0 . 32 km ) in length . It is one of three reference routes in Warren County . The NY 656 designation is reserved by the New York State Department of Transportation as a signed replacement for NY 911E however , there is no timetable for its assignment . Major intersections
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1,007 | SMS Heimdall was the fourth vessel of the six member Siegfried class of coastal defense ships ( Kstenpanzerschiffe ) built for the German Imperial Navy . Her sister ships were Siegfried , Beowulf , Frithjof , Hildebrand , and Hagen . Heimdall was built by the Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven shipyard between 1891 and 1894 , and was armed with a main battery of three 24 centimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) guns . She served in the German fleet throughout the 1890s and was rebuilt in 1900 1902 . She served in the VI Battle Squadron after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but saw no action . Heimdall was demobilized in 1915 and used as a barracks ship thereafter . She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1921 . Design Heimdall was 79 meters ( 259 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 14 . 9 m ( 49 ft ) and a maximum draft of 5 . 74 m ( 18 . 8 ft ) . She displaced 3 , 741 long tons ( 3 , 801 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3 cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal fired boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 14 . 6 kn ( 27 . 0 km h 16 . 8 mph ) and a range of approximately 1 , 490 nautical miles ( 2 , 760 km 1 , 710 mi ) at 10 kn ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Heimdall had a crew of 20 officers and 256 enlisted men . The ship was armed with three 24 cm K L 35 guns mounted in three single gun turrets . Two were placed side by side forward , and the third was located aft of the main superstructure . They were supplied with a total of 204 rounds of ammunition . The ship was also equipped with eight 8 . 8 cm SK L 30 guns in single mounts . Heimdall also carried four 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , all in swivel mounts on the deck . One was at the bow , another at the stern , and two amidships . The ship was protected by an armored belt that was 240 mm ( 9 . 4 in ) amidships , and an armored deck that was 30 mm ( 1 . 2 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 . 1 in ) thick sides . Heimdall 's armor consisted of new Krupp steel , a more effective type of armor than the compound steel the other members of the class received . Service history Heimdall was laid down in 1891 at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven . She was launched on 27 July 1892 , and completed on 7 April 1894 . In 1897 , Heimdall participated in the annual summer maneuvers in the IV Division , along with Frithjof and Hagen . Her other three sisters were assigned to the III Division . Heimdall participated in the 1900 summer maneuvers , where she and Siegfried , Hildebrand , and gir simulated the hostile fleet . She served on active duty with the fleet until 1901 , when she was taken into drydock at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel for an extensive reconstruction . The ship was lengthened to 86 . 13 m ( 282 . 6 ft ) , which increased displacement to 4 , 436 t ( 4 , 366 long tons 4 , 890 short tons ) . Her old boilers were replaced with eight new Marine type boilers , and a second funnel was added . Her secondary battery was increased to ten 8 . 8 cm guns , and the 35 cm torpedo tubes were replaced with three 45 cm ( 18 in ) tubes . Work was completed by 1902 . After emerging from her modernization , she returned to service with the fleet , assigned to the II Squadron , alongside Hildebrand , Hagen , and Beowulf . She remained in the fleet until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when she was mobilized into the VI Battle Squadron for coastal defense , along with her sister ships . On 31 August 1915 , the VI Battle Squadron was demobilized , and Heimdall 's crew was transferred to other warships . She was then used as a barracks ship in for U boat crews , along with crews for the coastal defense flotillas stationed on the Ems river . On 17 June 1919 , she was stricken from the naval register . The navy planned to convert Heimdall into a salvage ship , but the plan fell through and she was instead sold and broken up for scrap in 1921 in Rnnebeck .
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1,008 | Wildfire is a steel roller coaster located at Silver Dollar City in Branson , Missouri . The 14 million ride was built by Swiss firm Bolliger Mabillard and opened in 2001 . Wildfire is themed as a flying machine developed by an 1880s Ozark inventor . Standing 120 feet ( 37 m ) tall and featuring a top speed of 66 miles per hour ( 106 km h ) , Wildfire is the tallest and second fastest ride at Silver Dollar City . Along its 3 , 073 feet ( 937 m ) of track , Wildfire features five inversions including an Immelmann loop , a vertical loop , a cobra roll and a corkscrew . History In July 2000 , Silver Dollar City announced that they would be adding the Wildfire roller coaster to their park in 2001 . At a cost of 14 million , the ride would be the most expensive attraction in the park 's history . At the time of the announcement , construction was already underway on an undeveloped portion of land in the outskirts of the park . All of the ride 's footings were in place with some of the steel supports already erected . Construction was expected to be completed in early January the following year , leaving three months for testing , landscaping and theming . On April 4 , 2001 , Wildfire officially opened to the public . Characteristics The 3 , 073 foot long ( 937 m ) Wildfire features five inversions including an Immelmann loop , a vertical loop , a cobra roll , and a corkscrew . The park 's existing terrain ( situated on the Ozark Mountains ) is utilised to allow a 120 foot tall ( 37 m ) lift hill to be translated into a first drop stretching 155 feet ( 47 m ) . Riders reach a top speed of 66 miles per hour ( 106 km h ) on the 2 minute , 16 second ride . The track was manufactured by Clermont Steel Fabricators located in Batavia , Ohio . Wildfire operates with two trains ( generally with one train loading unloading while the other runs the course , each featuring eight cars . Each car seats riders four abreast with ratcheting over the shoulder restraints . This configuration allows the ride to achieve a theoretical hourly capacity of 1 , 300 riders per hour . Wildfire is located in the Hugo 's Hill Street district of Silver Dollar City . It is themed around the story of an 1880s Ozark inventor named Dr. Horatio Harris . Harris has an aim to create a powered flying contraption for flight across the Ozark Mountains . Wildfire is the fuel he developed for his flying machine . The ride 's queue and station area are modelled as the laboratory and invention warehouse of Harris . Riders eventually board his Wildfire powered flying machine , the steel roller coaster . One year after the opening of the roller coaster Silver Dollar City began selling the Wildfire Burger , a hot and spicy hamburger , themed after the ride . Ride experience The train leaves the station , takes a 180 degree right turn and climbs up the chain lift hill to 120 feet ( 37 m ) . At the top , the train turns 90 degrees to the left before negotiating the first drop of 155 feet ( 47 m ) . This is followed by an Immelmann loop , a vertical loop and a cobra roll , the latter of which inverts riders twice . Then the train heads up a banked curve into a corkscrew and a 230 degree turn into the final brake run . Reception Rick Baker , Silver Dollar City 's vice president of corporate development and design , expected the addition of the ride would increase season pass sales by 9 to 250 , 000 . In 2001 , the park was visited by a total of 2 . 1 million people . In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , Wildfire ranked in the top 50 steel roller coasters three times . In 2003 it debuted at position 40 , before dropping to 46 in 2004 and 49 in 2005 . As of 2012 it has not returned to the listing . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , Wildfire entered at position 47 in 2001 , before peaking at 45 in 2005 . It hovered in positions around 60 before dropping to 96 in 2012 . The ride 's ranking in the poll is shown in the table below .
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1,009 | Space Stories was a pulp magazine which published five issues from October 1952 to June 1953 . It was published by Standard Magazines , and edited by Samuel Mines . Mines ' editorial policy for Space Stories was to publish straightforward science fiction adventure stories . Among the better known contributors were Jack Vance , Gordon R. Dickson and Leigh Brackett , whose novel The Big Jump appeared in the February 1953 issue . Publication history and contents The early 1950s saw dramatic changes in the world of U.S. science fiction ( sf ) publishing . At the start of 1949 , all but one of the major magazines in the field were in pulp format by the end of 1955 , almost all had either ceased publication or switched to digest format . Despite the rapid decline of the pulp market , several new science fiction magazines were launched in pulp format during these years . Space Stories was one of the last of these it was launched in October 1952 by Standard Magazines , which already published three other sf magazines Startling Stories , Thrilling Wonder Stories , and Fantastic Story Magazine . Samuel Mines , the editor , had worked for Standard Magazines since 1942 , though not on the science fiction pulps he had taken over the editorship of the sf titles when Sam Merwin left Standard in 1951 . In the first issue , Mines declared that Space Stories ' editorial policy would be focused on entertainment it would be aimed at readers who want action and thrills , strange and exotic backgrounds , weird and wonderful adventure , instead of the coldly mental story , the complex parable , the tale of social significance . The response in the letters column of the magazine was positive , with several fans quoting Mines ' editorial approvingly . Mines was able to obtain stories from well known writers , including Gordon R. Dickson , Leigh Brackett , Jack Vance , and William Morrison , though few of the stories were memorable . The best known story published in the magazine was Brackett 's The Big Jump , which appeared in the February 1953 issue . Sf historian Wendy Bousfield regards most of the lesser known stories in the magazine as uninteresting , but praises Robert Zack 's Expedition to Earth , which is set in a science fiction restaurant where the alien staff are assumed to be merely wearing costumes , as a witty variation on the stereotypical hostile alien story . Bousfield also singles out Charles Foster 's The Satyr Stratagem as an example of an old fashioned sexist science fiction plot . In the story , a planet inhabited only by women welcomes a team of earth miners who will provide husbands for them . Bousfield comments that Joanna Russ and James Tiptree , Jr. would later expose the absurdities of this stock science fictional situation . In addition to the letter column , Mines included articles and essays on science . A book review column appeared in the April 1953 issue it did not appear in the next and final issue , which instead included some science fictional cartoons . The interior art was of generally good quality the artists included Paul Orban , Virgil Finlay , Emsh , and Alex Schomburg . The cover art , by Emsh , Earle K. Bergey , and Walter Popp , was stereotypical , with Emsh 's cover for the February 1953 issue including what sf historian Wendy Bousfield describes as the three stereotypes of sf art the spaceman , the voluptuous blonde , and the threatening bug eyed monster . Only the final issue 's cover , also by Emsh , was painted to illustrate one of the stories inside the magazine . Bergey died in 1952 , and his cover for the December 1952 issue was the last cover he painted for Standard . Bibliographic details Space Stories had one volume of three numbers , and a second volume of two numbers . It appeared on a regular bimonthly schedule . All five were published by Standard Magazines of Kokomo , Indiana , and edited by Samuel Mines . Each issue was in pulp format , priced at 25 cents , and 128 pages long .
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1,010 | When Love Was Blind is a 1911 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on young blind woman , May Read , who is saved from her burning home by Frank Larson . In the act of saving her , Frank is disfigured , but the two fall and love , marry and have a child . Two years later , the family physician offers to restore May 's sight through a surgery . Frank consents despite his fears that May will not love him if she gazes upon his disfigured face . The surgery is a success and the doctor tells May not to remove the bandages . May ignores this warning and is permanently blinded after attempting to gaze at her husband , but she is content knowing her baby is beautiful . Directed by Lucius J. Henderson and starred Lucille Younge , the film was a critical success . The film is presumed lost . Plot The film is focuses on May Read , the daughter of a wealthy widow , who was blinded by an unknown affliction when she was a child . While her mother is away , a fire starts in the house and May is left in the blaze while the servants flee . Frank Larson makes his way into the burning house and brings May out to the safety of the street , but doing so has disfigured him for life . May and Frank fall in love and the couple are married with the blessing of May 's mother . Two years pass and couple have their first child . Their family physician offers to perform an operation to restore May 's sight . Despite Frank 's worries that his wife will not love him if she should see his scarred face , Frank consents to the operation . The operation is a success and the doctor warns May not to remove the bandages as she will lose her sight again . May 's desire to see her child is so strong that she removes the bandages and gazes upon her child . Upon trying to gaze upon her husband , who is standing in strong light , May is permanently blinded . The film concludes with May being content with her blindness and knowing that her baby is as beautiful . Production Little is known about the production of the work . The film was shot at the Thanhouser Studio in New Rochelle , New York under the direction of Lucius J. Henderson and starred Lucille Younge as May Read . A surviving film still shows the disfigured husband , giving the possibility of identifying the actor who played Frank Larson . The film is presumed lost because it is not known to be held in any archive or by any collector . Release and reception The single reel film , approximately 960 feet long , was released on January 24 , 1911 . Reviews for the film from critics and industry publications were positive . The Billboard gave the film a positive review for its moving story of true love shown by the actors playing the blind wife and facially disfigured husband . The reviewer also noted that the photography was up to the usual high standard of Thanhouser releases . The Moving Picture World opened with the declaration that , When this picture is past , the wonder will linger long in the memory whether the wife would have loved her husband just the same if she had seen him in the short time when her affliction was alleviated . And it must be admitted that the producers have added materially to the dramatic interest of the film by leaving that question unanswered . The New York Dramatic Mirror review praised the film for its photography , setting and acting , but highlighted technical inconsistencies in the progression of the fire and the overly drawn out struggle of the father in the smoke . Walton of The Moving Picture News also praised the film , stating that The situations are well handled the acting of the principals shows the true grip of the characters . The work of this firm of late has been not only artistic but throbbing with that clean , human life which is winning high praise . In local papers , the film was reviewed positively by theater advertisements , owing to the sentimental nature of the film and the technical execution of the fire scene .
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1,011 | The 1899 New Richmond Tornado was an estimated F5 tornado that nearly destroyed the town of New Richmond , Wisconsin , on June 12 , 1899 , killing 117 and injuring 125 people . More than 300 , 000 ( USD ) ( 8 , 533 , 000 in today 's dollars ) in damage was reported . History June 12 , 1899 , was the day of the unk Brothers Circus , which drew hundreds of visitors in addition to the town 's 2 , 500 inhabitants . Around 3 00 p.m. , clouds began to build , and the sky became quite dark . As the circus ended for the day around 4 30 PM , a heavy rain , with some hail , began to fall . The rain let up around 5 00 PM , and people began to head home for the day . By 6 00 PM , the streets of New Richmond were full of tourists , travelers and residents . Meanwhile , the tornado had already touched down to the southwest . It began as a waterspout on the east bank of Lake St. Croix , about 15 miles ( 24 . 1 km ) from New Richmond , at around 5 30 PM . The tornado was described as a boiling cloud , which seemed to skirt the hills to the east of Lake St. Croix , and then head straight for New Richmond . Passing over mostly open country , it destroyed several farm buildings near the rural communities of Burkhardt and Boardman as it traveled northeast . Three people were killed there . There was little warning in New Richmond . The tornado was completely illuminated by lightning , but it was visible for only a few minutes before it reached the town . Homes and businesses were demolished and torn from their foundations , flying debris filled the air , and people were swept away . The brick , three story unk Hotel was completely leveled by the tornado . Some barely had time to scramble for shelter in storm cellars , but many were caught in the streets . Even some who did take refuge were killed anyway , such as those who ran into the O.J. Williams dry goods store . The store was swept away , and the people taking shelter in the basement were pelted to death by flying bricks and timbers . Most people who could not find shelter were killed . Debris of all sorts flew through the air at tremendous speeds . A 3 , 000 pound safe was flung a block from its original location . Trees and timbers were hurled like javelins through the air , and the intense winds swept people up and threw them against walls or the ground . The northern residential section of town was completely obliterated by the tornado , with nothing left but small pieces of debris scattered about . Every home in that area was leveled or swept away . The tornado dissipated shortly after exiting the town . Shortly thereafter , another storm with strong winds swept through , sending people back into their shelters . It is likely that some died in fires while potential help was hiding from the possibility of another tornado . Aftermath All but the extreme western end of the town was obliterated by the tornado and subsequent fires . More than 300 buildings were destroyed , and the only significant surviving structures were the Catholic and Baptist churches . The town 's electrical plant and water facilities were destroyed , so fires ran rampant through the scattered debris . Many bodies found in the aftermath were burnt beyond recognition it was impossible to tell if they died from the tornado or from being trapped and burned alive . Twenty six families experienced multiple deaths , and six reported four or more deaths in the family . After order was restored , authorities determined that a total of 117 people had been killed ( 64 in the town itself ) and more than 150 injured . This is the ninth highest death toll for any single tornado in American history . The New Richmond Tornado is generally assumed to have been an F5 tornado , with winds in excess of 261 mph . The town was so completely damaged that it had to be essentially rebuilt . Damage claims exceeded 300 , 000 ( 7 million in 2006 dollars ) , however , damages may have been as high as 600 , 000 ( 14 million in 2006 dollars ) .
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1,012 | Broder unk Knudtzon ( 5 October 1788 20 March 1864 ) was a Norwegian merchant , politician and benefactor . Born into one of Trondheim 's wealthiest mercantile families , he travelled to England where he developed a great admiration of English language and literature . Despite his commercial background he was more drawn towards the fields of politics , culture and art . He nevertheless administrated his father 's family firm , acting as foreign correspondent with little interest in the everyday business . In England he befriended Lord Byron and came under the influence of the English national liberal movement . Prior to his death , he bequeathed his entire library and several artworks to the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters . Early years Knudtzon was born in Trondheim in Sr Trndelag he was the sixth and youngest child of Hans Carl Knudtzon ( 1751 1823 ) , a merchant and burgomaster , and Karen Knudtzon ( ne Mller , 1752 1818 ) . Knudtzon 's father was of German origin and had moved to Norway to further his career as a merchant . His firm was flourishing financially , and the Knudtzon family became a rallying point for Trondheim 's artists and authors . Having spent his childhood in Trondheim , Broder Knudtzon moved to Flensburg , Germany in 1796 to live in the house of his father 's uncle . Upon his confirmation , Knudtzon travelled back to Trondheim where he was apprenticed to his father . He subsequently travelled around in France in search of a mercantile education in Paris he met the Danish poet and playwright Adam Oehlenschlger . After a brief visit to his sister in Nantes , he relocated to England , where he came in contact with poet Lord Byron and other leading figures in the national liberal movement . During his stay in England , he acquired a great fondness and knowledge of the English language , literature and culture . In a later trip to Italy he met the Danish Icelandic sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen , who made portrait busts of him and other persons in his family . Mercantile and political engagement In the spring of 1814 , Broder and his brother Jrgen assisted Carsten Anker in his endeavour to gain English supporters of an independent Norway . As a member of the Storting 's deputation to Sweden , Knudtzon travelled with his father to Stockholm in the autumn of the same year . On his return from Stockholm , he became foreign correspondent of his father 's firm Hans Knudtzon Co , which he owned together with his brother Christian and his brother in law Lorentz Johannsen . He maintained that his own duties in the firm 's office were a displeasure , and was once quoted as saying Business I hate , and for reading there is not leisure . A supplementary member of the Storting , he met in the parliament once , acting as secretary for the constitution committee . During 1839 57 , he was a member of the supervisory board of Norges Bank . He became a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters in 1821 , and was its secretary from 1825 to 1831 . Having a profound wish to spread erudition in Norway , he used his acquaintances in England to supply the society with enlightenment books and journals . Knudtzon eventually bequeathed his entire book collection and five of Thorvaldsen 's sculptures to the society , with the condition that they not move to Christiania . Death and legacy Knudtzon died unmarried on 20 March 1864 in Trondheim . He was buried in Vr Frue Church , where he also had been christened . Prior to his death , he had burned all his letters and notes , including his correspondences with Lord Byron . Little remains therefore of his written production , aside from a few translations and periodical articles . A biographer once wrote of him Mr. Knudtzon is a banker of eminence at Trondheim . He resided some years in England hence , to the hospitable kindness of a native of the north and the acquirements of a literary man he unites the polish and refinement of an English gentleman .
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1,013 | M 95 , designated the Leif Erickson Memorial Highway , is a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . Running from Kingsford to near Champion in Humboldt Township , it is the main connection between Iron Mountain and Marquette along with US 41 . M 95 was previously designated as M 45 . The number was switched when US 45 was designated in Michigan . The trunkline incorporates a portion of the former M 12 which became US 2 . A section of the highway near Republic was turned over to Marquette County during a rerouting of the highway in the 1940s , becoming County Road 601 . Route description Starting on a bridge across the Menominee River , M 95 runs north along Carpenter Avenue in Kingsford . It turns east along Ludington Street in Iron Mountain and joins the US 2 US 141 concurrency out of town to the north , following Stephenson Avenue . Near the state line northwest of Iron Mountain , M 95 turns northward as a solo route through northern Dickinson County . There is a concurrency with M 69 from Randville to Sagola . Randville is just south of the junction with M 69 where the mining settlement formed because of the nearby Groveland Mine and was a station on the Milwaukee and Northern Railroad in 1880 . A post office was in operation in Randville from 1891 until 1932 . Near Sagola is a mill owned by Louisiana Pacific that makes oriented strand board . The surrounding forest lands near the highway provide trees for the mill . Sagola was formed , when in about 1885 , five Chicago men formed the Sagola Lumber Company to harvest pine timber in the area . The name was derived from the local Indian word for welcome . A post office was first established there in 1889 . North of Sagola is the community of Channing which began as a railroad junction called Fort Siding . In 1892 , a post office was established named Channing , after John Parke Channing , a mining engineer who surveyed the area . M 95 crosses the Michigamme River at the Marquette County line . It is here that M 95 also crosses over from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone at the county line south of Witch Lake . From there it bypasses Republic and the former Republic Mine Complex to the west . Republic is divided into two smaller communities of North Republic and South Republic by the mine complex . Known for its sandy beachfront along the Michigamme River west of downtown North Republic , the beach is located just upstream of the Republic Dam . In South Republic is a roadside park maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) that provides a picnic area and canoe access to the river . M 95 comes to an end north of a railroad crossing at an intersection with US 41 M 28 named Koski 's Korner . History From its inception until 1934 , M 95 held the M 45 designation . It was renumbered to avoid confusion with the then new US 45 designation in the Upper Peninsula . The original M 95 was an access route to Onaway State Park which was redesignated as M 211 . The original roadway that became today 's M 95 started in Sagola and run northward to M 15 ( today US 41 M 28 ) . M 45 was extended by 1927 to replace portions of M 12 that were not used in US 2 . It would later be extended in 1932 to the state line south of Kingsford . The total of M 45 was converted to M 95 in 1934 as a realignment near Witch Lake is completed . M 95 was rerouted in 1942 from Republic north to Humboldt Township . This new 7 mile ( 11 km ) section replaced the last section of gravel roadway that was transferred to Marquette County as County Road 601 . Another rerouting in the Republic area moved the trunkline in 1957 to bypass South Republic . The former roadway was partially closed to become part of the Republic Mine . M 69 was shortened , eliminating the concurrency with M 95 in 1960 or 1961 . M 69 was re extended back to its pre 1960 routing in 1991 , restoring the concurrency in the process . Major intersections
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1,014 | Bernard Waldman ( October 12 , 1913 November 1 , 1986 ) was an American physicist who flew on the Hiroshima atomic bombing mission as a cameraman during World War II . A graduate of New York University , joined the faculty of the University of Notre Dame in 1938 . During World War II , he served in the United States Navy as an engineering officer . He headed a group that conducted blast measurements for the Trinity nuclear test , and served on Tinian with Project Alberta . After the war he returned to Notre Dame . He was director of the Midwestern Universities Research Association Laboratory from 1960 to 1964 , dean of its Notre Dame College of Science at Notre Dame from 1967 to 1979 , and associate director of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory from 1979 to 1983 . Early life and education Bernard Waldman was born in New York City on October 12 , 1913 . He attended New York University , from which he received Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees . His thesis , on The Resonance Processes in the Disintegration of Boron by Protons , formed the basis of a paper published in the Physical Review . His research supported the estimates of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Robert Serber . Although he was a Congregationalist , Waldman joined the faculty of the University of Notre Dame in 1938 . He became an assistant professor in 1941 . Manhattan Project During World War II , Waldman served in the United States Navy as an engineering officer , and was involved in construction and extension of naval bases in the United States . He took a leave of absence from Notre Dame and joined Oppenheimer and Serber at the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in 1943 . He was assigned to Norman F. Ramsey 's E 7 Group , which was part of the Ordnance ( O ) Division responsible for integration of design and delivery . Most of the work involved preparing and checking instrumentation from drop tests involving dummy bombs . Waldman was the head of Group TR 6 ( Airborne Measurements ) for the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945 . He developed microphones that were dropped by parachute to measure the effect of the blast . He was then assigned to Project Alberta , the part of the Manhattan Project that oversaw the preparation of facilities to test and deploy nuclear weapons , and support their use during the actual missions . As such , he participated in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , as a camera operator on the observation aircraft . He was equipped with a special high speed Fastax movie camera with six seconds of film in order to record the blast . Unfortunately , Waldman forgot to open the camera shutter , and no film was exposed . Later life After the war ended , Waldman returned to Notre Dame , where he continued his research into the photodisintegration of deuterium and beryllium . For a time he was in charge of a 3 million volt particle accelerator that was the unk second most powerful source of X rays in 1949 . In 1960 , Waldman took a sabbatical from Notre Dame to become director of the Midwestern Universities Research Association ( unk ) Laboratory . He set about fixing problems with the 50 MeV accelerator . These were resolved , but the Federal Government declined to fund unk 's activities , and Walden returned to Notre Dame in 1964 . Waldman was appointed dean of Notre Dame 's College of Science in 1967 . He held this position August , 1979 , when he retired at the age of 65 . He then became as associate director of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University , a position he held until 1983 . Waldman died in a hospital in Sanford , North Carolina , where he was being treated for cancer , on November 1 , 1986 . He was survived by his wife , Glenna and three daughters . A funeral service was held at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart on the campus of the University of Notre Dame , and he was interred in its Cedar Grove Cemetery . His papers are in the University of Notre Dame Archives .
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1,015 | The 76th Boat Race took place on 5 April 1924 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford were reigning champions having won the previous year 's race and their crew was significantly heavier than their opponents for this year 's race . Umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman , Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 18 minutes 41 seconds , the fastest time since 1911 . The victory took the overall record in the event to 40 35 in Oxford 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1923 race by three quarters of a length , and led overall with 40 victories to Cambridge 's 34 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford were coached by G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races , Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four time Blue ) and E. D. Horsfall ( who had rowed in the three races prior to the First World War ) . Cambridge 's coaches were Francis Escombe , P. Haig Thomas ( four time Blue who had rowed between 1902 and 1905 ) and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . For the sixteenth year the umpire was Old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . Cambridge had few former Blues to call upon and despite measles striking at least one of the crew down , their rowing style was described by author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater as harmoniously together . Conversely , Oxford 's crew was experienced yet a lack of uniformity in early training evolved into a crew with a turn of such extraordinary speed that being was as much as four to one on Oxford . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 5 . 5 lb ( 78 . 5 kg ) , 5 . 875 pounds ( 2 . 7 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw a single rower return with Boat Race experience in their number six T. D. A. Collet . Conversely , Oxford 's crew included six individuals who had represented the Dark Blues in the event , including bow P. C. Mallam who was making his fourth consecutive appearance . Oxford 's American stroke W. P. Mellen was the only non British participant registered in the event , having been educated at the Middlesex School in Concord , Massachusetts . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Umpire Pitman started the race in bright sunshine and a light breeze at 2 23 p.m. Oxford took a brief lead , out rating their opponents significantly in the first minute , but by the time the crews passed the Mile Post , the Light Blues were nearly a quarter of a length ahead . As both boats passed under Hammersmith Bridge , Cambridge had extended their lead and were clear of Oxford , despite rowing two strokes per minute slower . Even though the Dark Blues made a spurt , Cambridge pulled away and were three lengths ahead by Chiswick Steps . According to author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater , from here they had it all their own way to the finish . Cambridge passed the finishing post four and a half lengths ahead , in a time of 18 minutes 41 seconds , the fastest winning time since the 1911 race and the second fastest time in the history of the event . It was their fourth win in five years and took the overall record in the event to 40 35 in Oxford 's favour .
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1,016 | Forever is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her fifth studio album , Daydream . It was released by Columbia Records on March 10 , 1996 , as an airplay only single from the album . The song was written and produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff , and was composed throughout 1995 . Its lyrics describe a situation where the protagonist knows her relationship with her lover has withered away , however he will continue living in her memory forever . The song 's music video is a collage of snippets from Carey 's shows at the Tokyo Dome , during her Daydream World Tour in 1996 . Most of the video is the performance of the song during one of the three Japanese shows on the tour . Serving as an airplay only song in the US , and a limited release around the world , the song achieved minimal chart success . In the United States , Billboard rules did not allow the charting of non commercially released songs . For this reason , it did not chart on the Hot 100 , however peaking at number two on the Adult Contemporary chart . Outside the US , the song peaked at number 11 in Canada , 40 in New Zealand and 44 in the Netherlands . Composition Forever was written and produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff in early 1995 . The song is written in the key of A major and features a basic chord progression of A C G Fm E D E . Throughout Forever , Carey 's voice spans from the low note of G3 to the high note of A5 . According to author Chris Nickson , the song 's instrumentation and throw back melody bring reminders of 1950s and 60s balladry . The throw back was featured through the chord changes , and in the way that the guitar arpeggios stayed at the forefront of the music . Forever finds Carey displaying subtle and harmonizing vocals , with Nickson describing her voice as undeniably rich . Stephen Holden from The New York Times described it as a 50 's style rock and roll ballad , while calling Carey 's voice magnificent . Reception Ken Tucker , an editor from Entertainment Weekly praised the song 's instrumentation , writing I like the brisk waltz tempo of ' Forever . ' Forever was released as an airplay only single in the US , and received a limited European release . Due to Billboard rules at the time of its release , Forever wasn 't eligible to chart on the Hot 100 . However , the song charted on the Adult Contemporary chart , peaking at number two . In Canada , the song peaked at number 11 on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart issue dated September 30 , 1996 . In New Zealand , the song entered the singles chart at its peak of number 40 , spending only one week in the chart . On the Dutch Singles Chart , Forever peaked at number 47 , fluctuating in the chart for a total of nine weeks . Music video and live performances Forever was first performed in October 1995 in Carey 's concert at Madison Square Garden . The next year it was performed throughout all the shows on Carey 's Daydream World Tour in 1996 . The music video for Forever was filmed at one of the Japanese shows during the tour . It presents Carey singing the song on stage at the Tokyo Dome , and inter cuts scenes from other segments of the show . For the show and video , Carey wore a pair of black pants and matching blouse , together with a long leather trench coat . Her hair teased in a long wavy fashion , and is a golden auburn color . The video features three back up singers , one male and two female and a large projection screen on the stage 's rear . The live audio of this performance was released on the single . Formats and track listing European CD Single Forever 4 01 Forever ( Live ) 4 12 Australian CD Single Forever 4 01 Underneath the Stars 3 33 Forever ( Live ) 4 12 Make It Happen ( Live ) 4 43 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the Daydream liner notes . Mariah Carey co production , songwriting , vocals Walter Afanasieff co production , songwriting Charts
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1,017 | Wighard ( or Wigheard died between 664 and 667 ) was a medieval Archbishop elect of Canterbury . What little is known about him comes from 8th century writer Bede , but inconsistencies between various works have led to confusion about the exact circumstances of Wighard 's election and whether he was ever confirmed in that office . What is clear is that he died in Rome after travelling there for confirmation by the papacy of his elevation to the archbishopric . His death allowed Pope Vitalian to select the next archbishop from amongst the clergy in Rome . Life Wighard was a Saxon priest during the late 7th century , and a native of Kent . He served in the household of Archbishop Deusdedit of Canterbury , and was also a priest at Canterbury . The 8th century writer Bede says that Wighard was selected to be Archbishop of Canterbury , and that he was sent to Rome to visit Pope Vitalian for confirmation and to receive his pallium . How exactly he was selected , and when that occurred , is open to debate , as Bede himself had two different stories . The first one , related in his Historia Abbatum , stated that Wighard was selected by King Ecgberht of Kent . Fifteen years after Bede 's completion of the Historia Abbatum , Bede wrote the Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum , which states that Wighard was selected by Oswiu of Northumbria and Ecgberht with the consent of all the clergy and people . Some modern historians have followed Bede 's second account , but others feel that only Ecgberht selected Wighard . The case for excluding Oswiu from any role in Wighard 's election is based on the theory that Bede misinterpreted a letter from Vitalian to Oswiu as stating that Oswiu was involved in the selection . The historian Nicholas Brooks points out that although Bede may have indeed misread Vitalian 's letter , Oswiu had other reasons for involving himself in Deusdedit 's replacement , not least of which was a concern that the exiled Northumbrian bishop Wilfrid , who was in Kent and Mercia at the time , not be selected as the new archbishop . The historian D. P. Kirby sees Oswiu 's involvement in Wighard 's selection as an attempt to help restore the Anglo Saxon church , and perhaps as the beginning of steps to secure York as an archbishopric . Brooks points out that one reason Wighard might have journeyed to Rome was to receive his pallium . As it had been the normal practice up until then to have it sent out to England by the papacy , Wighard 's travel to Rome would indicate the papacy 's approval of his election and ensure the validity of his consecration . Bede , who is the main source for this information , is unclear on his chronology relating to Wighard . At one point in the Historia Ecclesiastica , he states that Canterbury had been vacant for some time before Wighard 's election , but in other writings he implies that Wighard was appointed soon after the conclusion of the Council of Whitby , which likely took place in 664 . However Wighard was selected , he died in Rome . His death possibly occurred around 664 , but could have been as late as 667 . It may have been caused by the bubonic plague , or perhaps was due to some other disease epidemic . Like much else in his life , it is unclear if he was actually consecrated before his death . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Wighard states that he died before consecration . The historian Peter Blair , however , states that Wighard died as he was about to head home to Canterbury , after his consecration . Pope Vitalian wrote to Oswiu after Wighard 's death , and this letter is preserved by Bede in his Historia Ecclesiastica . In the letter , which also mentions that a messenger from Oswiu had been among the companions of the archbishop elect , the pope apologises that he has been unable to find a successor to Wighard yet . Wighard 's death in Rome allowed Vitalian the opportunity to choose his successor , and Vitalian chose his friend Theodore of Tarsus to become the next archbishop .
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1,018 | No Podrs ( English You Can 't ) is a song written and composed by Alejandro Zepeda and Peter unk , originally recorded by Mexican recording artist Cristian Castro . Lyrically , the song describes the end of a relationship between two lovers where the protagonist tells the lover that she will not forget how much he loved her . The song was released by Fonovisa Records as the lead single from Castro 's debut studio album Agua Nueva ( 1992 ) . It peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . It was well received by music critics , despite negative reception of its parent album . In 1993 , Dominican merengue musician Fernando Villalona covered the song on his album El Nio unk . His version of the song peaked at number thirty two on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs . Background Cristian Castro rose to fame at age five when he began his acting career with his mother , famous actress and singer , Vernica Castro . His first role was on the telenovela El Derecho de Nacer ( 1981 ) . At age seven , he became the lead singer of his band Cristian y los unk ( Cristian and the Little Roosters ) and performed live on the TV show Siempre en Domingo . At age fourteen , he formed rock band Los unk unk ( The Delicious Demons ) whom he performed with for two years . After his departure from the band , Castro became a presenter at the annual unk Festival where he performed the song 16 unk ( 16 Decembers ) . Castro could not afford to record a studio album with his own finances . His friend , Alejandro Zepeda , resolved this problem by selling Castro 's personal belongings , including his car . As a result , Castro recorded his first album , Agua Nueva , produced by Zepeda and released by Fonovisa Records . In 2012 , Castro recorded a live version of No Podrs with new arrangements by Matt Rolling and produced unk unk and features fellow Mexican singer Benny Ibarra . This version was included on his second live album En Primera Fila Da 2 in 2014 . Music and lyrics No Podrs was written and composed by Alejandro Zepeda and Peter unk . Lyrically , the song describes the end of a relationship between two lovers where the protagonist tells the lover that she will not forget how much he loved her . As with the other songs in the album , No Podrs was recorded and produced in California and promoted by Televisa . Release and reception No Podrs debuted at number 39 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart on the week of July 25 , 1992 . The song climbed to the top ten on the week of August 29 , 1992 and peaked at number three two weeks later . To promote the song , a music video was made for No Podrs which shows Castro performing the song for a live audience . The song also reached number one on the hit parade chart in Mexico City . An editor of unk magazine , while giving Agua Nueva a negative review , felt that No Podrs was excellent work and remarked that the other songs in the album did not come close to its quality . An editor of unk magazine praised the lyrics of the song and said it was the most beautiful song I have heard . On the review of the Castro 's compilation album unk The Ultimate Collection , Heather Phares of Allmusic commented that No Podrs had a slinky feel . Formats and track listings Charts Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the Allmusic . Cristian Castro vocals Alejandro Alex Zepeda producer , arranger , songwriting , vocals Kiko Cibrian Arranger , Chorus , Production Coordination , Fernando Villalona version In 1993 , Dominican merengue musician Fernando Villalona covered the song on his album , El Nino unk and released it as the album 's first single . His version peaked at number 32 on the Hot Latin Songs chart . In 1997 , it appeared on his compilation album Historia de Una Vida . Stephen Erlewine of Allmusic considered the song to be one of his finest in his career . Weekly charts Credits and personnel Credits adapted from Allmusic .
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1,019 | The 53rd Boat Race took place on 28 March 1896 . The Boat Race is an annual side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . In a race umpired by former rower Frank Willan , Oxford won by two fifths of a length in a time of 20 minutes 1 second , taking the overall record in the event to 30 22 in their favour . It was their seventh consecutive victory and the narrowest winning margin since 1877 . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the boat clubs of University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , as of 2014 it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by two and a quarter lengths in the previous year 's race , and held the overall lead , with 29 victories to Cambridge 's 22 . Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne who had rowed for Oxford in the 1882 and 1883 races , R. C. Lehmann , the former president of the Cambridge Union Society and captain of the 1st Trinity Boat Club ( although he had rowed in the trials eights for Cambridge , he was never selected for the Blue boat ) and Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) . Cambridge were coached by Stanley Muttlebury who had rowed for Cambridge five times between the 1886 and 1890 races . The umpire for the race for the eighth year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 6 . 5 lb ( 79 . 0 kg ) , 1 pound ( 0 . 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Five of the Cambridge crew had rowed in the previous year 's race boat club president Theodore Byram Hope , Herbert Aylward Game , Richard Yerburgh unk , Thomas Jones Gibb Duncanson and Adam Searle Bell . The Oxford crew contained three former Blues , including Walter Erskine Crum who was making his third consecutive appearance in the event . Six of the Oxford crew and two Cantabrigians were educated at Eton College . Race Cambridge , the pre race favourites , won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Starting at 1 03 p.m. , the race was conducted in strong westerly winds and rain showers . Cambridge started the faster of the crews and outrated Oxford by two strokes per minute , and by Craven Steps ( approximately 1 , 000 yards ( 910 m ) ) along the course ) they held a one third length lead . With the bend in the river in their favour , Oxford drew level by the Mile Post , but by Harrods Furniture Depository Cambridge were ahead , holding a three quarter length advantage by Hammersmith Bridge . Into the rough water past the bridge , Oxford struggled and the Light Blues were clear at The Doves pub . By Chiswick Steps they had extended the lead to one and a half lengths . Despite being behind for most of the race , the Oxford stroke Harcourt Gilbey Gold maintained his crew 's pace and rhythm and along Corney Reach ( around 3 miles ( 4 . 8 km ) into the race ) they were overlapping the Light Blue boat . Encountering a challenging combination of wind and tide , Cambridge began to struggle by the brewery at Mortlake , and the Dark Blues took advantage , overtaking Cambridge and passed the finishing post two fifths of a length ahead in a time of 20 minutes 1 second . It was their seventh consecutive victory and the narrowest margin of victory since the 1877 race . Author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater described the race as one of the most stubbornly contested that has ever been rowed .
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1,020 | Upsilon Andromedae d ( abbreviated Andromedae d , And d ) , also named Majriti , is an extrasolar planet orbiting the Sun like star Upsilon Andromedae A every 1276 . 46 days . Its discovery in April 1999 by Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler made this the first multiple planet system to be discovered around a main sequence star , and the first multiple planet system known in a multiple star system . Upsilon Andromedae d is the third known planet in order of distance from its star . In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Majriti for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Vega Astronomy Club of Morocco and honours the 10th and early 11th Century astronomer Maslama al Majriti of Muslim Spain . Discovery Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , Upsilon Andromedae d was detected by measuring variations in its star 's radial velocity as a result of the planet 's gravity . This was done by making precise measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of Upsilon Andromedae A. At the time of discovery , Upsilon Andromedae A was already known to host one extrasolar planet , the hot Jupiter Upsilon Andromedae b however , by 1999 , it was clear that the inner planet could not explain the velocity curve . In 1999 , astronomers at both San Francisco State University and the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics independently concluded that a three planet model best fit the data . The two new planets were designated Upsilon Andromedae c and Upsilon Andromedae d . Orbit and mass Upsilon Andromedae d orbits its star in an eccentric orbit , more eccentric than that of any of the major planets in the Solar System ( including Pluto ) . The orbit 's semimajor axis puts the planet in the habitable zone of Upsilon Andromedae A. To explain the planet 's orbital eccentricity , some have proposed a close encounter with a ( now lost ) outer planet of Upsilon Andromedae A. The encounter would have moved Upsilon Andromedae d into an eccentric orbit closer to the star and ejected the outer planet from the system . Subsequently , gravitational perturbations from Upsilon Andromedae d moved the inner planet Upsilon Andromedae c into its present eccentric orbit . If so , the rogue planet would have had to be ejected immediately it is unclear how likely this situation might be . Other models are possible . A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect Upsilon Andromedae d is that the orbital inclination is unknown , and only a lower limit on the planet 's mass can be obtained . However , by combining radial velocity measurements from ground based telescopes with astrometric data from the Hubble Space Telescope , astronomers have determined the orbital inclination as well as the actual mass of Upsilon Andromedae d , which is about 10 . 25 times the mass of Jupiter . Preliminary astrometric measurements suggest the orbit of Upsilon Andromedae d may be inclined at 155 . 5 to the plane of the sky . However , these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits worthless for HD unk b and probably 55 Cancri c , and contradict even the inner planet u And b 's inclination of 30 . The mutual inclination between c and d meanwhile is 29 . 9 degrees . Characteristics Given the planet 's high mass , it is likely that it is a gas giant with no solid surface and surface gravity of over 25 times that of Earth . Since the planet has only been detected indirectly through observations of its star , properties such as its radius , composition , and temperature are unknown . Upsilon Andromedae d lies in the habitable zone of Upsilon Andromedae A as defined both by the ability for an Earthlike world to retain liquid water at its surface and based on the amount of ultraviolet radiation received from the star .
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1,021 | The M21 Mortar Motor Carriage ( MMC ) was a self propelled artillery mount on a half track chassis used by the United States Army during World War II . It was equipped with an 81 mm M1 mortar and an air cooled M2 Browning machine gun . It was produced by the White Motor Company in 1944 . Only 110 examples were produced . It mainly served on the Western Front in Normandy , and Southern France , and then later in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge . It was deemed to have been outclassed in 1945 when the 81 mm M1 mortar was found to have insufficient power to provide effective artillery support . Specifications The specifications for the M21 are similar to the specifications for the M3 Half track . The vehicle was 20 ft 9 in ( 6 . 32 m ) long , 6 ft 5 in ( 1 . 96 m ) wide , and 7 ft 5 in ( 2 . 26 m ) high with a wheelbase of 135 . 5 in ( 3 . 44 m ) . The suspension for the front wheels were leaf springs and track 's suspension used a vertical volute spring . Powered by a White 160AX , 128 hp ( 95 kW ) , 386 in3 ( 6 , 330 cc ) , 6 cylinder petrol engine with a compression ratio of 6 . 3 1 , the M21 could reach up to 45 mph ( 72 km h ) on a road . The fuel capacity was 60 US gal ( 230 l ) and the vehicle had a range of 150 mi ( 240 km ) . It had a power to weight ratio of 15 . 8 hp ton with the vehicle weighing nine tons . Design The M21 had a different layout from the early M4 and M4A1 MMC , as it was the replacement of the M4 . The major difference , was that the M21 and the M4 were based on different half tracks ( the M4 was based on the M2 Half track while the M21 was based on the M3 Half track ) . The major difference was the location and direction of the mortar ( the M4 's mortar was rear facing and was near the back , while the M21 's mortar was front facing and was closer to the front ) . The mortar was able to traverse 30 either side and elevate from 40 to 80 . If required , it could be de mounted from the vehicle and fired from the ground . In addition , there was a pedestal mount at the rear for a .50 cal ( 12 . 7 mm ) M2 heavy machine gun . Development The M4 was developed to meet the need for a specialized mortar carrier based on the M2 Half Track Car , which the M21 soon replaced . The initial M4 was designed to carry a mortar . In emergencies , the mortar could be fired from the vehicle . The improved M4A1 had a reinforced floor so that the mortar could be fired from the vehicle , but the mounting faced to the rear and lacked traverse . This caused problems when the troops who operated the mortar mounted the vehicle , so the US 2nd Armored Division relocated the mortars so that they could fire from the front . The Ordnance Department followed suit and a new 81 mm MMC , the T19 MMC , was created , which was based on the M3 Half track . The T19 went through its developmental trials , which were completed in July 1943 , and the vehicle was later standardized as the M21 MMC . Unlike the M4 mortar carriage , which was based on the M2 Half Track Car , the M21 was based on the M3 Half track with a longer and roomier rear . Service history The M21 served on the Western Front , seeing action in Normandy and in southern France , before later being used during the Battle of the Bulge , the Battle of Belgium , Operation Market Garden , and the invasion of Germany from the west . The M21 served with the US 3rd , 1st , and 7th Armies during the campaign in France , and the 2nd Armored Division , which developed it . In addition , 57 examples were leased to Free French forces . By 1945 , it was declared obsolete , due to the insufficient power of the 81 mm mortar as an artillery piece . Usage Standard US tank and armored infantry battalions had a mortar platoon equipped with either unk or the older M4 unk . The M21 was used mainly to illuminate targets at night or provide indirect fire support to the infantry . The usage was uncommon because the White Motor Company was only able to produce 110 unk in 1944 .
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1,022 | Gliese 876 b is an exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 876 . It completes one orbit in approximately 61 days . Discovered in June 1998 , Gliese 876 b was the first planet to be discovered orbiting a red dwarf . Discovery Gliese 876 b was discovered independently by two different teams , one led by Geoffrey Marcy ( with data from Keck Observatory and Lick Observatory ) and the other by Xavier unk ( at Geneva Observatory ) . Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , it was discovered by detecting variations in its star 's radial velocity as a result of the planet 's gravity . This was done by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectral lines of Gliese 876 . It was the first discovered of four known planets in the Gliese 876 system . Orbit and mass Gliese 876 b is in a 1 2 4 Laplace resonance with the inner planet Gliese 876 c and the outer planet Gliese 876 e in the time it takes planet e to complete one orbit , planet b completes two and planet c completes four . This is the second known example of a Laplace resonance , the first being Jupiter 's moons Io , Europa and Ganymede . As a result , the orbital elements of the planets change fairly rapidly as they dynamically interact with one another . The planet 's orbit has a low eccentricity , similar to the planets in the Solar System . The semimajor axis of the orbit is only 0 . 208 AU , less than that of Mercury in the Solar System . However Gliese 876 is such a faint star that this puts it in the outer part of the habitable zone . A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect Gliese 876 b is that only a lower limit on the planet 's mass can be obtained . This lower limit is around 1 . 93 times the mass of Jupiter . The true mass depends on the inclination of the orbit , which in general is unknown . However , because Gliese 876 is only 15 light years from Earth Benedict et al . ( 2002 ) were able to use one of the Fine Guidance Sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope to detect the astrometric wobble created by Gliese 876 b . This constituted the first unambiguous astrometric detection of an extrasolar planet . Their analysis suggested that the orbital inclination is 84 6 ( close to edge on ) . In the case of Gliese 876 b , modelling the planet planet interactions from the Laplace resonance shows that the actual inclination of the orbit is 59 , resulting in a true mass of 2 . unk times the mass of Jupiter . Physical characteristics Given the planet 's high mass , it is likely that Gliese 876 b is a gas giant with no solid surface . Since the planet has only been detected indirectly through its gravitational effects on the star , properties such as its radius , composition , and temperature are unknown . Assuming a composition similar to Jupiter and an environment close to chemical equilibrium , it is predicted that the atmosphere of Gliese 876 b is cloudless , though cooler regions of the planet may be able to form water clouds . This planet , like c and e , has likely migrated inward . Gliese 876 b currently lies beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone but because Gliese 876 is a slowly evolving main sequence red dwarf its habitable zone is very slowly moving outwards and will continue to do so for trillions of years . Therefore , Gliese 876 b will , in trillions of years time , lie inside Gliese 876 's habitable zone , as defined by the ability of an Earth mass planet to retain liquid water at its surface , and remain there for at least 4 . 6 billion years . While the prospects for life on a gas giant are unknown , large moons may be able to support a habitable environment . Models of tidal interactions between a hypothetical moon , the planet and the star suggest that large moons should be able to survive in orbit around Gliese 876 b for the lifetime of the system . On the other hand , it is unclear whether such moons could form in the first place . However , the large mass of the gas giant may make it more likely for larger moons to form .
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1,023 | Britney is a song by American Christian music recording artist Bebo Norman . It was written and produced by Norman for his ninth studio album , the self titled Bebo Norman ( 2008 ) , with additional writing by Jason Ingram . The song was released on July 28 , 2008 through BEC Records as the album 's first single . The inspirational folk song , is an apology to pop singer Britney Spears for the consequences of fame and success . Britney was very well received by music critics , with some calling it sweet and not cynical at all , and noticing the song 's sympathetic message to Spears . After its release , Lynne Spears praised the song and thanked Norman for writing it . Britney failed to chart on Billboard Hot 100 , but did manage to peak at number 28 on the Hot Christian Adult Contemporary chart . Background and composition Britney was written by Bebo Norman in the beginning of 2008 as an apology to the pop singer Britney Spears , after watching a news report about Spears on television . The song was later recorded and produced by Norman for his self titled album , with additional production by Jason Ingram and Rusty unk . When asked about the song , Norman said Britney is a song about what our culture says and does to young women these days . It s about the lies we tell them about fame and money and what s beautiful and what will give them life . It s an apology for those lies . But more than that , it s an invitation to the truth about a God who is bigger than the pain this world so often leaves them in . Britney is an inspirational ballad with elements of folk music , that lasts for three minutes and thirty four seconds long . Josh Taylor of Jesus Freak Hideout compared its structure to Hey There Delilah by the Plain White T 's . The song was released on July 28 , 2008 as a digital single on iTunes Store , two months before the official release of Norman 's album . Despite not being a Spears fan , Norman claimed Toxic as one of the songs that he really liked . Reception Andree Farias of AllMusic highlighted Britney on Bebo Norman 's album , saying , the left field stunner is Britney , a poignant , heartfelt ode to the teen pop superstar that also serves as a sharp analysis of culture 's make or break treatment of celebrities . The team of New Release Tuesday , a popular music website in the Christian community , praised the song , with reviews saying , Britney is without a doubt one of Bebo Norman 's best songs . A review by Lancaster Online called Britney a hit song , and described it as a compassionate look at someone damaged , but maybe not broken , by the relentless glare of the spotlight . Kim Jones of About.com called the song an anthem of sorts . Deborah Evan Price of Billboard said Britney has a sympathetic message to the burnished pop singer . Josh Taylor of Jesus Freak Hideout said , the way in which Norman continually addresses Britney Spears just seems the least bit odd , but commented on how pleasant the song is . A review by Idolator noticed Britney has a melody that dares to be clear and pretty in ways emo bands ... don t usually dare , and commented how the song 's strongly sung lyrics are sweet and not cynical at all . The Denver Post reported that after the song 's release , Spears ' mother Lynne thanked Norman for writing the song , because it was all she wanted to say to her daughter . On the week of September 19 , 2008 , Britney peaked at number twenty eight on Billboard Hot Christian Adult Contemporary chart . Track listing Digital download Britney 3 34 Credits and personnel Bebo Norman vocals , songwriting , acoustic guitar , background vocals Mike Payne acoustic guitar , electric guitar Adam Lester electric guitar Jason Ingram keyboards , songwriting , programming , background vocals Josh Moore keyboards Tony unk bass instrument Will Sayles and Ben Phillips drums Rusty unk programming Source Release history
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1,024 | HMS Cyclops was the lead ship of the Cyclops class breastwork monitors built for the Royal Navy during the 1870s . The ships were ordered to satisfy demands for local defence during the war scare of 1870 , but the pace of construction slowed down tremendously as the perceived threat of war declined . The ship spent most of her career in reserve her only sustained period in commission was four months in Portland Harbour , during the Russo Turkish War in 1878 when the British were trying to force the Russians to end the war without allowing them to seize Constantinople . Cyclops was sold for scrap in 1903 . Design and description The Cyclops class ships were modified versions of the Cerberus class . The ships had a length between perpendiculars of 225 feet ( 68 . 6 m ) , a beam of 45 feet ( 13 . 7 m ) , and a draught of 16 feet 3 inches ( 4 . 95 m ) at deep load . They displaced 3 , 480 long tons ( 3 , 540 t ) . Their crew consisted of 156 officers and men . The ships had two 4 cylinder inverted compound steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . The engines produced a total of 1 , 528 indicated horsepower ( 1 , 139 kW ) on 30 December 1871 during the ship 's sea trials which gave her a maximum speed of 10 . 79 knots ( 19 . 98 km h 12 . 42 mph ) . Cyclops carried 250 long tons ( 250 t ) of coal , enough to steam 3 , 000 nautical miles ( 5 , 600 km 3 , 500 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The ships mounted four 10 inch rifled muzzle loading guns in twin gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . They were mounted on carriages that used hydraulic jacks to elevate and depress the guns . The Cyclops class had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that was 8 inches ( 203 mm ) thick amidships and thinned to 6 inches ( 152 mm ) at the ends . The superstructure and conning tower was fully armoured , the reason it was called a breastwork , with 8 9 inches ( 203 229 mm ) of wrought iron . The gun turrets had 10 inches on their faces and 9 inches on the sides and rear . All of the vertical armour was backed by 9 11 inches ( 229 279 mm ) of teak . The decks were 1 . 5 inches ( 38 . 1 mm ) thick . Construction HMS Cyclops was laid down on 10 September 1870 by the Thames Ironworks in London . She was launched on 18 July 1871 and commissioned in January 1872 . The ship was towed to unk that same month for what proved to be a very lengthy fitting out period that was not completed until 4 May 1877 . Cyclops cost 156 , 782 to build . Refit Although a recommendation had been made while the ships were still under construction to extend the superstructure out to the sides of the ship to improve their stability and habitability , this was not acted upon until they were refitted during the 1880s . This refit also strengthened the breastwork and upper decks , added another watertight bulkhead as well as a false keel . Four quick firing 3 pounder Hotchkiss guns were added on the breastwork for torpedo boat defence as well as five machine guns and several searchlights . This increased their crew to approximately 191 men and added 80 long tons ( 81 t ) to their displacement . Service HMS Cyclops was the third ship to be completed , although she was the lead ship of the class . She was placed in 1st Class Reserve after her completion . The ship , along with her sisters , was commissioned between April and August 1878 during the Russo Turkish War for service with Admiral Sir Cooper Key 's Particular Service Squadron in Portland Harbour . Cyclops was paid off at Chatham in August 1878 and refitted in 1887 89 . All four ships of the class participated in the annual fleet manoeuvers in 1887 , 1889 90 and 1892 in between times they were in Fleet Reserve . HMS Cyclops , like all of her sisters , was placed on the non effective list in January 1902 , transferred to the E Division of the Dockyard Reserve at Sheerness in May 1902 , and sold on 7 July 1903 for 8 , 400 .
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1,025 | Tropical Storm Arlene was a rare off season tropical cyclone that hit Cuba and the Bahamas in May 1981 . Its formation was unusual , originating from a tropical disturbance that crossed from the eastern Pacific Ocean into the Caribbean Sea few Atlantic hurricanes develop in this manner . On May 6 , a tropical depression developed , and the next day it became Tropical Storm Arlene near the Cayman Islands , three weeks before the start of the hurricane season . This marked the first Atlantic tropical storm in May since 1970 's Hurricane Alma . Arlene moved northeastward throughout its life , bringing rainfall and locally gusty winds as it crossed Cuba and the southeastern Bahamas . On May 9 , the storm dissipated when a large non tropical storm absorbed Arlene . There were no reports of deaths or significant damage . Meteorological history The origins of Arlene were from a cloud mass that developed in the eastern Pacific Ocean in early May 1981 . The system crossed Central America , and by the afternoon of May 5 , a low level circulation was evident near Roatn , off the coast of Honduras . Convection was initially disorganized , preventing classification as a tropical cyclone . It was not until late on May 6 that Dvorak satellite intensity estimates began on the system . Around that time , it is estimated it became a tropical depression , while located near the Cayman Island . It was a rare example of an Atlantic depression forming from a disturbance that originated in the eastern Pacific . After becoming a tropical depression , the system evolved rapidly as a spiral band formed around the circulation . Based on satellite imagery , the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Arlene on May 7 . Shortly thereafter , Hurricane Hunters confirmed the intensity , while reporting a pressure of 1 , 000 . 0 hectopascals ( 29 . 53 inHg ) . By then and through much of its lifetime , the circulation was located along the western edge of the deep convection . Arlene strengthened slightly further to winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) , before it moved ashore in eastern Cuba early on May 8 . As it approached land , the convection was weakening , although its center maintained a steady northeast path , due to a high pressure system to its north . While crossing eastern Cuba , the circulation of Arlene became ill defined , although re strengthening over water was considered possible . When it reached open waters , Arlene was already a depression , and there was considered little likelihood of redevelopment , with strong shear pushing the convection far east of the center . Nevertheless , a NOAA reconnaissance mission found that winds briefly increased to 60 mph ( 95 km h ) , or tropical storm strength , located over the southeastern Bahamas in a large convective band extending of the center . When the thunderstorms dissipated , the winds again dropped , and Arlene returned to tropical depression status . Early on May 9 , the depression was absorbed by an advancing trough . Late the next day , the combined systems reorganized and resembled having some subtropical characteristics , although it weakened further by May 11 . Preparations and impact As Arlene was approaching its first landfall , the National Hurricane Center noted the potential for heavy rainfall in Jamaica , Cuba , and the Bahamas small boats in those regions were advised to remain at harbor . Meanwhile , the government of the Bahamas issued storm warnings for the central and southeastern portion of its country . There were no reports of damage or casualties from Cuba or the Bahamas , and therefore storm affects were judged to have been minimal . Early in the duration of Arlene , Cayman Brac reported 46 miles per hour ( 74 km h ) winds later , peak winds in the Bahamas reached around 35 miles per hour ( 56 km h ) . Arlene was the only May tropical storm on record to affect the Cuban province of Camagey , although its passage was mostly noticed in its disruption of sugar cane production .
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1,026 | State Route 502 ( SR 502 , officially known as the Battle Ground Highway ) is a 6 . 12 mile long ( 9 . 85 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington , serving the city of Battle Ground in Clark County . The highway travels due east from an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) north of Mount Vista through Dollars Corner and Battle Ground to an intersection with SR 503 , serving as connector between Battle Ground and I 5 . Prior to the 1964 highway renumbering , SR 502 was part of Secondary State Highway 1S ( SSH 1S ) , which was established in 1937 . The highway traveled south from its current western terminus until the construction of a new interchange with I 5 in 2008 , part of a project to widen SR 502 and install a median barrier on the roadway . Route description SR 502 begins as the four lane Battle Ground Highway at exit 11 on I 5 , a partial cloverleaf interchange located north of Mount Vista , and travels due east as 219th Street , crossing Gee Creek and passing the northbound Gee Creek rest area . The narrowed two lane highway travels east through rural Clark County and the community of Dollars Corner before it enters the city of Battle Ground , where it becomes four lane Main Street . SR 502 crosses over Mill Creek and travels through the city , ending at an intersection with SR 503 and Main Street . Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that between 8 , 200 and 26 , 000 vehicles per day used the highway , mostly within Battle Ground . The entire route is designated as part of the National Highway System , which includes roadways important to the national economy , defense , and mobility . History SSH 1S was created in 1937 during the formation of the primary and secondary state highways , traveling on a 57 . 60 mile long ( 92 . 70 km ) route east from Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) and U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) north of Mount Vista to intersect SSH 1U in Battle Ground and turned north towards Amboy and west to end at PSH 1 and US 99 in Woodland . After PSH 1 and US 99 was realigned onto a four lane limited access highway in the late 1940s , SSH 1S was extended south over the old highway to intersect PSH 1 and US 99 . SR 502 was established during the 1964 highway renumbering and codified in 1970 as the successor to the Mount Vista Battle Ground section of SSH 1S , while US 99 was replaced by I 5 . WSDOT constructed a new interchange between I 5 and 219th Street between April 2007 and October 2008 at a cost of 52 million . The new interchange and subsequent realignment shortened the total length of SR 502 by 1 . 46 miles ( 2 . 35 km ) , however , the mileposts were not updated , as of 2011 . During construction of the interchange , WSDOT uncovered archaeological remains belonging to a Coast Salish settlement at Gee Creek that were at least 8 , 000 years old . The entire highway was christened the Battle Ground Highway in May 2009 to signify the importance of SR 502 connecting the city of Battle Ground to I 5 . WSDOT began preparing to install a median barrier and widen SR 502 to four lanes between the I 5 interchange and the western Battle Ground city limit in July 2012 to accommodate increasing traffic on the highway , which has a speed limit up to 50 miles per hour ( 80 km h ) . Construction for the 85 million project began in earnest in 2014 . New Mill Creek wetlands were created , to mitigate for wetlands buried by construction , which included the driving of 1 , 200 concrete pilings . The new , four lane highway , which includes 10 foot ( 3 . 0 m ) shoulders for bicycle and pedestrian travel and traffic signals at major intersections , opened on June 27 , 2016 . Major intersections The entire highway is in Clark County .
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1,027 | Miniopterus tao is a fossil bat in the genus Miniopterus from the Pleistocene of Zhoukoudian in China . It is known from a number of mandibles ( lower jaws ) , which were initially identified as the living species Miniopterus schreibersii in 1963 before being recognized as a separate species , M. tao , in 1986 . Miniopterus tao is larger than living M. schreibersii and has more closely spaced lower premolars and more robust talonids ( back groups of cusps ) on the lower molars . The back part of the mandible is relatively low and on it , the coronoid and condyloid processes are about equally high . The average length of the mandible is 12 . 0 mm . Taxonomy In 1934 , Chinese paleontologist C.C. Young was the first to describe fossil bats from the fossil site of Zhoukoudian Locality 1 , which is famous for Peking Man . However , he did not mention Miniopterus , which was first recorded by Kazimierz Kowalski and Chuan unk Li in 1963 in a description of new material from layer 8 of the cave site . They identified the Miniopterus as the widespread living species Miniopterus schreibersii on the basis of 48 mandibles ( lower jaws ) from layer 8 and reassigned another mandible that had previously been identified as Myotis to Miniopterus . In a 1986 paper , however , Bronisaw unk described the population as a new species , Miniopterus tao , after examining two mandibles in the collections of the Polish Academy of Sciences . He did place the species in the schreibersii group of Miniopterus , but considered it unlikely to be ancestral to living M. schreibersii . The specific name , tao , refers to the Chinese philosophical concept , the Tao . Description unk described the species on the basis of two mandibles , one damaged and with the third premolar ( p3 ) through third molar ( m3 ) , and the other intact and with the fourth premolar ( p4 ) through second molar ( m2 ) . Miniopterus tao is a large member of the schreibersii group and about as large as Miniopterus rummeli from the Miocene of Germany . The mandible is robust and generally resembles M. schreibersii . The mental foramen ( an opening at the outer side of the jaw ) is located between the lower canine and second lower premolar ( p2 ) . The coronoid process ( a projection at the back of the mandible ) is low and rounded and is connected to the condyloid process behind it by a nearly horizontal ridge , which contains a slight raising at its back . Compared to M. schreibersii , the condyloid process is more slender , but the base of the angular process ( at the lower back corner of the jaw ) is more robust . In M. rummeli , the back part of the mandible is higher and the coronoid process is distinctly higher than the condyloid process . The preserved alveoli show that p2 is about as large as p3 , not smaller as in the tristis group of Miniopterus . The premolars in M. tao are placed closely together , which distinguishes the species from M. schreibersii and fossil European species , including M. rummeli . The p3 is robust and surrounded by a well developed cingulum ( shelf ) . The crown is trapezoid in shape . In p4 , there is a clear cingulum at the front and labial ( outer ) margins . The crown is triangular and the back edge is straight , not saddle shaped as in M. schreibersii . The molars resemble those of M. schreibersii , but are more robust , particularly the talonids ( the cusp groups at the back of the teeth ) . The total length of the mandible ranges from 11 . 6 to 12 . 4 mm and averages 12 . 0 mm in ten specimens , the coronoid process is 3 . 1 to 3 . 3 mm high , averaging 3 . 2 mm , and the length of the molar row is 4 . 0 to 4 . 4 mm , averaging 4 . 2 mm . Range Miniopterus tao has only been recorded from Locality 1 at Zhoukoudian Locality 3 contains a smaller Miniopterus identified as M. schreibersii . Locality 1 is Pleistocene in age ( between about 2 million and 10 , 000 years old ) and also contains Ia io and species of Rhinolophus and Myotis among bats , in addition to Homo erectus .
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1,028 | Liberty Arming the Patriot , sometimes called Freedom Arming the Patriot , is a bronze sculpture at Park Place in Pawtucket , Rhode Island , commemorating the participation of the city 's citizens in the American Civil War . It was designed by William Granville Hastings and cast by the Gorham Manufacturing Company in 1897 . Unlike many Civil War memorials , Liberty Arming the Patriot is a dynamic composition , depicting a young farmer setting his plow aside , and reaching to take a sword from a classical female figure clad in breastplate and wielding a pike . The statue is 11 feet ( 3 . 4 m ) in height , and is mounted on a granite base 10 feet ( 3 . 0 m ) high and 22 feet ( 6 . 7 m ) wide . The sculpture was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 . History and design The sculpture was commissioned by the Ladies ' Soldiers ' Memorial Association of Pawtucket , Rhode Island to honor those who served in the American Civil War . The funding for the sculpture came as the result of an 11 year fundraising campaign that was provided for by donations and entertainment events . The cost of the monument was stated to be 13 , 000 by The New York Times , but report stated it to be 12 , 000 . William Granville Hastings was chosen as the sculptor to execute the construction of the monument after winning a competition . The sculpture was cast by the Gorham Manufacturing Company . The central feature of the monument depicts the theme of a young man called from civil life to serve his nation in a time of need and it transforms the theme into a contemporary allegory . It captures the decisive moment as farmer is caught mid transition , with his left hand still on the plow handle , and taking the sword with his right hand from Liberty . The details of the farmer includes realistic work clothes , a yoked shirt with rolled sleeves and work trousers tucked into his boots . Liberty , identified by her Phrygian cap , stands just above the farmer in classical robes with a breastplate , sandals and cloak . Her face is impassive as she bestows the sword upon the farmer with her left hand while her right hand holds her pike . Beneath the farmer and Liberty is a bronze plaque depicting a Union artillery battery under the command of General Ambrose Burnside capturing a bridge in the Battle of Antietam . Flanked on the sides are two smaller triangular plaques which depict the female figures of History and Eternity . The Scribe of History , alternatively known as Epic Poetry , is writing on a tablet and Eternity both contemplates and is identified by a fern . The monument was dedicated on May 31 , 1897 , in ceremony conducted by the Grand Army of the Republic and an oration given by the Governor of Rhode Island , Elisha Dyer , Jr .. The statue is 11 feet ( 3 . 4 m ) in height , and is mounted on a granite base 10 feet ( 3 . 0 m ) high and 22 feet ( 6 . 7 m ) wide . According to the National Register of Historic Places , Liberty Arming the Patriot is historically significant as a good representative of the character of early twentieth century figurative sculpture and the quality of its design . It is also historically significant for its association with the Gorham Manufacturing Company , a prominent Rhode Island producer of high quality silverware and bronze statuary . Though it is commemorative in intention , the statue is important because it documents the principal effort of Pawtucket to honor those who served in the Civil War . The sculpture was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 . Inscription In Grateful Recognition Of The Valiant And Self Sacrificing Service To Their Country Of All Persons Who Went From Pawtucket And It Vicinity To Join The Forces Of The United States During The Civil War . And Especially To The Memory Of Those Who unk And Died In That Service . This Monument Is Erected By The Ladies Soldiers Memorial Association Of Pawtucket , Rhode Island And By Then Is Consecrated As An Everlasting Memorial Anno Domini 1897
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1,029 | The Galloway is one of the world 's longest established breeds of beef cattle , named after the Galloway region of Scotland , where it originated , during the 17th century . It is now found in many parts of the world , such as Canada , the USA and Australia . It is now found in many parts of the world , being exported to Canada in 1853 , the US in 1882 and Australia in 1951 . The breed enjoyed success during the 1950s but this subsided during the foot and mouth crisis . Today , the breed is enjoying a revival , due to the demands of the beef market . The breed is considered average size and they have a thick coat , due to the climate of their native Scotland . Etymology Galloway was an ancient region located in the south west of Scotland . The word ' Galloway ' is derived from the words unk , or Gaul . The Gauls were the south of Scotland . History The Galloway breed comes from the cattle native to the south west region of Scotland , first fully developed in the 17th century . Originally there was much variation within this breed , including many different colours and patterns . The original Galloway herd book only registered black cattle , but the recessive gene for red colour persisted in the population , and eventually dun Galloways were also allowed into the herd book . As a result , although black is still the most common colour for Galloways , they can also be red and several shades of dun . In 1877 the Galloway Cattle Society was formed . The Galloway was introduced in Canada in 1853 , first registered in 1872 , and the first Galloway registry was introduced in the USA in 1882 . In 1911 , 35 , 000 cattle were registered in the American Galloway Herd Book which was first created in 1882 . The British Galloway Society formed in 1908 . They did not recognise dun coloured Galloway cattle , which was met with outrage and this ban was later lifted . In 1951 , Galloway cattle were introduced to Australia . In the 1950s the breed enjoyed much success because the beef market demanded low input ( feed ) cattle with high quality meat . However , the BSE crisis ( commonly referred to as mad cow disease ) caused an export ban in 1990 , although there were no cases of BSE found in Galloway cattle . This created a fear associated with cattle , so breed numbers declined . Recent years have seen changes as bigger leaner carcasses were demanded . This issue of size featured in Galloway circles causes great debate . Some of the adjustments made was the adoption of AI and Embryo Transfer . Today the breed 's original characteristics are now back in demand . This is due to the demand of high quality meat that requires economical production . Characteristics The average Galloway cow will weigh 1000 to 1500 pounds and the average bull weighing 1700 to 2300 pounds . The healthy birth weight for a calf is 75 pounds . Galloways have a thick double layered coat that is wavy or curly . This thick coat of hair insulates their bodies so well that they have a minimal outer layer of fat on their bodies , which would otherwise create waste at slaughter . This coat sheds out in the summer months and in warmer climates . Despite the animal 's usual use in beef production , there is evidence of Galloway herds being milked in Cumberland for cheese production . The Galloway is naturally hornless , and instead of horns has a bone knob at the top of its skull called the poll . This breed 's shaggy coat has both a thick , woolly undercoat for warmth and stiffer guard hairs that help shed water , making them well adapted to harsher climates . Population It is thought that the breed number fewer than 10 , 000 cattle in the world , most located in Northern Europe , specifically Scotland . The breed is ' rare ' in the United States and the Livestock Conservancy class it as a breed to ' watch ' . Societies Galloway Cattle Society of New Zealand American Galloway Breeders Association The Galloway Cattle Society of Great Britain and Ireland Australian Galloway Association
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1,030 | Bertie 's Brainstorm is a 1911 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on Bertie Fawcett , a dim witted fop , who erroneously believes to have won the heart of May Vernon . In reality , May loves Jack and the two are set to be married , but May 's father wishes he would prove his worth by earning his own living . Bertie chances upon the letter and sets off to make a living proceeds through a number of jobs with hope to claim May as his bride . The film ends with Bertie returning and finding out that May has married Jack . Little is known about the production of the film save that William Russell played an unknown role and that the scenario was written by Lloyd F. Lonergan . The foppish character of Bertie may have been inspired by Edwin Thanhouser 's role as Bertie unk in Thoroughbred . Originally conceived as a series , this ultimately singular work received praise from critics . The film is presumed lost . Plot and production An official synopsis published in the Billboard states , Bertie Fawcett is a unk chap , who believes that he has won the heart of May Vernon . May , however , regards Bertie as very much of a joke , and is in love with Jack Mace , who is her ideal of manly beauty . May 's father has no objection to Jack personally , but he does not propose that the daughter he idolizes shall wed a weakling or a ne 'er do well . Therefore , he tells May in a letter that if ' that young man wants to marry you , he must show his ability by earning his own living during vacation . ' Unfortunately for Bertie , he sees the letter , and unk jumps to the conclusion that he is the person referred to . He starts out to make his own living , but soon finds that it is not as easy as it sounds . He is successfully a writer , a unk , a village constable , and a living target in the baseball show , but fails to shine in any one sphere . And then to cap the climax , when he returns to claim his bride , he finds that May is married to Jack . The only known actor in the production for William Russell in an unknown role . A surviving film still appears to show Russell in the role of Jack at the climax of the film in which Bertie encounters the newly married couple . The other cast credits are unknown , but many Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . The scenario was written by Lloyd F. Lonergan and the character of Bertie may have been based on Edwin Thanhouser 's role of Bertie unk from Thoroughbred . The play was a three act comedy by Ralph Lumley and was first produced on February 13 , 1895 . The play would come to the Garrick Theatre in New York City on August 17 , 1896 and Edwin Thanhouser took over the role on August 29 , 1896 . A series of Bertie films was projected , but only this work was produced . Two other announced works included Bertie 's Bride and Bertie 's Baby . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on January 17 , 1911 . The film received favorable reviews from Billboard , The Moving Picture World and The New York Dramatic Mirror . Billboard would write , The adventures of the unfortunate Bertie are such as will make the usual motion picture audience chuckle with appreciation . The film is , of course , a farce essentially . The photography is well up to the Thanhouser standard . Walton of the Moving Picture News , would quip , This beats the brainstorm in Les Miserables . It is a Dor nightmare . The comedic farce of the dim witted fop proved to be successful if ultimately singular release of an expected series of films . The film is presumed lost because the film is not known to be held in any archive or by any collector .
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1,031 | Stephanolepis cirrhifer , commonly known as the thread sail filefish , is a species of marine fish in the family unk . It is found in the western Pacific , in an area that ranges from northern Japan to the East China Sea , to Korea . Other common names for the fish include unk ( Japanese ) and unk chi ( Korean ) . The fish grows to a maximum length of about 12 inches ( 30 centimetres ) , and consumes both plant material and small marine organisms like skeleton shrimp . S. cirrhifer is host of the parasite unk unk . Some minor genetic differentiation between S. cirrhifer born in the wild and those bred in a hatchery for consumer use has been shown . The fish is edible and sold commercially for culinary purposes in many Asian countries . Taxonomy The fish was first described in 1850 by Coenraad Jacob Temminck and Hermann Schlegel , when it was observed along with other fauna off the coasts of Japan . They initially placed it in the genus unk , as unk cirrhifer however , it was transferred to the genus Stephanolepis by David Starr Jordan and Henry Weed Fowler in 1903 . The species name derives from the Latin word cirrhifer , which means bearing fringes of hair . Other common names Japanese unk Korean unk chi English File fish , Fool fish , Porky Russian Small striped triggerfish ( unk unk unk ) Description and habitat Thread sail filefish grow to a maximum adult length of about 30 centimetres ( 12 inches ) . The first dorsal fin is a strong retractable ( folding backwards ) spine . The second dorsal fin and anal fin are soft . They have comparatively small pectoral fins and truncated , fan shaped tail fins . The dorsal and anal fins are colorless . Their second dorsal , anal and caudal fins rounded . In males , 1 3 soft dorsal fin rays extended as filaments the first ray has a particularly long thread . The fish have a small abdominal spike . The fish are colored from light brown , to unk to light greenish beige , and are slightly patterned with irregular , broken stripes that range from medium brown to blackish . Juveniles of the species usually seek shelter and safety from predators within clusters of drifting seaweed . The adult thread sail filefish usually reside near the seabed , where the depth is around 10 metres ( 33 feet ) . The fish migrate wholly in ocean waters ( unk ) between their feeding and spawning grounds , which can cover a range of over 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) . The spawning season lasts from May to August . Juveniles under 5 centimetres ( 2 . 0 inches ) inhabit shallow water and feed on small crustaceans , mollusks and algae . Adult fish are mostly solitary and live among the coral and seaweeds . Ecology The thread sail filefish is an omnivore , and can feed on plant or animal matter . Its diet includes kelp , but consists mainly of amphipods such as unk and skeleton shrimp , as well as the seagrass species Zostera marina . The fish also feeds upon smaller organisms , including bryozoans and some species of unk tube worms . Thread sail filefish feed on fish , amphipods , isopods , unk , polychaetes , pelecypods , seaweeds such as those of the genus Sargassum and gelatinous plankton , such as the moon jellyfish Aurelia sp. and the giant jellyfish unk unk . S. cirrhifer is host of the unk copepod parasite unk unk , which mostly infects the fins of the female fish . Uses The thread sail filefish is cultured and sold commercially as food in Asian countries , including Korea and Japan . The demand for the fish in Korea is very high , and fisheries often employ the services of fish hatcheries for breeding more of the fish to supplement and enhance the supply of stock . This has been done to such a degree that some . As many as 95 alleles have been found to be unique to one of the populations , resulting from minor variations in certain genes that occur exclusively within either population genetic differentiation between S. cirrhifer born in the wild and those bred in a hatchery has apparently occurred .
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1,032 | St Andrew 's Castle was an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII near Hamble le Rice , Hampshire , between 1542 and 1543 . It formed part of the King 's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire , and defended Southampton Water near the Solent . St Andrew 's comprised a keep and a gun platform , protected by a moat . The castle was decommissioned in 1642 during the English Civil War and has been largely destroyed through coastal erosion . History St Andrew 's Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities , only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Basic defences , based around simple blockhouses and towers , existed in the south west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale . In 1533 , Henry then broke with Pope Paul III in order to annul the long standing marriage to his wife , Catherine of Aragon and remarry . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , and he took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England appeared certain . In response , Henry issued an order , called a device , in 1539 , giving instructions for the defence of the realm in time of invasion and the construction of forts along the English coastline . St Andrew 's Castle was built to defend Southampton Water , a body of water which linked the Solent to the important port of Southampton . It was positioned by the shore , on what is now Hamble Common , to the south of the village of Hamble le Rice . It was located at one end of an old Iron Age ditch the area had previously been occupied during this period , when a promontory hillfort , Hamble Common Camp , was built just along the coast . Construction took place between 1542 and 1543 , but the fortification may not have been fully completed until after Henry 's death in 1547 . The castle comprised a tall , square keep made from stone , with a semi circular gun platform on the seaward side , protected by a 25 metre wide ( 82 ft ) moat and a wooden breakwater it would have been similar in design to the contemporary fortification of West Cowes Castle . A survey in 1559 reported that the castle was heavily armed , with its artillery comprising two iron culverins , an iron demi culverin , two iron sakers , two bases , an iron falcon , an iron falconet and a quarter sling . The lighter guns would probably have been placed on the roof of the keep , with two heavy weapons lower down and the remainder on the external gun platform . It also held handguns , bows and hand weapons for close defence . William Paulet , later the Marquess of Winchester , was appointed as Keeper and Captain of the castle in 1547 , being paid 19 each year to perform the role his garrison included a master gunner , a porter and six soldiers . Paulet also controlled Netley Castle , just along the coast . By 1559 the garrison had decreased slightly , comprising a captain , two gunners and four soldiers . The castle was still operational in 1623 , but it was decommissioned by Parliamentary forces in 1642 during the English Civil War . The site has been heavily affected by coastal erosion the local shoreline was retreating by 0 . 5 metres ( 1 ft 8 in ) a year during the 1990s and only a few parts of the masonry and earthworks can still be seen in the 21st century . The remains of the castle and the surrounding common land are protected under UK law as a scheduled monument .
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1,033 | The Rudra Mahalaya Temple is a ruined temple complex at Siddhpur in the Patan district of Gujarat , India . Its construction was started in 943 AD by unk and completed in 1140 AD by Siddharaj unk , the rulers of the Solanki dynasty . The temple was destroyed by Allauddin Khilji , and later Ahmed Shah I ( 1410 44 ) desecrated and substantially demolished this temple , and also converted part of it into the congregational mosque ( Jami Masjid ) of the city . Two unk ( porches ) and four pillars of the former central structure still stand along with western part of the complex used as mosque . History Siddhpur , historically known as unk . unk , under the rulers of Solanki dynasty , was a prominent town in the 10th century . In the tenth century ( 943 AD ) unk , the founder of the Solanki dynasty of Gujarat , started the erection of the Rudra unk temple . In his youth , unk had slain his maternal uncle , usurped his throne , and murdered the whole of his mother 's kindred and in old age his crimes hung heavily on his mind . He made pilgrimages and courted the favour of Brahmins from far and near . To a band of them he gave unk , and committing the kingdom to his son unk , he retired there to end his days in their company ( 996 AD ) . But the Rudra unk was still incomplete , nor was it finished till 1140 AD . An inscription and ballad regarding its construction says , In Samvat ten ( ) hundred , begun by Maharaj Mahadev , In Samvat twelve hundred and two , Siddharaj completed the work In Samvat twelve hundred two , Magh month , Krishna unk , On Monday the fourteenth , in the unk Shravan and unk Yoga , Siddharaj , in the Rudra Mala , unk established . It was during the 12th century , in 1140 AD , that Siddharaj unk ( 1094 1144 ) consecrated the temple complex and it became the principal temple complex of Siddhpur . According to another legend , two Parmars from Malwa , named unk and unk , took up their haunt among the rush grass that covered the neighbourhood of the Rudra Mahalaya , and lived by plunder . There they found the foundations of a temple and Shiva linga , and said that in the night they had seen heavenly beings . This was told to Siddharaj and led to the erection or completion of the temple . In unk i Ahmadi , Ali Muhammad Khan writes , The king on signifying his intention of building the temple , requested the astrologers , it is said , to appoint a fortunate hour and they at this time predicted the destruction of the building . Then Siddha Raja caused images of horse lords and other great kings to be placed in the temple , and near them a representation of himself in the attitude of supplication , with an inscription praying that , even if the land was laid waste , this temple might not be destroyed . Alauddin Khilji sent an army under Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan unk who dismantled the temple complex in 1296 AD ( Samvat 1353 ) . The temple was further destroyed and the western part of it was converted into congregational mosque ( Jami Mosque ) by Ahmed Shah I ( 1410 44 ) of Muzaffarid dynasty in 1414 or 1415 . Architecture The original temple , completed in 1140 to lavish proportions with extensive ornamentation , consisted of a roof measuring 32 feet ( 9 . 8 m ) , much larger than the Abu temple . Its overall dimensions were 300 by 230 feet ( 91 m 70 m ) with the central building 150 feet ( 46 m ) in length . It was a triple storied temple with 1 , 600 pillars , 12 entrance doors , and 11 shrines of Rudra positioned around it . The sanctum was located on the west and there was also a ' mandapa ' or hall which had porches on the eastern , northern , and southern wings . Today only a few remnants of this complex are seen , such as two unk ( porches ) and four pillars . One unk is elaborately ornamented the eastern gate which leads to the Saraswati river still stands the remaining pillars have highly ornamented carvings . Kirti unk of North has survived . The western part of complex converted into the congregation mosque is also there .
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1,034 | The Tupolev Tu 70 ( NATO reporting name Cart ) was a Soviet passenger variant of the Tu 4 bomber ( which was a reverse engineered copy of the American made Boeing B 29 Superfortress ) designed immediately after the end of World War II . It used a number of components from Boeing B 29s that had made emergency landings in the Soviet Union after running out of fuel after bombing Japan . It had the first pressurized fuselage in the Soviet Union and first flew on 27 November 1946 . The aircraft was successfully tested , recommended for serial production , but ultimately not produced because of more pressing military orders and because Aeroflot had no requirement for such an aircraft . Design and development After basic design work was completed on the Tu 4 bomber Tupolev decided to design a passenger variant with a pressurized fuselage given the internal designation of Tu 70 . It was intended to use as many Tu 4 components as possible to reduce costs and save development time . It was a low wing cantilever monoplane with a tricycle landing gear powered by four Shvetsov ASh unk radial engines . Design work on a mock up began in February 1946 and the Council of Ministers confirmed an order for a single prototype the following month . A production decision for the Tu 12 , as it was to be known , would be made after testing . To speed up construction of the prototype a number of components were utilized from two B 29s . These included the outer wing panels , the engine cowlings , the flaps , the undercarriage , the tail assembly and some of the internal equipment . The wing center section was redesigned and its span increased . The pressurized fuselage was entirely new and changed the wing 's position from mid wing to low wing . The aircraft 's windscreen was changed to a more conventional stepped configuration . Three different configurations were proposed for the cabin layout , a government VIP version , a mixed class 40 48 passenger model and an airliner configuration with 72 seats . The prototype appears to have been built in the mixed class configuration , but that cannot be confirmed . The Tu 70 was completed in October 1946 , but did not make its first flight until 27 November . It began manufacturer 's trials in October , but an engine fire on the fourth flight caused it to make a crash landing . This was traced to a design defect in the American built supercharger control system , but identifying the problem and fixing it prolonged the manufacturer 's trials through October 1947 . It was redesignated as the Tu 70 when it went through the State acceptance trials which ended on 14 December . It met all the design goals , but was not accepted for production as all the factories were already committed to building aircraft with a higher priority and Aeroflot had no requirement for the type , being fully satisfied with its existing Lisunov Li 2 and Ilyushin Il 12 airliners . It was sent to the NII VVS ( Russian unk unk unk unk unk unk Scientific Research Institute of the Air Forces ) for evaluation as a military transport aircraft in December 1951 . Afterward it was used during a variety of tests before being scrapped in 1954 . Its design was modified into a military transport as the Tupolev Tu 75 , but this was not placed into production either . Specifications Data from Gunston , Tupolev Aircraft since 1922 General characteristics Crew 6 Capacity up to 72 passengers Length 35 . 4 m ( 116 ft 1 in ) Wingspan 44 . 25 m ( 145 ft 2 in ) Height ( ) Wing area 166 . 1 m ( 1 , 788 ft ) Empty weight 38 , 290 kg ( 84 , 414 lb ) Loaded weight 51 , 400 kg ( 113 , 316 lb ) Max. takeoff weight 60 , 000 kg ( 132 , 275 lb ) Powerplant 4 Shvetsov ASh unk radial engines , 1 , 800 kW ( 2 , 400 hp ) each Performance Maximum speed 568 km h ( 307 kn , 353 mph ) Range 4 , 900 km ( 2 , 646 nmi , 3 , 045 mi ) Service ceiling 11 , 000 m ( 36 , 090 ft ) Wing loading 361 kg m ( 74 lb ft ) Power mass 120 W kg ( 0 . 070 hp lb )
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1,035 | The 21st Boat Race , an annual side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames , took place on 14 March 1864 . Umpired by Joseph William Chitty , Oxford won by nine lengths in a time of 21 minutes 4 seconds , the fastest winning time since the event was held on The Championship Course in 1845 . The race , whose start was moved in order to avoid interruptions from river traffic , was witnessed by the Prince of Wales . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1863 race by ten lengths , with the overall record tied on ten victories each . The location of the start of the race was moved to approximately 400 feet ( 122 m ) upstream of Putney Bridge in order to reduce interruptions to the race from steamers . Indeed , both boat club presidents had issued a caution to the steamer captains , indicating that the race would be conducted on the ebb tide should any interruption take place which would risk the steamers becoming grounded at Mortlake . The finish was moved the corresponding distance upstream to maintain the traditional length of the race . Oxford rowed in the same boat as the previous race , which was constructed by J. and S. Salter while Cambridge utilised a new vessel built for them by Taylor of Newcastle . Oxford were coached by George Morrison who had rowed in the 1859 , 1860 and 1861 races and was non rowing president for the 1862 race . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 11 st 11 . 5 lb ( 74 . 9 kg ) , 4 pounds ( 1 . 8 kg ) per rower more than their Dark Blue opposition . Cambridge 's crew , however , was tall , averaging over 6 ft 0 in ( 1 . 83 m ) per rower . Oxford 's crew contained three rowers from the previous years race in William Awdry , F. H. Kelly and W. B. R. Jacobson . The Cambridge boat also saw three participants from the 1863 race bow John Hawkshaw , number five Robert Kinglake and cox Francis Archer ( who had also coxed the Light Blues in the 1862 race ) returned . Race The weather on the day of the race was sunny with a mild breeze . The Prince of Wales , future King of the United Kingdom Edward VII was in attendance as a result , the start time was moved forward to enable the Prince to leave for another engagement . Oxford were pre race favourites , and won the toss , electing to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . The Cantabrigians made the better start , and soon led by a third of a length . However , by Finch 's field , Oxford had recovered to draw level and started to leave the Light Blues behind . Half a mile into the course , the Dark Blues held a half length lead which they extended to a length by Craven Cottage . With a clear water advantage , they crossed in front of Cambridge and were three lengths ahead by the Crab Tree pub , extending to four or five lengths by Hammersmith Bridge . They were so far ahead at Barnes Bridge their advantage in lengths was impossible to be accurately counted . unk the position of the finish line , the Oxford crew stopped rowing early , but once aware of their mistake , rowed on to the finish , winning by nine lengths in a time of 21 minutes 4 seconds . It was their fourth consecutive victory and was , at the time , the fastest winning time in the history of the event .
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1,036 | New York State Route 192 ( NY 192 ) was a 7 . 35 mile ( 11 . 83 km ) long east west state highway in Franklin County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of the route was at an intersection with NY 30 in the hamlet of Paul Smiths within the town of Brighton . Its eastern terminus was at a junction with NY 86 near the Adirondack Regional Airport in the town of Harrietstown . In between , NY 192 served the hamlet of Gabriels . NY 192 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to an alignment extending from Paul Smiths to Bloomingdale . A suffixed route of NY 192 , NY 192A , was assigned in the 1950s to provide a signed connection between NY 192 near Gabriels and then NY 86 in Harrietstown . NY 192A became part of NY 192 in 1980 , and NY 192 became part of NY 86 on March 28 , 1989 . Route description NY 192 began at an intersection with NY 30 in the hamlet of Paul Smiths within the town of Brighton in Franklin County . The highway headed to the northeast , passing Cooler Pond to the south and Church Pond to the north . Just north of Church Pond was Osgood Pond , which was accessible at the first intersection , which was White Pond Road . NY 192 then headed eastward , intersecting with County Route 31 ( CR 31 , named Jones Pond Road ) in the hamlet of Paul Smiths Easy Street . The highway turned to the southeast , intersecting with another county route and passing Brighton Town Park . At the intersection with CR 60 near the park , NY 192 entered Gabriels . NY 192 then continued to the southeast , intersecting with CR 55 , its former routing eastward to NY 3 in Bloomingdale . At CR 55 , NY 192 curved southward and passed into the town of Harrietstown . The route ended shortly afterward at a junction with NY 86 in the hamlet of Harrietstown 2 miles ( 3 . 2 km ) east of the Adirondack Regional Airport . History When NY 3 was assigned in 1924 , it followed a significantly different routing through the North Country than it does today . NY 3 entered Franklin County near Hogansburg and served Malone , Paul Smiths , Gabriels , and Harrietstown before leaving the county near Saranac Lake . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 3 was rerouted east of Watertown to follow its modern alignment through the North Country . The portion of NY 3 's former routing from Harrietstown to a junction southeast of Gabriels was designated as NY 408 while the segment between Paul Smiths and the vicinity of Gabriels became part of NY 192 , an east west highway extending from Paul Smiths to the realigned NY 3 in Bloomingdale . NY 408 and the eastern half of NY 192 were included as part of NY 365 c . 1932 . The new route extended from NY 5 southwest of Oneida to U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in Plattsburgh . NY 365 initially overlapped both NY 192 and NY 408 however , NY 408 was removed c . 1938 , leaving only NY 365 on the Harrietstown Gabriels roadway . NY 192 , meanwhile , continued to overlap NY 365 from Gabriels to Bloomingdale . In the mid 1940s , NY 365 was rerouted between unk and Bloomingdale to overlap NY 3 instead . The portion of NY 365 's former routing from Harrietstown to Gabriels was not initially assigned a new designation . The Harrietstown Gabriels highway became a signed route once again in the early 1950s when it became NY 192A . Both NY 192 and NY 192A remained unchanged through the late 1970s . On January 7 , 1980 , NY 192A was supplanted by a realigned NY 192 . Maintenance of NY 192 's former routing between Gabriels and Bloomingdale was transferred to the counties it ran through namely Franklin and Essex in stages . The Franklin County portion was given to the county on April 1 , 1980 , while the section in Essex County was transferred to county control on April 1 , 1985 , as part of highway maintenance swaps between the state of New York and Franklin and Essex counties . On March 28 , 1989 , NY 192 was supplanted by a realigned NY 86 . Major intersections The entire route was in Franklin County .
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1,037 | Taksony ( Hungarian pronunciation unk before or around 931 early 970s ) was the Grand Prince of the Hungarians after their catastrophic defeat in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld . In his youth he had participated in plundering raids in Western Europe , but during his reign the Hungarians only targeted the Byzantine Empire . The Gesta Hungarorum recounts that significant Muslim and Pecheneg groups settled in Hungary under Taksony . Early life Taksony was the son of Zoltn ( the third grand prince of the Hungarians ) , according to the Gesta Hungarorum ( written around 1200 ) . The same source adds that Taksony 's mother was an unnamed daughter of Menumorut , a local ruler defeated by the conquering Hungarians shortly before 907 . Its unknown author also says that Taksony was born in the year of Our Lord 's incarnation 931 . The Gesta Hungarorum reports that Zoltn abdicated in favor of Taksony in 947 , three years before his own death . However , modern historians have challenged existing information on Taksony 's early life . A nearly contemporaneous source unk of Cremona 's Retribution narrates that Taksony led a plundering raid against Italy in 947 , which suggests that he was born considerably earlier than 931 . His father 's reign was preserved only in the Gesta Hungarorum its anonymous author lists Zoltn among the grand princes , and all later Hungarian monarchs were descended from him . The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus wrote around 950 that Fajsz , Taksony 's cousin , was grand prince of the Hungarians at that time . In that time Taxis , king of the Hungarians came to Italy with a large army . Berengar gave him ten measures of coins not from his own money , but from an exaction on the churches and paupers . Reign A later source , Johannes Aventinus , writes that Taksony fought in the Battle of Lechfeld on August 10 , 955 . There , future Holy Roman Emperor Otto I routed an 8 , 000 strong Hungarian army . If this report is reliable , Taksony was one of the few Hungarian leaders to survive the battlefield . Modern historians , including Zoltn unk and Gyula Krist , suggest that Fajsz abdicated in favor of Taksony around that time . After that battle the Hungarians ' plundering raids in Western Europe stopped , and they were forced to retreat from the lands between the Enns and unk rivers . However , the Hungarians continued their incursions into the Byzantine Empire until the 970s . According to the Gesta Hungarorum , a great host of Muslims arrived in Hungary from the land of unk under Taksony . The contemporaneous Abraham ben Jacob also recorded the presence of Muslim merchants from Hungary in Prague in 965 . Anonymous also writes of the arrival of Pechenegs during Taksony 's reign he granted them a land to dwell in the region of Kemej as far as the Tisza . The only sign of a Hungarian connection with Western Europe under Taksony is a report by unk of Cremona . He writes about unk , whom Pope John XII consecrated bishop and sent to the Hungarians in order to preach that they should attack the Germans in 963 . However , there is no evidence that unk ever arrived in Hungary . Taksony arranged the marriage of his elder son Gza to Sarolt , daughter of Gyula of Transylvania , before his death during the early 970s . Family Taksony 's marriage to a woman from the land of the Cumans was arranged by his father , according to the Gesta Hungarorum . Although this reference to the Cumans is anachronistic , Gyula Krist and other historians argue that the Gesta seems to have preserved the memory of the Turkic Khazar , Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian origin of Taksony 's wife . The names of two of their sons ( Gza and Michael ) have been preserved . The following family tree presents Taksony 's ancestry and his offspring . Whether Menumorut is an actual or an invented person is debated by modern scholars . A Khazar , Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian woman Krist writes that she may have been a member of the Rurik dynasty from Kievan unk
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1,038 | North Carolina Highway 102 ( NC 102 ) is a 22 . 3 mile long ( 35 . 9 km ) state highway running from NC 903 near Ayden to U.S. Highway 17 ( US 17 ) between unk and unk . Most of the route is rural the only community it serves is unk . NC 102 appeared on the first state highway map in 1924 , running from Snow Hill to Goldsboro . At its peak , the road stretched from US 17 at its current eastern terminus to US 301 north of Fayetteville . The routing from Interstate 95 ( I 95 ) to Snow Hill was renumbered as US 13 in 1977 , and the segment of the route from its current western terminus to Snow Hill was replaced by an extension of NC 903 . Route description NC 102 begins at NC 903 west of Ayden . It then heads east until it reaches Ayden . After about two and a half miles ( 4 . 2 km ) , NC 102 enters Ayden , and has an intersection with NC 11 . NC 102 continues through Ayden along 3rd Street , and in the heart of Ayden crosses a CSX rail line . From there NC 102 then continues east out of Ayden still along 3rd Street . After leaving Ayden , NC 102 enters a very rural area with many farms and small forests . About a mile ( 1 . 2 km ) further east NC 102 has a junction with Ayden Golf Club Road . As NC 102 continues to the east it crosses Fork Swamp and has a junction with County Home Road ( Secondary Road 1725 , or SR 1725 ) . About a mile to the east ( 1 . 3 km ) the road turns to head in a southeastern direction instead of the eastern direction of most of the route . The routing along this part of the road almost parallels NC 43 to the east of the road . 3 . 7 miles ( 6 . 0 km ) after the road turned in a southeastern direction . NC 102 intersects unk unk Road ( SR 1753 ) . The road continues across unk Swamp before the intersection with NC 43 . The route continues eastward from that intersection and crosses Creeping Swamp and Gorham Swamp before crossing over a railroad owned by Norfolk Southern . Immediately after NC 102 crosses the railroad tracks , it ends at US 17 . History NC 102 first appeared on the 1924 first official state map running from NC 10 ( present day US 70 Business ) to NC 12 in Snow Hill . The 1930 North Carolina state map shows that a section of NC 102 was built from NC 60 north of Fayetteville to NC 22 in Sampson County . This section was not connected to the rest of NC 102 which had also been extended south of Goldsboro to Newton Grove . By 1931 the two sections of NC 102 were connected with NC 102 running a short concurrency with NC 23 south of Newton Grove . Between 1931 and 1936 , the road was extended to its current eastern terminus at US 17 . The road had a short concurrency with US 258 from Snow Hill to three miles ( 4 . 8 km ) to the northeast . Between 1931 and 1938 , NC 102 was rerouted in Goldsboro leaving NC 102A the old route . In 1941 , NC 102 was routed onto US 13 through Newton Grove . Around 1953 the road was routed back onto its original routing through Goldsboro , eliminating NC 102A . Between 1956 and 1957 , US 13 was extended along NC 102 from Snow Hill to US 70 east of Goldsboro . In 1958 , NC 102 was routed along a freeway around Goldsboro , along with US 70 and US 117 . Between 1958 and 1961 , NC 102 was routed onto new routing , which is currently US 13 . Between the years of 1961 and 1963 , the section of routing between US 301 and I 95 was downgraded to a secondary road . During the same time the routing between I 95 and Snow Hill was renumbered as US 13 . In 1977 , NC 102 was truncated to its current western terminus . The routing it left behind was used to extend NC 903 . The routing of NC 102 has stayed the same since 1977 . Major intersections Bannered routes Goldsboro alternate route North Carolina Highway 102A ( NC 102A ) was established between 1931 1938 as a renumbering of NC 102 , from Chestnut Street , along George and Ash Streets , ending at Center Street . It also shared a concurrency with US 70 NC 111 along Ash Street . By 1953 , it was decommissioned in favor of US 117 A and NC 102 .
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1,039 | SMS Odin was the lead ship of her class of coastal defense ships ( Kstenpanzerschiffe ) built for the Imperial German Navy . She had one sister ship , gir . Odin , named for the eponymous Norse god , was built by the Kaiserliche Werft Danzig shipyard between 1893 and 1896 , and was armed with a main battery of three 24 centimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) guns . She served in the German fleet throughout the 1890s and was rebuilt in 1901 1903 . She served in the VI Battle Squadron after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but saw no action . Odin was demobilized in 1915 and used as a tender thereafter . After the war , she was rebuilt as a merchant ship and served in this capacity until 1935 , when she was broken up for scrap . Design Odin was 79 meters ( 259 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 15 . 20 m ( 49 . 9 ft ) and a maximum draft of 5 . 61 m ( 18 . 4 ft ) . She displaced 3 , 754 long tons ( 3 , 814 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3 cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal fired boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 14 . 4 knots ( 26 . 7 km h 16 . 6 mph ) . She carried 370 t ( 360 long tons 410 short tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of approximately 1 , 490 nautical miles ( 2 , 760 km 1 , 710 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Odin had a crew of 20 officers and 256 enlisted men . The ship was armed with three 24 cm K L 35 guns mounted in three single gun turrets . Two were placed side by side forward , and the third was located aft of the main superstructure . They were supplied with a total of 204 rounds of ammunition . The ship was also equipped with ten 8 . 8 cm SK L 30 guns in single mounts . Odin also carried three 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , two in swivel mounts on the deck amidships and one in the bow , submerged below the waterline . The ship was protected by an armored belt that was 240 mm ( 9 . 4 in ) thick amidships , and an armored deck that was 70 mm ( 2 . 8 in ) thick . The conning tower had 120 mm ( 4 . 7 in ) thick sides . Service history Odin was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Danzig in 1893 , launched on 3 November 1894 , and completed on 7 July 1896 , after which sea trials commenced . She was commissioned into the German fleet on 22 September 1896 . She served in the fleet for her entire peacetime career . Odin participated in the 1900 summer fleet exercises , where she served in the squadron that simulated the German navy , alongside the recently commissioned battleship Kaiser Friedrich III and the coastal defense ship Frithjof . In 1901 , Odin was taken in hand at the Kaiserliche Werft in Danzig for an extensive reconstruction . Her old boilers were replaced with eight new Marine type boilers and her length was increased to 86 . 15 m ( 282 . 6 ft ) . This increased her displacement to 4 , 376 t ( 4 , 307 long tons 4 , 824 short tons ) at full load . The lengthened hull , which improved her hydrodynamic shape , and the improved boilers increased her speed by a full knot , to 15 . 5 knots ( 28 . 7 km h 17 . 8 mph ) . Her coal storage was increased to 580 t ( 570 long tons 640 short tons ) , which allowed her to steam for an additional 800 nmi ( 1 , 500 km 920 mi ) . The modernization work was completed by 1903 , at which point she returned to active service . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Odin was assigned to the VI Battle Squadron , along with her sister gir and the six Siegfried class coastal defense ships . The Squadron was disbanded on 31 August 1915 to free up the ships ' crews for more important tasks . Odin was thereafter used as a tender in Wilhelmshaven through to the end of the war . She was stricken from the naval register on 6 December 1919 and sold . In 1922 , she was rebuilt as a merchant ship at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Rstringen . She was operated by A. Bernstein Co . , out of Hamburg . She continued in this role until 1935 , when she was broken up for scrap .
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1,040 | The Seal of Dartmouth College is the official insignia of Dartmouth College , an Ivy League university located in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Anglo American law generally requires a corporate body to seek official government sanction , usually in the form of a charter , in order to operate . Such chartered bodies normally authenticate their official acts by marking them with a distinctive seal . The seal 's design is usually complicated to avoid counterfeiting , but it can also express something about the institution 's history or mission . Dartmouth College is one such chartered body , and it obtained its official seal in 1773 . Design and creation Dartmouth College received a royal charter on December 13 , 1769 through New Hampshire 's colonial governor John Wentworth . The charter required a seal that was to be Nevertheless , on March 13 , 1770 , founder Eleazar Wheelock wrote to the trustees of the English fund that was supporting the College ( rather than the American trustees of the institution itself , as the charter stipulated ) to suggest that his The English trustees , including Lord Dartmouth , did not take up the suggestion . Evidence exists that they were annoyed with Wheelock 's acquisition of a charter for a college they were under the impression that the funds under their control were to be used to support Wheelock 's efforts at educating and Christianizing Native Americans at Moor 's Indian Charity School at Lebanon , Connecticut . Wheelock then designed a seal for his college bearing a striking resemblance to the seal of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel , a missionary society founded in London in 1701 , in order to maintain the illusion that his college was more for mission work than for higher education . Wheelock arranged for Nathaniel Hurd , a Boston silversmith , to engrave the seal . Hurd had engraved many coats of arms and appears in a John Singleton Copley portrait of ca . 1765 with two books , one of which is A Display of Heraldry by John unk ( 1610 ) . Wheelock wrote to Governor Wentworth on May 22 , 1772 , saying I hope that Mr Hurd will have the College Seal compleated by Commencement . The seal ( a single sided female die used to form impressions in wax ) was ready by Commencement of 1773 , and Portsmouth resident and former Chief Justice and Treasurer of the Province of New Hampshire George Jaffrey donated it to the College . The trustees officially accepted the seal on August 25 , 1773 , describing it as History and revisions Former College Librarian William Woodward hid the seal from Dartmouth 's officers along with the charter and four account books after the state of New Hampshire purported to take over the operation of Dartmouth College ( and purported to make Woodward Treasurer of Dartmouth University ) . The Dartmouth College Case named Woodward as the defendant and technically sought to recover the items that he had hidden . The College 's success in the Supreme Court returned the seal to its possession and extinguished the University . In 1876 , the College switched from having its seal impress wax to having it impress paper . This required a second , male die to fit under the original . The seal design was also carved in sandstone on the exterior of Rollins Chapel in 1886 ( see above ) and in wood on the interior of Commons in the Collis Center in 1901 ( see right ) . On October 28 , 1926 , the trustees affirmed the charter 's reservation of the seal for official corporate documents alone . The College Publications Committee under Ray Nash commissioned typographer W. A. Dwiggins to create a line drawing version of the seal in 1940 that saw widespread use . Dwiggins ' design was modified during 1957 to change the date from 1770 to 1769 , to accord with the date of the College Charter . The trustees commissioned a new set of dies with a date of 1769 to replace the old dies , now badly worn after almost two hundred years of use . The 1957 design continues to be used under trademark number 2305032 .
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1,041 | The Seal of Dartmouth College is the official insignia of Dartmouth College , an Ivy League university located in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Anglo American law generally requires a corporate body to seek official government sanction , usually in the form of a charter , in order to operate . Such chartered bodies normally authenticate their official acts by marking them with a distinctive seal . The seal 's design is usually complicated to avoid counterfeiting , but it can also express something about the institution 's history or mission . Dartmouth College is one such chartered body , and it obtained its official seal in 1773 . Design and creation Dartmouth College received a royal charter on December 13 , 1769 through New Hampshire 's colonial governor John Wentworth . The charter required a seal that was to be Nevertheless , on March 13 , 1770 , founder Eleazar Wheelock wrote to the trustees of the English fund that was supporting the College ( rather than the American trustees of the institution itself , as the charter stipulated ) to suggest that his The English trustees , including Lord Dartmouth , did not take up the suggestion . Evidence exists that they were annoyed with Wheelock 's acquisition of a charter for a college they were under the impression that the funds under their control were to be used to support Wheelock 's efforts at educating and Christianizing Native Americans at Moor 's Indian Charity School at Lebanon , Connecticut . Wheelock then designed a seal for his college bearing a striking resemblance to the seal of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel , a missionary society founded in London in 1701 , in order to maintain the illusion that his college was more for mission work than for higher education . Wheelock arranged for Nathaniel Hurd , a Boston silversmith , to engrave the seal . Hurd had engraved many coats of arms and appears in a John Singleton Copley portrait of ca . 1765 with two books , one of which is A Display of Heraldry by John unk ( 1610 ) . Wheelock wrote to Governor Wentworth on May 22 , 1772 , saying I hope that Mr Hurd will have the College Seal compleated by Commencement . The seal ( a single sided female die used to form impressions in wax ) was ready by Commencement of 1773 , and Portsmouth resident and former Chief Justice and Treasurer of the Province of New Hampshire George Jaffrey donated it to the College . The trustees officially accepted the seal on August 25 , 1773 , describing it as History and revisions Former College Librarian William Woodward hid the seal from Dartmouth 's officers along with the charter and four account books after the state of New Hampshire purported to take over the operation of Dartmouth College ( and purported to make Woodward Treasurer of Dartmouth University ) . The Dartmouth College Case named Woodward as the defendant and technically sought to recover the items that he had hidden . The College 's success in the Supreme Court returned the seal to its possession and extinguished the University . In 1876 , the College switched from having its seal impress wax to having it impress paper . This required a second , male die to fit under the original . The seal design was also carved in sandstone on the exterior of Rollins Chapel in 1886 ( see above ) and in wood on the interior of Commons in the Collis Center in 1901 ( see right ) . On October 28 , 1926 , the trustees affirmed the charter 's reservation of the seal for official corporate documents alone . The College Publications Committee under Ray Nash commissioned typographer W. A. Dwiggins to create a line drawing version of the seal in 1940 that saw widespread use . Dwiggins ' design was modified during 1957 to change the date from 1770 to 1769 , to accord with the date of the College Charter . The trustees commissioned a new set of dies with a date of 1769 to replace the old dies , now badly worn after almost two hundred years of use . The 1957 design continues to be used under trademark number 2305032 .
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1,042 | State Route 516 ( SR 516 ) is a 16 . 49 mile long ( 26 . 54 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington , serving communities in southern King County . The highway travels east as the Kent Des Moines Road and the Kent Kangley Road from a concurrency with SR 509 in Des Moines through Kent and Covington to an intersection with SR 169 in Maple Valley . SR 516 , designated as part of the National Highway System within Kent , intersects three major freeways in the area Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) in western Kent , SR 167 in downtown Kent , and SR 18 in Covington . The roadway , built in the 1890s , was codified in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 1K ( SSH 1K ) from Des Moines to Kent and SSH 5A from Kent to Maple Valley . The two highways were combined during the 1964 highway renumbering to form SR 516 on its current route . Route description SR 516 begins in Des Moines at Marine View Drive as SR 509 turns north towards Burien near the East Passage of Puget Sound . The two concurrent highways travel east on the Kent Des Moines Road past Highline Community College and Mount Rainier High School to an intersection with SR 99 in western Kent , where SR 509 turns south towards Tacoma . Shortly thereafter , SR 516 intersects I 5 at a partial cloverleaf interchange and continues east onto a four lane divided highway over the Green River and its pedestrian and bicycle trail into downtown Kent . The highway serves as the southern terminus of SR 181 before intersecting SR 167 in a diamond interchange at the western edge of downtown Kent . SR 516 shifts south onto Willis Street and crosses the Interurban Trail and a BNSF rail line before turning north onto Central Avenue and east onto Smith Street near Kent Station . The highway travels southeast along Mill Creek onto the Kent Kangley Road and serves as the southern terminus of SR 515 at Kent Meridian High School before leaving Kent for Covington . SR 516 passes Lake Meridian as 272nd Street and intersects SR 18 at a diamond interchange located in Covington . The highway continues east past Pipe Lake and into Maple Valley before crossing the Cedar to Green River Trail and ending at an intersection with SR 169 . Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of the highway was between SR 181 and the SR 167 interchange , serving 38 , 000 vehicles , while the least busiest section was its western terminus at SR 509 , serving 8 , 900 vehicles . SR 516 between I 5 and SR 167 within western Kent is designated as part of the National Highway System , which includes roadways important to the national economy , defense , and mobility . History The Kent Kangley Road was built as a wagon road by King County by the late 1890s and was upgraded to a paved highway after being codified as two highways during the creation of the primary and secondary state highways system in 1937 SSH 1K and SSH 5A . SSH 1K traveled 12 . 76 miles ( 20 . 54 km ) south from U.S. Route 99 and Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) through Burien and east through Des Moines to US 99 and PSH 1 in Midway . SSH 5A traveled 14 . 50 miles ( 23 . 34 km ) east from US 99 and PSH 1 in Midway across the Green River into Kent , intersecting SSH 5M , PSH 5 , and SSH 5C , before ending at the Enumclaw Renton branch of PSH 5 in Maple Valley . The two highways were combined during the 1964 highway renumbering to form SR 516 and codified into law in 1970 . The highway traveled east from SR 509 in Des Moines through I 5 at Midway , SR 167 in Kent , and SR 18 in Covington to SR 169 in Maple Valley . SR 509 was re aligned in 1991 onto SR 516 and SR 99 , forming new concurrencies , until the completion of a new north south freeway . Major intersections The entire highway is in King County .
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1,043 | The 146th Boat Race took place on 25 March 2000 . Oxford won the race by three lengths , breaking a seven year spell of Cambridge dominance . The result was a shock triumph . The race also featured the joint tallest ever competitor , and the youngest ever winner in the modern race . In the reserve race , Isis beat Goldie by five lengths , and Oxford triumphed in the women 's race , emerging with victory in the men 's and women 's races for the year . Background The Boat Race is an annual competition between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) race along the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1999 race by three and a half lengths . Cambridge had won the last seven races ( between 1993 and 1999 ) and led overall with 76 victories to Oxford 's 68 ( excluding the dead heat to Oxford by five feet of 1877 ) . The race was sponsored by Aberdeen Asset Management . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Crews The Oxford crew ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) had a heavier average weight of 13 stone 10 pounds ( 87 kg ) per crew member , making them almost 11 pounds ( 5 . 0 kg ) heavier per man and were considered the underdogs before the race . The Cambridge crew ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) had a taller crew , and had the joint tallest ever competitor , the 6 feet 10 inches ( 2 . 08 m ) Joshua West . The Oxford crew had an average age of 21 while Cambridge 's crew averaged 23 . The Oxford crew featured six Britons , two Americans , and a Norwegian whilst the Cambridge crew consisted of six Britons , an American , a New Zealander , and a South African . The crews for the race were as follows Race description Cambridge won the coin toss and chose to start from the southern side , the Surrey side , of the River Thames , based on the opinion that taking a lead early in the race would give them an advantage . However , the theory failed as Oxford stayed with Cambridge , and though Cambridge had a large push which gave them a slender lead after two minutes , Oxford were leading at the First Mile post , passing in 3 minutes 41 seconds , Cambridge a second behind . The race was close , and the lead switched back and forth between the two teams . Cambridge pressed and rewon their lead , and were a quarter of a length ahead after a favourable bend . Though level at Chiswick Steps , Oxford pushed ahead , gaining a five second lead by Barnes Bridge , and eight at the finish . Oxford finished with a time of 18 minutes , 4 seconds , Cambridge finished 8 seconds behind . It was Oxford 's first victory in seven years and brought the overall result to 76 69 in Cambridge 's favour . The victory gave the Oxford number four , Matthew Smith , the honour of being the youngest ever modern winner at 18 years , 8 months 11 days . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by five lengths . Earlier , Oxford won the 55th women 's race by two and a quarter lengths , in a time of 6 minutes 18 seconds , their first victory in nine years . Oxford also won the women 's lightweight , but Cambridge won the women 's reserves , men 's lightweight , and men 's lightweight reserves . Reaction Oxford University Boat Club President and number four Nick Robinson said the crew had kept going and won an incredible race , but was a shock triumph .
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1,044 | The Juniper MX Series is a family of ethernet routers and switches designed and manufactured by Juniper Networks . In 2006 , Juniper released the first of the MX series , the unk , MX240 , and unk . The second generation routers , called MX 3D , were first released in 2009 and featured a new Trio chipset and IPv6 support . In 2013 , the MX routers were improved to increase their bandwidth , and a virtualized MX 3D router , the unk 3D , was released in 2014 . Utilizing the Juniper Extension Toolkit ( JET ) , third party software can be integrated into the routers . History Early releases On October 18 , 2006 , the MX Series was publicly announced . Before its release , Ethernet aggregation was a missing component of Juniper 's edge network products , which was causing it to lose market share to Alcatel . The MX Series was late to market , but it was well received by analysts and customers . It was part of a trend at the time to incorporate additional software features in routers and switches . The first product release of the MX series was the unk , a 14 slot , 480 Gbit s switch and router . In late 2006 , Juniper introduced the MX240 and unk , which are smaller versions of the 960 . They had a throughput of 240 Gbit s and 480 Gbit s respectively . Further development In 2009 a new line of MX 3D products were introduced , using Juniper 's programmable Trio chipset . Trio is a proprietary semiconductor technology with custom network instructions . It provides a cross between network processing units and ASICs . IPv6 features were added and the unk , a smaller unk s router , was introduced the following year . In 2011 new switch fabric cards increased the capacity of MX 3D routers . In May 2011 Juniper introduced several new products including the unk , unk and unk 3D routers , which have a throughput of 20 , 40 and 60 Gbit s respectively and can each be upgraded to an unk . A collection of features called unk was introduced in 2011 at Mobile World Congress , then discontinued in August 2013 . According to Network World , it allowed MX 3D products to serve as a mobile gateway , an authentication and management control plan for 2G 3G and LTE mobile packet cores and as a policy manager for subscriber management systems . In October 2012 , Juniper introduced the unk and 2010 3D Universal Edge unk , with unk of 80 Tbit s and 40 Tbit s respectively . Juniper also released a video caching system for the MX family and a suite of software applications that include parental control , firewall and traffic monitoring . New Virtual Chassis features allowed network operators to manage multiple boxes as though they were a single router or switch . Recent developments In 2013 , Juniper introduced new line cards for the MX series and a new switch fabric module , intended to upgrade the MX series ' for higher bandwidth needs and for software defined networking applications . The capacity of the MX240 , 480 and 960 were increased by double or more . A new unk Modular Interface Card ( MS MIC ) was incorporated that supports up to 9 Gbit s for services like tunneling software . In March 2013 , Juniper released the unk switch , which isn 't part of the MX Series , but uses the same software and Trio chipset . A virtualized MX series 3D router , the unk 3D , was introduced in November 2014 . A suite of updates were announced in late 2015 . New MPC line cards were introduced , which have a throughput of up to 1 . 6 Tbit s . Simultaneously the Juniper Extension Toolkit ( JET ) was announced . JET is a programming interface for integrating third party applications that automate provisioning , maintenance and other tasks . The Junos Telemetry Interface was also announced at the same time . It reports data to applications and other equipment to automate changes to the network in response to faults or in order optimize performance . Current products and specifications According to Juniper 's website , Juniper 's current MX Series products include the following
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1,045 | Maddison Gae Elliott OAM ( born 3 November 1998 in Newcastle , New South Wales ) is an Australian swimmer . At the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , she became the youngest Australian Paralympic medallist by winning bronze medals in the women 's 400 m and 100 m freestyle S8 events . She then became the youngest Australian gold medallist when she was a member of the women 's 4 100 m freestyle relay 34 points team . She has been selected to represent Australia at the 2016 Rio Paralympics . Personal Maddison Gae Elliott was born on 3 November 1998 . She has right side cerebral palsy as a result of a neonatal stroke , and was diagnosed with the condition when she was four years old . In addition to swimming , she participated in athletics , and by 2010 held six Australian age group classification records . In 2016 , she was living in unk Heights , New South Wales , and a year 12 student at Bishop Tyrrell Anglican College . She has an older sister unk Elliott . Swimming Elliott is an S8 classified swimmer who was ranked first in the world in the S8 50 m backstroke in 2012 . She is a member of unk Swimming Club , started swimming when she was six months old , and commenced competitive swimming in 2009 . She made her national team debut that same year at the Youth Paralympic Games , where she won five gold medals . By 2010 , she held three Australian age group classification records , and the 2010 New South Wales Multi Class Long Course Swimming Championships , she had five first place finishes . She represented Australia at the 2011 Oceania Paralympic Championships , and later that year competed in the Canberra hosted Australian Multi Class Age Swimming Championships . At that event , she won a bronze , five silver and three gold medals . She was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London in swimming . On 31 August 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre , Elliott slashed 23 seconds off her personal best time to win a bronze medal in the S8 400 m freestyle . She became , at age 13 , the youngest ever Australian to win a Paralympic medal , a record formerly held by Elizabeth Edmondson . She went on to win silver in S8 50 m freestyle , bronze in the S8 100 m Freestyle , and gold in the Women 's 4x100 m Freestyle Relay 34 Points . Afterwards , she met with Prince Harry and gave him a Lizzie the unk Neck Lizard , the mascot of the Australian Paralympic Committee and Australia 's Paralympic Teams . This resulted in the Australian Chef de Mission , Jason Hellwig , officially presenting Lizzie to the Chairman of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games ( LOCOG ) , Lord Coe , who gave him a Mandeville in return . In November 2012 , Elliott and unk McCracken , the youngest members of the 2012 Paralympic Team , were together named the Paralympic Junior Athlete of the Year . She won gold medals in the Women 's 50 m and 100 m Freestyle S8 events and a silver medal in the Women 's 400 m Freestyle S8 at the August 2013 IPC Swimming World Championships in Montreal , Canada , and was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2014 Australia Day Honours for service to sport as a Gold Medallist at the London 2012 Paralympic Games . Elliott won a gold medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in the women 's 100 m S8 freestyle in a world record time of 1 05 . 32 , breaking the record set by Jessica Long in 2012 . At the 2015 IPC Swimming World Championships , she won the gold medals in the women 's 50 m freestyle S8 , women 's 100 m freestyle S8 in a world record time of 1 . 04 . 71 , women s 100 m backstroke S8 and women 's 4 100 m freestyle relay 34 points , silver medals in the women 's 400 m freestyle S8 and women 's 4 100 m medley relay 34 points and a bronze medal in the women 's 100 m butterfly S8 . Her success at the IPC World Championships led to her being awarded Swimming Australia 's 2015 Paralympic Swimmer of the Year . In November 2015 , she was awarded the New South Wales Institute of Sport Regional Athlete of the Year .
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1,046 | Bonfire ( March 21 , 1983 October 28 , 2013 ) , full name Gestion Bonfire , was an Oldenburg gelding that competed in dressage with Dutch rider Anky van Grunsven . Between 1991 and 2000 , the pair competed in multiple national and international championships , including three Olympic Games and two World Equestrian Games . They won one gold medal and four silver medals at the Olympics and one gold and three silvers at the World Equestrian Games . Although known for having a hot temperament , Bonfire mellowed as he aged , becoming one of Van Grunsven 's best horses until she found his replacement , Salinero , she did not think she would ever find a horse to match Bonfire 's talent . A statue of Bonfire stands in Van Grunsven 's home town of Erp . Early life The brown Oldenburg gelding was born March 21 , 1983 , bred by Karl Bernd Westerholt of Lemwerder , Germany . His sire was Welt As and his dam was unk ( his dam 's sire was unk xx ) . Van Grunsven first met Bonfire when he was two and a half years old , having been under saddle for only a week . He was later purchased by Van Grunsven 's father . At first it appeared that the young horse would be a poor prospect , as his hot temperament led to poor gaits . However , he did well at learning advanced dressage moves such as the unk and passage , and so Van Grunsven continued to work with him . He improved , and by the time he was seven years old , he was competing at the Grand Prix level . His temperament continued to lead to difficult rides , and he had a tendency to spook at small items near the ring these tendencies decreased as he grew older . Competitive career Bonfire competed with Van Grunsven at his first Olympic Games ( her second Games ) in 1992 at the Barcelona Games . There , the pair took 4th individually , while helping the Dutch team to a silver medal . At the 1996 Summer Olympics , they repeated the team performance , while improving to take an individual silver medal . In 2000 , at the Sydney Games , the pair won their first ( and only ) individual gold , while helping the Dutch team to a third silver medal . After the Sydney Games , Van Grunsven replaced Bonfire with Salinero as her Olympic horse . Bonfire and Van Grunsven also competed in two World Equestrian Games . The first , the 1994 The Hague Games , resulted in two medals for the pair an individual gold and a team silver . At the second , the 1998 World Equestrian Games in Rome , the pair took home both the individual and team silver . However , Van Grunsven considered the judging at this Games so poor that she said I thought I would quit dressage . In 1991 , Bonfire made his European Dressage Championship debut at Donaueschingen , Germany , where he and Van Grunsven took an individual 5th , while assisting the Dutch team to a bronze medal . At the 1995 Championships in Mondorf , Luxembourg , the pair took the silver medal both individually and with the Dutch team . At the 1999 Championships at Arnhem , the Netherlands Bonfire and Van Grunsven took the title gold in the individual as well as assisting the Dutch team to another silver medal . He was also a nine time national dressage champion in the Netherlands . Later life and legacy As he grew older , he retained his famed elasticity but show signed of age in other areas , especially at the walk , which was his weakest skill in the dressage ring . Bonfire was retired from competition after the 2000 Olympic Games . To celebrate his retirement , there was a ceremony in Van Grunsven 's home town and a farewell ride at an international jumping competition in Maastricht , Netherlands . After Bonfire 's retirement , Van Grunsven stated that she never thought she would find another horse as good as he was however , his successor Salinero proved to be even more successful . In Van Grunsven 's home town of Erp there is a statue of Bonfire . As of 2012 , he lived on Van Grunsven 's farm in the Netherlands . Bonfire was euthanized following adrenal disease and hoof inflammation on 28 October 2013 , aged 30 .
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1,047 | HMS Duchess was a D class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . The ship was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet before she was transferred to the China Station in early 1935 . She was temporarily deployed in the Red Sea during late 1935 during the Abyssinia Crisis , before returning to her duty station where she remained until mid 1939 . Duchess was transferred back to the Mediterranean Fleet just before the Second World War began in September 1939 . Whilst escorting the battleship HMS Barham back to the British Isles , she was accidentally rammed by the battleship in thick fog and sank with heavy loss of life on 12 December 1939 . Description Duchess displaced 1 , 375 long tons ( 1 , 397 t ) at standard load and 1 , 890 long tons ( 1 , 920 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 . 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 . 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 . 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 , 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 drum water tube boilers . Duchess carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( 481 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 , 870 nautical miles ( 10 , 870 km 6 , 760 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 145 officers and men . The ship mounted four 45 calibre QF 4 . 7 inch Mk IX guns in single mounts . For anti aircraft ( AA ) defence , Duchess had a single 12 pounder ( 3 inch ( 76 . 2 mm ) ) gun and two quadruple Mk I mounts for the 0 . 5 inch Vickers Mk III machine gun . She was fitted with two above water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . Service Duchess was ordered on 2 February 1931 under the 1930 Naval Estimates and was laid down at the yards of the Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company , Jarrow on 12 June 1931 . She was launched on 19 July 1932 and commissioned on 24 January 1933 , at a total cost of 229 , 367 , excluding equipment supplied by the Admiralty , such as weapons , ammunition and wireless equipment . The ship was initially assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean and made a brief deployment to the Persian Gulf and Red Sea in September November 1933 . Upon her return , her superheaters were repaired at Malta between 18 December and 6 January 1934 . She was given a refit at Chatham Dockyard from 3 September to 23 October to prepare the ship for service on the China Station . Duchess arrived in Hong Kong in January 1935 where she joined the 8th Destroyer Flotilla . The ship was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in the Red Sea from September to November during the Abyssinian Crisis . She made a number of good will visits during her time on the station as well as conducted anti piracy patrols . During a typhoon at Hong Kong on 2 September 1937 , a merchant ship crushed Duchess 's stern when it dragged its anchors . Her repairs were not completed until 14 October . The ship remained on the station until late August 1939 , when the imminent start of the Second World War caused the Admiralty to order her to take up her war station with the Mediterranean Fleet at Malta . Duchess arrived there on 12 October and remained in the Mediterranean for the next two months . In December the ship , along with her sisters HMS Delight , HMS Duncan and HMS Dainty , was assigned to escort the battleship HMS Barham back to the UK , and they departed Gibraltar on 6 December . During the morning of 12 December , Barham collided with Duchess off the Mull of Kintyre in heavy fog . The destroyer capsized and her depth charges exploded , killing 124 of her crew including her commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Robin White , who was stuck in his sea cabin when the sliding door jammed .
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1,048 | The 132nd Boat Race took place on 29 March 1986 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge won by seven lengths and took their first victory in eleven years , in one of the fastest winning times in the history of the event . Isis won the reserve race , while Oxford were victorious in the Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by four and three quarter lengths in the previous year 's race . However Cambridge held the overall lead , with 68 victories to Oxford 's 62 , despite Oxford having won the previous ten races . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . The race was sponsored by Ladbrokes for the tenth consecutive year , estimated to be worth about 30 , 000 to each boat club , and was umpired by former Cambridge rower Mike Sweeney . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of over 5 pounds ( 2 . 3 kg ) per rower more than Cambridge . Cambridge 's crew featured only two rowers over the age of 24 while Oxford had just three men under 25 . Oxford saw three Blues return while Cambridge welcomed back four . The Cambridge crew featured three international rowers , two Canadians in Gibson and Wilson , and the American Pew . Oxford 's MacDonald was the oldest in the race at the age of 30 , he was accompanied in the boat by international rowers Clark and Livingstone from the United States and Jones from Australia . Dan Topolski was the Oxford coach while Cambridge relied on Alan Inns and Canadian Olympic coach Neil Campbell . Cambridge were clear favourites to win , but prior to the race , Topolski claimed his crew had pulled themselves back into contention by sheer hard work . Races Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . The predicted severe wind did not materialise and from the start , Cambridge pulled ahead . A half length lead by the end of Putney boathouses became a two length lead by Hammersmith Bridge , and Cambridge 's cox Burton steered towards the safer Surrey side , extending Cambridge 's lead to 14 seconds by Chiswick Steps . Continuing to pull away , Cambridge passed the finishing post 21 seconds and seven lengths ahead of Oxford . It was the sixth fastest time in the history of the race . This was Cambridge 's first victory in eleven years and took the overall record to 69 62 in favour of Cambridge . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by six lengths , while Oxford won the 41st Women 's Boat Race . Reaction The trophy was presented by former Cambridge student Prince Edward . Cambridge stroke John Pritchard said After our initial start we built up for 20 strokes , steadied and then just grinded away . He added I was just stirring the tea while the others did the work . Cambridge cox Carole Burton noted I went where I wanted to go . Oxford 's Jones remarked we were as well prepared as last year but we found no magic . Topolski conceded that even had Oxford been at their best , they would still have lost the race .
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1,049 | Calatafimi was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was built by the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando shipyard her keel was laid in July 1891 , she was launched in May 1894 , and was commissioned in December 1895 . Her main armament were her five torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of eleven small caliber guns . Calatafimi spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . The ship was sold in March 1907 and broken up for scrap . Design Calatafimi was 73 . 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 . 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 . 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 839 metric tons ( 826 long tons 925 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple expansion steam engines , each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Calatafimi 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 . 1 to 20 . 8 knots ( 33 . 5 to 38 . 5 km h 20 . 8 to 23 . 9 mph ) at 3 , 884 to 4 , 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 896 to 3 , 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 , 800 nautical miles ( 3 , 300 km 2 , 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 and 121 personnel . Calatafimi was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 . 7 in ) 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) 43 guns mounted singly. She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her six 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 . 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate . Service history The new cruiser was originally to have been named unk , but she was renamed Calatafimi the day construction began . The last member of her class , Calatafimi was laid down on 15 September 1891 at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) , and was launched on 18 March 1893 . After fitting out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 16 January 1894 . The following year , she was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Permanent Squadron , which included her sister ship Euridice , the ironclad battleship Francesco Morosini , and the protected cruiser Etruria . The Squadron was based at La Spezia at the time , though Calatafimi was stationed primarily in Taranto and Naples , along with most of the other torpedo cruisers of the Italian fleet . In 1895 , unrest in the Ottoman Empire that killed hundreds of foreign nationals prompted several of the European great powers to send an international fleet to pressure the Ottomans into compensating the victims . In November , a small Italian squadron sent to Smyrna to join the fleet in there Calatafimi was mobilized as part of a larger force in Naples that consisted of the ironclads Francesco Morosini , Lepanto , and Ruggiero di Lauria , the protected cruiser Elba , the torpedo cruiser Folgore , and five torpedo boats . This second squadron was stocked with coal and ammunition in the event that it would need to reinforce the squadron at Smryna . In 1896 , she took part in the annual summer maneuvers in July as part of the First Division of the Reserve Squadron , which also included the ironclads Re Umberto and Lepanto and the protected cruiser Ettore Fieramosca . In 1898 , Calatafimi was assigned to the Reserve Squadron , which included the ironclads Lepanto , Francesco Morosini , and Ruggiero di Lauria , three protected cruisers , and the torpedo cruiser Goito . The following year , she returned to the Active Squadron , where she served with six ironclads , the armored cruiser Vettor Pisani , the protected cruiser Lombardia , and Goito . The ship was sold for scrap in March 1907 and subsequently broken up .
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1,050 | The 5th Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 14 April 1841 . It was the fourth of the University Boat Races , a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge , to be contested in London . The race was held between Westminster Bridge and Putney Bridge and was won by Cambridge , whose crew featured two pairs of brothers rowing , who defeated Oxford by a distance of 22 lengths in a time of 32 minutes and 30 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 4 1 in Cambridge 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and takes place on the River Thames in southwest London . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race by three quarters of a length . There was some disagreement over the day selected for the race , mainly in an attempt to coincide with a suitable tide . The Cambridge cox for the 1839 race , Thomas Selby Egan , along with Oxford 's R. G. Walls were umpires for the race along with referee Edmund Antrobus from St John 's College , Cambridge . Both universities rowed in boats constructed by Searle of unk the vessels were justly and generally admired , the only significant difference between them being that Oxford 's boat was carvel built while Cambridge 's was clinker built . The race took place on a five and three quarter mile ( 9 . 2 km ) stretch of the Thames between Westminster Bridge and Putney Bridge . No arrangements had been made for the police to keep the course clear according to Cambridge 's number seven George Denman it was often unk work for the coxswains to decide whether to go ahead or astern of a train of barges catering across the river . According to a report in The Morning Chronicle , both crews ... have agreed that the match will be off if any of the steamers attempt to lead . Oxford arrived at the Thames fifteen days prior the race , and rowed the full course Cambridge started their practice runs four days later , often racing against a crew from the Cambridge Subscription Room ( who subsequently won the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta ) . George Denman suffered an injury during practice , struck by a tremendous blow on the shoulder which was all but cured by the application of just one leech . Oxford 's crew was not settled until three days before the race , when they competed against a crew from Leander Club . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 11 st 4 . 625 lb ( 71 . 8 kg ) , 0 . 5 pounds ( 0 . 2 kg ) per rower more than their Dark Blue opposition . Cambridge 's crew contained three Blues John Matthew Ridley , Francis Penrose and Charles Marsh unk , all of whom had rowed in the previous year 's race . Similarly , Oxford saw the return of four members with Boat Race experience Jacob G. Mountain , E. Royds , G. Meynell and J. J. T. Somers Cocks . For the first time in the history of the race , two pairs of brothers rowed for Cambridge , the unk ( Joseph and William ) and the unk ( George and Lewis ) . Race Cambridge were considered favourites for the race , mainly as they had won the previous three races on the Thames . The Light Blues won the toss and elected to start at the first arch from the centre of Westminster Bridge on the Surrey side , Oxford from the next arch along . The race commenced at 6 10 p.m. , with the Light Blues making the better start , taking an early lead , and getting clear by Lambeth . A lead of at least two lengths by Vauxhall Bridge was extended to around six lengths by Battersea Bridge . Cambridge won by 22 lengths in a time of 32 minutes 30 seconds . It was their fourth consecutive victory and took the overall record to 4 1 in their favour . Despite earlier fears , the steamers were well managed , and offered no obstruction to the boats .
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1,051 | The 80th Boat Race took place on 28 March 1928 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . In a race umpired by former Oxford rower Charles Burnell , Cambridge won by ten lengths , the largest margin of victory since 1900 , in a time of 20 minutes 25 seconds . The victory took the overall record to 40 39 in Oxford 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1927 race by three lengths , with Oxford leading overall with 40 victories to Cambridge 's 38 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford were coached by H. R. Baker ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1908 and 1909 races ) , A. E. Kitchin ( who also rowed in 1908 ) , P. C. Mallam ( a Dark Blue from 1921 to 1924 inclusive ) , C. M. Pitman ( who rowed four times between 1892 and 1895 ) and J. D. W. Thomson ( who was a three time Blue between 1925 and 1927 ) . Cambridge 's coaches were William Dudley Ward ( who had rowed in 1897 , 1899 and 1900 races ) , Francis Escombe , P. H. Thomas ( a four time Blue between 1902 and 1905 ) and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . For the second year the umpire was Charles Burnell who had rowed for Oxford in the 1895 , 1896 , 1897 and 1898 races . Charles Kent , who rowed for Oxford in the 1891 race , was the finishing judge for the first time . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 9 . 625 lb ( 80 . 4 kg ) , 0 . 625 pounds ( 0 . 3 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's crew contained three participants with Boat Race experience R. Beesly , J. C. Holcroft and stroke T. E. Letchworth . Oxford saw four participants return , including number two T. W. Shaw and cox J. H. Croft , both of whom were making their third consecutive appearance in the event . One participant was registered as non British Oxford 's number four H. C. Morphett was from Australia . According to author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater , the Cambridge crew were really good with the trial eights being much above the average . After relocating to Ely in the build up to the race , Cambridge 's crew was reorganised and improved , before final modifications were made at Putney . Drinkwater stated it was obvious that they were going to be a fast crew . Conversely , Oxford suffered from a dearth of experienced material who never developed and were quite incapable of rowing a racing stroke . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . Burnell started the race at 9 45 a.m. in reasonable conditions but on a poor tide . Cambridge took the lead from the start and were half a length ahead by the time they passed the boathouses ( 400 yards ( 370 m ) along the course ) . Dropping the stroke rate to 29 strokes per minute , the Light Blues held off the faster rating Oxford to the Mile Post . Here Cambridge pushed away quickly and , according to Drinkwater , long before Hammersmith the race had become a procession , so much so that the Light Blues reduced their efforts to a paddle . Cambridge won by ten lengths in a time of 20 minutes 25 seconds , the slowest winning time since the 1925 race . It was their fifth consecutive victory and their ninth win in ten races and took the overall record to 40 39 in Oxford 's favour . It was the largest winning margin where both boats completed the course since the 1900 race .
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1,052 | Mount Bailey is a relatively young tephra cone and shield volcano in the Cascade Range , located on the opposite side of Diamond Lake from Mount Thielsen in southern Oregon , United States . Bailey consists of a 2 , 000 foot ( 610 m ) high main cone on top of an old basaltic andesite shield volcano . With a volume of 8 to 9 km3 ( 1 . 9 to 2 . 2 cu mi ) , Mount Bailey is slightly smaller than neighboring Diamond Peak . Mount Bailey is a popular destination for recreational activities . Well known in the Pacific Northwest region as a haven for skiing in the winter months , the mountain 's transportation , instead of a conventional chairlift , is provided by snowcats treaded , tractor like vehicles that can ascend Bailey 's steep , snow covered slopes and carry skiers to the higher reaches of the mountain . In the summer months , a 5 mile ( 8 km ) hiking trail gives foot access to Bailey 's summit . Native Americans are credited with the first ascents of Bailey . Spiritual leaders held feasts and prayer vigils on the summit . Etymology The origin of the mountain 's name is a matter of dispute . Older maps show its name as either Old Baldy or Old Bailey , Bailey possibly being a drafting error . The summit 's bald , burnt over appearance might indicate the origin of the designation Baldy . No record of a person named Bailey who was connected with the peak has been found . In 1992 the Oregon Geographic Names Board voted to name the mountain in honor of naturalists Vernon and Florence Bailey . According to William G. Steel , the Klamath name for the mountain was unk , which means Medicine Mountain . According to Klamath tradition , their medicine men and priests would feast on the mountain 's summit and commune with the upper world . Geography and geology Mount Bailey is part of the High Cascades in the western United States . The High Cascades have long been glaciated , by both Pacific bred storms and natural , elevation caused , glaciation . In fact , glaciation probably formed on them as early as the late Miocene . Over time , as the range built up , newer activity diminished older Tertiary age rock . Creating lava plateaus , Pliocene activity , mostly basaltic and andesitic , was probably responsible for the original cones at Bailey , Thielsen , and Union Peak . Mount Bailey heads the Mount Bailey chain , which consists of the mountain and smaller cinder cones trending north . Similarly to its neighbor Mount Thielsen , it is a shield volcano with precipitous summit slopes , and the two are almost equal in appearance . Built around the same time as Rodley Butte , according to morphological study , the current volcano is no more than 100 , 000 years old , and formed relatively close to Diamond Peak 's current cone . Despite its similarity to Rodley Butte , both in age and original composition , Bailey switched from erupting basaltic andesite to pure andesite ( silicon dioxide ) . Bailey is comprised by a central tephra cone , upon which basaltic andesite eruptions streamed over , building up to create the current volcano . Eventually switching to andesite , it may have been built over several eruptions or even eruptive periods , judging from the silicic nature of its rock . It is currently inactive , having been since approximately the time Mount Mazama became active , sometime in the early Pleistocene epoch . Ecology and recreation Diverse flora exists on Mount Bailey . Starting at the lower slopes , the prominent tree type is standard pine , eventually changing to a landscape of mountain hemlock , western white pine , and Shasta fir . Bailey is a popular hiking and skiing site , due to its steep climbs and views of Diamond Lake . It is accessible from Oregon Route 230 , starting at the Fox Spring trailhead . Following the Mount Bailey Trail , part of the Diamond Lake Recreational Area , hikers can see panoramas to the northeast of Diamond Lake and Bailey 's dizzying avalanche bowl . To skiers , the peak is known for its method of transportation , featuring snowcats .
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1,053 | Flying the Flag ( For You ) is a song performed by British pop bubblegum dance group Scooch . The song was entered and won the British national selection competition for the Eurovision Song Contest , Eurovision Making Your Mind Up in 2007 , and subsequently represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki , Finland . The song came joint 22nd with a total of 19 points , the same score as France . Song information Scooch had reformed in hope of performing at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 , and the song was specifically written for the Contest Eurovision rules state that the song must be an original composition and released no more than seven months before the contest . Russ , as the captain , opens and closes the song with captain 's announcements . Natalie and Caroline sing the vocals of the song , as David offers passengers confectioneries . The lyrics are heavily based on actual experiences of flying . The song contains a liberal amount of sexual innuendo , the most overt being ... and blow into the mouthpiece and Would you like something to suck on for landing , sir ( the latter was omitted or changed for some tea time television performances ) . The camp style was both praised and criticised The Guardian noted that the song was , in terms of Eurovision , outdated and similar to Buck 's Fizz 's winning entry in 1981 , while Tim Moore called the song a fine song in Eurovision tradition . Music video The original music video was their final performance on Eurovision Making Your Mind Up Scooch recorded a new version once their contract with Warner Bros. had been signed . Following the lyrics , the second video starts with the quartet in the front of the aeroplane , with Spencer as the captain . The video continues with all of the members as stewards walking up and down the plane , with a cameo appearance from Sister Mary McArthur , who was invited to take part after the band saw her lip sync video . Later in the video each member of the band is seen dancing in front of the flags of selected countries that are all participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 , in addition to the flag of the European Union . Flying the Flag in Helsinki Flying the Flag ( for You ) was the nineteenth song to be sung during the Eurovision Song Contest . The song scored only nineteen points twelve from Malta , and seven from Ireland , two nations known for awarding points to the United Kingdom although according to the Head of the Maltese Delegation , Malta voted twelve partly in protest to regional block voting which , had made the Contest not about the songs any more , an opinion shared by five or six other countries . Due to the low score that Scooch had received only Ireland were lower on the scoreboard the song received negative press by newspapers in particular , The Sunday Mirror were reported by the BBC to have stated that the song made the United Kingdom the laughing stock of Europe , The Sunday Times , according to the BBC , referred to the song , It wasn 't a disaster more of a crash landing . International promotion On 18 April 2007 it was announced that Scooch had been signed to the Warner Bros. label . This would help them to promote and release their single to a broader range of fans in the United Kingdom and abroad . As part of the contract , Scooch recorded certain phrases of the song in French , German , Spanish , Bulgarian , and Danish . Track listings and formats CD Flying The Flag ( For You ) Eurovision 2007 Version ( 3 04 ) Flying The Flag ( For You ) Karaoke Version ( 3 04 ) DVD Flying the Flag ( For You ) Video How To Special Scooch Dance Feature Video Flying the Flag ( For You ) Karaoke Version Video Flying the Flag ( For You ) Audio Chart positions The official single version was available from 30 April 2007 and was released as a physical CD single in the following week , on 7 May 2007 . The song debuted in the UK Top 40 at No. 5 and peaked at this position .
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1,054 | The 68th Boat Race took place on 1 April 1911 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race . Umpired by former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman , Oxford won by two and three quarter lengths in a time of 18 minutes 29 seconds , taking their overall lead in the competition to 37 30 . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2015 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1910 race by three and a half lengths , and led overall with 36 victories to Cambridge 's 30 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were H. R. Barker ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1908 and 1909 races ) , G. C. Bourne ( who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races ) , and Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four time Blue ) . Cambridge were coached by Stanley Bruce ( who had rowed in 1904 ) , William Dudley Ward ( who had rowed in 1897 , 1899 and 1900 races ) , Raymond Etherington Smith ( who had rowed in 1898 and 1900 ) and H. W. Willis ( who had previously coached Oxford in 1907 ) . For the eighth year the umpire was old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . The race was watched from the Oxford launch by the Prince of Wales and his brother Prince Albert . It was also the first time the launches were accompanied by aeroplanes . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 7 . 5 lb ( 79 . 4 kg ) , 3 . 625 pounds ( 1 . 6 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Six of the Cambridge crew had previous Boat Race experience , including R. W. M. Arbuthnot and J. B. unk , who were taking part in their third event . Oxford 's boat contained three rowers who had previously participated three times in the event , in Duncan Mackinnon , Robert Bourne and Stanley Garton . Six of the Dark Blues were studying at Magdalen College , five of whom had rowed to victory in the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta the previous July . Three participants in the race were registered as overseas Blues Oxford 's Charles Littlejohn was Australian , while Cambridge 's Pieter Voltelyn Graham van der Byl and cox C. A. Skinner hailed from South Africa . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . Umpire Pitman started the race at 2 36 p.m. in a light breeze which helped create an unusually strong spring tide . Oxford made the better start , with their stroke Bourne out rating his opposite number by two stroke per minute . At Craven Steps , the Dark Blues were three quarters of a length ahead which they held past the Mile Post . At this point Oxford pushed on to be clear by the Crab Tree pub and a further length ahead by Harrods Furniture Depository . By the time the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge , the Dark Blues were two and a half lengths ahead and reduced their rating yet continued to pull away . By Chiswick Steps , Oxford were four lengths clear and further ahead at Barnes Bridge . Cambridge 's determination meant that they reduced the deficit over the last few minutes of the race . Oxford won by two and three quarter lengths in a time of 18 minutes 29 seconds . It was Oxford 's third consecutive victory and took the overall record to 37 30 in their favour . The winning time was the fastest in the history of the race .
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1,055 | Surrounded is the third box set by Icelandic musician Bjrk . It was released on 27 June 2006 through One Little Indian . It is a collection of seven of her studio albums , issued in the DualDisc format one side contains the original unk , while the other one includes their remastered versions in surround sound , in tandem with music videos and additional features . While the box set did not impact any record charts , music critics gave mixed to positive reviews to Surrounded . Most of them were positive towards its packaging and affirmed it was an effective showcase of Bjrk 's catalogue . Nonetheless , criticism was targeted towards its opportunistic nature and technicalities . Content and release Surrounded compiles reissues of five of Bjrk 's studio albums Debut ( 1993 ) , Post ( 1995 ) , Homogenic ( unk ) , Vespertine ( 2001 ) and Medlla ( 2004 ) in addition to Selmasongs ( 2000 ) , and Drawing Restraint 9 ( 2005 ) , her soundtrack albums . They are pressed in unk , which possess both a CD side and a DVD side . The former contains each album as originally released , whereas they appear remastered in both DTS and Dolby 5 . 1 on the latter . Paul ' P Dub ' Walton was the project 's sound engineer , having been responsible for the remasters . Ken Richardson of Sound and Vision described Richardson 's work on the box set as a truly surrounding mix , adding it provides authority to Bjrk 's fragile voice , while making the icy electronics warm up in the newly expansive atmosphere . The DVD sides incorporate the music videos of each album 's singles , the exceptions being the discs for Selmasongs and Drawing Restraint 9 do not include any visuals , but the latter features an extra track unk . The collection is bundled in M M Paris designed hot metallic pink packaging , which Kurt unk of MTV says is a work of art in and of itself , and Mark Pytlik characterised as a continuation of Bjrk 's unk of the physical artifact . The albums are accompanied by their original artwork . Surrounded was released in the United Kingdom on 27 June 2006 its components were also made available individually . Critical reception Surrounded elicited mixed to positive reviews from music critics . George Lang , writing in The Oklahoman , recommended the boxset to fans of Bjrk , commending its inclusion of the artist 's videography . On behalf of the San Francisco Chronicle , Aidin Vaziri praised the sound quality and packaging , but was ambivalent towards the collection 's price and opined that the quality of the music is wildly inconsistent . Sound and Vision evaluated the sound of the remasters positively according to reviewer Ken Richardson , they are never less than excellent . Although he drew praise to the bonus features , he noted the static menus of the DVDs . The San Diego Union Tribune found it suitable for completists with high end audio gear The Buffalo News said the boxset should help put this clearly brilliant artist in both proper context and proper light . Ryan Dombal of Entertainment Weekly assessed it as a luxurious treat and reckoned it revitalizes some of the most ambitious pop music of the last 13 years , despite finding the compendium antithetical to Bjrk 's relevant status . The remasters of Vespertine and Medlla were singled out in the review . Heather Phares of AllMusic described the boxset as beautifully packaged and practical , whereas The Austin Chronicle reviewer Melanie Haupt denoted the technical problems adjacent to the DualDisc , stating , The work and its evolution speaks for itself . ( ... ) Too bad the hardware doesn 't . Mark Pytlik 's review for Pitchfork Media contextualized Surrounded in a flurry of Bjrk releases . He stated it is not worth purchasing , adding that she 's pretty much guaranteed to come back with another one that 's bigger and better in a few years ' time anyway . Global Rhythm 's Jeff Tamarkin viewed the inclusion of the more sonically pedestrian original recordings as unnecessary , complimenting the remasters and videos .
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1,056 | The Yuan Tseh Lee Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy , also known as the Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy ( AMiBA ) , is a radio telescope designed to observe the cosmic microwave background and the Sunyaev Zel 'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies . It is located on Mauna Loa in Hawaii , at 3 , 396 metres ( 11 , 142 ft ) above sea level . AMiBA was originally configured as a 7 element interferometer atop a unk mount . Observations at a wavelength of 3 mm ( 86 102 GHz ) started in October 2006 , and the detections of six clusters by the Sunyaev Zel 'dovich effect were announced in 2008 . In 2009 the telescope was upgraded to 13 elements , and it is capable of further expansion to 19 elements . AMiBA is the result of a collaboration between the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , the National Taiwan University and the Australia Telescope National Facility , and also involves researchers from other universities . Design AMiBA was initially configured as a 7 element interferometer , using 0 . 576 m Cassegrain dishes mounted on a 6 m carbon fibre unk mount . It is located on Mauna Loa , Hawaii , and observes at 3 mm ( 86 102 GHz ) to minimize foreground emission from other , non thermal sources . The telescope has a retractable shelter , made from seven steel trusses and PVC fabric . The receivers are based on unk Microwave Integrated Circuit ( unk ) technology , with low noise amplifiers cooled to 15 K , which have 20 GHz bandwidths and provide 46 dB of amplification . The signals are mixed with a local oscillator to reduce their frequency , prior to correlation with an analog unk . The system temperatures are between 55 and 75 K. AMiBA started in 2000 , with funding for 4 years from the Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics Project of the Taiwan Ministry of Education . A 2 element prototype was set up on Mauna Loa in 2002 . Further funding for a second 4 years was provided by the National Science Council . The mount arrived on site in 2004 , and the platform was installed in 2005 . The first 7 elements were then installed ( unk ) , and the telescope 's first light was in September 2006 , observing Jupiter . The telescope was dedicated in October 2006 to Yuan Tseh Lee . The array was upgraded to have thirteen 1 . 2 m dishes in 2009 ( unk ) . After extensive testing and calibration , scientific observations resumed in 2011 . It is further expandable up to 19 elements . Observations The primary goal of AMiBA is to observe both the temperature and polarization anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background at multipoles between 800 and 8 , 000 ( corresponding to between 2 and 20 arcminutes on the sky ) , as well as observing the thermal Sunyaev Zel 'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies , which has a maximum decrement around 100 GHz . In its initial configuration , it measures up to multipoles of 3 , 000 with a resolution of around 6 arcminutes . The telescope only observes at night during good weather , using planets for calibration . Six clusters were imaged in 2007 the Abell clusters 1689 , 1995 , 2142 , 2163 , unk and 2390 , which have redshifts between 0 . 091 and 0 . 322 . For the largest and brightest four of these Abell 1689 , unk , 2142 and 2390 comparisons were made with X ray and Subaru weak lensing data to study the cluster layout and radial properties , specifically of the mass profiles and baryon content . It is predicted that AMiBA with either 13 or 19 elements will be able to detect around 80 clusters per year via the SZ effect . Collaboration AMiBA is the result of a collaboration between the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , the National Taiwan University and the Australia Telescope National Facility . It also involves researchers from the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , the National Radio Astronomy Observatory , the University of Hawaii , the University of Bristol , Nottingham Trent University , the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics and the Carnegie Mellon University .
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1,057 | Carrot soup ( referred to in French as Potage de Crcy , Potage Crcy , Potage la Crcy , Pure la Crcy and Crme la Crcy ) is a soup prepared with carrot as a primary ingredient . It may be prepared as a cream or broth style soup . Additional vegetables , root vegetables and various other ingredients may be used in its preparation . It may be served hot or cold , and several recipes exist . Carrot soup has been described as a classic dish in French cuisine . The soup was eaten by King Edward VII every year on 26 August to commemorate the 1346 Battle of Crcy . Overview Carrot soup may be prepared as a cream style soup and as a broth style soup . Vegetable stock or chicken stock may be used as ingredients in both styles of soup . Other vegetables may be used in the dish , including root vegetables , the latter of which may include garlic onion , shallot , potato , turnip and others . Carrot juice and orange juice may be used in its preparation , and some versions are prepared using pured carrot . After cooking , the dish may be run through a sieve to strain it . The carrots used may be peeled or unk , and the use of peeled carrots can lend to increased smoothness in pured versions of the dish . Those prepared with pured carrot may have a thick consistency while also being smooth in texture . The soup 's color can vary based upon the coloration of the carrots used . Young carrots tend to make the soup sweeter and imbue it with a bright orange coloration , while older , larger carrots provide less sweetness and may imbue a yellow coloration . The use of old , cracked carrots that have a woody texture in their interior can produce a soup of inferior quality . Several ingredient variations exist in carrot soup preparations . Some carrot soups are prepared using coconut milk , coconut water , coconut cream , coconut butter or coconut pieces . Some versions include ginger as an ingredient , and some include curry . Green carrot leaves ( greens ) from the top of carrots may be used as an ingredient in the dish . Chopped mint leaves are used in some versions . It may be served hot or chilled . Salt and pepper may be used to season the dish , and nutmeg is sometimes used as a seasoning . It is sometimes topped with yogurt , a yogurt sauce , crme unk , sour cream , and other ingredients . The zest of orange may be used as a garnish , as an ingredient within the dish itself , and in both ways . Additional garnishes can include dill , carrot leaves , grated , minced or diced carrot , chives , other fresh , chopped herbs , unk , and toast squares , among others . Carrot soup can be prepared as a vegan food , and can also be prepared as a bisque . Carrot soup may contain a significant amount of nitrite . Carrot soups In French cuisine Carrot soup ( Potage de Crcy , Potage Crcy , et al . ) is a dish in French cuisine , and has been described as a classic and famous dish in the country 's cuisine . Potage is a variety of soups that have a thick consistency . Potage Crcy is named after Crcy en Ponthieu , a commune in Northern France that has been purported to produce carrots with the best flavor within the country . In French cuisine , Crcy soup is typically prepared with rice , which may also be served as a side dish . Rice may be used as an ingredient to thicken the dish , and barley has also been used . History Although the modern sweet orange carrot was not developed until the 16th century , in the Low Countries , it has been represented as a tradition , and it was once customary for English people to eat Crcy soup annually on 26 August in commemoration of the anniversary of the Battle of Crcy , which occurred in Crcy , France on that date in 1346 . Crcy soup was eaten annually by King Edward VII , King of the United Kingdom between 1901 and 1910 , on the battle 's anniversary day , in honour of his ancestor , Edward , the Black Prince , who led the battle . It has also been suggested that the soup was served to triumphant English soldiers after the battle concluded , using carrots from Crcy .
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1,058 | Could 've Been You is a rock song first performed by American rock singer Bob Halligan and later popularized by American singer actress Cher . The song was written by Halligan and Arnie Roman for Halligan 's 1991 album , Window In The Wall . Cher 's cover version was produced by Peter Asher and released exclusively for the European market in early 1992 as the fourth single from Cher 's twenty first studio album , Love Hurts . Lyrically , Could 've Been You is a message from the song 's protagonist to his or her ex . Cher 's version of Could 've Been You received positive reviews from critics and peaked at number thirty one on the UK Singles Chart . Cher promoted the song through appearances at Top of the Pops and Aspel and Company . Background In 1991 , Bob Halligan released his album Window In The Wall under Atco Records . The only single released from the album was its lead track , Could 've Been You , which Halligan had co written with Arnie Roman . According to Halligan , Atco Records had been going through a political upheaval that year and his record was one of several recordings that was allowed to slip gently into the night . Halligan dryly notes , ' Could 've Been You lasted three weeks at radio . It came out to the sound of one hand clapping ' . Later the same year , Cher covered Could 've Been You for her album Love Hurts . Her version was produced by Peter Asher , who had previously worked with Cher on her 1991 UK number one hit The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) . The B side of the first UK 7 single release was One Small Step , a duet with American singer songwriter Richard Page , while the B side of the second UK 7 single was Love and Understanding . The second UK 7 single and the Germany Maxi single were both released with the same cover , an image of Cher in a baby doll dress , while the first UK 7 was released with the same photo cut to show only Cher 's legs . The whole photo was later reused for the cover of the Love Hurts tourbook . The UK 12 single was the last released its cover has a transparent vinyl and shows Cher in a long , smooth black wig . In 1993 , Could 've Been You was rereleased as the B side of Cher 's Whenever You 're Near UK 7 single . Cher promoted Could 've Been You with a live performance on Top of the Pops on April 9 , 1992 , six days before the beginning of her first European tour , the Love Hurts Tour in Berlin , Germany . For the performance Cher wore a curly red wig and a suit with the jacket open to show a leather bra . On April 11 , 1992 , Cher appeared on the Aspel and Company show to perform the song and be interviewed by Michael Aspel . Critical reception Could 've Been You received positive reviews from critics . Rock critic Jim Farber of Entertainment Weekly said of the album that i t 's that much more fun in numbers like ' Could 've Been You ' , in which , seeking revenge , she gets to reach between the jerk 's legs and squeeze . David Wild of the Guilford County , North Carolina News Record called Love and Understanding , Save Up All Your Tears and Could 've Been You strong tracks that show that she is still an effective pop singer . The review of the Worcester , Massachusetts Telegram Gazette newspaper noted Cher attempts to display her sexual prowess on the song , ... a great vehicle for her , an ' in your face ' song directed to a former lover . Chart performance The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number thirty two on the week of April 18 , 1992 . In its second week it peaked at number thirty one , dropping the next week to number forty three and then to number sixty in its fourth and final week on the chart . The song also entered the German Singles Chart in late May 1992 , spending seven weeks on the chart and peaked at number seventy five . Track listings Credits and personnel Artwork Kevin Reagan Management Bill unk , John Kalodner Photography Herb Ritts Producer Peter Asher Recorded and mixed by Frank Wolf Charts
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1,059 | State Highway 151 , or SH 151 , also known as the Raymond E. unk Jr . Freeway is a 10 . 7 mile ( 17 . 2 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Texas that runs from Loop 1604 to U.S. Highway 90 ( US 90 ) in San Antonio . SH 151 is a limited access freeway for its entire length with the exception of its junction with Loop 1604 at its western terminus where a traffic light controls the junction . The routing of the freeway was first conceived in 1983 and construction was conducted in phases through the 1980s and 1990s until completion in 2004 . The freeway provides access to the western part of San Antonio , the SeaWorld San Antonio theme park , Chase , Northwest Vista College , and the future site of a Microsoft data center . History The route of Highway 151 was originally conceived in 1983 by local land developer Charles Martin Wender and later received approval by Raymond unk , the district supervisor of the Texas Department of Transportation at the time and for whom the freeway would later be named . The freeway was a joint effort with landowners providing 85 of the right of way worth US 26 million and half of the cost of the frontage roads worth 14 million with the city buying the rest . During the construction of the freeway , the Texas Turnpike Authority considered SH 151 as a candidate to become a toll road , but this drew much criticism from local politicians and the Bexar County commissioners and did not come to fruition . The freeway was built in phases with the frontage roads constructed first followed by the main lanes . The overpasses for Wiseman Boulevard , Westover Hills Boulevard and Military Drive between I 410 and Loop 1604 were completed over the main lanes of SH 151 in 1987 . In 1988 , the I 410 overpasses over the SH 151 frontage roads were completed , as was the interchange with US 90 at the eastern terminus . Also completed in 1988 were the frontage road bridges over Leon and Slick Ranch Creek , which enabled traffic to travel the entire corridor from Loop 1604 to US 90 by way of the frontage roads . The main lane overpasses at FM 1957 ( Potranco Road ) and Ingram Road were completed in 1997 . The overpasses at Pinn Road and Enrique M. Barrera Parkway were completed in 1998 , and completed at Callaghan Road in 2000 . Construction of the freeway was completed in 2004 . Route description SH 151 begins at Loop 1604 , the outer loop around San Antonio , on the west side of San Antonio and from there follows a southeastern path through the western part of the city . The highway provides access to the SeaWorld San Antonio theme park as well as industry along its corridor to include Chase , Hyatt Hill Country Resort , World Savings , Philips semiconductor , the National Security Agency campus , QVC , American Funds , Maxim Integrated Products , and the Northwest Vista College , as well as the nearby Southwest Research Institute . Microsoft has also selected the corridor for a 550 million data center . The highway continues to the southeast to a junction with Interstate 410 ( I 410 ) , the inner loop around San Antonio . There is not a direct connect interchange at the junction of I 410 . It is necessary to travel on both highways ' frontage roads in order to change highways . The highway continues to the southeast through mainly undeveloped land until it merges with US 90 . According to the San Antonio Master Thoroughfare Plan , there are plans to extend SH 151 westward from Loop 1604 to SH 211 . The plan also shows the construction of an interchange at Loop 1604 . Traffic volumes are low to moderate for the entire length of the freeway ranging from 14 , 500 average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) just east of Loop 1604 to 46 , 000 AADT between Farm to Market Road 1957 ( FM 1957 ) and I 410 . Between 2003 and 2005 , traffic volumes have remained steady between I 410 and US 90 . In that same time period , traffic between I 410 and Loop 1604 has increased by 1 , 100 7 , 000 AADT . Exit list The entire route is in San Antonio , Bexar County . All exits are unnumbered .
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1,060 | Falsas Esperanzas ( English False Hopes ) is a song performed by American recording artist Christina Aguilera for her second studio album , Mi Reflejo ( 2000 ) . It was written by Jorge Luis Piloto and released as a single through RCA Records on July 2 , 2001 . The uptempo Latin record was produced by Rudy Prez and features instrumentation from a horn . Falsas Esperanzas received mixed reviews from music critics with some naming it a stand out track from the album while others were not impressed by it . The single peaked at fifteen on the Productores de Msica de Espaa and number seven on the Dutch Tipparade . Aguilera performed Falsas Esperanzas at the 2001 Grammy Awards and during her tours Justified and Stripped Tour and The Stripped Tour . Background According to her manager Steve Kurtz , Aguilera expressed interest in recording a Spanish language album before she recorded her debut studio album Christina Aguilera ( 1999 ) . Producer Rudy Prez was approached during the recording sessions of Mi Reflejo and asked to produce a number of tracks . After agreeing , he produced many songs including the Jorge Luis Piloto written piece Falsas Esperanzas . Falsas Esperanzas is an uptempo Latin song that incorporates elements from Tropical music . Instrumentation of the track comes from a horn done by Venezuelan American musician by Ed Calle and a few Tropical elements , including a snazzy piano performance by Cuban musician Paquito unk . According to music critic Kembrew McLeod , the track features ' bouncy rhythms ' and ' splashes of horns ' . Sun Sentinel editor Sean Picolli wrote that the song 's refrain contains a see saw effect with the lines No me des ... No me unk ... ( English Don 't give me ... Don 't tell me ... ) . These lines hint toward lyrical themes pertaining to relationship troubles as well as defiance . Release and reception Falsas Esperanzas was released as the third single from Mi Reflejo on July 2 , 2001 in Spain and on July 3 , 2001 in the United States . A remix of the song was released in Germany on July 17 , 2001 . It peaked at number seven on the Dutch Tipparade chart and number fifteen in Spain . Patty Gettelman from Orlando Sentinel thought that the piece had more Latin influence than contemporary Latin hits such as Ricky Martin 's La Vida Loca or Lou Bega 's A Little Bit of Mambo . David Browne , writing for Entertainment Weekly felt that Falsas Esperanzas left Aguilera room to growl like a blues singer . unk editor Kembrew unk lauded the song as one of Aguilera 's best uptempo songs that breathe s life into the album . Picolli praised the song as the album 's best track , noting a dizzy Vegas showstopper ... that unk along on Aguilera 's high flying harmonies and a defiant chorus . Falsas Esperanzas was later included on the Spanish edition of Aguilera 's greatest hits album Keeps Gettin ' Better A Decade of Hits ( 2008 ) . The song also served as the main theme for the Mexican telenovela Como en el cine . Live performances In December 2000 , she held a one hour special show on ABC and performed Falsas Esperanzas , it was later recorded in a video release entitled My Reflection . Aguilera also gave a performance at the 2001 Grammy Awards in February , performing Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti and Falsas Esperanzas Leila Cobo of Billboard magazine called Aguilera 's Grammy performance remarkably mainstream . During her 2003 Justified and Stripped Tour , her first co headlining tour with Justin Timberlake , she performed a medley of Falsas Esperanzas and Contigo en la Distancia . At the end of the performance , a male dancer ripped off the skirt she wore , revealing tiny denim shorts underneath . Later , she saucily replied , Just because my album name is Stripped , doesn 't mean you can take my clothes off . She also performed the medley during the tour 's extension , The Stripped Tour in late 2003 it was later included in the DVD release Stripped Live in the U.K .. Formats and track listings Charts
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1,061 | Gervase de Cornhill ( sometimes Gervase of Cornhill c . 1110 c . 1183 ) was an Anglo Norman royal official and sheriff . Beginning his royal service as a justice in London in 1147 , he continued to serve both King Stephen of England and Henry II until his death around 1183 . He played a minor role in the Becket controversy in 1170 . Early life According to the medievalist Katharine Keats Rohan , Gervase was the son of Roger , who was the nephew of Hubert the queen 's chamberlain . Other scholars are less sure that Gervase was Roger 's son , and argue that Gervase was Hubert 's nephew . Gervase was likely born around 1110 . He married Agnes , the daughter of Edward of Cornhill . After his marriage , he became known as de Cornhill because of his wife 's property . Royal administrator Gervase was royal justice in London in 1147 , and continued to claim that title through the 1170s on his personal seal . He was one of the members of the royal administration under King Stephen of England . Gervase was also a merchant and financier . Around 1143 he loaned money to Stephen 's wife Matilda of Boulogne , and received in pledge land at unk in Cambridgeshire . The queen was unable to repay the debt , and the lands pledged eventually became Gervase 's . Gervase also loaned money to Hugh Tirel , son of Walter Tirel , in 1146 to enable Hugh to go on the Second Crusade . In return , Hugh pledged the manor of Langham in Essex to Gervase . Gervase held the office of Sheriff of London in 1155 through 1157 , 1160 and 1161 , and may have held that office between 1159 and 1160 as well . He also held the office of Sheriff of Surrey from 1163 until his death as well as the office of Sheriff of Kent from 1167 to 1174 . Gervase was named a judge on one of the eyre circuits in 1170 . Later life In 1170 , Gervase was involved with attempts to keep Thomas Becket , who had been in exile , from returning to England . Working with Gervase were Roger de Pont L 'vque the Archbishop of York , Gilbert Foliot the Bishop of London , Josceline de Bohon the Bishop of Salisbury , Reginald de Warenne the Sheriff of Sussex , and Ranulf de Broc . Gervase was part of the party that met Becket at Sandwich on 1 December 1070 when the archbishop returned to England . The lay members of the group , led by Gervase , complained that the archbishop was sowing dissension in the land by his excommunication of the three ecclesiastics who were with the group , but Becket managed to calm the officials by stating he would consider the matter and reply to them the next day . The next day the group was accompanied by some clergy sent by the ecclesiastics who had been excommunicated by Becket . Nothing further was accomplished by this meeting except further offers from Becket to consider other options . Afterwards , Gervase and Ranulf de Broc tried to discover which of the citizens of London had welcomed Becket back into the kingdom , but were frustrated by refusal of the London clergy to appear and by the laymen refusing to answer to anything but royal writs . Gervase may be identical with the Gervase who in 1174 presented a loyalty speech to King Henry II from the citizens of London . In 1177 Gervase , along with Richard de Luci , the justiciar and Roger unk , assessed land taxes and heard judicial cases in Middlesex and Hampshire . Gervase held lands in London inherited from his father in law , lands in Kent from his father , and lands in unk which he got through a mortgage . He also acquired other lands in Essex and Surrey . He also gave lands at Greenwich and East Lewisham to St. Peter 's Abbey in Ghent and other lands to Holy Trinity Priory at Aldgate . Death and legacy Gervase died between Michaelmas in 1183 and Michaelmas 1184 . Gervase 's offspring were Henry , Reginald ( or Rainald ) , and Ralph . Ralph was also Sheriff of Kent ( 1191 1192 ) and Surrey ( 1191 1194 ) . The medieval writer William of Canterbury stated of Gervase that he was thinking of his unk two thirds and hundredths rather than of what was good and right .
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1,062 | Another One Rides the Bus is the debut extended play ( EP ) by American parodist Weird Al Yankovic . It was released in February 1981 by Placebo Records . The title song is a parody of English rock band Queen 's 1980 single Another One Bites the Dust . The EP also features three other songs , all of which are original recordings . All four songs on Another One Rides the Bus later appeared on Yankovic 's eponymous debut studio album the three original songs were re recorded for the album , while the title song is the same version that appears on the EP . Another One Rides the Bus was released to capitalize on the recent success of the titular parody . Yankovic borrowed money from Barret Dr. Demento Hansen to pay for the record , and distributed them to records stores under consignment deals . Due to the underground success of the record , TK Records signed Yankovic for a while and released Another One Bites the Dust as a single . Only one thousand copies of this record were made , and today it is considered very rare . Recording The EP features the titular parody , as well as three original comedy songs , with music written by Yankovic . In April 1980 , Yankovic recorded the first song for the album , Gotta Boogie . The song , co written by Joe Earley , is a play on words discussing a man with a boogie on his finger and his quandary therein . The second song to be recorded for the EP was Another One Rides the Bus , on September 14 , 1980 . Yankovic wrote the song , a parody of Queen 's hit Another One Bites the Dust , and debuted it live on the Dr. Demento Show , hosted by Barret Dr. Demento Hansen . While practicing the song outside the sound booth , Yankovic met Jon Bermuda Schwartz who told Yankovic he was a drummer . Schwartz agreed to drum on Yankovic 's accordion case to keep a steady beat to the song . Another One Rides the Bus became so popular that it got Yankovic his first appearance on a TV show , The Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder . On the show , Yankovic played his accordion and Schwartz banged on Yankovic 's accordion case and played the bulb horns . In January 1981 , the song Mr. Frump in the Iron Long was recorded . The song , an audience favorite from Yankovic 's days playing in coffeehouses at Cal Poly , describes the rather lopsided relationship between the narrator and the eponymous Mr. Frump in his iron lung , until the latter 's death . The final song , recorded on January 19 , 1981 , was Happy Birthday . A morbidly depressing birthday song detailing ails of the world , including poverty , nuclear holocaust , and eventual solar cataclysm , the song is based on the music of artist Tonio K. Only seeing two popular birthday songs at the time Happy Birthday to You by Patty and Mildred J. Hill , and Birthday by The Beatles Yankovic decided to write his own severely twisted version of one . The EP 's version of Happy Birthday is included on the Permanent Record Al in the Box box set , and was remixed into stereo for the Hurricane Katrina charity album Laughter Is a Powerful Weapon Volume II . All three of the songs would be re recorded for Yankovic 's eponymous debut studio album . Release Yankovic desired to release the song on a record label , although no label wanted to sign him at the time . Thus , Yankovic borrowed some money from Dr. Demento and pressed up one thousand copies of the four track EP by himself . Yankovic then distributed the EP to various record stores , selling them through consignment deals . Yankovic released the record under Placebo Records , a one off label founded by Yankovic for the sole purpose of distributing the EPs . Due to the underground success of the record , Yankovic was eventually able to secure a short lived record deal with TK Records , who released the title song as a single . Due to the fact that only one thousand copies of this record were made , today it is considered a very rare record to locate . Track listing The following is adapted from the album liner notes . Credits and personnel
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1,063 | The ajkaa ( Serbian Cyrillic unk , pronounced unk ) is the Serbian national hat or cap . Traditionally worn by men in the Serbian countryside , it is named after Serb river troops known as unk , who protected the Austrian Empire against the Ottoman Turks in the 18th century . A popular nationalist symbol in Serbia since the beginning of the early 20th century , it is typically black or grey in colour and is usually made of soft , homemade cloth . It became widely worn by Serb men during the First Serbian Uprising and was a key component in the uniform of the Serbian military from the beginning of the 19th century until the end of the 20th century . Today , it is mostly worn by elderly men in rural communities . History The ajkaa is a traditional hat worn by men in the Serbian countryside . It is the national hat of Serbia and is believed to have originated in the Serbian region of Banat during the 18th century , when unk ( Serb river troops in the service of the Austrian Empire ) guarded the Danube and Sava rivers against the Ottoman Empire and wore caps in the shape of an overturned unk ( Serbian unk , unk ) boat . It became widely worn amongst Serbs at the time of the First Serbian Uprising , when the men of Serbian revolutionary Karaore Petrovi began discarding their Turkish fezzes in favour of the cap . The typical cap of peasants from the umadija region of Serbia , the ajkaa eventually acquired a dual purpose during times of peace it was worn in the countryside , and in wartime it became part of the standard Serbian military uniform . During World War I , the cap was regularly worn by the soldiers of the Kingdom of Serbia . Serbia was eventually overrun by a combined Austro Hungarian , German and Bulgarian invasion in 1915 , and in 1916 the wearing of the ajkaa , alongside other Serbian folk attire , was outlawed by Bulgarian authorities in the wake of the Bulgarian occupation of southern Serbia . After the war , the wearing of the hat in Bosnia was made obligatory by Serbian authorities in place of the Turkish fez . During World War II , the ajkaa was the standard hat worn by Serbian Chetnik irregulars in the Axis occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia . After the war , it was replaced by the unk cap in the armed forces of communist Yugoslavia . The ajkaa was worn by Serb soldiers during the breakup of Yugoslavia . Bosnian Serb reservists and paramilitaries wore the cap during the 1992 95 Bosnian War , and it was later adopted by Bosnian Serb forces to be the official headgear of the Army of Republika Srpska ( Serbian Vojska Republike Srpske , VRS ) . Following the 1991 Battle of Vukovar , fought during the Croatian War of Independence , Croatian Serb authorities erected gravestones to the Serb soldiers who were killed fighting for the city . These were originally topped with sculptural evocations of the ajkaa cap . After Vukovar 's reintegration into Croatia the gravestones were repeatedly vandalized , leading the Serb community in the town to replace them with more neutral gravestones without any overt military connotations . The 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia saw McDonald 's chains in Serbia promote their products by distributing posters and lapels which depicted the ajkaa standing atop the golden arches of the McDonald 's logo in an attempt to bolster Serbian national pride . The ajkaa has been a popular nationalist symbol in Serbia since the beginning of the 20th century . It is commonly worn by elderly men in the Serbian countryside , whereas Serbian youth wear traditional costumes only for folklore concerts . Design Designed with a V shaped top in the form of an overturned unk , the ajkaa is narrow and typically black or grey in colour . It is usually made of soft , homemade cloth and is worn without any symbols during peacetime . During times of war , cockades featuring the Serbian double headed eagle and the motto Only Unity Saves the Serbs are often seen on the cap . The ajkaa worn by Serbian soldiers during World War I had a non reflecting peak and was topped with a royal monogram .
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1,064 | The I 351 class submarine ( unk , I san unk go j ichi gata unk ) was a class of tanker transport submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during World War II . The IJN called this type of submarine unk type submarine ( unk , Sen Ho gata unk ) . The type name , was shortened to unk unk ( unk , Submarine Tanker ) . The IJN designed these submarines to support flying boats in forward areas . By the time the first submarine was finished , this capability was no longer needed and she was converted into an oil tanker . That boat , I 351 , was sunk on the return leg of her second voyage in 1945 the second boat was destroyed by an American air raid before she was completed . Four additional submarines were planned , but were cancelled before they were laid down . Design and description The I 351 class submarines were ordered under the 5th Fleet Replenishment Program of 1942 to support IJN flying boats in areas where there were no shore facilities and seaplane tenders could not operate . They were designed to support up to three flying boats with fuel , ammunition , water and even replacement aircrew . These submarines had a length of 111 meters ( 364 ft 2 in ) overall , a beam of 10 . 2 meters ( 33 ft 6 in ) and a draft of 6 . 1 meters ( 20 ft 0 in ) . They displaced 3 , 512 long tons ( 3 , 568 t ) on the surface and 4 , 290 long tons ( 4 , 360 t ) submerged . They had a diving depth of 90 meters ( 300 ft ) and a crew of 77 officers and enlisted men plus accommodations for 13 aircrew . The boats had two propellers , each of which was driven by a 1 , 850 brake horsepower ( 1 , 380 kW ) diesel engine as well as a 600 shaft horsepower ( 447 kW ) electric motor . This arrangement gave the I 351 class submarines a maximum speed of 15 . 75 knots ( 29 . 17 km h 18 . 12 mph ) while surfaced and 6 . 3 knots ( 11 . 7 km h 7 . 2 mph ) submerged . They had a range of 13 , 000 nautical miles ( 24 , 000 km 15 , 000 mi ) at 14 knots ( 26 km h 16 mph ) while on the surface and 100 nmi ( 190 km 120 mi ) at 3 knots ( 5 . 6 km h 3 . 5 mph ) while submerged . This gave them an endurance of 60 days . The boats were equipped with four 21 inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes in the bow and they carried four torpedoes . For surface combat they were designed to carry one 14 centimeter ( 5 . 5 in ) deck gun , but this was unavailable when the submarines were under construction and three 81 millimeter ( 3 . 2 in ) Type 3 mortars were substituted . The submarines were fitted with seven 25 mm Type 96 anti aircraft guns , in two twin and three single mounts . The I 351 class submarines were initially equipped to carry 365 long tons ( 371 t ) of aviation gasoline , 11 long tons ( 11 t ) of fresh water , and either sixty 550 pound ( 250 kg ) bombs or 30 bombs and 15 aircraft torpedoes . Four of the torpedoes could be replaced by an equal number of reload torpedoes for the submarine . Boats Construction and service Only I 351 and I 352 were actually laid down , the other four submarines were cancelled before their keels were laid . I 351 was modified before completion into an oil tanker . The boat made one round trip from Singapore , carrying 132 , 000 US gallons ( 500 , 000 l 110 , 000 imp gal ) of aviation fuel , and was sunk on the return leg of her second trip in the South China Sea at coordinates 04 30 N 110 00 E by the American submarine Bluefish on 14 July 1945 . I 352 was 90 percent complete when she was destroyed during an air raid by Boeing B 29 heavy bombers on 22 July . Books Carpenter , Dorr Polmar , Norman ( 1986 ) . Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1904 1945 . London Conway Maritime Press . ISBN 0 85177 396 6 . unk , unk Jung , Dieter Mickel , Peter ( 1977 ) . Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy , 1869 1945 . Annapolis , Maryland United States Naval Institute . ISBN 0 87021 893 X. Stille , Mark ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japanese Navy Submarines 1941 45 . New Vanguard 135 . Botley , Oxford , UK Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 1 unk 090 1 .
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1,065 | The Welara is a part Arabian pony breed developed from the Arabian horse and the Welsh pony . It was originally bred in England by Lady Wentworth at the Crabbet Arabian Stud in the early 1900s from imported Arabian stallions and Welsh pony mares . Breeding then spread throughout North America . In 1981 , a breed registry was formed in the United States , and a studbook began to be published . They are used for many disciplines of English riding , and are known for their refinement , hardiness and spirit . Breed characteristics Welara stallions average 14 to 15 hands ( 56 to 60 inches , 142 to 152 cm ) and mares 13 . 1 to 14 . 3 hands ( 53 to 59 inches , 135 to 150 cm ) . To be registered , Welaras must stand between 11 . 2 and 15 hands ( 46 and 60 inches , 117 and 152 cm ) high . Crosses between Arabians and each of the four sections of Welsh Pony ( A , B , C and D ) tend to produce slightly different types of pony . Section A Welsh Pony crosses ( the smallest ) tend to be under 13 hands ( 52 inches , 132 cm ) , and be used mainly as light driving ponies and mounts for small children . Section B crosses usually stand 13 to 13 . 2 hands ( 52 to 54 inches , 132 to 137 cm ) and can be used for driving and as riding ponies for larger children and small adults . Section C crosses average 13 . 2 to 14 . 2 hands ( 54 to 58 inches , 137 to 147 cm ) hands and tend to be a heavier pony , sometimes with feathered feet , although still showing the refinement of their Arabian ancestors . Section D crosses generally stand 13 . 3 to 15 hands ( 55 to 60 inches , 140 to 152 cm ) high . The latter two types are suited to riding by average and slightly larger adults and for the majority of disciplines . All colors other than Appaloosa are allowed for registration . Welara Sport Ponies may be of any color or size , without the restrictions of the purebred Welara . The mix of Arabian and Welsh blood gives the breed refinement , spirit and hardiness , as well as good movement . The head is small and slightly concave , the neck is arched ( and prone to be unk in stallions ) . The shoulders and croup are long and the back short . Welaras are used mainly in English riding , especially in hunter classes . They are also seen in show jumping , three day eventing , pleasure driving and as general leisure riding horses . Welara Thoroughbred crosses are popular mounts for riders competing in hunter and jumper classes . History Crosses began to be made between the Arabian horse and the Welsh Pony in Sussex , England the early 1900s , by Lady Wentworth of the Crabbet Arabian Stud . She began breeding Arabian stallions , including Skowronek ( 1909 1930 ) , a Polish Arabian stud , to Welsh mares from North Wales , especially the Coed Coch stud farm , which she imported beginning in the early 1920s . Other breeders in England and North America soon followed suit , although at this time they were not focused on creating a new breed , and the cross became known as the Welara . In 1981 , a breed registry , called the American Welara Pony Registry , was created in the US in order to develop and promote the breed . A studbook also began to be published , and pedigrees of Welaras were collected and preserved . Only Welsh and Arabian blood is allowed for purebreds , and all registered ponies must have at least 1 8 and no more than 7 8 blood from each breed . As of 2005 , the registry claimed slightly over 1 , 500 ponies registered in North America , with around 100 new foals registered annually . Welara Sport Ponies may also be registered these are ponies at least 50 percent Welara but with blood from other breeds , often the Thoroughbred . The association also registers pureblood Welsh and Arabian foundation stock . Welaras have now spread to additional areas of the world , including the Caribbean , Oceania and Europe . In Europe , Welsh Arabian crosses , sometimes with additional Thoroughbred blood , are often called riding ponies or sport ponies . In the US , the breed is seen most often in the central and western parts of the country .
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1,066 | Route 19 is a state highway in Passaic County , New Jersey , United States . Also referred to as the Paterson Peripheral , it runs 3 . 04 mi ( 4 . 89 km ) from an intersection with County Route 509 ( Broad Street ) and County Route 609 ( Colfax Avenue ) in Clifton north to another intersection with County Route 509 ( Main Street ) in downtown Paterson . Between U.S. Route 46 in Clifton and Interstate 80 in Paterson , Route 19 is a freeway . The main purpose of the route is to connect the Garden State Parkway to I 80 and downtown Paterson . The road was originally proposed as the Paterson spur of the Garden State Parkway that was to run north to Wayne . In 1959 , it was planned to become part of the Paterson Peripheral , an extension of Route 20 from downtown Paterson . By 1971 , the road was completed between the Garden State Parkway and I 80 , at which time it received the Route 20 designation the rest was cancelled in 1978 due to feared community disruption . In 1988 , this portion of Route 20 became Route 19 as it did not connect with the other segment of the route . In the 1990s , Route 19 was extended to Main Street in downtown Paterson as part of a project that also completed the interchange with I 80 . Route description Route 19 begins at the intersection of County Route 509 ( Broad Street ) and County Route 609 ( Colfax Avenue ) in Clifton . From this intersection , it heads north unk with County Route 509 as a four lane divided highway with a 35 mph ( 56 km h ) speed limit , soon interchanging with U.S. Route 46 . Past US 46 , the road crosses a brook and County Route 509 ( Broad Street ) splits off , with Route 19 interchanging with the Garden State Parkway . Route 19 continues past the Garden State Parkway as a six lane 40 mph ( 64 km h ) freeway surrounded by trees , coming to a northbound exit and southbound entrance with County Route 509 . Past this interchange , the speed limit increases to 55 mph ( 89 km h ) and the road heads into Paterson . Here , the route has a southbound exit and northbound entrance with County Route 621 ( Valley Road ) before becoming an eight lane road and interchanging with Interstate 80 , where the speed limit drops to 50 mph ( 80 km h ) . Past I 80 , the speed limit lowers to 40 mph ( 64 km h ) and Route 19 continues north as a five lane road , with three northbound lanes and two southbound lanes , to an interchange with County Route 638 ( Grand Street ) . From here , the route becomes a four lane divided surface road and heads into urbanized areas of downtown Paterson . The route turns east and becomes a 25 mph ( 40 km h ) county maintained undivided road at the intersection with Marshall Street and continues to its northern terminus at the intersection of County Route 509 ( Main Street ) and Ward Street . History What is now Route 19 was once planned as the Paterson spur of the Garden State Parkway , which was to run through Paterson and unk to County Route 504 in Wayne . The planned Paterson spur would become an extension of Route 20 in 1959 . This road , which was to be a six lane , 58 million freeway called the Paterson Peripheral , was to run from Clifton north to the existing Route 20 in downtown Paterson . This road was completed between the Garden State Parkway and Valley Road by 1969 and north to Interstate 80 in 1975 . Upon completion , this road received the Route 20 designation . The extension to Route 20 through Paterson was stopped in 1971 because of the designation of the Great Falls Historic District , a historical district recognizing Paterson s heritage as an industrial center . By the 1990s , this portion of Route 20 was redesignated Route 19 as it did not connect with the mainline of the route . In 1992 , a project to complete the interchange with I 80 and extend the route to Main Street in downtown Paterson to ease congestion was finished . This interchange received the Prize Bridge Award in the category of Grade Separation from Modern Steel Construction magazine in 1996 . Exit list The entire route is in Passaic County .
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1,067 | We Remain is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera , taken from The Hunger Games Catching Fire Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , the soundtrack to the 2013 American science fiction adventure film The Hunger Games Catching Fire . It was released as the third single from the soundtrack on October 1 , 2013 , following Coldplay 's Atlas and Sia 's Elastic Heart . Composed by Ryan Tedder , Brent Kutzle and unk unk , We Remain is an arena pop power ballad talking about perseverance . Contemporary music critics lauded the song for its sound and picked it as one of the highlights from the soundtrack . The single appeared on a few national record charts including Belgium and South Korea . Background and composition Following the release of her seventh studio album , Lotus ( 2012 ) , which spawned two singles Your Body and Just a Fool , Aguilera was reported to be featured on the soundtrack for The Hunger Games Catching Fire Original Motion Picture Soundtrack with a song called We Remain in September 2013 . On September 25 , 2013 , Aguilera unveiled a 90 second preview of the track . The song was released as the third single from the soundtrack , following Atlas by Coldplay and Elastic Heart by Sia Furler . It was released as a digital download single at Amazon.com on October 1 , 2013 . It was also released on the iTunes Stores on the same day . On October 8 , We Remain impacted US contemporary hit radio . Aguilera performed We Remain live with her contestant Jacquie Lee during the season finale of the fifth season of The Voice on December 17 , 2013 . A studio version of the duet was released on the US iTunes Store on December 16 , 2013 . We Remain was written by Ryan Tedder and Brent Kutzle of OneRepublic , and unk unk . The song is a midtempo arena pop power ballad . It lasts for a duration of 4 00 ( four minutes ) . Aguilera sings with enormous and soaring vocals on a propulsive Ryan Tedder ish beat background . We Remain incorporates a smooth piano and drum machine in its instrumentation . According to Billboard magazine , the ballad finds Aguilera tamping down ... for a natural and forceful message of perseverance . At the chorus , Aguilera sings So burn me with fire Drown me with rain I 'm gonna wake up screaming your name Yes I 'm a sinner , yes I 'm a saint whatever happens here , whatever happens here , we remain . Several critics compared We Remain to Aguilera 's previous hit Beautiful ( 2002 ) and Alicia Keys ' Girl on Fire ( 2012 ) for musical similarities . Critical reception We Remain received critical acclaim from music critics . Ryan Reed from Rolling Stone magazine praised the triumphant sounding track sure to be a hit at District 12 radio . An editor from The Huffington Post picked We Remain as one of the standout tracks from the soundtrack that encapsulates the spirit and power of Games ' heroine , Katniss . Sam Lansky for Idolator praised the single 's musical departure from Aguilera 's ballads for her 2012 album Lotus . Brett Malec of E simply called it a beautiful track , while a staff writer from Billboard named it a triumphant song . While reviewing the soundtrack for The Hunger Games Catching Fire , Alex Young from Consequence of Sound selected We Remain as one of the highlights from the album , which made Aguilera the biggest star on display . Entertainment Weekly writer Nick Catucci picked it as one of the best tracks , calling it an awesome reminder of Christina 's power and one of the most righteous doses of uplift this year , on any platform . Personnel Credits adapted from The Hunger Games Catching Fire soundtrack digital inlay cover Track listing Digital download We Remain 4 00 Charts We Remain peaked at number 58 on the South Korean Gaon International Download Chart with 2 , 689 copies sold on October 6 , 2013 . The single also peaked at number 31 on the Belgian Flanders Singles Chart and number 14 on the Belgian Wallonian Singles Chart . Release history Notes
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1,068 | New York State Route 275 ( NY 275 ) is a north south state highway in Allegany County , New York , in the United States . It runs for 11 . 47 miles ( 18 . 46 km ) , connecting the village of Bolivar and NY 417 at its southern end with the hamlet of Friendship to the north , where it intersects the Southern Tier Expressway ( NY 17 and Interstate 86 or I 86 ) by way of an interchange . The road continues north past the interchange to NY 19 in Belfast as County Route 17 ( CR 17 ) . NY 275 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to the portion of its routing south of Friendship . It was extended slightly northward in the mid 1970s to connect to the Southern Tier Expressway . Route description NY 275 begins at the intersection of Wellsville and Main streets in the village of Bolivar . At this point , NY 417 switches from South Main Street to Wellsville Street while NY 275 proceeds northeastward on the two lane Main Street . The route initially passes by commercial buildings in the village 's business district however , they quickly give way to more residential areas after just two blocks . As the highway heads away from the village center , the homes become scattered ahead of intersections with the eastern terminus of County Route 5A ( CR 5A , named Salt Rising Road ) and the south end of CR 40 ( Deans Flat Road ) . The rural trend soon reverses as NY 275 enters the adjacent village of Richburg . Here , NY 275 is also known as Main Street as it serves Richburg 's business district and the surrounding residential neighborhoods . Past Richburg , NY 275 continues on a northeasterly track through the rural town of Wirt , running along the base of a narrow , largely undeveloped valley surrounding Little Genesee Creek as East Notch Road . The highway slowly increases in elevation for about 2 . 5 miles ( 4 . 0 km ) , intersecting with the western terminus of CR 8 ( unk Road ) and passing a handful of farms on its way toward East Notch , a gap between two large hills that serves as Little Genesee Creek 's source . It eventually turns north to traverse the pass before winding its way down the opposite side . A short distance later , NY 275 intersects with the northern terminus of CR 8 as it curves to take a northwesterly track into the town of Friendship . Just north of the town line , NY 275 enters the hamlet of Nile , where it becomes a two lane residential street named Pennsylvania Avenue . In the center of the community , the route meets the east end of CR 1 ( Fifth Avenue ) . From here , NY 275 bends back to the north , crossing through rural sections of the town of Friendship mostly populated by farms . The rural surroundings end ahead of the hamlet of Friendship , where NY 275 heads through the residential western portion of the community . Near the center of Friendship , the highway intersects CR 20 ( West Main Street ) , the primary east west street through the hamlet . NY 275 continues on , crossing over the Norfolk Southern Railway 's Southern Tier Line ( formerly the Erie Railroad 's Main Line ) to reach exit 29 of the Southern Tier Expressway ( I 86 and NY 17 ) . NY 275 ends at the exit ramp leading away from the westbound direction of the freeway however , NY 275 's right of way continues north to NY 19 in Belfast as CR 17 . History NY 275 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to the portion of its modern alignment between the village of Bolivar and the hamlet of Friendship . At the time , NY 275 's northern terminus was at its intersection with West Main Street ( now CR 20 ) in Friendship , then part of NY 63 and later NY 408 . In the early 1970s , the portion of the Southern Tier Expressway near Friendship was completed and opened to traffic . However , NY 275 continued to end at NY 408 in Friendship until the mid 1970s when NY 408 was truncated to Nunda . As a result , NY 275 was extended a short distance northward to meet the Southern Tier Expressway at exit 29 . Major intersections The entire route is in Allegany County .
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1,069 | Robert of Cricklade ( died after 1188 ) was a medieval English writer and prior of St Frideswide 's Priory in Oxford . He was a native of Cricklade and taught before becoming a cleric . He wrote a number of theological works as well as a lost biography of Thomas Becket , the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury . Life Robert was from Cricklade in Wiltshire , and was of Anglo Saxon descent . At some point he taught in the schools , where he was called master for his learning . He became an Augustinian canon at Cirencester Abbey before becoming prior of the priory of St Frideswide in Oxford , an office he occupied from sometime before the end of 1139 , when he is first securely attested in the office , until after 1174 , his last appearance as prior . In 1158 he went to Rome , extending his travels to Sicily and Paris on the same trip . Another trip was to Scotland in the 1160s . Possibly he also travelled to Rome in 1141 and Paris in 1147 , but these trips are not securely attested . Although earlier historians claimed that he was chancellor of Oxford , this office did not yet exist during Robert 's lifetime . There were students at Oxford in his lifetime , who probably did listen to Robert 's sermons and possibly his teaching at his priory . His successor was in office by 3 March 1185 . Writings Robert was the author of a number of works , including De unk Iacob , which was dedicated to Lawrence of Westminster Defloratio Historiae naturalis Plinii , an epitome of Pliny the Elder 's Natural History which was dedicated to King Henry II of England unk super unk the Speculum fidei and Vita et miracula Sancta Thomae unk , a story of the life and martyrdom of Thomas Becket . Two other works are attributed to him a commentary on the Psalms , and a saint 's life of Frideswide . A letter of his to Benedict of Peterborough also survives in quotations by Benedict . Of these works , the life of Thomas Becket has been lost . The others survive in manuscript , though only one has been published the Defloratio Historiae naturalis Plinii in the early 20th century . The epitome of Pliny is of some importance in the transmission of Pliny 's ideas to medieval Europe . It appears to have originally been composed in the 1130s , perhaps as a text for his students , and only later dedicated it to King Henry . The De unk Iacob was written while Robert was at Cirencester and was an allegorical treatment of the Jacob story from the Bible . The Speculum fidei was a theological work that mainly collected texts from the Old and New Testament discussing various theological concepts , only delving into great depth with the sections dealing with Robert 's refutation of the views of Peter Lombard 's theology . The unk super unk were 42 homilies on the Book of Ezekiel and were written about 1172 . Robert 's life of Becket , written about 1173 to 1174 , was one of the main sources for an Icelandic saga on Becket titled unk saga unk , which survives in a copy dating from the first half of the 14th century . This saga preserves a number of otherwise unknown details about Becket 's life and remains one of the main sources for Becket studies . Robert 's life also was a source for the work of Benet of St Albans , another biographer of Becket . From these sources , a modern historian reconstructed Robert 's biography partially and published the reconstituted work in the journal Analecta unk in 1966 . A major source for Robert 's work on Becket was the writings of John of Salisbury . Robert may have written the work on Becket because the saint cured the author 's bad leg . Death and legacy Robert died sometime after 1188 , and was probably buried in his priory . A modern biographer of Becket , the historian Frank Barlow , speculates that Robert 's biography was lost because it favoured the king 's side of the story , rather than Becket 's . Besides his theological works , Robert also searched throughout England for Hebrew texts of the works of Josephus , according to Gerald of Wales , who claimed that Robert had a knowledge of the Hebrew language .
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1,070 | The 55th Boat Race took place on 24 March 1898 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford , the reigning champions and leading overall , went into the race with a marginally heavier crew than Cambridge . They won easily as Cambridge 's boat became waterlogged in strong winds and inclement conditions . It was their ninth consecutive victory and took them to an overall lead of 32 22 in the event . The winning time of 22 minutes 15 seconds was the slowest since the 1878 race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1897 race by two and a half lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 31 victories to Cambridge 's 22 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford were coached by G. C. Bourne who had rowed for Oxford in the 1882 and 1883 races and Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) . Cambridge 's president , William Dudley Ward , despite opposition , invited William Fletcher , Oxford Blue and former coach , to assist in teaching his crew the style required to challenge the Dark Blues . Several members of the Light Blue crew refused to row , and Dudley Ward himself was refused leave to row on grounds of sickness . According to George Drinkwater , former rower and author , Fletcher turned out a crew well above the average of previous years . Conversely , Oxford did not develop as it should have done and was by no means up to the average of those that went before it . The umpire for the race for the tenth year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 7 lb ( 79 . 2 kg ) , 0 . 5 pounds ( 0 . 2 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's crew contained two participants with Boat Race experience Adam Searle Bell who was rowing in his fourth contest and cox Edward Caesar Hawkins steering in his second appearance . Claude Goldie , son of John rowed at number seven for the Light Blues . Oxford saw six members of the previous crew return , including Charles Burnell and R. Carr , both of whom were making their fourth consecutive appearance in the race . Eight of the nine crew Oxford crew had studied at Eton College . R. O. Pitman , rowing at bow for Oxford , was the third of his siblings to participate in the Boat Race , with his bothers Frederick I. Pitman rowing for Cambridge between 1884 and 1886 and C. M. Pitman who rowed for Oxford between 1892 and 1895 . Race According to author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater , there was a gale blowing ... which met a spring tide , so that the water was very rough from the start . Oxford , the slight pre race favourites , won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the rougher Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . Willan started the race at 3 47 p.m. but within four strokes , the Cambridge boat was half full of water . Oxford steered towards the shore for shelter , with Cambridge following , but they had taken on so much water that only the bladders which had been placed under their seats kept them afloat . Although the Dark Blues had shipped a fair amount of water , they were able to continue , and with Cambridge waterlogged , the race was effectively ended as a contest . Oxford won easily , to secure their ninth consecutive victory in the slowest winning time since the 1878 race .
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1,071 | The Bold Orion missile , also known as Weapons System 199B ( WS 199B ) , was a prototype air launched ballistic missile ( ALBM ) developed by Martin Aircraft during the 1950s . Developed in both one and two stage designs , the missile was moderately successful in testing , and helped pave the way for development of the GAM 87 Skybolt ALBM . In addition , the Bold Orion was used in early anti satellite weapons testing , performing the first interception of a satellite by a missile . Design and development The Bold Orion missile was developed as part of Weapons System 199 , initiated by the United States Air Force ( USAF ) in response to the U.S. Navy 's Polaris program , with funding authorised by the United States Congress in 1957 . The purpose of WS 199 was the development of technology that would be used in new strategic weapons for the USAF 's Strategic Air Command , not to deliver operational weapons a primary emphasis was on proving the feasibility of an air launched ballistic missile . The designation WS 199B was assigned to the project that , under a contract awarded in 1958 to Martin Aircraft , would become the Bold Orion missile . The design of Bold Orion was simple , using parts developed for other missile systems to reduce the cost and development time of the project . The initial Bold Orion configuration was a single stage vehicle , using a Thiokol TX 20 Sergeant solid fuel rocket . Following initial testing , the Bold Orion configuration was altered to become a two stage vehicle , an Allegany Ballistics Laboratory Altair upper stage being added to the missile . Operational history Having been given top priority by the Air Force , the first flight test of the Bold Orion missile was conducted on May 26 , 1958 , from a Boeing B 47 Stratojet carrier aircraft , which launched the Bold Orion vehicle at the apex of a high speed , high angle climb . The zoom climb tactic , combined with the thrust from the rocket motor of the missile itself , allowed the missile to achieve its maximum range , or , alternatively , to reach space . A twelve flight test series of the Bold Orion vehicle was conducted however , despite suffering only one outright failure , the initial flight tests of the single stage rocket proved less successful than hoped . Authorisation was received to modify the Bold Orion to become a two stage vehicle in addition to the modifications improving the missile 's reliability , they increased the range of Bold Orion to over 1 , 000 miles ( 1 , 600 km ) . Four of the final six test firings were of the two stage vehicle these were considered completely successful , and established that the ALBM was a viable weapon . ASAT test The final test launch of Bold Orion , conducted on October 13 , 1959 , was a test of the vehicle 's capabilities in the anti satellite role . Launched from an altitude of 35 , 000 feet ( 11 , 000 m ) from its B 47 mothership , the missile successfully intercepted the Explorer 6 satellite , passing its target at a range of less than 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) at an altitude of 156 miles ( 251 km ) . Had the missile been fitted with a nuclear warhead , the satellite would have been destroyed . The Bold Orion ASAT test was the first interception of a satellite by any method , proving that anti satellite missiles were feasible . However this test , along with an earlier , unsuccessful test of the High Virgo missile in the anti satellite role , had political repercussions the Eisenhower administration sought to establish space as a neutral ground for everyone 's usage , and the indication of hostile intent the tests were seen to give was frowned upon , with anti satellite weapons development being curtailed shortly thereafter . Legacy The results of the Bold Orion project , along with those from the testing of the High Virgo missile , also developed under WS 199 , provided data and knowledge that assisted the Air Force in forming the requirements for the follow on WS unk , which would produce the GAM 87 Skybolt missile . Launch history
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1,072 | The Bold Orion missile , also known as Weapons System 199B ( WS 199B ) , was a prototype air launched ballistic missile ( ALBM ) developed by Martin Aircraft during the 1950s . Developed in both one and two stage designs , the missile was moderately successful in testing , and helped pave the way for development of the GAM 87 Skybolt ALBM . In addition , the Bold Orion was used in early anti satellite weapons testing , performing the first interception of a satellite by a missile . Design and development The Bold Orion missile was developed as part of Weapons System 199 , initiated by the United States Air Force ( USAF ) in response to the U.S. Navy 's Polaris program , with funding authorised by the United States Congress in 1957 . The purpose of WS 199 was the development of technology that would be used in new strategic weapons for the USAF 's Strategic Air Command , not to deliver operational weapons a primary emphasis was on proving the feasibility of an air launched ballistic missile . The designation WS 199B was assigned to the project that , under a contract awarded in 1958 to Martin Aircraft , would become the Bold Orion missile . The design of Bold Orion was simple , using parts developed for other missile systems to reduce the cost and development time of the project . The initial Bold Orion configuration was a single stage vehicle , using a Thiokol TX 20 Sergeant solid fuel rocket . Following initial testing , the Bold Orion configuration was altered to become a two stage vehicle , an Allegany Ballistics Laboratory Altair upper stage being added to the missile . Operational history Having been given top priority by the Air Force , the first flight test of the Bold Orion missile was conducted on May 26 , 1958 , from a Boeing B 47 Stratojet carrier aircraft , which launched the Bold Orion vehicle at the apex of a high speed , high angle climb . The zoom climb tactic , combined with the thrust from the rocket motor of the missile itself , allowed the missile to achieve its maximum range , or , alternatively , to reach space . A twelve flight test series of the Bold Orion vehicle was conducted however , despite suffering only one outright failure , the initial flight tests of the single stage rocket proved less successful than hoped . Authorisation was received to modify the Bold Orion to become a two stage vehicle in addition to the modifications improving the missile 's reliability , they increased the range of Bold Orion to over 1 , 000 miles ( 1 , 600 km ) . Four of the final six test firings were of the two stage vehicle these were considered completely successful , and established that the ALBM was a viable weapon . ASAT test The final test launch of Bold Orion , conducted on October 13 , 1959 , was a test of the vehicle 's capabilities in the anti satellite role . Launched from an altitude of 35 , 000 feet ( 11 , 000 m ) from its B 47 mothership , the missile successfully intercepted the Explorer 6 satellite , passing its target at a range of less than 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) at an altitude of 156 miles ( 251 km ) . Had the missile been fitted with a nuclear warhead , the satellite would have been destroyed . The Bold Orion ASAT test was the first interception of a satellite by any method , proving that anti satellite missiles were feasible . However this test , along with an earlier , unsuccessful test of the High Virgo missile in the anti satellite role , had political repercussions the Eisenhower administration sought to establish space as a neutral ground for everyone 's usage , and the indication of hostile intent the tests were seen to give was frowned upon , with anti satellite weapons development being curtailed shortly thereafter . Legacy The results of the Bold Orion project , along with those from the testing of the High Virgo missile , also developed under WS 199 , provided data and knowledge that assisted the Air Force in forming the requirements for the follow on WS unk , which would produce the GAM 87 Skybolt missile . Launch history
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1,073 | Gliese 876 d is an exoplanet approximately 15 light years away in the constellation of Aquarius . The planet was the third planet discovered orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 876 . At the time of its discovery , the planet had the lowest mass of any known extrasolar planet apart from the pulsar planets orbiting PSR B1257 12 . Due to this low mass , it can be categorized as a super Earth . Discovery Gliese 876 d was discovered by analysing changes in its star 's radial velocity as a result of the planet 's gravity . The radial velocity measurements were made by observing the Doppler shift in the star 's spectral lines . At the time of discovery , Gliese 876 was known to host two extrasolar planets , designated Gliese 876 b and c , in a 2 1 orbital resonance . After the two planets were taken into account , the radial velocity still showed another period , at around two days . The planet , designated Gliese 876 d , was announced on June 13 , 2005 by a team led by Eugenio Rivera and was estimated to have a mass approximately 7 . 5 times that of Earth . Orbit and mass Gliese 876 d is located in an orbit with a semimajor axis of only 0 . 0208 AU ( 3 . 11 million km ) . At this distance from the star , tidal interactions should in theory circularize the orbit however , measurements reveal that it has a high eccentricity of 0 . 207 , comparable to that of Mercury in the Solar System . A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect Gliese 876 d is that only a lower limit on the mass can be obtained . This is because the measured mass value also depends on the orbital inclination , which in general is unknown . However , models incorporating the gravitational interactions between the resonant outer planets enables the inclination of the orbits to be determined . This reveals that the outer planets are nearly coplanar with an inclination of around 59 with respect to the plane of the sky . Assuming that Gliese 876 d orbits in the same plane as the other planets , the true mass of the planet is revealed to be 6 . 83 times the mass of Earth . Models predict that , if its non Keplerian orbit could be averaged to a Keplerian eccentricity of 0 . 28 , then tidal heating would play a significant role in the planet 's geology to the point of keeping it completely molten . Predicted total heat flux is approximately 104 5 W m2 at the planet 's surface for comparison the surface heat flux for Io is around 3 W m2 . This is similar to the energy it receives from its parent star of about 40 , 000 W m2 . Physical characteristics Since Gliese 876 d has only been detected indirectly by its gravitational effects on its star , properties such as its radius , composition , and temperature are unknown . On the assumption of a unk distribution of temperature and a maximum albedo of 0 . 8 , the temperature was estimated at 430 650 K. The low mass of the planet has led to suggestions that it may be a terrestrial planet . This type of massive terrestrial planet could be formed in the inner part of the Gliese 876 system from material pushed towards the star by the inward migration of the gas giants . Alternatively the planet could have formed further from Gliese 876 , as a gas giant , and migrated inwards with the other gas giants . This would result in a composition richer in volatile substances , such as water . As it arrived in range , the star would have blown off the planet 's hydrogen layer via coronal mass ejection . In this model , the planet would have a pressurised ocean of water ( in the form of a supercritical fluid ) separated from the silicate core by a layer of ice kept frozen by the high pressures in the planetary interior . Such a planet would have an atmosphere containing water vapor and free oxygen produced by the breakdown of water by ultraviolet radiation . Distinguishing between these two models would require more information about the planet 's radius or composition . The planet does not appear to transit its star , which makes obtaining this information impossible with current observational capabilities .
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1,074 | Hurricane Henriette was the ninth tropical cyclone , eight named storm and fifth hurricane of the 1995 Pacific hurricane season . Henriette developed from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on August 15 . After crossing the Atlantic and moving into the eastern Pacific on August 29 , it developed a low level circulation that was designated a tropical depression on September 1 . The next day , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Henriette , and it was further upgraded to a hurricane on September 3 . The storm peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale , and crossed the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula . On land , wind gusts of 100 mph ( 160 km h ) were reported , knocking out power and water supplies . Heavy rainfall and strong storm surge contributed to flooding that damaged many roads throughout the region , 800 people were forced from their homes . Meteorological history A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 15 . It traversed westward and entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 29 . The system quickly developed deep convection and a low level circulation , and on September 1 it organized into Tropical Depression Nine E while located about 170 miles ( 270 km ) off the southwest coast of Mexico . The depression initially moved west northwestward , and shortly after forming it turned to the north northwest . Under favorable conditions , the depression slowly strengthened to become Tropical Storm Henriette on September 2 while located 220 miles ( 350 km ) west of Manzanillo . By later that day , the convection wrapped around the center of circulation . Henriette quickly organized and intensified into a hurricane on September 3 while located 135 miles ( 235 km ) west southwest of Puerto Vallarta in Jalisco . Upon reaching hurricane status , one computer model predicted Henriette to continue moving northward through the Gulf of California , though most forecast a turn to the northwest . Late on September 3 , an eye began to form in the center of the deep convection as Henriette turned to the northwest . The eye became better defined the next day , and Henriette attained a peak intensity of 100 mph ( 160 km h ) as the northern portion of the eyewall moved over southern Baja California Peninsula . The hurricane quickly crossed the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula and emerged into the Pacific Ocean again as a weakened 85 mph ( 135 km h ) cyclone with disrupted convection near the center . Convection gradually waned as the hurricane moved over progressively colder waters , and on September 6 Henriette weakened to a tropical depression . The storm turned to the west , and gradually weakened until dissipating on September 8 . Preparations and impact On September 2 , a few hours after Henriette became a tropical storm , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch for Baja California Peninsula from La Paz southward . Early the next day it was changed to a hurricane watch , and 18 hours before Henriette made landfall the watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning . Early on September 4 , the hurricane warning was extended northward to 25 N. The threat of Hurricane Henriette prompted a Carnival Cruise Line ship to alter their route . Originally planned to tour Mexican ports , the captain turned the ship to tour the southern California coastline . Many upset passengers demanded refunds , to which the cruise line offered discounts for future cruises and a 40 credit card during their cruise . Winds of up to 100 mph ( 160 km h ) in southern Baja California Sur left much of Cabo San Lucas without water or power . Overall , 2 , 000 people were directly affected by the hurricane . A strong storm surge produced flooding and heavy road damage in the state . Approximately 800 people were forced from their homes , and crop damage was reported . Generally up to 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of rain fell on land , though peak precipitation exceeded 13 inches ( 330 mm ) . No damage estimates are available , and no deaths were reported .
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1,075 | The Buckeye is a breed of chicken originating in the U.S. state of Ohio . Created in the late 19th century , Buckeyes are the only American Poultry Association ( APA ) standard breed of chicken known to have been created by a woman , and the only one in the American Class to have a pea comb . As of 2014 , Buckeyes are listed as Threatened by The Livestock Conservancy . The breed 's name is derived from Ohio 's nickname of Buckeye state , and their mahogany color is said ideally to resemble the seeds of the Ohio Buckeye plant ( unk glabra ) . They are a dual purpose chicken that have a decent laying ability and strong meat production characteristics . Buckeyes are yellow skinned chickens that lay brown eggs . History The Buckeye was first bred and developed in 1896 , by a Warren , Ohio resident named Nettie Metcalf . They are the only American breed of chicken known to have been developed by a woman , despite the fact that women were customarily given charge of the household poultry flock throughout much of U.S. history . Metcalf crossbred Barred Plymouth Rocks , Buff unk , and some black breasted red games to produce the Buckeye . Her goal was a functional breed that could produce well in the bitter Midwest winters . Contrary to popular belief the Buckeye breed was created before the Rhode Island Red breed and Metcalf actually sent birds to the unk breeders for them to improve their breed . The Buckeye was admitted to the American Poultry Association 's Standard of Perfection in 1904 . Entrance into the Standard of Perfection signifies official certification as a breed by the Association , and thus allows Buckeyes to be entered into poultry shows and judged according to the breed standard ( as outlined in the Standard of Perfection ) . The recognition of Buckeyes in the Standard has been a significant factor in its survival . In the past , largely due its lack of color variations , the Buckeye has not been an especially popular exhibition breed , but there is growing interest in the exhibition poultry fancy for this dual purpose variety of bird . Not adopted by commercial operations , the Buckeye has generally been a bird of smaller farm flocks . Today the breed status is listed as threatened by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy , threatened being defined as Threatened Fewer than 1 , 000 breeding birds in the United States , with seven or fewer primary breeding flocks , and estimated global population less than 5 , 000 . The breed is also included in the Slow Food USA Ark of Taste , a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction . Characteristics The Buckeye male weighs an average of 9 lb ( 4 . 1 kg ) , and the hen 6 . 5 lb ( 2 . 9 kg ) . The breed has yellow skin and lays brown eggs . Its primary color is a mahogany red with black tails sometimes males have other dark feathering . According to the breed standard , a Buckeye 's plumage should ideally resemble the hue of an Ohio Buckeye 's seeds . Especially in the hen , the breed is very similar in appearance to the Rhode Island Red . The Buckeye can be differentiated by a bar of slate color on the back feathers close to the body the body is also much more compact , with a short yet broad back . The Buckeye is the only purely American breed to sport a pea comb , and this , combined with its stocky build , makes it a supremely cold hardy chicken . Other breeds of fowl developed in the U.S. ( such as the unk ) may sport pea combs , but these chickens were primarily created from foreign birds . It also bears some traits of Game fowl in frame and disposition , being assertive in character and a very good forager . Generally calm , the cock birds in rare cases may become aggressive . Despite its game heritage , it tolerates confinement well , although it will be much happier and produce better if allowed to range on grass . The Buckeye is said by breeders to be disinclined towards feather picking . A good meat producer and layer of between 150 to 200 eggs per year , the Buckeye is a dual purpose chicken well suited to small farmyard and backyard flocks .
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1,076 | State Route 313 ( SR 313 ) is a Utah state highway in San Juan and Grand Counties . The highway has been designated the Dead Horse Point Mesa Scenic Byway . The highway is an access road for both the Island in the Sky district of Canyonlands National Park and Dead Horse Point State Park . The highway is a toll road in Dead Horse Point State Park . Westbound traffic is charged a state park entrance fee at the park boundary . The route was assigned north of Moab in the 1975 in place of SR 278 , a proposed but never constructed access to Dead Horse Point . The original alignment of the highway featured steep grades and blind corners . The highway was completely rebuilt in the 1980s after sustaining damage while crews rebuilt the access road to Canyonlands National Park . Route description The highway begins at the overlook in Dead Horse Point State Park 's parking lot ( 22 miles south of Moab ) . Gaining its scenic byway designation , SR 313 heads northward , along the ridges of Dead Horse Point . The highway climbs in elevation , reaching a height of 6 , 000 feet ( 1 , 800 m ) . Soon after , all drivers exit the park and have to pay a toll . After the high peak at 6 , 000 feet ( 1 , 800 m ) , SR 313 heads slowly downward , continuing along the ridges in the park . There is an intersection with a local road , and the highway begins to turn to the northwest . The elevation along SR 313 fluctuates for several miles , until intersecting with Long Canyon Road . Long Canyon Road is a connector that heads through Long Canyon and intersects with SR 279 . The route continues in a stretch of area known as the Big Flat , where it intersects the entrance to Canyonlands National Park . Soon after the westward turn , SR 313 intersects with Island in the Sky Road , a local road that heads southward from the main highway . The Knoll , a nearby mountain , is visible as the highway makes a turn to the north . The route has left Dead Horse Point State Park by now , and progresses northward through Grand County . At the intersection with Little Canyon Road , SR 313 turns to the northwest once again . However , this pattern straightens out to a northward one . At Gemini Bridges Road , the route turns to the opposite direction , heading to the unk . The highway continues along in this direction for some time , passing Mineral Bottom Road , and drops down in elevation . The route makes a hairpin turn in the mountains , entering the South Fork of the Sevenmile Canyon . While traversing the canyon there are several view areas along the highway overlooking both Sevenmile canyon , Dead Horse Point , and two rock formations called the Monitor and the Merrimack , both named after warships in the American Civil War . Running along the canyon , SR 313 terminates at an intersection with U.S. Route 191 about 9 miles ( 14 km ) north of Moab . History With highways in and near Moab back in the 1960s limited to just two state maintained highways , there was no state route built to access Dead Horse Point . The only two highways in the area were U.S. Route 160 ( now U.S. Route 191 ) and State Route 128 . There were two routes assigned in the direction of Dead Horse Point in the 1960s , SR 278 and SR 279 . The route that SR 313 runs along was mapped by 1969 , stretching all the way to Dead Horse Point as an unmarked county highway . Though SR 279 was completed in 1962 , SR 278 was never constructed . In 1975 , the proposal for SR 278 was cancelled . In its place , the Utah Department of Transportation assigned SR 313 , assuming maintenance for what was local roads . The original roadbed featured blind switchbacks and an 11 grade on the descent into Seven Mile canyon . The access road to Canyonlands National Park was rebuilt 1988 , and the construction crews severely damaged SR 313 in the process . The highway was completely rebuilt , starting in 1989 , to its modern form . The reconstruction reduced the maximum grade from 11 to 8 and re graded the switchbacks to be on level ground to eliminate the blind corners . Major intersections
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1,077 | Frank Sinatra Has a Cold is a profile of Frank Sinatra written by Gay Talese for the April 1966 issue of Esquire . The article is one of the most famous pieces of magazine journalism ever written and is often considered not only the greatest profile of Frank Sinatra but one of the greatest celebrity profiles ever written . The profile is one of the seminal works of New Journalism and is still widely read , discussed and studied . In the 70th anniversary issue of Esquire in October 2003 , the editors declared the piece the Best Story Esquire Ever Published . Vanity Fair called it the greatest literary nonfiction story of the 20th century . Assignment Talese had spent the first ten years of his career at The New York Times . He felt restricted by the limitations of newspaper writing and began searching for jobs with magazines . In 1965 , he signed a one year and six story contract with Esquire magazine . His first assignment from Esquire editor Harold Hayes was to write a profile of Frank Sinatra . It was a difficult assignment Sinatra had turned down interview requests from Esquire for years . Sinatra was about to turn 50 and was heavily in the spotlight . Sinatra 's relationship with 20 year old Mia Farrow was constantly in the news . A CBS television documentary had upset Sinatra , who felt that his life was being pried into and was unhappy about speculation in the documentary about his connection to mafia leaders . He was also worried about his starring role in an upcoming NBC show named after his album , A Man and His Music and his various business ventures in real estate , his film company , his record label and an airline . At the time , Sinatra maintained a personal staff of 75 . Sinatra refused to be interviewed for the profile . Rather than give up , Talese spent the three months , beginning in November 1965 , following Sinatra and observing everything he could and interviewing any members of his entourage who were willing to speak . Esquire paid nearly 5 , 000 in expenses over the duration of the story . Talese vacillated on whether the story could be finished but ultimately concluded , in a letter to Harold Hayes , that I may not get the piece we 'd hoped for the real Frank Sinatra but perhaps , by not getting it and by getting rejected constantly and by seeing his flunkies protecting his flanks we will be getting close to the truth about the man . Without Talese ever receiving Sinatra 's cooperation , the story was published in April 1966 . Profile The profile begins with Sinatra in a sullen mood at a private Hollywood club . Stressed about all the events in his life Sinatra and many of his staff are in a poor mood because Sinatra is afflicted by the common cold , hampering his ability to sing . Influence on New Journalism The article was an instant sensation . The journalist Michael Kinsley has said , It 's hard to imagine a magazine article today having the kind of impact that this article and others had in those days in terms of everyone talking about it purely on the basis of the writing and the style . After Tom Wolfe popularized the term New Journalism in his 1973 anthology The New Journalism , Talese 's piece became widely studied and imitated . The piece is often contrasted to modern magazine profiles in which the writers spend little time with their subjects or when writers fabricate elements of their story , such as Jayson Blair , Stephen Glass , or Janet Cooke . Talese has come to reject the label of New Journalism for this reason . He told NPR The term new journalism became very fashionable on college campuses in the 1970s and some of its practitioners tended to be a little loose with the facts . And that 's where I wanted to part company . I came up with the New York Times as a copy boy and later on became a reporter and I so revered the traditions of the Times in being accurate . The story continues to receive acclaim and is cited by Talese as one of his best works . The story , which continues to be widely read , has been republished in multiple anthologies .
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1,078 | The Battle of Posada ( November 9 , 1330 November 12 , 1330 ) was fought between Basarab I of Wallachia and Charles I Robert of Hungary . The small Wallachian army led by Basarab , formed of cavalry and foot archers , as well as local peasants , managed to ambush and defeat the 30 , 000 strong Hungarian army , in a mountainous region near the border between Oltenia and Severin . The battle resulted in a major Wallachian victory and disaster for Charles Robert , becoming a turning point in the politics of Hungary , which had to abandon its hopes of extending the kingdom to the Black Sea . For Wallachia , the victory meant an increase in morale and the further evolution of the independent state . Background Some historians claim that the Cumans aided the Wallachians in the battle . In 1324 , Wallachia was a vassal of Hungary , and Robert referred to Basarab as our Transalpine Voivode . The war started with encouragement from the Voivode of Transylvania and a certain unk , who later bore the title Ban of Severin . In 1330 , Robert captured the long disputed Wallachian citadel of Severin and handed it to the Transylvanian Voivode . Basarab sent envoys who asked for the hostilities to cease , and in return offered to pay 7 , 000 marks in silver , submit the fortress of Severin to Robert , and send his own son as hostage . According to the Viennese Illuminated Chronicle , a contemporary account , Robert said about Basarab He is the shepherd of my sheep , and I will take him out of his mountains , dragging him by his beard . Another account writes that Robert said that ... he will drag the Voivode from his cottage , as would any driver his oxen or shepherd his sheep . The King 's councillors begged him to accept the offer or give a milder reply , but he refused and led his 30 , 000 strong army deeper into Wallachia without proper supplies or adequate reconnaissance . Basarab was unable to stand a battle in the open field against a large army , due to the poor state of his troops , and he decided to retreat somewhere into the Transylvanian Alps . Robert entered Curtea de unk , the main city of the Wallachian state . He realised that Basarab had fled into the mountains and decided to give chase . Battle The location of the battle is still debated among historians . One theory gives the location of the battle at unk , in some mountain gorges , in the valley of Olt , Transylvania . However , Romanian historian Neagu Djuvara denies this and states that the location of the battle was somewhere at the border between Oltenia and Severin . The Wallachian army , led by Basarab himself , probably numbered less than 10 , 000 men and consisted of cavalry , infantry archers , and some locally recruited peasants . When Robert saw his best knights being killed , without being able to fight back , while the escape routes were blocked by the Wallachian cavalry , he gave his royal robes and insignia to one of his captains who dies under a hail of arrows and stones and , with a few loyal subjects , made a difficult escape to Visegrd clad in dirty civilian clothes . Robert later recounted in detail , in a charter of December 13 , 1335 , how one Nicholas , son of Radoslav , saved his life by defending him from the swords of five Wallachian warriors , giving him enough time to escape . Most of the Hungarian army which included many nobles was destroyed among the casualties were the Voivode of Transylvania and the priest who accompanied the king . Aftermath The victory represented the survival of the Wallachian state , as well as the beginning of a period of tense relations between Basarab and the Kingdom of Hungary , which lasted until 1344 , when Basarab sent his son Alexandru in order to re establish a relationship between the two states . Because of its large financial power , the Kingdom of Hungary quickly rebuilt its army and found itself in conflict with the Holy Roman Empire in 1337 . However , the Hungarian king maintained a de jure suzerainty over Wallachia until the diplomatic disputes had been resolved .
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1,079 | Golf Ball ( sometimes unk ) is a 1962 painting by Roy Lichtenstein . It is considered to fall within the art movement known as Pop art . It depicts a single sphere with patterned , variously directional semi circular grooves . The work is commonly associated with black and white Piet Mondrian works . It is one of the works that was presented at Lichtenstein 's first solo exhibition and one that was critical to his early association with pop art . The work is commonly critiqued for its tension involving a three dimensional representation in two dimensions with much discussion revolving around the choice of a background nearly without any perspective . History When Lichtenstein had his first solo show at the Leo Castelli Gallery in February 1962 , it sold out before opening . Golf Ball was one of the works that Lichtenstein exhibited . Later , Lichtenstein included Golf Ball in Still Life with Goldfish Bowl , 1972 , and Go for Baroque , 1979 . The painting exemplifies the novel superimposition of abstraction and figuration . The work also represents abstraction as a result of elimination of three dimensionality , chiaroscuro and a landscape context . The use of black and white is regarded as dramatic , and although it may have been influenced by 1940s and 1950s works of Willem de Kooning , Franz Kline and Robert Motherwell , it is more likely a commentary on Mondrian 's 1917 Composition in Black and White . Alternatively , it may have been a reference to another of Mondrian 's Pre World War I black and white oval paintings , such as Pier and ocean , 1915 . This complementary source art was common of Lichtenstein 's 1960s work on frequently advertised objects . Lichtenstein describes his sources as Mondrian Plus and Minus paintings . Description In 1962 , Lichtenstein produced several works in which he depicted ... the repetitive regularity of their patterned surfaces ... Golf Ball is a depiction of a golf ball using a unk set of black and white arcs to depict the three dimensionality of the subject . However , the neutral background manipulates the image and diminishes the volumetric characteristics by stripping the viewer of his perspective . It is described as a pure graphic mark on a gray ground as well as a totality of abstract marks . Lichtenstein described Golf Ball as the antithesis of what was thought of as having ' art meaning ' because of its lack of perspective . Golf Ball is an example of the emerging confident authority of his single image paintings with its Rock of Gibraltar like unk . The frontal and centralized presentation ' s directness lacked the sophistication to market the images of household goods for advertising but was considered daring artistically . The black and white painting on a grey background challenges both the natural perception of realism and the boundaries of abstraction . The work gives us both the impression of space and the fact of surface . Golf Ball was one of the bases by which critics aligned him with other practitioners of Pop Art , although much is made about the painting 's references to abstract painting , especially its likeness to Mondrian 's works . Furthermore , the painting leverages tensions regarding three dimensional representation in two dimensions resulting from spatial ambiguities caused by the lack of cues in the background . Reception Diane Waldman refers to the subject of Golf Ball as a freestanding form . This is one of the figures in which Lichtenstein demonstrates his draftsman experience . This work demonstrated his maturation as an artist with standardized contours that present uniformity and solidified inflections . This is a strong example of presenting the tension of volumetric potential balanced against two dimensional presentation . It also shows how placement against a neutral background diminishes three dimensionality . Despite Lichtenstein 's techniques to display minimize dimensionality , the viewer imposes his or her own visualization experiences on the painting , which minimizes the effect of spatial illusion .
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1,080 | Patrol vessel A4 ( French unk A4 ) was a small Mersey class naval trawler operated by Belgium during the Second World War . Originally built for the British Royal Navy , as HMS John Ebbs , the ship is notable for its role in evacuating Belgian gold reserves to England during the Battle of Belgium in May 1940 . The success of the operation not only allowed the Belgian government in exile to fund its operations but deprived the German occupiers of an important asset to support their war effort . After the Belgian surrender , the vessel and its crew interned themselves in neutral Spain . In 1946 , the vessel and its crew were released and the ship was scrapped soon afterwards . Background Pilote 4 ( later renamed unk A4 ) was purchased by the Belgian Corps de Marine in 1920 , having previously served in the British Royal Navy during the First World War as HMS John Ebbs ( unk ) . The vessel was a Mersey class naval trawler , built by unk in Selby , North Yorkshire , and was launched on 2 October 1917 . Displacing 334 long tons ( 339 t ) , the vessel was 148 feet ( 45 m ) long , and had a draught of 4 . 5 metres ( 15 ft ) . Fitted with engines that were capable of producing 600 horsepower ( 450 kW ) , it could travel at between 9 and 10 knots . With a complement of 27 , the Belgians armed the ship with two Maxim machine guns on the bridge and a 47mm gun at the stern . In 1939 , A4 was waiting to be scrapped , but the deteriorating international situation caused by German expansionism led to its reactivation by the Ministry of National Defence . Because of Belgium 's neutral status in the early stages of the Second World War , A4 had large Belgian unk painted on each side of its hull , as well as the word unk ( Dutch for Belgium ) in white , to prevent it being mistaken for a belligerent ship . After Belgium was invaded by German forces on 10 May 1940 , it was not repainted . Evacuation of Belgian gold During the interwar period , Belgium had created a gold based currency , called the Belga , which ran parallel to the Belgian franc . The Belga was intended for international trading and meant that the National Bank of Belgium amassed considerable gold reserves , amounting to some 600 tonnes by 1940 . During the escalating international tensions in the 1930s , the Belgian government began moving large amounts of gold to the United States , Great Britain and Canada , but was forced to retain some gold in the country to maintain the Belga 's value . By the time the Germans invaded Belgium in May 1940 , there were still 40 tonnes of gold left in Belgium , held at the bank 's offices in the port of Ostend . The only ship available in the area was A4 , commanded by Lieutenant Van unk . On 19 May 1940 , the vessel was loaded with the gold and , avoiding Dunkirk which was being bombed by the Luftwaffe , headed for the British coast , accompanied by the ship unk which was carrying refugees . After being transferred from port to port because of concerns for the safety of the cargo during unloading , the gold was landed at Plymouth on 26 May , two days before the Belgian surrender . The gold was finally deposited at the Bank of England . A4 also carried Hubert unk , the civil servant charged with overseeing the evacuation of the gold to England and the future Governor of the National Bank . The fact that so much Belgian gold had been rescued before the German occupation allowed the Belgian government in exile to finance its own operations , unlike most other exiled governments which had to rely on British financial support . Aftermath Since Belgium had officially surrendered on 28 May and no official Belgian government yet existed in England , the crew of A4 took their ship to Bilbao in neutral Spain to avoid having to return to Belgium and become German prisoners of war . They arrived in Spain on 26 June and spent the rest of the war interned . Control of the ship was returned to Belgium in 1946 and it was scrapped in 1948 . For his role in the evacuation of the gold , Lieutenant Van unk was awarded the Order of Leopold II .
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1,081 | Davin Tong , better known by his alias Peter Chao ( born 1987 ) , is a Canadian comedic unk and YouTube personality , known for his unconventional portrayals of Asian stereotypes , best friends with Aaron Wu which alongside other politically incorrect videos have drawn mixed criticism from several sources . Born and raised in New Brunswick , Canada , Tong is the second son of Chinese immigrants , while his character Chao was born and raised in Hong Kong . Tong is bilingual , speaking both fluent English and Cantonese . Early life and education Davin Tong was born and raised in New Brunswick , Canada , the second son of Chinese immigrants . He produced an early version of Paper Trail , a minute long short film pertaining to a neighbor caught stealing newspapers , with director Travis Grant . The film caught the Vancouver Film School 's attention and it subsequently issued scholarships to them . Tong graduated in 2008 . Background Development Tong realised his flair for unk when one of his first YouTube uploads , about a Chinese restaurant run by Indians , garnered around 15 , 000 views . Under the username unk , Tong adopted the guise of Chinese Guy , and later Peter Chao . Tong described the character as born and raised in Hong Kong , and a zany Chinese immigrant forced into Canada by his prostitute mother . Instead of listening to his mother to go to school , he decided to pursue comedy on YouTube . Style and image Chao is seen in almost every video as sporting a pair of sunglasses , a habit which kindled viewer interest . Tong attributes the sunglasses as contributing to Chao 's cool factor . In the videos , Chao puts on a thick , over the top Cantonese and fresh off the boat accent . Chao also parodies popular songs , such as the Justin Bieber hits As Long as You Love Me and Boyfriend , as well as criticizing and poking fun at other people , usually with profane language . Fans of Chao are referred to as Chao Nation . Beth Hong of The Vancouver Observer writes that Chao is an example of a FOB or a unk . Tong speaking in character refutes this , stating that a FOB is a fresh off the boat immigrant that come sic all the way from China to study in North America . Don 't look at me , I 'm not a FOB . I 'm Peter Chao . FOBs can 't speak a lick of English . Reception Tong 's character Chao has drawn mixed reception , often being mistaken as a real person . As a result for posting racist content , the account had been previously suspended for a period of fourteen days after showing a video deemed to mock African Americans . Gabriella Nomura of The Vancouver Sun has branded Chao as a breath of politically incorrect fresh air , while Kevin Tang of Amped Asia has called him racist , sexist , vulgar , and self deprecating but also one of the most funny Youtube celebrities . a unk said that Chao 's blackface performance , a mockery of African American people , had crossed the line . However , viewership has been positive . The Canton Style music video a parody of Korean singer rapper Psy 's Gangnam Style amassed 1 . 1 million views within three days of its uploading . Another of Tong 's uploads , Chinese Guy Eats unk Loud has close to 2 million hits . His videos are , as of 2011 , the number one and two most watched in Canada . Tong has said , in response to audience comments that his performances are racist , that everything is done for comedy . I 'm not really racist against anybody . I take stereotypes and I make them outlandish so everybody can laugh . Professional Wrestling Chao has appeared frequently in Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling beginning July 6 , 2013 in Port Coquitlam , B.C. where Colt Cabana taught him a few things about wrestling . He was a part of ECCW Ballroom Brawl at the Commodore Ballroom in January 2014 , the largest attendance for independent wrestling in Vancouver in the last 25 years . Discography Music videos Filmography Commercials Film Theatre and Stage
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1,082 | Miss Meyers ( 1949 March 1963 ) was an American Quarter Horse racehorse and broodmare , the 1953 World Champion Quarter Running Horse . She won 28 , 725 ( equivalent to about 254 , 000 as of 2016 ) as well as 17 races . As a broodmare , she produced , or was the mother of , the first American Quarter Horse Association ( AQHA ) Supreme Champion , Kid Meyers . She was the mother of three other foals , and was inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame in 2009 . Early life Miss Meyers was a chestnut colored mare born in 1949 and sired , or fathered , by Leo , a member of the AQHA Hall of Fame . Miss Meyers ' dam , or mother , was Star 's Lou . Star 's Lou 's father was Oklahoma Star P 6 , another AQHA Hall of Fame member . She was bred by O. C. Meyer , and later owned by Bruce A. Green . Race career Miss Meyers raced from 1952 until 1955 and won seven stakes races , placing second in seven others , and third in two more . She won 17 of her 59 starts on the racetrack . She placed second in another 15 races and third in 5 . Her total earnings on the track were 28 , 727 ( approximately 253 , 800 in 2016 dollars ) . Among her wins in stakes races were the 1952 Buttons and Bows Stakes , the 1953 California Championship , the 1953 Billy Anson Stakes , the 1953 Rocky Mountain Quarter Horse Association World Championship Dash , the 1955 Bart B Stakes , the 1955 Barbara B Stakes and the 1955 Traveler Stakes . She set four track records , twice at 350 yards ( 320 m ) , once at 400 yards ( 370 m ) , and once at 440 yards ( 400 m ) . In 1953 she was named the AQHA World Champion Quarter Running Horse , as well as the High Money Earning Horse the AQHA also awarded her the title of Superior Race Horse in 1954 . The highest speed index she achieved , a measure of how fast she was able to run , during her racing career was AAAT , the highest possible at the time . It was not until she was a four year old , during 1953 , that Miss Meyers performed well and started winning on the track . That year she won 15 , 398 ( approximately 136 , 200 in 2016 ) dollars , over half her lifetime earnings , as well as seven of her seventeen career wins . Broodmare and legacy After Miss Meyers retired from the racetrack , she became the dam of the first AQHA Supreme Champion , Kid Meyers , sired by fellow Hall of Famer Three Bars , a Thoroughbred . ( A Supreme Champion is a horse that is outstanding on the racetrack , as a riding horse at horse shows and also conformationally , or how well put together the horse is ) . Kid Meyers was a 1963 sorrel stallion , and had 23 starts on the racetrack , winning 6 times . He earned a total of 10 , 655 ( approximately 77 , 700 as of 2016 dollars ) on the track . After retiring from the racetrack , he earned his AQHA Champion in 1966 and his AQHA Supreme Champion in 1967 . His highest speed index was AAA . Unlike most foals , who nurse for months after birth , Kid Meyers was orphaned at the age of one month in March 1963 . Miss Meyers had three other foals . Oh My Oh , a 1957 bay mare sired by the Thoroughbred stallion Spotted Bull , started 30 times , winning eight races for a total earnings of 12 , 592 ( approximately 99 , 700 as of 2016 dollars ) and coming in second in a stakes race . She earned an AAAT speed index . As a broodmare , she was the dam of All American Futurity winner Three Oh 's . Miss Meyers ' 1958 foal was Mr Meyers , a sorrel stallion sired by fellow Hall of Famer Go Man Go , who started 41 times , winning 9 times and placing third in four stakes races . His total race earnings were 25 , 656 ( approximately 200 , 700 as of 2016 dollars ) . He went on to earn an AQHA Champion title along with a Superior Race Horse award , to go with his AAAT speed index . Mr Meyers became a successful breeding stallion . Miss Meyers ' fourth foal was a 1959 chestnut mare named unk sired by Vandy . unk was never raced or entered in a horse show . Miss Meyers died in March 1963 , shortly after having Kid Meyers . She was inducted into the AQHA 's American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2009 . Pedigree
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1,083 | New York State Route 45 ( NY 45 ) is a north south state highway in central Rockland County , New York , in the United States . It spans 8 . 60 miles ( 13 . 84 km ) from the village of Chestnut Ridge at the New Jersey New York border , where it becomes County Route 73 ( CR 73 ) in Bergen County , New Jersey , to U.S. Route 202 ( US 202 ) in the town of Haverstraw . Though an interchange does exist between NY 45 and the Palisades Interstate Parkway , the route has no access to the New York State Thruway . NY 45 was originally designated as New York State Route 305 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It was renumbered to New York State Route 94 in the early 1940s before becoming NY 45 on January 1 , 1949 . Route description NY 45 begins at the New Jersey New York border in Chestnut Ridge . Although the first NY 45 reassurance shield is a quarter mile north of the state line , the reference marker below the Welcome to New York sign at the crossing indicates the beginning of NY 45 . NY 45 runs parallel to the small portion of the Garden State Parkway ( GSP ) that enters New York . Officially this portion is considered an extension of the New York State Thruway . While NY 45 never intersects the GSP , it provides a link to the parkway . South of the New Jersey border in Bergen County , CR 73 intersects the GSP , and in New York , NY 45 intersects CR 41 , which intersects the parkway . Through Chestnut Ridge ( where it is known as Chestnut Ridge Road , just as CR 73 , its southern extension , is in New Jersey ) , it crosses the New York State Thruway . Once it enters Spring Valley ( where it is known locally first as South Main Street , then as North Main Street after it crosses its very busy intersection with NY 59 ) , NY 45 continues northward through the downtown business district . Traffic here tends to pile up many times a day . After NY 45 's intersection at Hillcrest with CR 74 ( the location of several small shopping centers ) , traffic tends to ease up . North of there , NY 45 provides a link to the Hassidic Jewish community of New Square , although it never enters the village limits . At CR 80 , NY 45 enters New Hempstead . Again the road becomes relatively quiet , but it begins to parallel the Palisades Interstate Parkway , until its intersection at exit 12 in Pomona . NY 45 quickly leaves Pomona and enters Mount Ivy . This is where NY 45 comes to its northern terminus at US 202 . This area of US 202 is in downtown Mount Ivy , and exit 13 of the Palisades is just 0 . 1 miles ( 0 . 2 km ) west of NY 45 's northern terminus . History What is now NY 45 was originally designated NY 305 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . At the same time , the portion of modern NY 305 north of Portville in Cattaraugus and Allegany counties was assigned NY 94 , while the current NY 94 in Orange County was designated NY 45 . The NY 305 and NY 94 designations were swapped in the early 1940s , placing NY 305 on its current alignment and NY 94 on what is now NY 45 . NY 94 was then swapped again , this time for NY 45 , on January 1 , 1949 , placing both routes on their modern routings . In 1958 , Ramapo town engineer Edwin Wallace noticed an increase in the amount of traffic passing through the village of Spring Valley . This led Wallace to propose a 5 mile ( 8 . 0 km ) bypass of the village , starting at NY 59 in Monsey and ending at NY 45 in Hillcrest . Rockland County approved the proposed bypass two years later , and the plans were forwarded to the New York State Department of Transportation . In 1966 , the Tri State Transportation Commission released its long term highway report for the area . The new study replaced the Spring Valley Bypass with the NY 45 expressway , a north south bypass of Spring Valley connecting the Garden State Parkway to the Palisades Interstate Parkway . The road would serve a steadily growing area of commercial businesses along the NY 45 corridor . No action was taken on this proposal . Major intersections The entire route is in Rockland County .
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1,084 | SMS Hagen was the final vessel of the six member Siegfried class of coastal defense ships ( Kstenpanzerschiffe ) built for the German Imperial Navy . Her sister ships were Siegfried , Beowulf , Frithjof , Heimdall , and Hildebrand . Hagen was built by the Kaiserliche Werft Kiel shipyard between 1891 and 1893 , and was armed with a main battery of three 24 centimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) guns . She served in the German fleet throughout the 1890s and was rebuilt in 1900 1902 . She served in the VI Battle Squadron after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but saw no action . Hagen was demobilized in 1915 and used as a barracks ship thereafter . She was ultimately sold for scrap in 1919 and subsequently dismantled . Design Hagen was 79 meters ( 259 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 14 . 90 m ( 48 . 9 ft ) and a maximum draft of 5 . 74 m ( 18 . 8 ft ) . She displaced 3 , 741 long tons ( 3 , 801 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3 cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal fired boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 14 . 8 knots ( 27 . 4 km h 17 . 0 mph ) and a range of approximately 1 , 490 nautical miles ( 2 , 760 km 1 , 710 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Hagen had a crew of 20 officers and 256 enlisted men . The ship was armed with three 24 cm K L 35 guns mounted in three single gun turrets . Two were placed side by side forward , and the third was located aft of the main superstructure . They were supplied with a total of 204 rounds of ammunition . The ship was also equipped with eight 8 . 8 cm SK L 30 guns in single mounts . Hagen also carried four 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , all in swivel mounts on the deck . One was at the bow , another at the stern , and two amidships . The ship was protected by an armored belt that was 240 mm ( 9 . 4 in ) amidships , and an armored deck that was 30 mm ( 1 . 2 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 . 1 in ) thick sides . Hagen 's armor consisted of new Krupp steel , a more effective type of armor than the compound steel the other members of the class received . Service history Hagen was laid down in 1891 at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel . She was launched on 23 October 1893 , and completed on 2 October 1894 . In July 1895 , Hagen , the protected cruiser Kaiserin Augusta , and the old corvettes Marie and Stosch were sent to Morocco in a naval demonstration following the murder of two German nationals in the country . The German government had demanded 250 , 000 marks as an indemnity , and the naval squadron was sent to secure it . After returning to Germany , Hagen served on active duty with the fleet . In 1897 , Hagen participated in the annual summer maneuvers in the IV Division , along with Heimdall and Frithjof . Her other three sisters were assigned to the III Division . The following year , she was taken into drydock at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Danzig for an extensive reconstruction . The ship was lengthened to 86 . 13 m ( 282 . 6 ft ) , which increased displacement to 4 , 247 t ( 4 , 180 long tons 4 , 682 short tons ) . Her old boilers were replaced with eight new Thornycroft boilers , and a second funnel was added . Her secondary battery was increased to ten 8 . 8 cm guns , and the 35 cm torpedo tubes were replaced with three 45 cm ( 18 in ) tubes . Work was completed by 1900 . She then returned to service with the fleet , where in 1903 she was in the II Squadron , alongside Beowulf , Heimdall , and Hildebrand . She remained on active service until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when she was mobilized into the VI Battle Squadron for coastal defense , along with her sister ships . On 31 August 1915 , the VI Battle Squadron was demobilized , and Hagen 's crew was transferred to other warships . She was then used as a barracks ship in Libau , Danzig , and Warnemnde . On 17 June 1919 , she was stricken from the naval register . She was sold for scrapping to Norddeutsche Tiefbaugesellschaft of Berlin and broken for scrap .
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1,085 | Maryland Route 300 ( MD 300 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known for most of its length as Sudlersville Road , the highway runs 13 . 55 miles ( 21 . 81 km ) from MD 213 in Church Hill east through Sudlersville to the Delaware state line , where the highway continues as Delaware Route 300 ( DE 300 ) . Together with DE 300 , DE 44 , and DE 8 , MD 300 forms the primary east west connection between U.S. Route 301 ( US 301 ) in northern Queen Anne 's County and Dover , Delaware . MD 300 between Church Hill and Dudley Corners was one of the original state roads marked for improvement in 1909 . The highway was completed between Church Hill and Sudlersville around 1920 . MD 300 between Sudlersville and the Delaware state line was constructed in the late 1920s and early 1930s . Route description MD 300 begins at an intersection with MD 213 ( Church Hill Road ) in Church Hill . The highway heads east as two lane Sudlersville Road and intersects MD 19 ( Main Street ) before leaving the town and heading northeast through farmland . The state highway intersects US 301 ( Blue Star Memorial Highway ) at a superstreet intersection . Traffic on MD 300 is required to turn right onto US 301 , perform a U turn , then turn right again to continue on MD 300 . The highway continues northeast before curving east at the crossing of Red Lion Branch and intersecting MD 290 ( Crumpton Road ) and Benton Corners Road at Dudley Corners , which is the site of historic Dudley 's Chapel . MD 300 heads east to the town of Sudlersville , where the highway 's name changes to Main Street . The highway intersects MD 837 ( Church Circle ) and MD 313 ( Church Street ) before crossing the Centreville Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad . MD 300 becomes Sudlersville Road again upon leaving the town . The highway crosses Unicorn Branch , intersects Duhamel Corner Road and Peters Corner Road , and crosses Andover Branch . MD 300 curves to the northeast at unk Church Road to its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line , where Sudlersville Road continues east as DE 300 . A short distance east of the state line at Everetts Corner , the highway intersects DE 44 , which leads to DE 8 and Dover . DE 300 heads east from there toward Kenton and Smyrna . MD 300 is officially separated into two sections by the US 301 superstreet intersection MD 300 runs east of US 301 and MD unk is the portion west of the U.S. Highway . The portion of the highway from US 301 to the Delaware state line is a part of the National Highway System . History The portion of MD 300 between Church Hill and Dudley Corners was designated one of the original state roads , as part of a connection to Crumpton , by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909 . In 1915 , no work on this segment had begun , but by then it was no longer considered a necessary part of the statewide road system . The first segment of MD 300 was a 9 foot wide ( 2 . 7 m ) macadam state aid road built between Dudley Corners and Sudlersville by 1910 . The link between Church Hill and Dudley Corners was completed as a 15 foot wide ( 4 . 6 m ) concrete state aid road between 1919 and 1921 . The portions of the Church Hill Sudlersville road narrower than 15 feet ( 4 . 6 m ) were widened to this width with macadam shoulders by 1926 . The portion of MD 300 between Sudlersville and the Delaware state line was started in 1926 the paving of Main Street in concrete from MD 313 to the railroad crossing within Sudlersville was completed in 1927 . The concrete highway was extended to Duhamel Corner Road in 1928 and to Peters Corner Road in 1930 . MD 300 was marked along the length of Sudlersville Road when it was completed to the state line between 1930 and 1933 . When MD 213 's bypass of Church Hill was completed in 1971 , MD 300 was extended west to its present terminus . MD unk was designated along the portion of MD 300 west of US 301 when the superstreet intersection between the two highways was installed in 2005 . Junction list The entire route is in Queen Anne 's County .
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1,086 | Folgore was a torpedo cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) , the lead ship of the Folgore class . Armed with three 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes and six light guns , she was capable of a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km h 20 mph ) . She was built in the mid 1880s , was launched in September 1886 , and was completed in February 1887 . The ship spent her first two years in service either conducting training maneuvers with the main Italian fleet or in reserve status . She was badly damaged in a collision with the cruiser Giovanni Bausan in 1889 , which reduced her effectiveness and cut her career short . Folgore spent the next eleven years primarily in the reserve , until she was sold for scrap in April 1901 and broken up . Design Folgore was 56 . 7 meters ( 186 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 6 . 31 m ( 20 . 7 ft ) and an average draft of 2 . 15 m ( 7 ft 1 in ) . She displaced 364 metric tons ( 358 long tons 401 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal double expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal fired locomotive boilers . Folgore could steam at a speed of 17 knots ( 31 km h 20 mph ) from 2 , 150 indicated horsepower ( 1 , 600 kW ) . She had a crew of between 57 70 . The primary armament for Folgore was three 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . She was also equipped with two 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) 43 guns and four 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) 25 guns , all mounted singly . The ship carried no armor protection . Service history Folgore was built at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) . She was launched on 29 September 1886 and was completed on 16 February 1887 . On 10 June , the annual fleet maneuvers began Folgore was assigned to the defending squadron , along with the ironclads Enrico Dandolo , Palestro , Castelfidardo , and Affondatore , the protected cruiser Dogali , and several smaller vessels . The first half of the maneuvers tested the ability to attack and defend the Strait of Messina , and concluded in time for a fleet review by King Umberto I on the 21st . The second phase consisted of joint maneuvers with the Italian Army Folgore and the torpedo cruiser Tripoli were tasked with blockading Livorno . The exercises lasted until 30 July . The following year , she took part in the annual fleet maneuvers , along with five ironclads , a protected cruiser , the torpedo cruisers Tripoli , Goito , and Saetta , and numerous smaller vessels . The maneuvers consisted of close order drills and a simulated attack on and defense of La Spezia . Later that year , the ship was present during a naval review held for the German Kaiser Wilhelm II during a visit to Italy . The ship 's career was cut short on 5 July 1889 , when she collided with the protected cruiser Giovanni Bausan while the two ships were steaming off Capri . Folgore was badly damaged , and she could not be restored to her original capabilities . She was accordingly laid up . Folgore was briefly recommissioned to take part in the annual fleet maneuvers in 1894 , along with her sister ship Saetta . After two months in service , both vessels returned to the reserve . As of 1895 , she was located in La Spezia , along with Saetta . That year , unrest in the Ottoman Empire that killed hundreds of foreign nationals prompted several of the European great powers to send an international fleet to pressure the Ottomans into compensating the victims . In November , a small Italian squadron was sent to Smyrna to join the fleet in there Folgore was mobilized as part of a larger force in Naples that consisted of the ironclads Francesco Morosini , Lepanto , and Ruggiero di Lauria , the protected cruiser Elba , the torpedo cruiser Calatafimi , and five torpedo boats . This second squadron was stocked with coal and ammunition in the event that it would need to reinforce the squadron at Smryna . She remained in reserve until 12 April 1900 , when the Regia Marina sold the ship for scrap . Folgore was thereafter broken up .
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1,087 | Mystic Seaport Light is a lighthouse at the south end of Mystic Seaport , 2 miles ( 3 . 2 km ) upriver from Noank , Connecticut . The light is a two story white shingled structured topped with a glass enclosed lantern and is a replica of the 1901 Brant Point Light . The Mystic Seaport Light was designed by William F. Herman Jr. and constructed in 1966 . It was formally dedicated in August 31 , 1967 , but remained unlit due to active navigational regulations imposed by the United States Coast Guard . The Mystic Seaport light is now an active light , but not an official aid to navigation . The structure was used as an example of a lighthouse for Mystic Seaport visitors , but was not part of an exhibit until a 2008 renovation . The interior of the lighthouse was equipped with five LCD televisions to display two short educational films that highlight the history and architectural diversity of American lighthouses . Design and construction The Mystic Seaport Light was designed by William F. Herman Jr. and constructed by Engineered Building in 1966 . Funds for the project were donated by Mr. and Mrs. John P. Blair . Mr. Blair was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Marine Historical Association since 1963 . The Marine Historical Association was the original name for the Mystic Seaport . Prior to the construction of the light , a total of 5 , 000 was donated by Coast Guard Auxiliary members from Maine and Delaware to build the keeper 's cottage . The original artist 's conception called for a generic lighthouse that was designed to be representative of all lighthouses , but the actual design of the lighthouse was later changed to a replica of the 1901 Brant Point Light located on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts . Constructed on the tip of Shipyard Point , it is a two story white shingled structure topped with a glass enclosed lantern . The light measures 18 feet ( 5 . 5 m ) by 12 feet ( 3 . 7 m ) by 38 feet ( 12 m ) . The lighthouse houses a fourth order Fresnel lens . The design of the keeper 's house did not change much from the original artist 's conception , though Tim Harrison notes that it does not resemble a typical lighthouse keeper 's house . The dedication of the lighthouse was held on August 31 , 1967 , which was described as another quiet , but proud ceremony by Mystic Seaport . Care and maintenance of the lighthouse is performed by the Mystic Seaport . Operational requirements The Mystic Seaport Light is subject to United States Coast Guard regulations to become operational , and because it is a full sized replica of a lighthouse , requirements include supervisory schedules and installation of an emergency , backup light . This was not a financial priority for Mystic Seaport in 1967 and it was not made a fully functional lighthouse . In 1979 , Brierley noted that the present use of the lighthouse remained as a n example of a lighthouse used as a navigational aid . Regardless of its intended function , the lighthouse was used as the starting mark for the Mystic River Day seine boat race in 1981 . By 2014 , it is active , using a fourth order Fresnel lens on loan from the Coast Guard , but is not an official aid to navigation . Design renovation In late 2007 , the Mystic Seaport asked unk unk Architecture to develop a design proposal for the light . unk unk Architecture developed a multilayered system of open wood slats and sound absorptive material creating an interior environment evocative of a Nantucket basket . The task called for an audio visual display in a single , conical room of little more than 100 square feet . The renovated exhibit was also made wheelchair accessible via a ramp . Sentinels of the Sea In July 2008 , the Mystic Seaport Light became part of the visitor experience when the interior was opened as part of the Sentinels of the Sea exhibit . The exhibit displays two short educational films , The Heyday of Lighthouses and How to Look at a Lighthouse , on five LCD screens . The two films highlight the history and architectural diversity of American lighthouses .
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1,088 | The British Alpine Hannibal Expedition was an experimental archeology event that took place in 1959 . British engineer John Hoyte led an expedition that tried to reenact aspects of Hannibal 's legendary crossing of the Alps during the Second Punic War in 218 BCE . The group successfully took the female Asian elephant Jumbo , provided by a zoo in Turin , from France over the Col du Mont Cenis into Italy . Background After the Carthaginian defeat in the First Punic War of 264 241 BCE , Hamilcar Barca secured an extensive territory in the Iberian peninsula for Carthage . At the beginning of the Second Punic War in 218 BCE , his son Hannibal took an army of perhaps 50 , 000 men and 37 war elephants from Hispania ( modern day Spain ) to Italy , where he led a 15 year campaign against Rome . Hannibal avoided the coastal route , and took his army over the Alps . His march has been described by ancient historians Polybius and Livy . The exact route , however , has been subject of long but inconclusive scholarly discourse . In his 1955 book Alps and elephants Hannibal 's march , Gavin de Beer lists 12 possible candidates from 30 different books . The expedition In 1955 , The Times published a debate about the route Hannibal might have taken over the Alps . This debate came to the attention of John Hoyte , then an engineering student at Cambridge University . Hoyte had an interest in both history and mountain climbing , and spent the summer of 1956 with friends hiking the Alps and comparing possible routes to the ancient descriptions . The group came to the conclusion that the Col de unk was the most likely pass , an opinion still supported by some modern historians . A few years later , a friend suggested to test this theory with an actual elephant . Hoyte wrote letters to the British consuls in Lyon , France , Geneva , Switzerland , and Turin , enquiring about the possibility of obtaining an elephant for the experiment , but without a serious expectation of success . However , the Turin Zoo had just acquired a female Asian elephant , Jumbo , who was trained as a circus animal . The owner of the zoo volunteered Jumbo and became the first sponsor of the expedition . Hoyte put together a team of 8 people , including Richard Jolly as the expedition secretary and Colonel John Hickman , Lecturer ( later Reader ) in Veterinary Surgery at the University of Cambridge Veterinary School , who had gained experience with elephants during World War II in Burma . The group obtained insurance for Jumbo from Lloyd 's of London and further sponsorship from Life magazine , which later published a 7 page photo report . The expedition started in late July 1959 in unk , France . It followed the valley of the Arc river and then ascended towards the Col de unk . However , the route up to the pass had become narrowed and dangerous due to rockfall . The group retracted down into the valley and crossed the Col du Mont Cenis , another pass suggested for Hannibal 's route by none less than French emperor Napoleon . After 10 days of travel , the expedition successfully invaded Susa in Italy . The members of the expedition originally planned to call the 5 , 700 pound ( 2 . 6 t ) elephant unk , however , the animal could not be made to respond to the new name and thus remained Jumbo . Jumbo was 11 years old and equipped with leather boots and knee pads for the most treacherous passages . A specially made coat was provided to keep her warm . Despite a diet consisting of 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) of hay , 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of apples , 40 pounds ( 18 kg ) of bread , 20 pounds ( 9 . 1 kg ) of carrots , and a vitamin B supplement per day , she lost an estimated 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) during the first 4 days of the trip , and nearly 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) in total . On arrival in Italy , she consumed cake and a Magnum bottle of Chianti . In 1960 , Hoyte published a report on the expedition as Trunk Road for Hannibal With an Elephant Over the Alps . Expedition member Cynthia Pilkington published the book Elephant Over the Alps in 1961 , telling the story of the expedition .
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1,089 | A French fry vending machine is a vending machine that dispenses hot French fries , also known as chips . The first known french fry vending machine was developed circa 1982 by the defunct Precision Fry Foods Pty Ltd. in Australia . A few companies have developed and manufactured French fry vending machines and prototypes . Furthermore , a prototype machine was also developed at Wageningen University in the Netherlands . Brands , manufacturers and prototypes Historical The now defunct Australian company Precision Fry Foods Pty Ltd. designed the first known French fry vending machine , named Mr. French Fry . The company registered the design with the Australian government in January 1982 . The machine cooked hot chips within 60 seconds , and operated using three AUD 0 . 20 coins . A salt packet was included underneath the cup that the chips were served in . Another company , Houser unk Co . , Inc . , developed a French fry vending machine named Mr. Crispy 's , which was used in various locations such as college campuses and factories since at least September 1990 . The fries were cooked in 365 F sunflower oil for around 40 seconds , and 500 orders of fries were prepared before the oil was changed . The machine had a feature that automatically turned it off in the event of a malfunction , and it also had a fire extinguisher built into it . Contemporary unk Technology , based in Shenzhen Province , China , began development of the Robo French fry machine in 2008 , which delivers hot French fries in around 95 seconds . unk Technology was acquired by Breaktime Solutions in Belgium . The machine was developed by Belgian entrepreneurs , and field tested in Brussels , Belgium during the summer of 2012 . The machine weighs 750 pounds , and can cook French fries in beef fat or cooking oil . Breaktime Solutions adapted the machine to operate using beef fat , the development of which took a year . It requires manual servicing and cleaning after around 150 orders are prepared . Later developments included installation of a ventilation system that uses three filters to reduce odors emitting from the machine . The New York Post has referred to the Robo French fry machine as the Rolls Royce of vending machines . In August 2013 , an order of French fries from the machine was priced at USD 3 . 50 . Customers can choose an accompaniment of mayonnaise or ketchup , and can optionally add harissa , all of which are provided in single serving packets . The machine also dispenses a small fork . E Vend Technology , a Russian company , manufactures a French fry vending machine in China and Israel using technology from the United States . The machine uses frozen French fries , and prepares them in around 45 seconds using hot air , rather than cooking oil . unk , unk , based in unk Mikul , Slovakia markets a French fry vending machine . After ten years of development , in January 2015 the Hot Chips Company in Perth , Australia released a hot chips vending machine that uses rice bran oil . The company stated plans to produce and market more machines sometime in 2015 , and has developed four prototypes that were tested in Adelaide and Perth . The prototypes also supply condiments , including one named chicken salt , which is chicken flavored salt . In September 2015 at Wageningen University in the Netherlands , students and entrepreneurs presented a fully automatic , prototype vending machine that cooks frozen potato strips by deep frying them . The final product is served with mayonnaise , ketchup or curry . The process takes around two minutes from start to finish , in which the product is served in a paper cup . The potato strips are stored in a frozen state inside the machine at 18 C , and it cooks them in oil at 180 C. The unit uses a specially designed dispenser to prevent the potatoes from being crushed or broken . As of September 2015 , only the single prototype is available , which is housed at Wageningen University . Orders are placed using a touchscreen , and a fork and salt are provided separately in a box . Gallery
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1,090 | Ways and Means is the 47th The West Wing episode and 3rd of the third season . It originally aired on NBC October 24 , 2001 . The episode sees the beginnings of President Bartlet 's Congressional hearings , as well as negotiations over the estate tax . Written by Aaron Sorkin , Eli Attie and Gene Sperling , and directed by Alex Graves , the episode contains the first appearances by Mark Feuerstein as Clifford Cliff Calley . There are also guest appearances by Thom Barry , Nicholas Pryor and Miguel Sandoval . Plot The subpoenas are handed out in the hearing over Bartlet 's concealment of his multiple sclerosis . The special prosecutor , Clement Rollins ( Pryor ) , appears to be both fair and responsible , but C.J. believes the White House will be better served in the public eye if investigated by a partisan agent . She therefore decides against the strong objections of White House counsel Oliver Babish to present Rollins as an ally of the administration , thereby forcing Congress to take control over the investigation . Meanwhile Donna , unwittingly , becomes entangled in potential problems over the hearings . Ainsley Hayes sets her up on a date with the Republican House Government Oversight Committee counsel Clifford Calley , but even though the date seems to go well , Calley then leaves her quite abruptly in the middle of the street . Donna later realizes the reason his congressional committee is the one that will be in charge of the investigation , and a relationship between the two could constitute a conflict of interest . While Sam and Bruno are concerned about the loyalty of a powerful California union official ( Sandoval ) , Toby and Josh are preparing for a meeting with the congressional opposition to re negotiate the estate tax or the death tax as the Republicans have labeled it but are then surprised by a last minute cancellation . It soon becomes clear that the Republicans are planning to repeal the estate tax altogether , and might have the votes to do so . An attempt to win over the black caucus , led by Congressman Mark Richardson ( Barry ) , fails . At a loss over what to do , an initiative comes from unexpected quarters . The previously over cautious political strategist , Doug unk , suggests the president responds by doing something he has never done before veto the bill . President Bartlet himself is confronted with a forest fire in Wyoming , and decides to follow the counter intuitive advice of his experts , and let the fire burn . Meanwhile he is still struggling to deal with the death of his perennial personal secretary , Mrs. Landingham . Charlie insists that it is necessary to appoint a new person to fill the position , but the president is reluctant to take the step . As the episode ends , Bartlet is searching for a good pen , and realizes the full depth of his dependence on Mrs. Landingham . Production According to Sorkin , the episode benefited greatly from input by two former White House employees . The scene where Donna stays up all night sorting through documents in cartons was the idea of Eli Attie , Al Gore 's chief speechwriter . Meanwhile Gene Sperling , Bill Clinton 's chief economic adviser , came up with the sub plot involving the estate tax . Sorkin , however , had certain misgivings about the estate tax story 's appeal , considering the prevalent bipartisan spirit of the time , in the aftermath of the 9 11 attacks . In one scene Sam Seaborn speaks to a Latino labor leader , and as the discussion heats up he switches into Spanish . The lobbyist , Victor Campos , claims that he has been used for public relations purposes , something Sam denies . Rob Lowe , who plays Seaborn , had to learn to speak the language convincingly especially for this episode . Sorkin commented , I tend to torture Rob a little . Cultural references In one scene , C.J. says that special prosecutor Rollins was the editor of the Yale Law Review . There is no such thing as the Yale Law Review , though the journal of legal scholarship affiliated with the Yale Law School is called the Yale Law Journal .
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1,091 | King 's Highway 405 , also known as Highway 405 and the General Brock Parkway , is a 400 Series Highway in the Canadian province of Ontario connecting the Queen Elizabeth Way ( QEW ) near St. Catharines with the Lewiston Queenston Bridge in the village of Queenston . It then crosses the Niagara River , where it encounters the international border with the United States and continues into New York as Interstate 190 ( I 190 ) . Designated and under construction by 1960 , the short freeway was opened to traffic on September 11 , 1963 . Since that time , an interchange was added in 1969 and another removed in 2004 . On August 13 , 2006 , Highway 405 was dedicated the General Brock Parkway . The entire length of Highway 405 is patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police ( OPP ) . Route description Highway 405 serves to connect the northern end of I 190 in New York at the Lewiston Queenston Bridge with the QEW , and as such it follows a somewhat direct path between the two . Throughout its length , the highway gently climbs the Niagara Escarpment , reaching the top east of Stanley Avenue before crossing the Niagara Gorge . The highway is surrounded by forest to either side for most of its length , and the only settlement near it is the village of Queenston . Highway 405 begins by diverging from the QEW at St. Catharines . It continues north east for 1 . 5 kilometres ( 0 . 93 mi ) , then gently curves south easterly . The opposing lanes , initially separated by a wide gap , converge towards each other to form a 15 metre ( 49 ft ) grass median . The highway dips into a shallow gully , widens to five lanes ( three eastbound , two westbound ) , and then curves northeast to pass north of a hydroelectric reservoir . The opposing lanes converge , with an Ontario Tall Wall separating them , and pass beneath Niagara Regional Road 102 ( Stanley Avenue ) . The freeway 's lone interchange is with Stanley Avenue , and traffic continuing east must cross the Lewiston Queenston Bridge into the United States . The additional eastbound lane provided along this section is for the queueing of trucks . After passing the reservoir , the highway reaches the Canadian border plaza . It then passes over the Niagara Parkway and heads onto the Lewiston Queenston Bridge over the Niagara River . The Highway 405 designation ends at the border with the United States , where it continues as I 190 towards Buffalo , New York . As Highway 405 entirely lies within the Province of Ontario and is not subject to federal administration , its entire length is patrolled by the OPP . History Highway 405 was part of a network of divided highways envisioned by Thomas McQuesten in the mid 1930s to connect New York with Ontario . Though the Queen Elizabeth Way would cross the Niagara River by 1942 in Niagara Falls , Highway 405 and the Lewiston Queenston Bridge would form the first direct freeway link between the neighbouring countries . Planning for both was underway by 1958 , and construction began in 1960 . The bridge was built at the same time as the freeway , though it opened several months earlier on November 1 , 1962 . Highway 405 was completed in August 1963 and officially opened to the public on September 11 , 1963 . In 1969 , an interchange with Stanley Avenue was built and opened to traffic . In 2004 , the eastern end of the freeway was modified to permit the queueing of trucks at the border . This included the addition of one lane to the eastbound carriageway beginning at Stanley Avenue , as well as the gradual removal of the interchange with the Niagara Parkway the westbound on ramp from the Parkway remained open to traffic until December 4 , 2006 . The highway was named the General Brock Parkway on October 13 , 2006 in honour of the War of 1812 hero , Major General Sir Isaac Brock , who died at the Battle of Queenston Heights . Exit list The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 405 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route is located in the Regional Municipality of Niagara . All exits are unnumbered .
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1,092 | The 78th Boat Race took place on 27 March 1926 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman , Cambridge won by five lengths in a time of 19 minutes 29 seconds in the largest winning margin since 1912 . It was Cambridge 's third consecutive victory and took the overall record in the event to 40 37 in Oxford 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1925 race as Oxford became waterlogged , with Oxford leading overall with 40 victories to Cambridge 's 36 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were H. R. Baker ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1908 and 1909 races ) , G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races , and A. V. Douglas ( who took part in the 1922 and 1925 races ) . Cambridge were coached by William Dudley Ward ( who had rowed in 1897 , 1899 and 1900 races ) , Francis Escombe , David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) , and H. W. Willis . For the eighteenth and final year the umpire was Old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . He would be replaced in the following year 's race by Charles Burnell . Cambridge opted to arrive a fortnight later than usual at the Thames , and forewent their typical practice at Ely . According to former Oxford rower and author George Drinkwater , the Light Blues showed great promise only to be struck by measles , forcing a late replacement in the boat . Oxford , while not so pleasing in appearance were considered to be favourites for the race . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 10 . 5 lb ( 80 . 8 kg ) , 6 . 75 pounds ( 3 . 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Four of the Cambridge crew had taken part in the Boat Race previously , including W. F. Smith , G. H. Ambler , and cox J. A. Brown , all of whom were participating in their third consecutive event . The crew also included E. C. Hamilton Russell who had won three finals at the 1925 Henley Royal Regatta . Oxford saw three rowers return to the boat in J. D. W. Thomson , E. C. T. Edwards and C. E. Pitman . Cambridge 's Australian number six J. B. Bell was the only non British participant registered in the race . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In conditions described by Drinkwater as excellent with smooth water but only a moderate tide , Pitman started the race at 12 27 pm . Although Oxford marginally out rated their opponents , the crews were level after the first minute . As the crews passed the Mile Post , the Dark Blues held a small lead which they had extended to around half a length by Harrods Furniture Depository . Cambridge made a push and reduced the deficit to a quarter length by the time the boats passed below Hammersmith Bridge . Following a series of spurts around the outside of the bend in the river , Cambridge gained to draw level by the HMS Stork . The Dark Blues ' rhythm faltered and their number five missed a stroke as they passed Chiswick Eyot , allowing Cambridge to move away to take a clear lead . Two lengths ahead by Chiswick Steps , the Light Blues increased their stroke rate and pulled further away to win by five lengths , the largest winning margin since the 1912 race , in a time of 19 minutes and 29 seconds . It was their third consecutive victory and their seventh in eight races .
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1,093 | German submarine U 40 was a Type IXA U boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II . U 40 was built in Bremen by DeSchiMAG AG Weser as yard number 945 . She was launched in November 1938 and commissioned in February 1939 . U 40 conducted two war patrols during her career . Both of which were part of the 6th U boat Flotilla . During her short time in the war , she sank no ships . U 40 was sunk on 13 October 1939 by a mine in the English Channel . Construction U 40 was ordered by the Kriegsmarine on 29 July 1936 ( as part of Plan Z and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles ) . Her kneel was laid down on 1 July 1937 . U 40 was launched on 9 November 1938 and commissioned on 11 February 1939 under the command of Kapitnleutnant Werner von Schmidt . Design As one of the eight original German Type IX submarines , later designated IXA , U 40 had a displacement of 1 , 032 tonnes ( 1 , 016 long tons ) when at the surface and 1 , 153 tonnes ( 1 , 135 long tons ) while submerged . The U boat had a total length of 76 . 50 m ( 251 ft ) , a pressure hull length of 58 . 75 m ( 192 ft 9 in ) , a beam of 6 . 51 m ( 21 ft 4 in ) , a height of 9 . 40 m ( 30 ft 10 in ) , and a draught of 4 . 70 m ( 15 ft 5 in ) . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40 46 supercharged four stroke , nine cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4 , 400 metric horsepower ( 3 , 240 kW 4 , 340 shp ) for use while surfaced , two Siemens Schuckert 2 GU 345 34 double acting electric motors producing a total of 1 , 000 metric horsepower ( 740 kW 990 shp ) for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two 1 . 92 m ( 6 ft ) propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres ( 750 ft ) . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18 . 2 knots ( 33 . 7 km h 20 . 9 mph ) and a maximum submerged speed of 7 . 7 knots ( 14 . 3 km h 8 . 9 mph ) . When submerged , the boat could operate for 65 78 nautical miles ( 120 144 km 75 90 mi ) at 4 knots ( 7 . 4 km h 4 . 6 mph ) when surfaced , she could travel 10 , 500 nautical miles ( 19 , 400 km 12 , 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . U 40 was fitted with six 53 . 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and two at the stern ) , 22 torpedoes , one 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 13 in ) SK C 32 naval gun , 180 rounds , and a 3 . 7 cm ( 1 . 5 in ) as well as a 2 cm ( 0 . 79 in ) anti aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of forty eight . Service history After being commissioned and deployed , U 40 was stationed in the German port city of Wilhelmshaven , which to be her home for the rest of her fairly short career . Patrols U 40 left Wilhelmshaven on 19 August 1939 , before World War II began , for her first patrol . For nearly four weeks she operated off the coast of Gibraltar , before returning home on 18 September that same year . U 40 would once again leave Wilhelmshaven , this time under the command of Kapitnleutnant Wolfgang unk , on 10 October 1939 . During this patrol , she was to conduct joint operations off the coasts of Portugal and Spain . Fate On 13 October 1939 , U 40 was sunk by a British mine at 50 41 6 N 00 15 1 E. She was to operate as part of the first pack of U boats in World War II however , because she left port late , unk decided to take a shortcut to the U boat 's designated meeting point , southwest of Ireland . This shortcut was through the English Channel , which was festooned with many British naval mines . Choosing to make the voyage nearly three and a half hours after high tide , the mines were not at their lowest point . The boat struck one of these devices and sank immediately to the sea floor . Nevertheless , nine crew members were able to exit through the aft escape hatch . Using escape equipment , they were able to reach the surface one of the nine died on his journey . Once there , five more died from exposure to the harsh elements of the English Channel . Nearly ten hours after the sinking , the remaining three men were rescued and taken prisoner by HMS Boreas .
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1,094 | HMS Imogen was a I class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the mid 1930s . During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 1939 , the ship enforced the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides as part of the Mediterranean Fleet . After the start of the Second World War the ship was transferred to Home Fleet and participated in the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940 . Imogen sank two German submarines before her own sinking following an accidental collision in July 1940 . Description The I class ships were improved versions of the preceding H class . They displaced 1 , 370 long tons ( 1 , 390 t ) at standard load and 1 , 888 long tons ( 1 , 918 t ) at deep load . The ships had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 . 5 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 . 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 . 8 m ) . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by three Admiralty three drum boilers . The turbines developed a total of 34 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 , 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 . 5 knots ( 65 . 7 km h 40 . 9 mph ) . Imogen carried a maximum of 455 long tons ( 462 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 , 500 nautical miles ( 10 , 200 km 6 , 300 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The ships ' complement was 145 officers and ratings . The ships mounted four 4 . 7 inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts . For anti aircraft ( AA ) defence , they had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 . 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . The I class was fitted with two above water quintuple torpedo tube mounts for 21 inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted 16 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . Construction and career The ship was ordered on 30 October 1935 from Hawthorn Leslie at Hebburn under the 1935 Naval Programme . She was laid down on 18 January 1936 , launched on 30 December 1936 , as the seventh Royal Navy ship to carry this name , and completed on 2 June 1937 , at a contract price of 256 , 917 , excluding items supplied by Admiralty such as armaments and communications equipment . Imogen was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning and was initially based in Malta . Transferred to Gibraltar , she patrolled Spanish waters enforcing the policies of the Non Intervention Committee during 1938 . The ship was given a brief refit in Malta from 17 October 28 November 1938 and another at Sheerness Dockyard in August 1939 . Imogen returned to the Mediterranean on 3 September , but was transferred to the Western Approaches Command for convoy escort duties two days later when Italy did not enter the war . Together with the entire 3rd Destroyer Flotilla , the ship was transferred to the Home Fleet in October . Together with her sister Ilex , she sank the German submarine U 42 on 13 October after the submarine attempted to sink the freighter SS unk . Whilst escorting the merchant ship to Barry , Imogen rescued survivors from the ships Louisiane and Bretagne . She was refitted at Liverpool between 20 October and 7 November and then rejoined Home Fleet . The following month , the ship came to the aid of the torpedoed battleship Barham off the Butt of Lewis on 28 December . With her sister Inglefield and the destroyer Escort , Imogen sank U 63 after it had been spotted by the British submarine Rorqual on 25 February 1940 . During the Norwegian Campaign , the ship searched unsuccessfully for German ships , escorted ships of Home Fleet and troopships carrying Norwegian Army units from Kirkenes and Alta to unk in mid April . In mid June , she escorted the aircraft carrier Illustrious to Bermuda to work up . Off Duncansby Head during the night of 16 July , Imogen collided with the light cruiser Glasgow in thick fog whilst bound for Scapa Flow . She was badly damaged , caught fire , and sank at position 58 34 N 02 54 W. Glasgow rescued 10 officers and 125 enlisted men , but 19 men were killed in the collision .
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1,095 | The Brazilian monitor Cear was the fifth ship of the Par class river monitors built for the Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the late 1860s . Cear arrived in Paraguay in mid 1868 and provided fire support for the army for the rest of the war . The ship was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla after the war . Cear was scrapped in 1884 . Design and description The Par class monitors were designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for small , shallow draft armoured ships capable of withstanding heavy fire . The monitor configuration was chosen as a turreted design did not have the same problems engaging enemy ships and fortifications as did the central battery ironclads already in Brazilian service . The oblong gun turret sat on a circular platform that had a central pivot . It was rotated by four men via a system of gears 2 . 25 minutes were required for a full 360 rotation . A bronze ram was fitted to these ships as well . The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling . The ships measured 39 meters ( 127 ft 11 in ) long overall , with a beam of 8 . 54 meters ( 28 ft 0 in ) . They had a draft between of 1 . 51 1 . 54 meters ( 4 ft 11 in 5 ft 1 in ) and displaced 500 metric tons ( 490 long tons ) . With only 0 . 3 meters ( 1 ft 0 in ) of freeboard they had to be towed between Rio de Janeiro and their area of operations . Their crew numbered 43 officers and men . Propulsion The Par class ships had two direct acting steam engines , each driving a single 1 . 3 meter ( 4 ft 3 in ) propeller . Their engines were powered by two tubular boilers at a working pressure of 59 psi ( 407 kPa 4 kgf cm2 ) . The engines produced a total of 180 indicated horsepower ( 130 kW ) which gave the monitors a maximum speed of 8 knots ( 15 km h 9 . 2 mph ) in calm waters . The ships carried enough coal for one day 's steaming . Armament Cear had a single 120 pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loader ( RML ) in her gun turret . The gun had a maximum range of about 5 , 540 meters ( 6 , 060 yd ) . The 7 inch ( 178 mm ) shell of the 120 pounder gun weighed 151 pounds ( 68 . 5 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 16 , 660 pounds ( 7 , 556 . 8 kg ) . Most unusually the guns ' Brazilian designed iron carriage was designed to pivot vertically at the muzzle this was done to minimize the size of the gunport through which splinters and shells could enter . Armor The hull of the Par class ships was made from three layers of wood that alternated in orientation . It was 457 millimeters ( 18 . 0 in ) thick and was capped with a 102 millimeter ( 4 in ) layer of peroba hardwood . The ships had a complete wrought iron waterline belt , 0 . 91 meters ( 3 . 0 ft ) high . It had a maximum thickness of 102 millimetres amidships , decreasing to 76 millimeters ( 3 in ) and 51 millimeters ( 2 in ) at the ship 's ends . The curved deck was armored with 12 . 7 millimeters ( 0 . 5 in ) of wrought iron . The gun turret was shaped like a rectangle with rounded corners . It was built much like the hull , but the front of the turret was protected by 152 millimeters ( 6 in ) of armor , the sides by 102 millimetres and the rear by 76 millimetres . Its roof and the exposed portions of the platform it rested upon were protected by 12 . 7 millimetres of armor . The armored pilothouse was positioned ahead of the turret . Service Cear was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Crte in Rio de Janeiro on 8 December 1866 , during the Paraguayan War , which saw Argentina and Brazil allied against Paraguay . She was launched on 22 March 1868 and commissioned the following month . The monitor arrived in Paraguay in May 1868 . On 31 August she bombarded enemy positions on the Tebicuary River to provide cover for advancing troops . The ship destroyed Paraguayan defenses on the Manduvir River on 18 April 1869 . Cear , together with her sister ships Piau and Santa Catharina , broke through the Paraguayan defenses at Guaraio on 29 April and drove off the defenders . After the war she was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla and was scrapped in 1884 .
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1,096 | M 48 is an east west state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan . It connects Rudyard with Pickford and continues to the far eastern end of the UP . The highway runs for 43 . 723 miles ( 70 . 365 km ) through rural parts of Chippewa County , including along the county line with Mackinac County . Between 580 and 1 , 800 vehicles a day use the roadway daily . The highway was designated by 1919 along a route that ran much farther west in the UP . Within its first decade , M 48 was extended to end at a point north of Newberry . Since the 1960s , it has had its current configuration . A section of roadway that was previously used as part of the western end of the highway was redesignated as a section H 40 in the 1970s . Route description M 48 currently starts at an interchange with I 75 in the Rudyard area . The highway runs west from the interchange into Rudyard where it turns south , running concurrently with county road H 63 . M 48 turns eastward south of town along 22 Mile Road through fields . At Meridian Road , M 48 turns south along M 129 through the community of Pickford . South of town , M 48 M 129 runs long the Chippewa Mackinac county line and crosses the Munuscong River . M 48 turns east at 26 Mile Road into Chippewa County . The highway zig zags through rural areas in the southeast of the county . It follows Hanna and 28 Mile roads to Stalwart . In that community , M 48 runs south on Reynolds Road to a corner on the Chippewa Mackinac county line where the highway turns back east toward the Goetzville area running through the Lake Superior State Forest . After one last north south segment , M 48 terminates at a junction with M 134 west of DeTour Village near Albany Harbor . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) maintains M 48 like all other parts of the state trunkline highway system under its jurisdiction . As a part of these responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic along its roads using a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . This measurement is a calculation of the average traffic levels for a roadway segment on any average day of the year . In 2009 , MDOT figured that between 580 and 1 , 800 vehicles a day used sections of M 48 . In addition , the department has added the portion of M 48 between the northern M 129 junction and M 134 to the Lake Huron Circle Tour , a scenic drive that loops around the lake . No part of the highway has been added to the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History On July 1 , 1919 , M 48 ran from Rexton to Trout Lake and eastward on to Rudyard . The highway continued to Goetzville and ran to DeTour Village at the eastern tip of the UP . By 1927 , the western end was moved to a point north of Newberry . M 48 was extended along US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) to Garnet . From there , M 48 ran north to M 28 east of Newberry . It turned west along M 28 into Newberry and then north to Four Mile Corner . In the mid 1930s , M 28 's routing through the Newberry area was shifted . As a result of this shift , the section of M 28 M 48 in downtown was renumbered M 28A M 48 . In the early 1940s , US 2 was moved to a new routing along the Lake Michigan shoreline . In the process , the US 2 M 48 concurrency was eliminated . By the same time , M 48 was truncated when M 134 was designated east to the DeTour area . By the end of the decade , M 48 was truncated and rerouted on its western end , replacing the contemporary M 117 south of Rexton to US 2 in Epoufette . All of M 48 west of US 2 was turned over to local jurisdiction and removed from the state highway system , save a section made part of M 123 in late 1960 or early 1961 . A few years later , M 48 was extended along a former section of US 2 into Rudyard to connect to the newly opened I 75 US 2 freeway in 1963 . After October 1970 , the former M 48 west of the current highway was designated as a part of the County Designated Highway System . Major intersections
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1,097 | The Ilyushin Il 30 was a Soviet turbojet powered tactical bomber designed as a higher performance , swept wing version of the Ilyushin Il 28 in the late 1940s . Its thin wing and engine nacelles necessitated the use of tandem landing gear , the first Soviet aircraft to do so . It was apparently canceled before the prototype made its first flight , although sources disagree on this . Development The Il 30 was a follow on to the Il 28 , although design began on 21 June 1948 , before the Il 28 had flown . It was designed to meet a requirement for a jet bomber that could carry 2 , 000 kg ( 4 , 400 lb ) to a range of 3 , 500 km ( 2 , 200 mi ) with a maximum speed no less than 1 , 000 km h ( 620 mph ) . The design took that of the Il 28 as a starting point , but had thin , mid mounted swept wings with a 35 sweep angle chosen to allow the aircraft to reach its required speed . It was intended to be powered by two new Lyulka TR 3 axial flow turbojet engines with 45 . 1 kN ( 10 , 140 lbf ) thrust each in wing mounted nacelles . Both the fuselage and the nacelles were area ruled . The thin wing and the 2 anhedral necessary to cure the excessive lateral stability limited the amount of fuel that could be carried and tip tanks were required to meet the range requirement . The slim engine nacelles did not allow the main landing gear to be stowed there as was done in the Il 28 . The solution was to house them within the fuselage the first bicycle landing gear on a Soviet aircraft with small , twin wheeled , outriggers mounted underneath the nacelles to stabilize the aircraft on the ground . The aircraft had a crew of four , the pilot , a bombardier , and two gunners . The pilot , bombardier and the dorsal gunner shared one pressurized compartment that was subdivided into the cockpit and the bombardier 's position in the extensively glazed nose . The dorsal gunner was placed back to back with the pilot underneath the canopy and the tail gunner had his own separate pressurized compartment at the rear of the aircraft . Defensive armament was six 23 mm ( 0 . 91 in ) Nudelman Rikhter NR 23 cannon , two fixed forward and one pair each in the Il V 12 dorsal turret immediately behind the cockpit and the Il K6 tail turret . Maximum bomb load was 4 , 000 kg ( 8 , 800 lb ) The initial results were favorable , and a full scale mockup was formally reviewed in March 1949 . The prototype was completed by August 1949 , but an incident involving the rival swept wing Tupolev Tu 82 that broke an engine mount during a low altitude flight led to delays as additional tests were demanded to determine the strength of the wings before the first flight was made . By the following year , the Il 30 program had lost momentum as the Ilyushin OKB was ordered to concentrate its resources on facilitating the service introduction of the Il 28 . It was formally terminated by government order on 20 August 1950 , and the prototype was eventually scrapped at the beginning of the 1960s . Aviation historian Bill Gunston quotes a maiden flight date of 9 September 1949 , but Vaclav unk says 1951 . Although the Il 30 never actually flew , it was the subject of much ( misinformed ) speculation in the West . Some of the common misconceptions were that it had a ventral gun mount and that it was the first Soviet bomber to attain the speed of 1 , 000 km h ( 620 mph ) . Specifications ( estimated ) Data from OKB Ilyushin A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft General characteristics Crew 4 Length 18 m ( 59 ft 1 in ) Wingspan 16 . 5 m ( 54 ft 2 in ) Wing area 100 m2 ( 1 , 100 sq ft ) Empty weight 22 , 967 kg ( 50 , 634 lb ) Gross weight 17 , 033 kg ( 37 , 552 lb ) Powerplant 2 Lyulka TR 3 turbojet , 45 . 1 kN ( 10 , 100 lbf ) thrust each Performance Maximum speed 1 , 000 km h ( 621 mph 540 kn ) Cruising speed 850 km h ( 528 mph 459 kn ) Range 3 , 500 km ( 2 , 175 mi 1 , 890 nmi ) Service ceiling 13 , 000 m ( 42 , 651 ft ) Armament Guns 6 23 mm ( 0 . 91 in ) Nudelman Rikhter NR 23 autocannon Bombs 4 , 000 kilograms ( 8 , 800 lb )
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1,098 | Maryland Route 363 ( MD 363 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known for almost all of its length as Deal Island Road , the state highway runs 18 . 30 miles ( 29 . 45 km ) from a dead end on Deal Island east to Mansion Avenue in Princess Anne . MD 363 connects Princess Anne and U.S. Route 13 ( US 13 ) with the communities of Deal Island , Chance , and Dames Quarter on Tangier Sound in northwestern Somerset County . The state highway was constructed starting from Princess Anne around 1920 , and reached Chance in the early 1930s . It was extended to Deal Island when a modern bridge to the island was constructed in 1940 . MD 363 was extended to its present terminus on the island in the late 1950s . Route description MD 363 begins at a dead end in the community of Wenona at the southern end of Deal Island . The state highway heads north , sharply curving before crossing Middle Creek . The road runs through another series of sharp curves through marshland before straightening out and passing St. John 's Methodist Episcopal Church and the old post office building , two examples of buildings on the island preserved as part of the Deal Island Historic District . The route passes a boat ramp accessed from Ralph Abbott Road before a high level bridge carries it over Upper Thorofare , a strait between Laws Cove and Tangier Sound . On the north side of the bridge , MD 363 intersects MD unk , the northern approach to the previous bridge to Deal Island , before passing through the community of Chance , the site of Rock Creek Methodist Episcopal Church . After passing Haines Point Road , which leads to a large public boat ramp , the state highway continues northeast across the two branches of Rock Creek and through more marshland before entering Dames Quarter . MD 363 traverses Dames Quarter Creek and passes through Deal Island Wildlife Management Area . After passing through the wildlife management area , MD 363 heads east on a 5 mile ( 8 . 0 km ) straight through the hamlets of St. Stephens and Monie . The state highway bypasses the village of Oriole , which is accessed by Oriole Back Road from the west and MD 627 ( Oriole Road ) from the east . After passing to the south of unk , which features the historic home Panther 's Den and All Saints Church , MD 363 traverses the Chesapeake Forest Lands . On the east edge of the forest , the road curves northeast and then east toward Princess Anne , passing farmland , several residential subdivisions , and the Flying W Airport . Immediately after crossing the Manokin River , MD 363 reaches its intersection with US 13 ( Ocean Highway ) . The state highway continues east into the town of Princess Anne as Manokin Avenue , where it reaches its eastern terminus at Mansion Avenue , named for the Teackle Mansion one block to the south . The roadway continues east through the Princess Anne Historic District toward MD 675 ( Somerset Avenue ) in the center of the town . History MD 363 had been built from Princess Anne to the eastern end of the 5 mile ( 8 . 0 km ) straight by 1921 . The state highway reached Monie by 1923 and Dames Quarter in 1926 . MD 363 was under construction west to Chance in 1930 and completed by 1933 . The state highway 's western terminus remained at Chance until 1940 . MD 363 was extended to the other side of Upper Thorofare when a modern bridge replaced a causeway that had been in place since at least 1903 . The state highway was widened in stages from Princess Anne between 1950 and 1958 , culminating in the extension of MD 363 to Wenona in 1958 . MD 363 originally continued east from its present terminus in Princess Anne along Mansion Avenue and Prince William Street to end at MD 675 . The state highway assumed its present eastern terminus around 1985 . The present bridge across Upper Thorofare was completed in 1987 . Junction list The entire route is in Somerset County . Auxiliary route MD unk is a 0 . 06 mile ( 0 . 097 km ) spur that parallels the westbound side of MD 363 just north of the highway 's bridge over Upper Thorofare between the mainland and Deal Island .
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1,099 | Uninett Norid AS , trading as Norid , is the domain name registry for the three Norwegian country code top level domains ( ccTLD ) .no , .sj and .bv. The non profit company is based in Trondheim , where it shares offices with its parent company Uninett both companies being owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research . Norid operates under contract with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority , supervised by the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority . Uninett took over responsibility for the Norwegian domain in 1987 , and in 2003 it was spun off as a separate company . Only .no is open for registration . History The registry for .no was in 1983 given to Pl Spilling at the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration 's research institute . However , policy makers wanted the domain to be managed by a non commercial organization , and the responsibility was transferred to Uninett , a supplier of information and communications technology to Norwegian public universities , colleges and research institutions , on 17 March 1987 . At the time Uninett was administrated as a division of SINTEF , but became a limited company owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research in 1993 . Norid was established as a division within Uninett in 1996 , with the responsibility of managing the .no domain . On 21 August 1997 , Norid was given the responsibility for the newly created .sj and .bv domains . In 1998 , Uninett FAS was established as a subsidiary to manage the technical network and service infrastructure Uninett had established , including operation of the network systems for the universities and colleges . At the same time , Norid was transferred to Uninett FAS . In 1998 , two organizations were established the Domain Resolution Body , to determine domain disputes , and Norpol , a political advisory board . Domain name registrars were introduced in 1999 to handle aspects that could be provided by a third party . Uninett Norid was made a separate subsidiary of Uninett in 2003 , to secure the management of the domains within an independent organization . Organization Uninett Norid AS is a limited company wholly owned by Uninett , a subsidiary of the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research . The offices are co located with Uninett in Trondheim . Norid manages three country ccTLDs .no , .sj and .bv. The former is the main domain for Norway , and the latter two are not open for registration . The legal right to manage the domains is two fold , based both on an agreement with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) and regulations via the Telecommunication Act which is supervised by the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority . In 2009 , the company had a revenue of 23 . 1 million Norwegian krone . Norid is a member of the Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries . Policy The policy for use of the domains is regulated by the Regulation Concerning Domain Names Under Norwegian Country Code Top level Domains , also known as the Domain Regulation . This regulation also regulates .bv and .sj , and would be effective for these , should they later come unto use . Only organizations with a local presence in Norway and with registration in the Brnnysund Register Centre are allowed to register domains under .no. Each organization can register 100 directly under the .no domain , but can register further domains under geographical domains or category second level domains . Domain names must consist of 2 to 63 characters . Permitted characters are the lower case English letters a through z , digits ( 0 through 9 ) , the three Norwegian letter , and , and 20 special Sami letters . Norid also maintains a series of second level domains for geographic locations and special institutions . There is also a series of domain names that cannot be registered . The domains .bv and .sj remain reserved for potential future use . Sale of the two unused ccTLDs has not been an item to consider for policymakers , as commercialization of the domain resources is in direct contradiction to Norwegian policy .
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