Split (1)

train · 3.9k rows

id int64 0 3.9k	doc stringlengths 268 6.34k
3,800	John Mylne ( 1611 24 December 1667 ) , sometimes known as John Mylne junior , or the Younger , was a Scottish master mason and architect , who served as Master Mason to the Crown of Scotland . Born in Perth , he was the son of John Mylne , also a master mason , and Isobel Wilson . Practising as a stonemason , he also took on the role of architect , designing as well as building his projects . He was one of the last masters of Scottish Renaissance architecture , before new styles were imported by his successors . Alongside his professional career , he also served as a soldier and politician . He married three times but had no surviving children . Career Mylne learned his trade from his father , assisting him with projects including the sundial at Holyrood Palace . In 1633 Mylne was made a burgess of the royal burgh of Edinburgh , and was admitted to the Edinburgh lodge of masons , both due to his father 's position . He was first appointed to the town council in 1636 and , in the same year , was appointed master mason to the Crown , succeeding his father . His building projects were concentrated in Edinburgh , where , from 1637 , he served as principal master mason to the city . For ten years he was involved in the construction of the Tron Kirk on the High Street , which opened in 1647 . The Tron was built to house the congregation of St Giles ' , which had been raised to cathedral status , and was laid out in the new T plan form with the pulpit in the centre , to suit reformed worship . The design was informed by contemporary Dutch architecture and , in particular , by the work of Hendrick de Keyser whose Architectura Moderna showcased his church designs in the Netherlands . Mylne worked on the building with master wright John Scott who was responsible for the timber work . The building was executed in a Dutch influenced style with both gothic and classical details . The church was not fully complete before Mylne 's death and was subsequently remodelled in the 18th century . A new spire was added in the 19th century following a fire , but Mylne 's work can be seen in the body of the kirk . The carved tympanum was executed by Mylne 's brother Alexander . From 1637 to 1649 he was also engaged on the design of unk 's Hospital in Stirling , which was executed by Stirling mason James unk . Mylne also carved the statue of its founder for the facade . In 1642 , Mylne surveyed the crumbling remains of Jedburgh Abbey , for which services he was made a burgess of Jedburgh . He built the choir , steeple , and north aisle of Airth Old Church , commencing 15 July 1647 . From 1643 to 1659 , he served as master mason for the construction of Heriot 's Hospital ( now a school ) , succeeding William Aytoun . The building had been started in 1628 by William Wallace , and would not be finally completed until 1700 Mylne rebuilt one or two of the towers in 1648 . Also in 1648 , Mylne was engaged to repair the crown steeple of St. Giles ' . Projects in the 1650s included the building of fortifications in Leith , and the addition of artillery emplacements to Edinburgh 's town wall . He undertook a division of Greyfriars Kirk , to serve two congregations , and constructed a professor 's house for Edinburgh University , which was demolished in the 18th century . Following the Restoration of Charles II , Mylne was reconfirmed in his post of Royal Master Mason , and was commissioned in 1663 to survey the upper floors of Holyrood Palace . The resulting plans are the earliest surviving architectural drawings from Scotland , and are held in the Bodleian Library in Oxford . His design for the completion of the palace went unexecuted , with the work eventually being carried out by Sir William Bruce in the 1670s . In 1666 John Mylne designed and was engaged to build Panmure House , near Forfar , for the 2nd Earl of Panmure . After his death , the work was continued by Alexander Nisbet , possibly with the assistance of William Bruce . This house , demolished in 1950 , resembled Heriot 's Hospital and other Scottish 17th century buildings , rather than looking forward to the new classical styles which would be introduced by Bruce . During the Second Anglo Dutch War of 1665 1667 , Mylne designed and built fortifications at Lerwick , which were later reconstructed as Fort Charlotte . He provided a design for Linlithgow 's tolbooth in 1667 , but following his death another mason was sought , and a different design built . Another scheme was for Leslie House , carried out after his death by Robert Mylne , again with the advice of Bruce . Mylne 's architectural works are in the Scottish Renaissance tradition , which combined gothic and classical elements , together with mannerist ornament , often derived from imported pattern books . Colvin describes Mylne as the leading master of the last phase of Scottish mannerism . By the 1660s , Mylne 's work was becoming old fashioned , as the European inspired Palladian began to be imported by William Bruce . Political and military service In 1640 , Mylne joined the Scottish army which invaded northern England during the Second Bishop 's War . He was promoted in 1646 to Captain of Pioneers , and Master Gunner of Scotland . As well as serving on Edinburgh 's town council from 1636 to 1664 , Mylne played several other political roles in his life . In 1652 , he served as part of a commission sent to the English Parliament in London , to discuss a possible Treaty of Union . From 1654 to 1659 he represented Edinburgh at the Convention of Royal Burghs , and in 1662 he was elected a burgh commissioner for Edinburgh , attending Charles II 's first Scottish parliament . Death In 1667 Mylne was in discussions with the town of Perth for construction of a new market cross . However , he died at Edinburgh in December . He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard , Edinburgh , where a monument , erected by his nephew and apprentice Robert Mylne , still stands . Another memorial was erected by the Freemasons at their meeting place , St. Mary 's Chapel , although this former church was demolished in the 18th century . His portrait hangs in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery . Robert Mylne succeeded him as master mason to the crown .
3,801	Parables for Wooden Ears was the first studio album released by the Australian band Powderfinger . It was released on 18 July 1994 by Polydor Records , after recording at the Metropolis Studios in Melbourne during February 1994 . The album was received poorly and failed to chart or improve Powderfinger 's platform despite the respectable success of its predecessor , Transfusion . Critics complained about its poor imitation of Americana and grunge , as well as its overuse of complex riffs . In a 2004 interview , Powderfinger lead singer Bernard Fanning said , in reference to the album , God knows what we were on then . Three singles were released from the album , all of which failed to chart . History In a 1996 interview , Fanning described Parables for Wooden Ears as big and presumptuous , and stated that it had a pretty massive sort of sound . He said that the band somewhat regretted this , and did not intend to do so again on future releases . On Parables for Wooden Ears , Powderfinger worked with the producer Tony Cohen , whom Fanning described as having a huge reputation , and thus being expensive to work with . However , unk of the lack of an obvious single , the album sold poorly , despite the effort put into production . Parables for Wooden Ears contained references by Powderfinger to Aboriginal rights , with a song written by the drummer Jon Coghill discussing the idea that the band 's generation was the first to reach out to the concept of reconciliation . In 1998 , the guitarist Ian Haug described Internationalist as a moderation between the band 's last two albums , calling Parables for Wooden Ears a complicated beast . In a 1999 interview , Fanning said that the band were sorting out our sound on the album , and that despite it not working well they still thought it was a good record . Juice commentator Simon Wooldridge noted in 2000 that Parables for Wooden Ears contained million s of riffs , and thus the band were not able to produce a simple sound on the album . In a November 2004 interview with the Melbourne newspaper , The Age , Fanning recalled that the head of Polydor Records had described the album as awful and remarked that God knows what we were on then . He also said that in making Parables for Wooden Ears , Powderfinger went through this weird stage of trying to be something they weren 't . Fanning also told Australian Musician that the album , a spectacular failure , was a result of the band feeling forced to play like other bands that were popular in Brisbane at the time . Release and response Parables for Wooden Ears was released on 18 July 1994 on the Polydor Records label . Three singles were released from Parables for Wooden Ears Tail , released on 14 June 1994 , Grave Concern , released on 22 August 1994 , and Save Your Skin , released on 22 July 1995 . Due to the minimal promotion and reputation of the band , the album and singles failed to chart . Critics generally agreed with Powderfinger 's assessment of the album , with some describing it as a thundering rock album and noting the similarity to Americana . Fanning also noted that the album had a lot less balance than the album that followed it , Double Allergic . Other critics noted that Parables for Wooden Ears had a dark , overly complex metal sound and complained of the album 's distorted guitars , but put this down to the album being a learning experience for the band . Parables for Wooden Ears received a moderate response from reviewers . Juice reviewer John unk enjoyed the rock elements of the album , drawing comparisons to Pearl Jam , Soundgarden and Alice In Chains . He thanked producer Tony Cohen for the big sound of the album , and said that the musicians on the album not only know about power and restraint , but also play tastefully . unk stated that Fanning lays the emotion on thick and usually more than gets away with it . The review was summarised by stating that the album may have been a bit like the retro rock that the big corporations want you to buy , but that nonetheless it was a good album . Jackson G. Marx was similarly conflicted in Australian Rolling Stone , writing , They create painstaking technical ' works ' of art . This is not necessarily a compliment . Sometimes it 's a certified jerk off . Despite describing some songs as , tragically clever , and , unk monstrosities , he scored the album three stars from five , and wrote of the pleasure of repeated listens . ' Tail ' , for example , is tangled and inert and teeters precariously on the brink of disappearing up its own arsehole , but a determined listener will find its hooks more infecting with each spin . Sputnikmusic contributor James Bishop gave the album a score of 2 . 5 ( average ) , summarising his review with the statement Get Double Allergic instead . Bishop stated that the album contained too much imitation , and that the album is pretty much forgotten by even the most unk of music fans because of the poor imitation in it described as a simple case of monkey see , monkey not do very well . Bishop praised some aspects of the album , stating that unk Bloom contained a raw song writing ability and that Sink Low was a hidden gem . However , he said that the majority of songs contained Powderfinger trying too hard with their riffs , noting Bridle You and Father 's Pyramid as specific examples . Bishop also criticised the lyrics in most songs , stating that Walking Stick contained some horrendously bad lyrics . The highlight of the album for Bishop was Save Your Skin , which he called a gorgeous addition to their collection , despite calling the overall album a pretty dark and depressing experience . Track listing All music written by Bernard Fanning , John Collins , Ian Haug , Darren Middleton , Jon Coghill . Lyrics by Fanning unless otherwise noted . Walking Stick 4 06 Tail 5 27 unk Bloom 3 34 Fathers ' Pyramid 4 38 ( Fanning , Coghill ) Bridle You 3 56 Citadel 3 23 Sink Low 2 12 Grave Concern 4 46 Solution 3 50 This Syrup to Exchange 4 31 ( Fanning , Coghill ) Namaste 2 21 Blanket 3 39 Save Your Skin 3 36
3,802	Deep Throat is a fictional character on the American science fiction television series The X Files . He serves as an informant , leaking information to FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder to aid Mulder 's investigation of paranormal cases , dubbed X Files . Introduced in the series ' second episode , also named Deep Throat , the character was killed off during the first season finale The Erlenmeyer Flask however , he later made several appearances in flashbacks and visions . The character of Deep Throat was portrayed by Jerry Hardin in all his appearances . After the character was killed , Steven Williams was introduced in the second season episode The Host to portray his successor , X. The creation of Deep Throat was inspired by the historical Deep Throat , Mark Felt , who leaked information on the Watergate scandal , and by Donald Sutherland 's character X in the film JFK . Conceptual history Series creator Chris Carter has stated that the character of Deep Throat was of course inspired by the historical Deep Throat . The real Deep Throat was an informant leaking information on the FBI 's investigation of the Watergate scandal to journalists Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward . After the conclusion of The X Files , this Deep Throat was later revealed to be FBI Associate Director Mark Felt . Also cited as an influence on the fictional Deep Throat was X , the character portrayed by Donald Sutherland in the 1991 Oliver Stone film JFK . In the film , Sutherland 's X reveals information about the possibility that the assassination of John F. Kennedy was orchestrated by elements within the American government . Carter felt he needed to create a character who would bridge the gap between FBI agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and the shadowy conspirators who were working against them he conceived of a character who works in some level of government that we have no idea exists . Carter was drawn to actor Jerry Hardin after seeing him in 1993 's The Firm . Hardin believed his initial appearance would be a one time role , although he soon found himself regularly commuting to the series ' Vancouver filming location on short notice . Producer Howard Gordon has spoken of the elusiveness of the character 's allegiances , stating that during production , it was often left ambiguous whether he was ally or foe . After filming the character 's death in the first season finale , The Erlenmeyer Flask , Hardin was toasted with champagne , and told by Carter that no one ever really dies on X Files . As such , Hardin made several more appearances as Deep Throat after this seen in visions in the third season 's The Blessing Way and the seventh season 's The Sixth Extinction II Amor Fati , in flashbacks in the fourth season 's Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man , and as one of the guises assumed by a shapeshifting alien in the third season 's finale , Talitha Cumi . Character arc During the first season of The X Files , Deep Throat provided Mulder and Scully with information they would have been otherwise unable to obtain . As a member of the then unseen Syndicate , he was in a position to know a great deal of information . Deep Throat felt that the truth the Syndicate kept secret from the public needed to be known , and believed Mulder to be the one person capable of exposing this knowledge . However , during the disappearance of Max Fenig , Deep Throat provided Mulder with false information in order to divert him , later explaining that he believed the public was just not ready to know some truths . During the Vietnam War , Deep Throat worked for the Central Intelligence Agency . When a UFO was shot down over Hanoi by US Marines , the surviving extraterrestrial was brought to Deep Throat , who executed it . He later claimed that his assisting Mulder was his way of atoning for his actions . He also stated that he was a participant in some of the most insidious lies and witness to deeds that no crazed man could imagine . In the first season finale of The X Files , The Erlenmeyer Flask , Mulder was taken hostage by a group of Men in Black operatives , following his investigation into an alien human hybrid program . Fearing for Mulder 's life , Deep Throat helped Scully gain access to a high containment facility , where she managed to secretly remove a cryogenically preserved alien fetus for use as collateral in saving Mulder . In the subsequent meeting between the operatives and Deep Throat , he was gunned down by an assassin , the Crew Cut Man . Deep Throat was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery . The character later appeared in dreams and visions experienced by Mulder during his recuperation on a Navajo reservation , and again years later while being experimented on by The Smoking Man . Reception The character of Deep Throat has been well received by critics and fans . Entertainment Weekly described Hardin 's performance as world weary and unk , and listed his appearance in the character 's eponymous dbut episode as the 37th greatest television moment of the 1990s . However , they felt at times that his presence in episodes such as Ghost in the Machine seemed gratuitous . Reviewing the character 's dbut episode , the San Jose Mercury News called Deep Throat the most interesting new character on television . Chris Carter has stated that Hardin 's performance gave the series an element of believability that it needed and felt that the episode E.B.E. was a great opportunity to expand the character 's role . Writing for the A.V. Club , Zack Handlen called Deep Throat 's death a shocking moment , even when you know it 's coming , praising the desperation evident in Hardin 's performance , although lamenting the curse of continuity that led to the character being quickly replaced with Steven Williams ' X. Ben Rawson Jones , writing for Digital Spy , felt that Deep Throat 's tenure on The X Files was arguably the show 's peak , and praised Hardin 's acting in the role . Brian Lowry , in his book The Truth Is Out There , has noted that the character helped establish a tone and undercurrent of gravity on The X Files that was to provide the spine of the series .
3,803	Iris C. Cummings ( born December 21 , 1920 ) , also known by her married name Iris Critchell , is an American aviator and former competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , Germany . After an active athletic career in swimming , which included a reign as U.S. national 200 meter breaststroke champion from 1936 to 1939 , she was accepted into the University of Southern California 's first Civilian Pilot Training Program in 1939 . After graduation , she worked as a flight instructor prior to being selected to serve her country during World War II as a member of the Women Airforce Service Pilots ( unk ) . Following the conflict , she returned to California , where she developed and taught a curriculum on civilian flight for veterans returning from the war at the University of Southern California . After racing airplanes competitively during the 1950s , Cummings and her husband , Howard Critchell , helped found the Bates Aeronautics program at Harvey Mudd College in 1962 . They ran it together until he retired in 1979 , at which point Iris continued alone until the program 's end in 1990 . A long time certified FAA Pilot Examiner , she is the recipient of several international aviation awards and is a member of the National Flight Instructors Hall of Fame . In her later years , she has remained active as a lecturer , consultant , and curator of the Aeronautical Library Special Collections at Harvey Mudd . Early life and athletic career Cummings was born in Los Angeles in 1920 and attended Redondo Union High School . Her father possessed a Doctor of Medicine from Tufts University School of Medicine and also worked as an athletics coach at the start of the 20th century at Columbia University and as the athletic director at Swarthmore College from 1902 through 1908 . Her mother was a Greek and Latin teacher . Iris attended the 1932 Summer Olympics as a spectator and began competing in swimming the following year , winning numerous local and regional tournaments . When it was too cold to swim , she remained athletically active through cycling . She was not a member of any club during her first year of competition , but nonetheless placed first in several meets in addition to her participation at the 1933 Southern Pacific Amateur Athletic Union and Pacific Coast championships . Cummings joined the Los Angeles Athletic Club ( unk ) in 1934 and received her first financial support in 1935 , helping her attend that year 's Far Western Championships . She captured the American national 200 meter breaststroke championship in 1936 , which led to her participation in that year 's Olympic trials and her selection as a member of the United States delegation to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . She was required , however , to raise her own funds for travel to the Games and spent much of her time leading up to the tournament collecting money rather than training . In the women 's 200 meter breaststroke , she placed fourth in her heat in the opening round and was eliminated . Despite this , she remained as national champion in the event through 1939 , although she left the unk in 1937 . She placed second at the 1939 National Championships and retired from active competition shortly after , deciding that the 1940 Summer Olympics were unlikely to occur . In 1941 , she earned a degree in physical sciences and math from the University of Southern California . World War II Cummings was among the first people accepted into USC 's Civil Pilot Training Program in 1939 . She completed an advanced aerobatics course and earned her pilot 's license in 1940 and , by her 1941 graduation , had acquired enough training to begin work as an instructor . Having been recruited by Jacqueline Cochran , Cummings joined the Women 's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron in 1942 , which soon became the Women Airforce Service Pilots ( WASP ) . After graduating from training in Houston in May 1943 , she served in World War II until the organization 's deactivation in December 1944 . During this time , she was a member of the 6th Ferrying Group out of Long Beach , California , eventually reaching the rank of First Lieutenant , and flew 18 different types of military aircraft . In the same month as her unit 's deactivation , she married fellow military pilot Howard Critchell , whom she had a met at a base that was used as a ferry stop for the WASP . Later life Following the war , Cummings was called back to USC to develop and teach a curriculum on civilian aviation for returning veterans . She spent much of the 1950s as a housewife , raising her children , but remained active as a part time flight instructor , as well as helping develop curricula for Federal Aviation Administration institutions . She also raced airplanes competitively during this period and won the 1957 Powder Puff Derby , capturing the first prize pot of 800 ( approximately unk in present day terms ) . In 1962 , she joined Harvey Mudd College and , in association with the Bates Foundation , founded the school 's Bates Aeronautics Program . She ran the program with her husband until he retired in 1979 , and continued alone until the program ended with her 1990 retirement . She continued teaching classes on aeronautics , however , until 1996 . Her students include astronauts George Nelson and Stanley G. Love . She also served as an FAA Pilot Examiner for over two decades and was named the organization 's Flight Instructor of the Year for the Ontario district in 1972 . Cummings was inducted into the National Flight Instructors Hall of Fame in 2000 . She was awarded the Federal Aviation Administration 's Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award in 2006 for her dedication to airplane safety and the Nile Gold Medal of the Fdration Aronautique Internationale in 2007 for her lifetime of dedication to aviation . Since her official retirement , she has remained active on several faculty projects at Harvey Mudd College , in addition to working as a lecturer , consultant , and curator of the Aeronautical Library Special Collections at the university 's Sprague Library . She has been a member of the Ninety Nines , an organization dedicated to the support of women pilots , since 1952 .
3,804	Tropical Storm Beryl was an unusual Atlantic tropical cyclone that formed over southeastern Louisiana in August 1988 . The second tropical storm of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season , Beryl developed from a slow moving trough of low pressure on August 8 . It tracked southeastward into the coastal waters of eastern Louisiana , and Beryl reached peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) while located about 75 miles ( 120 km ) southeast of New Orleans . The storm turned to the northwest over Louisiana and Texas , and slowly dissipated . The remnants of Beryl continued northward into the central United States , dropping some rainfall and providing relief to a severe heat wave . Due to its slow motion , Beryl dropped heavy amounts of rainfall , peaking at 16 . 09 inches ( 408 mm ) on Dauphin Island in Alabama . The rainfall caused some reports of flooding , while prolonged durations of rough waves resulted in severe beach erosion . The waves capsized a boat in Mobile Bay , killing one of its passengers . Overall damage was minor , totaling about 3 million ( 1988 USD , 5 . 46 million 2009 USD ) . Meteorological history A weak surface trough of low pressure emerged into the northeast Gulf of Mexico on August 1 . Under weak steering currents , the trough drifted westward , and slowly became better defined with the formation of a circulation in the mid through upper levels of the atmosphere . An upper level low developed over Texas , providing unfavorable amounts of vertical wind shear . A surface circulation was first evident on satellite imagery on August 4 just off the coast of Mississippi , and for several days it remained nearly stationary over the Mississippi Sound . As the upper level low over Texas drifted southwestward , an anticyclone developed over the system , with the circulation becoming better defined and more vertically aligned . On August 7 , the system drifted into southeastern Louisiana . It continued to become better organized , and on August 8 it developed into Tropical Depression Three while located near the northern coast of Lake Pontchartrain . This is unusual in that tropical cyclones rarely form over land . Upon becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression drifted southeastward , and within hours of its formation it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico . Based on ship reports and observations from oil rigs , it is estimated the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Beryl at 1000 UTC on August 8 while located just offshore coastal Louisiana . Conditions remained favorable for further intensification , with the circulation located over warm waters and maintaining well defined outflow early on August 9 Beryl attained its peak intensity of 50 mph while located about 75 miles ( 120 km ) southeast of New Orleans . Shortly thereafter , a trough from the northwest dissipated the anticyclone and resulted in a steady northwest motion very near where the cyclone originally moved offshore . Beryl maintained tropical storm status for about 18 hours before weakening to a tropical depression over central Louisiana . It turned to the northwest , and the surface circulation dissipated on August 10 while located a short distance south of Shreveport , Louisiana . The surface low pressure area crossed into north Texas before dissipating early on August 12 , while its upper level circulation turned northward into Oklahoma before being merged by an approaching trough . Preparations Upon becoming a tropical storm , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm warning from the mouth of the Mississippi River to Pensacola , Florida . Six hours later , the warning was extended westward to Morgan City , Louisiana . The threat of Beryl prompted some voluntary evacuations in St. Bernard Parish in Louisiana , and also forced the evacuations of thousands from offshore oil rigs . Officials advised small craft to remain at port from Port O 'Connor , Texas to Pensacola , Florida . Impact Rainfall from the storm reached over 7 inches ( 175 mm ) a short distance east of Pensacola , Florida , though impact in the state was minor . Wind gusts peaked at 38 mph ( 61 km h ) in Pensacola . In Alabama , Beryl produced sustained winds of 38 mph ( 61 km h ) , with gusts to 54 mph ( 86 km h ) , as well as above normal tides . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in coastal portions of Alabama , peaking at 16 . 09 inches ( 408 mm ) on Dauphin Island . Rough waves overturned a shrimp boat in Mobile Bay . A 15 year old boy on the boat drowned , the only direct fatality from the storm . The boy 's father , also on the boat , spent 24 hours in the water before being rescued by the United States Coast Guard . The waves caused severe beach erosion along the coastline , with Dauphin Island losing 60 to 70 feet ( 18 to 21 m ) of beach . In Mississippi , coastal areas reported heavy amounts of precipitation , reaching over 10 inches ( 250 mm ) in Jackson County . Sustained winds reached 47 mph ( 76 km h ) at Gulfport , the strongest wind on a land station . Similar to Alabama , strong waves caused considerable beach erosion along portions of the coastline . Beryl dropped rainfall across much of Louisiana , peaking at over 10 inches ( 250 mm ) near Morgan City . The rainfall caused significant river flooding along the Biloxi River . Wind gusts were fairly light across the state , reaching 40 mph ( 65 km h ) in New Orleans . The winds caused light tree damage , which resulted in some power outages . A storm surge of about 5 feet ( 1 . 5 m ) caused some coastal flooding . The remnants of Beryl produced locally heavy precipitation peaking at about 12 inches ( 300 mm ) in east central Texas , resulting in some reports of flash flooding . The rainfall flooded some roads and also causes severe river flooding on the Angelina River . Remnant moisture dropped about 5 inches ( 125 mm ) of rain in southeast Oklahoma and 3 inches ( 75 mm ) in southwestern Arkansas . Further inland , the remnants of Beryl cooled temperatures and provided relief to the severe heat wave in the central United States . Throughout its path , Beryl caused about 3 million in damage ( 1988 USD , 5 . 46 million 2009 USD ) , primarily along the immediate coastline from erosion or flood damage .
3,805	Adam Air Flight 172 refers to an accident suffered by a Boeing 737 300 , when it landed in Surabaya at the end of a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Ngurah Rai Airport to Juanda Airport . On 21 February 2007 , the plane bent on landing , with the fuselage cracking in the middle of the passenger section . All six of Adam Air 's remaining 737s were immediately grounded , and five of them were back in regular service later that year . This incident caused further concerns regarding the safety of flights operated by Adam Air , which had received much criticism after the 1 January 2007 crash of Flight 574 . Aircraft The aircraft , a Boeing 737 33A , registration PK unk , was acquired by Adam Air in January 2007 , having previously been operated by Brazilian operator unk . The aircraft was manufactured in 1994 . Accident The plane bent upon landing at Juanda International Airport , with the fuselage breaking in the middle of the passenger section . The landing was particularly hard , with baggage being ejected from cabin lockers into the cabin space . The tail section of the plane was bent down compared to the rest of the plane . Subsequent flights to the airport were diverted to alternate airports . Adam Air 's fleet of Boeing 737 300s were grounded for safety inspections in the interim . Immediately after the accident , Adam Air repainted the aircraft , covering the original orange livery with a plain white exterior . This is legally permissible , so long as no evidence is destroyed . Also in the immediate aftermath , a large number of passengers cancelled their flights with Adam Air , saying they had lost faith in the airline . They were all refunded in full . Grounding of Adam Air 's 737s As a result of the incident , all six remaining Adam Air 737s were immediately grounded awaiting safety checks . Vice President of Indonesia , Jusuf Kalla , said that all Boeing 737 300s should be checked . He eventually decided the entire Indonesian fleet of 737s should be checked , but did not ground any more aircraft . There were also suggestions that Adam Air should be suspended from all operations until the entire fleet could be checked , with MP Abdul Hakim saying It will be good for the company and the government ... until the flight authorities can determine if Adam Air is still worthy as national aircraft company . The Indonesian Transport Ministry said that if the aircraft showed signs of problems , the checks would be expanded to cover all 737s operating in Indonesia . On 5 March , it was reported that five of the six aircraft had returned to normal operations , but the sixth was still undergoing a full maintenance overhaul at maintenance , repair and overhaul firm , unk unk facility . Adam Air had resumed its normal schedule by 9 March 2007 . Investigation The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Committee ( unk ) . Investigators compiled data from the Indonesian weather agency and from the air traffic control center in Surabaya in an attempt to determine the cause . Officials state the aircraft did pass safety checks prior to its departure . Boeing announced that they would also provide technical assistance to both the authorities and the airline during the course of the investigation . The final report from the NTSC stated that the probable cause of the accident was an excessive sink rate upon touchdown , following an unk approach . In the report , the unk noted that the approach was unstable below 200 feet ( 61 m ) , with a vertical speed occasionally greater than 2500 fpm . The vertical acceleration on landing was measured at 5 g . Additionally , the aircraft initially touched down with the right main gear approximately 4 metres ( 13 ft ) outside of the runway edge . The investigation further revealed that there was no technical malfunction on the aircraft prior to touchdown . The flight crew was criticised for not maintaining a sterile cockpit during the landing , with excessive non flight related discussion going on throughout the flight . Unusually for an aircraft accident investigation , the investigative committee was not provided information as to the identities of the flight crew of the aircraft . Maintenance concerns The safety record of Adam Air was heavily criticised , especially in the aftermath of Flight 574 . Pilots reported repeated and deliberate breaches of international safety regulations , with aircraft being flown in non airworthy states for months at a time . They claimed that there had been such incidents as requests to sign documents to allow an aircraft to fly while not having the authority to and while knowing the plane to be not airworthy , flying a plane for several months with a damaged door handle , swapping parts between aircraft to avoid mandatory replacement deadlines , being ordered to fly aircraft after exceeding the take off limit of five times per pilot per day , flying an aircraft with a damaged window , using spare parts from other aircraft to keep planes in the air , and the ignoring of pilots ' requests not to take off due to unsafe aircraft . The Associated Press quoted one pilot as saying that Every time you flew , you had to fight with the ground staff and the management about all the regulations you had to violate . They also claim that if pilots confronted their seniors in the airline , they were grounded or docked pay . Aftermath The Indonesian government announced plans immediately after the accident to ban jets over ten years of age for any commercial purpose . The age limit had been 35 years or 70 , 000 landings . Indonesia also announced plans to reshuffle the Transportation Ministry in response to this incident , Flight 574 and the loss of the ferries MV unk Nusantara and MV unk 1 . Among those to be replaced were the directors of air and sea transports and the chairman of the National Committee for Transportation Safety . Indonesia also intended to introduce a new system of ranking airlines according to their safety record , with a level one ranking meaning the airline has no serious issues , a level two ranking meaning the airline must fix problems , and a level three rating forcing the airline to be shut down .
3,806	The Greenville Bridge is a cable stayed bridge over the Mississippi River carrying US 82 and US 278 between Refuge , Mississippi and unk , Arkansas . When it opened in 2010 , it was the fourth longest cable stayed bridge in North America . The Benjamin G. Humphreys Bridge , the first bridge to connect the two towns , had become functionally obsolete . Its narrow road had only two lanes with no shoulders . Because of its location near a sharp bend in the Mississippi River , the bridge had become a hazard to river traffic barges and towboats frequently collided with it . In 1994 , a study concluded that a new bridge was needed and the old one should be torn down . Construction was begun in 2001 and the new bridge opened in 2010 . In 2011 , the process of removing the old bridge began . Description Opened in 2010 , the Greenville Bridge carries US 82 278 over the Mississippi River between Refuge , Mississippi and unk , Arkansas . It is located 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 80 km ) down river from the original bridge , built in 1940 . Designed by HNTB , it is a four lane cable stayed bridge with more than 2 . 5 miles ( 4 . 0 km ) of bridge deck straddled by two concrete towers 425 feet ( 130 m ) feet high and anchored by concrete piers planted 120 feet ( 37 m ) below the riverbed . It has four fans of strand steel cable connected to the top of the towers which support the deck . Each of the bridge 's four lanes is 12 feet ( 4 m ) wide . The outside shoulders are 12 feet ( 4 m ) feet wide and the inside shoulder width is 8 feet ( 2 m ) . The bridge has a main span of 1 , 378 feet ( 420 m ) . At the time of its opening , it was the fourth longest cable stayed bridge in North America . Both the old and new bridges are geographically mostly in Arkansas , as the state lines were determined prior to the shift west of the Mississippi River . History The first Greenville Bridge was built by the company now known as HNTB and opened to much fanfare in 1940 as the pathway to progress for the Mississippi Delta . It was a through truss design and had a span of 840 feet ( 260 m ) . Until 1943 , this was the longest bridge for vehicles on the Mississippi River . Over time , the bridge supported increasing volumes of highway traffic and vehicles hitting the bridge . In the 1950s , an Air Force plane crashed into the bridge . Though the bridge remained structurally sound , it was becoming functionally obsolete . It had only two narrow highway lanes and no shoulders . An accident or the crossing of very large vehicles such as a large combine could force the bridge to close . With river traffic increasing , damage from barge collisions increased . By 1972 , the Greenville Bridge was hit more times by barges than any other bridge on the Mississippi . The bridge was located close to a sharp bend in the Mississippi towboats and barges had difficulty making the sharp turn and regaining their course in time to avoid a collision with the bridge . Over the years , many have not been able to make the turn quickly and have hit it . The bridge had become a danger to river traffic . A 1994 engineering study by the Mississippi Department of Transportation explored alternatives to upgrading the crossing of US 82 and issued a report that explored a four lane crossing at Greenville . It concluded the best of several alternatives it identified was to build a new bridge 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 80 km ) downriver from the old one , and to remove the old bridge . Additional studies evaluated the type of bridge to build , and by 1995 the cable stayed bridge was chosen as the best design to fit the river and soil conditions , as well as providing sufficient clearance for river navigation . Engineering plans were completed in 1999 . Construction HNTB , of Kansas City , Missouri , was the designer and consulting engineer for both the new bridge as well as the original Benjamin G. Humphreys Bridge . The federal government provided 110 million to begin building the main part of the bridge consisting long spans supported by cables . The main superstructure construction began in December 2001 . Massman Construction Company in a joint venture with Traylor Brothers , Inc. received the contract to construct two large piers in the river these were built using both floating caissons and open caisson construction . The construction on the last main span section of the bridge was finished in April 2006 . Building the approaches , including shorter spans of approach bridge work and structural support systems for the bridge , was the responsibility of each state . For both states , the approach bridges are constructed of a series of three span units , each unit 120 feet ( 37 m ) long . Construction of Arkansas ' 2 . 5 miles ( 4 km ) mile approach of highway and bridge , costing 66 million , began in March 2006 Mississippi began its 1 . 8 miles ( 2 . 9 km ) approach in April , 2006 , costing almost 86 million . Hill Brothers Construction and Jensen Construction , in a joint venture with the Rasmussen Group , were awarded the contract for the eastern approach of US 82 in Greenville to the Mississippi River crossing . Hills Brothers Construction was awarded a 85 . 9 million contract to work on the road deck of the Mississippi approach to the bridge , the concrete footings , and the substructure and superstructure of that portion . Austin Bridge and Road was awarded a 65 million contract to build Arkansas 's 4 , 657 feet ( 1 , 419 m ) of approach bridge and 3 , 225 feet ( 983 m ) of connecting roadway which was completed in August 2009 . The remaining contract , to apply a latex surface to the bridge , add stripes , tie US 82 into the approaches , and dismantle the Humphreys Bridge , was awarded in January 2010 . It took sixteen years from the initial developing stage begun in 1994 , until the Greenville Bridge opened to traffic on August 4 , 2010 . The entire cost of the bridge totaled 336 million . In 2011 , the massive process of removing the old bridge by cutting into small sections to be recycled was begun , and is expected to be completed by September 2012 . At times , the river has been closed to traffic to aid the demolition . The job is dangerous and at least two workers have died .
3,807	The effects of Hurricane Floyd in New York included two deaths and millions of dollars in damage . Hurricane Floyd , once a large and powerful Category 4 hurricane , made landfall in North Carolina and moved northward along the East Coast , making landfall on Long Island as a tropical storm . The threat of the hurricane prompted schools in New York City to close for the first time since 1996 , and 20 shelters were opened . Floyd produced flooding rainfall and gusty winds throughout the state , from the southern Hudson Valley to the Lake Champlain area . The flood waters damaged multiple roads and forced residents to evacuate from certain locations . Strong winds left as many as 100 , 000 people without power and brought down a high number of trees due to the saturated ground . In the aftermath of the storm , 15 counties in eastern New York were declared eligible for state or federal assistance . Background and preparations Floyd 's origins are traced back to a westward moving tropical wave that developed into a tropical depression on September 7 , 1999 , while centered 1 , 000 mi ( 1 , 600 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . The system moved west northwestward , and intensified into a tropical storm on September 8 . Continuing to intensify , Floyd attained hurricane strength on September 10 . The hurricane ultimately peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale as it struck the Bahamas . The storm turned northwestward and soon northward , brushing the coast of Florida and the southeast United States . On September 16 , Floyd made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane in North Carolina , and moved northeastward along the Eastern Seaboard . It passed through the Mid Atlantic States as it deteriorated into a tropical storm , and lost its tropical identity over southern Maine . In advance of the storm , starting on September 15 , tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued for much of the Eastern Seaboard , including portions of New York . These warnings were discontinued by September 19 . New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani urged private businesses to close early and ordered non emergency city workers to return home between 12 pm and 3 pm on September 17 . For the first time since 1996 , in an almost unprecedented decision , schools in the city were closed due to the hurricane 's threat . On September 16 , 20 shelters were opened , able to accommodate as many as 70 , 000 people . Lawrence Reuter , president of New York City Transit , reported that in an effort to prevent flooding , storm drains were cleared and other precautions were taken . People were urged to remove loose objects that could be blown around by high winds . By September 16 , city officials had distributed 50 , 000 brochures on preparing for the storm . Suffolk County Executive Robert J. Gaffney advised residents of Fire Island to evacuate before the storm made leaving by ferry impossible , and in Long Beach , officials readied emergency vehicles . Also , 4 , 000 sandbags were given out there in anticipation of high storm tides . Impact Tropical Storm Floyd made landfall on western Long Island as it moved northward . The heaviest rainfall associated with the storm was concentrated in the southeastern section of the state . Several meteorological elements worked to enhance the moisture from the cyclone . Rainfall totals exceeding 6 in ( 150 mm ) were common , with as much as 12 in ( 300 mm ) reported locally in the Catskills . At Cairo , 12 . 21 in ( 310 mm ) of rain fell . The precipitation , combined with that of Hurricane Dennis earlier in the month , helped to alleviate persistent drought conditions . Floyd also produced gusty winds , reaching 54 mph ( 87 km h ) at Stewart International Airport , worsened by a pressure gradient between the storm and an area of high pressure over the Ohio Valley . Floyd 's rainfall resulted in deadly and extensive flooding that killed two people in New York . Heavy flooding was reported along numerous creeks , including the Esopus , Catskill , and Schoharie . In the Albany area , the unk rose to extremely high levels , and the resultant flood waters damaged nearby buildings . The unk Creek in Selkirk overflowed and forced 20 families to leave their homes . The main rivers typically remained within their banks . Many roads , including U.S. Route 20 in Guilderland , were flooded or washed out , and seven families had to be evacuated along NY 32 in Menands . Further south , the Saw Mill and Bronx rivers both overflowed , and caused urban flooding . A dam on a mill pond broke near Lake Placid , leading to flooding along the Chubb River . The strong winds , combined with saturated ground from the rainfall , brought down trees in widespread areas of the Hudson Valley and Capital District . Many of the trees would not have otherwise fallen in drier conditions . Some of the downed trees fell on structures . In a narrow swath in the Wolf Pond Valley of Warren County , where wind gusts are estimated to have reached 80 mph ( 130 km h ) , hundreds of trees were blown down . At the storm 's worst , power outages affected over 100 , 000 people region wide , and some individuals remained without power for a week . At the Albany International Airport , the storm forced the cancellation of flights , and throughout the region schools were closed . Several boats sustained damage along the shore of Lake Champlain . Throughout Orange , Putnam , Rockland , and Westchester counties , initial cost estimates were 14 . 6 million , although that figure represents only a portion of the actual monetary damage . The storm also caused about 2 million in property damage in Essex County . Aftermath Following the storm , three New York counties were declared eligible for individual assistance , eight for individual and public assistance , and four for public assistance . The initial deadline to apply for state or federal assistance was set for November 17 , although it was extended a month due to a steady flow of applications . Three disaster recovery centers were opened to provide information to residents affected by the storm . The three centers , located in Rockland , Putnam , and Westchester counties , closed in late October .
3,808	St Eleth 's Church , Amlwch is a parish church built in the Neo classical style in 1800 in Amlwch , a town on the island of Anglesey in north Wales . It stands on the site of earlier buildings , with the first church here said to have been established by St unk ( or Eleth ) in the 6th century . Increasing prosperity in the town through copper mining during the 18th century led to the construction of a new church to serve the growing population . The church is still used for services within the Church in Wales , and is one of four churches in the parish of Amlwch . It is a Grade II listed building , a designation given to particularly important buildings of more than special interest , because it is a substantially Neo classical church retaining much of its original architectural character . History and location The first church in the area was reputedly established in the 6th century by unk , or Eleth . He was a ruler from northern Britain who fled to Anglesey in north Wales when ousted from power , settling at St Seiriol 's monastery at Penmon . Amlwch grew and became increasingly prosperous during the 18th century after copper mining began at nearby Parys Mountain in 1768 . As a result , the church became too small . Planning for a replacement church began in 1787 when Thomas Williams , the Copper King , offered 600 ( approximately 68 , 800 in present day terms ) . The Copper Mines Company provided the majority of the money required for the new church Henry Paget , 1st Earl of Uxbridge , and the Reverend Edward Hughes ( a co owner of the mines ) also made donations . Work eventually got underway and the church , designed by the architect James Wyatt , was built and consecrated in 1800 . Different figures for the cost of construction are given by two 19th century writers in 1833 , Angharad Llwyd said that the cost was 4 , 000 ( approximately 291 , 300 in present day terms ) but in 1849 , Samuel Lewis stated it to have been 2 , 500 ( approximately 182 , 000 in present day terms ) . The new church was constructed on the same site as earlier buildings , set back from the road on the east side of Queen Street in the town centre . Some internal alterations were made in 1867 under Henry Kennedy , the architect of the Diocese of Bangor tracery was added to the windows , a chancel arch and arcades inserted , and the galleries removed . Restoration took place in 1999 and 2000 under the architect Adam unk , when a gallery at the west end , a baptistry and meeting rooms were added . The church is still used for services as part of the Church in Wales . It is in the parish of Amlwch , which has three other churches in the surrounding area ( St Eilian , Llaneilian St Gwenllwyfo , Llanwenllwyfo and St Tyfrydog , Llandyfrydog ) . As of 2012 , the priest in charge is H. V. Jones . The parish is in the deanery of Twrcelyn , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . Architecture and fittings The predominant style of the church is Neo classical , although there are some Gothic elements . It is built from local stone , with courses of rubble and ashlar dressings the roof is made of slate . There is a tower at the centre of the west end , which houses a clock and a bell chamber behind large arched windows it has a parapet with pinnacles at each corner . There are two bells , one dated 1687 and the other dated 1820 . The arched doorway is set into the tower , with a circular window ( an oculus ) above it the tracery in this window was added in the 19th century . Inside , the division of the nave from the narrow chancel was carried out in the 19th century through the addition of a chancel arch and creation of a chapel at the east end . Arcades were also added in the nave , to form aisles to either side . The inside of the roof is plastered . The east window contains 19th century stained glass . There are memorial stones , mostly from the previous church on the site . The organ is 19th century by Bevington and is housed in a gallery at the west end that was added in the restoration in 1999 and 2000 . The font dates from 1900 . Outside the church , the large lychgate at the west of the churchyard dates from the early 19th century . Inside the churchyard , the gravestones have been moved to the side , possibly for ease of maintenance . Assessment The church is a Grade II listed building the second highest of the three grades of listing , designating particularly important buildings of more than special interest . It was given this status on 25 October 1951 , and has been listed because it is a substantially Neo classical church retaining much of its original architectural character . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales ) notes that the lightness of its Victorian restoration left the original fabric and much of the detail intact , and traces changing attitudes to church layout and style without obliterating the character of the original . It also states that the church is historically important for its links with copper mining . The lychgate has also been given listed building status at the lowest level , Grade II ( for buildings of national importance and special interest ) , because it is a good early example of a 19th century lychgate of characteristic local type and because it forms a group with the adjacent church . The 19th century Welsh antiquarian Angharad Llwyd described the church as a spacious handsome structure , and Samuel Lewis ( a writer of topographical guides in the 19th century ) described the church in very similar words as a spacious and handsome structure he particularly noted the lofty square embattled tower crowned with pinnacles . A 2009 guide to the buildings of north Wales describes the 19th century alterations by Kennedy as egregious , but says that the interior possesses considerable grace , with the columns of the arcades being touched by a breath of classicism . A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey describes it as a good example of a tastefully restored church , and a spacious , high sided building with an impressive tower . It also comments that its shape is not typical of churches on the island .
3,809	Barry Christopher Cogan ( born 4 November 1984 ) is an Irish semi professional footballer who plays as a midfielder . He is currently a free agent having spent one season at Dartford . He started his career with Belvedere before moving to Millwall , for whom he played as a substitute in the 2004 FA Cup Final , and making 24 appearances for in the Football League . In August 2006 , Cogan signed for Barnet playing one season playing 39 appearances and scoring three goals in League Two , before being signed by Ronnie Jepson for Gillingham in June 2007 . He was loaned to Grays Athletic in March 2008 , scoring five goals in 13 Conference National appearances . Cogan signed for Grays permanently in July 2008 following his release from Gillingham . He then moved to Crawley Town in June 2009 , after Steve Evans had tried to sign him the previous season . Cogan left Crawley in November 2010 by mutual consent , joining Dover Athletic a few days later . Career Club career Millwall Born in Sligo , County Sligo , Cogan joined Millwall from Belvedere at 15 years of age , waiting four years , until 20 April 2004 , before making his debut in a Championship game against Watford , replacing Peter Sweeney in the 80th minute . Cogan signed his professional contract in November 2004 . Cogan remained at Millwall for two further seasons , making 30 appearances in all competitions , including playing in the 2004 FA Cup Final after coming on as a substitute , and two UEFA Cup games against Ferencvrosi TC . Barnet In August 2006 , Cogan was signed by League Two club Barnet from Millwall for an undisclosed fee . He remained there for just one season before he was released by manager Paul Fairclough . He made over 40 appearances in all competitions , scoring three goals , all in matches won by Barnet . Gillingham Cogan joined Gillingham in June 2007 , being tipped by new manager Ronnie Jepson to fill the void left by Matt Jarvis , who had joined Wolverhampton Wanderers . He made his debut for Gillingham in the 3 0 defeat at Watford in the League Cup on 14 August , and scored his first goal for the club in the 3 1 home victory over Leyton Orient on 2 October 2007 . Following a string of bad results , Jepson resigned , and Mark Stimson was named as his permanent replacement in November 2007 . Stimson saw Cogan as surplus to requirements , and offered him a chance to go out on loan in February 2008 . He rejected this initial chance , but subsequently joined Grays Athletic for a month on 14 March 2008 , scoring five goals in thirteen Conference National matches . Gillingham released Cogan at the end of the 2007 08 season , after he made just 21 appearances in all competitions . Grays Athletic In June 2008 , Grays Athletic announced that Cogan had signed for the club , following a medical examination to test his fitness , on a trial basis . His first goal of the 2008 09 campaign came in the home win against Kidderminster Harriers on 7 September 2008 , receiving a pass from Jamie Taylor on the right wing to make the score 3 1 . Cogan scored in the 47th minute of Grays ' 1 1 draw against Woking on 18 October . In October 2008 , Grays Athletic announced that players had been asked to take a 50 pay cut due to financial difficulties . During the FA Cup Fourth Round Qualifying tie against AFC Totton , Cogan scored a penalty in the 85th minute after Phil Warner handled a cross from Ishmael Welsh . His next goal came almost two months later when he netted both goals in Grays ' 2 1 victory over Barrow at the New Recreation Ground on 20 December . His first goal of the game came after Barrow 's goalkeeper , Alan Martin , spilled a cross from Ishmael Welsh which Cogan pounced on from barely a yard out . In the 56th minute , Cogan had a shot from the edge of the penalty area after out muscling defenders Steve McNulty and Paul Jones . In Grays ' next match against Canvey Island in the Essex Senior Cup on 23 December , Cogan scored a late penalty in the 90th minute to equalise the game 2 2 and send the game into extra time . Grays Athletic eventually lost 3 2 after extra time . The club released news that the players were again being paid in full and over the Christmas period and for January . On 14 February 2009 , Grays travelled to face Wrexham at the Racecourse Ground . He scored to equalise the game at 1 1 after the Wrexham goalkeeper struggled with George Beavan 's initial shot whilst Cogan scored the rebound . He then set up Grays ' second , crossing the ball to Andy Pugh , who scored a consolation goal as Grays lost 3 2 . He then scored in Grays ' 2 1 home victory over Altrincham on 7 March . Cogan finished the season as Grays ' top goal scorer in all competitions . Crawley Town Crawley Town manager Steve Evans signed Cogan on 8 June following his release from Grays Athletic . Evans admitted he tried signing Cogan three times the previous season , but had his attempts rejected . Cogan had other offers , but Crawley assistant manager Paul Raynor stated that the club 's South London location appealed to him . He made his debut for Crawley on 8 August , in the 4 0 away defeat to Mansfield Town , replacing Daniel Powell as a substitute in the 52nd minute . Having made only three appearances in the 2010 11 season , Cogan was released by mutual consent on 16 November 2010 . Evans stated that Cogan wanted to play some first team football . Dover Athletic Cogan signed for Dover Athletic a few days after leaving Crawley , making his debut coming on as a substitute for Sam Long in the 2 1 home defeat against Woking in the FA Trophy on 20 November . Dartford In July 2015 , he signed for National League South side Dartford on a free transfer , following a successful trial with the club . He was released on 24 May 2016 following the end of the 2015 16 season having made 26 league appearances for the club scoring one goal against Bishop 's Stortford in a 2 1 away victory on 24 October 2015 . International career Cogan was called up to the Republic of Ireland under 21 squad for the Madeira International Tournament , where he made his under 21 debut against Madeira on 27 February 2004 .
3,810	Chanzy was an Amiral Charner class armored cruiser built for the French Navy in the 1890s . Upon completion , she served in the Mediterranean Squadron and she was assigned to the International Squadron off the island of Crete during the Greco Turkish War of 1897 to protect French interests and citizens . The ship was in reserve for several years in the middle of the first decade of the 20th century before she was transferred to French Indochina in 1906 . Chanzy ran aground off the Chinese coast in mid 1907 , where she proved impossible to refloat and was destroyed in place after her crew was rescued without loss . Design and description The Amiral Charner class ships were designed to be smaller and cheaper than the preceding armored cruiser design , the Dupuy de Lme . Like the older ship , they were intended to fill the commerce raiding strategy of the Jeune cole . Chanzy measured 106 . 12 meters ( 348 ft 2 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 . 04 meters ( 46 ft 1 in ) . The ship had a forward draft of 5 . 55 meters ( 18 ft 3 in ) and drew 6 . 06 meters ( 19 ft 11 in ) aft . She displaced 4 , 748 metric tons ( 4 , 673 long tons ) at normal load and 4 , 990 metric tons ( 4 , 910 long tons ) at deep load . The Amiral Charner class had two triple expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by 16 Belleville boilers and they were rated at a total of 8 , 300 metric horsepower ( 6 , 100 kW ) using forced draft . Amiral Charner had a designed speed of 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) and carried up to 535 metric tons ( 527 long tons 590 short tons ) of coal that allowed her to steam for 4 , 000 nautical miles ( 7 , 400 km 4 , 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The ships of the Amiral Charner class had a main armament that consisted of two Canon de 194 mm Modle 1887 guns that were mounted in single gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure . Their secondary armament comprised six Canon de 138 . 6 mm Modle 1887 guns , each in single gun turrets on each broadside . For anti torpedo boat defense , they carried four 65 millimeter ( 2 . 6 in ) guns , four 47 millimeter ( 1 . 9 in ) and eight 37 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) five barreled revolving Hotchkiss guns . They were also armed with four 450 millimeter ( 17 . 7 in ) pivoting torpedo tubes two mounted on each broadside above water . The side of the Amiral Charner class was generally protected by 92 millimeters ( 3 . 6 in ) of steel armor , from 1 . 3 meters ( 4 ft 3 in ) below the waterline to 2 . 5 meters ( 8 ft 2 in ) above it . The bottom 20 centimeters ( 7 . 9 in ) tapered in thickness and the armor at the ends of the ships thinned to 60 millimeters ( 2 . 4 in ) . The curved protective deck of mild steel had a thickness of 40 millimeters ( 1 . 6 in ) along its centerline that increased to 50 millimeters ( 2 . 0 in ) at its outer edges . Protecting the boiler rooms , engine rooms , and magazines below it was a thin splinter deck . A watertight internal cofferdam , filled with cellulose , ran the length of the ship from the protective deck to a height of 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) above the waterline . Below the protective deck the ship was divided by 13 watertight transverse bulkheads with five more above it . The ship 's conning tower and turrets were protected by 92 millimeters of armor . Construction and career Chanzy , named after General Antoine Chanzy , was ordered from Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde on 18 December 1899 and laid down the following month at their shipyard in Bordeaux . She was launched on 24 January 1894 and initially was commissioned for her sea trials on 6 February . These began two days later and revealed so many problems with her engines and boilers that Chanzy was decommissioned for repairs on 6 December . Recommissioned on 1 May 1895 to test the repairs , she entered service on 20 July . The ship was initially assigned to the 1st Light Division of the Mediterranean Squadron before she was transferred to the 4th Light Division on 18 May 1896 . Chanzy participated in the annual fleet maneuvers that summer before she was placed in reserve for repairs at Toulon in August . The ship began trials on 28 December before she was sent to Crete on 16 February 1897 as part of the French contingent of the International Squadron deployed there during the Greco Turkish War to protect Western interests and citizens . She remained with the squadron until 25 February 1898 . Upon arriving in France , Chanzy was assigned to the reserve squadron and did little for the rest of the year other than participate in the annual naval maneuvers . On 1 January 1899 the ship was reassigned to the 1st Light Division and her most notable activities for the year were visits to the Balearic Islands and ports in the Aegean Sea and Middle East . Her main steam pipe fractured on 20 February and injured three crewmen . Chanzy was repaired in time to participate in the annual maneuvers and spent three weeks in September attached to the elderly gunnery ship Couronne before making a cruise to French North Africa . The ship began a brief deployment to the Levant on 1 February 1901 and returned on 4 April for the annual maneuvers before returning to the Levant on 30 October . She arrived back at Toulon on 1 February 1902 and began a long period of relative inactivity that lasted until she was formally placed in reserve when the new armored cruiser Marseillaise replaced her in the squadron in May 1904 . Chanzy was recommissioned on 15 September 1906 for service with the Far Eastern Squadron and departed on 15 November . She arrived at Saigon , French Indochina , on 10 January 1907 and visited Hong Kong and ports in China , and Japan in April and May . While departing from Shanghai on 20 May in thick fog , she ran aground on rocks off Ballard Island in the Chusan Islands . Her sister ship Bruix and the protected cruisers D 'Entrecasteaux and Alger attempted to pull her off , but could not do so in the heavy seas . Her crew remained aboard attempting to get her off until they were evacuated without loss on 1 June when the ship began to founder and the wreck was demolished by the other cruisers on 12 June .
3,811	Elba was a protected cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) . She was the fifth of six Regioni class ships , all of which were named for regions of Italy , with the exception of Elba , which was named for the island . Elba was built by the Regio Cantieri di Castellammare di Stabia her keel was laid in September 1890 , she was launched in August 1893 , and she was commissioned in February 1896 . The ship was equipped with a main armament of four 15 cm ( 5 . 9 in ) and six 12 cm ( 4 . 7 in ) guns , and she could steam at a speed of nearly 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) . Elba spent much of her career abroad . She participated in the blockade of Venezuela during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902 03 and was present in East Asia during the Russo Japanese War in 1904 05 . In February 1904 , her crew witnessed the Battle of Chemulpo Bay between Japanese and Russian warships after the battle ended in Russian defeat , Elba and British and French cruisers picked up survivors . She took part in the Italo Turkish War in 1911 12 but saw no action , being used primarily to blockade Turkish ports in the Red Sea . In 1914 , Elba was converted into the first seaplane tender of the Regia Marina , with equipment to handle three seaplanes . This service did not last long , however , as she was too small and too old . Decommissioned by 1916 , the old warship was sold for scrap in January 1920 and broken up . Design Elba was slightly larger than her sister ships . She was 88 . 2 meters ( 289 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 . 72 m ( 41 . 7 ft ) and a draft of 4 . 86 m ( 15 . 9 ft ) . She displaced up to 3 , 110 metric tons ( 3 , 060 long tons 3 , 430 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple expansion engines , with steam supplied by four cylindrical water tube boilers . On her speed trials , she reached a maximum of 17 . 9 knots ( 33 . 2 km h 20 . 6 mph ) at 7 , 471 indicated horsepower ( 5 , 571 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 2 , 100 nautical miles ( 3 , 900 km 2 , 400 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 213 278 . Also unlike her sisters , she had a copper sheathed hull , which reduced fouling during lengthy periods between dockyard maintenance . Elba was armed with a main battery of four 15 cm ( 5 . 9 in ) L 40 guns mounted singly , with two side by side forward and two side by side aft . Six 12 cm ( 4 . 7 in ) L 40 guns were placed between them , with three on each broadside . Light armament included ten 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) guns , six 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) guns , and a pair of machine guns . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . Elba was protected by a 50 mm ( 2 . 0 in ) thick deck , and her conning tower had 50 mm thick sides . Service history The keel for Elba was laid down at the Regio Cantieri di Castellammare di Stabia in the eponymous city on 22 September 1890 . Her completed hull was launched on 12 August 1893 , and fitting out work proceeded at a leisurely pace . Elba was finally ready for service on 27 February 1896 . Elba was stationed in East Asian waters in 1899 , along with the armored cruiser Marco Polo and the old sail cruiser Amerigo Vespucci . In 1901 she was replaced by her sister Lombardia and returned to Italy . Elba was sent to Venezuelan waters in 1902 during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902 03 , when an international force of British , German , and Italian warships blockaded Venezuela over the country 's refusal to pay foreign debts . Elba was joined by the protected cruiser Giovanni Bausan and the armored cruiser Carlo Alberto . Elba was present , along with the British cruiser HMS Talbot , the French cruiser Pascal , and the United States ' gunboat USS Vicksburg during the Battle of Chemulpo Bay on 9 February 1904 during the Russo Japanese War . Elba , Talbot , and Pascal cleared for action in the event that the Japanese warships opened fire on them . After the battle ended in a Russian defeat , the three cruisers sent boats to pick up the survivors from the sinking cruiser Varyag and gunboat Korietz . Elba took off a total of 6 officers and 172 enlisted men from the two vessels , out of a total of 27 officers and 654 enlisted saved from the ships . Elba thereafter went to Seoul to protect the Italian embassy there . On 24 February , the cruiser Piemonte arrived to relieve Elba . The latter ship departed the following morning for Hong Kong , where she would deposit the Russian sailors . It was not until 10 March , however , that a French mail ship was available for Elba to discharge her passengers for their return trip to Europe . Starting in October 1907 , Elba was modified to handle an observation balloon . The balloon was linked to the ship via a telephone line , and was used to spot naval mines . During the annual fleet maneuvers in 1908 , Elba and her balloon were used to keep watch on the harbor entrance of Augusta , Sicily , which proved to be effective in alerting defenders to attacking warships . By the outbreak of the Italo Turkish War in September 1911 , Elba had been stationed in Italy 's East African colonies , Eritrea and Somaliland . In January 1912 , she and her sister Liguria escorted a pair of mail steamships to the Red Sea , where they were used to enforce the blockade of several Ottoman ports . Elba remained in the region for the remainder of the war , assisting in the blockade effort . Ottoman naval forces had already been defeated at the Battle of Kunfuda Bay , so there was no chance for Elba to see action . The Ottomans eventually agreed to surrender in October , ending the war . Elba operated the observation balloon through 1913 . The following year , she was modified to serve as a depot ship for three seaplanes , and she entered service in this new role on 4 June 1914 . During this period she operated Nieuport IV seaplanes . She was the first dedicated seaplane tender of the Italian navy , though seaplanes had already been operated aboard several battleships and cruisers . Elba was nevertheless too small and too old for her intended role , and she was retired in 1916 . She remained in the Italian inventory until 4 January 1920 , when she was sold for scrap .
3,812	Grace D. Banker ( October 25 , 1892 September 17 , 1960 ) was a telephone operator who served during World War I ( 1917 1918 ) as Chief Operator of telephones for the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) in the U.S. Army Signal Corps . She led thirty three women telephone operators known popularly as Hello Girls . They were assigned in New York to travel to France to operate telephone switch boards at the war front in Paris , and at Chaumont , Haute Marne . They also operated the telephone switch boards at First Army headquarters at Ligny en unk , about 5 miles ( 8 . 0 km ) to the south of Saint Mihiel , and later during the Meuse Argonne Offensive . After her return to civilian life , Banker and her team members were treated as citizen volunteers and initially not given recognition as members of the military . In 1919 , Banker was honoured with the Distinguished Service Medal for her services with the First Army headquarters during the St. Mihiel and Meuse Argonne Offensives , with a commendation . Life Banker was born at Passaic , New Jersey on 25 October 1892 . After graduating from Barnard College she joined American Telephone and Telegraph Company ( AT T ) where she worked as a switchboards instructor . During World War I Banker was chosen to head a team of thirty three telephone operators of Telephone Unit No. 1 assigned to war duty in France for telephone operations . This was the first group of women who were given the popular name Hello Girls . Banker sailed with her team members from New Jersey on 6 March 1918 , to take up the assignment as chief operator for First Army headquarters in Paris . After arriving with her team in England , the group set sail by ferry across the English Channel . However , bad weather , in the form of thick fog , prevented the ferry from reaching French shores , and it had to be anchored a few miles away to wait for the fog to lift . This location made the vessel an easy target for German bombing ( at that time , one vessel out of four had suffered bombing ) , and the team members remained at full readiness to evacuate the vessel at short notice . The women 's group stayed on deck in the open for forty eight hours continuously . This situation did not dishearten Banker or her team members , and , as Banker later said What good sports girls were in that First Unit They took everything in their stride . They were the pioneers . Upon arrival in Paris , Banker and her team were posted to the headquarters of the Advance Section in Chaumont sur Haute Marne , which was then the headquarters of General John J. Pershing . Five months later , Baker was asked to move to the war front , to the First Army headquarters at Ligny en unk , south of Saint Mihiel . On 25 August 1918 , she moved to the war front with only five operators helping her . For this operation at Saint Mihiel , Banker had to make a choice of the best operators for the job , she selected Suzanne unk , Esther Fresnel , Helen Hill , Berthe Hunt , and Marie Lange . Equipped with gas masks and helmets , the women operated from trenches where the danger was real despite this , those not chosen to go felt left out . During offensive operations at Saint Mihiel , though artillery bombing was in force , Banker and her team of operators manned the switchboards . When the First Army headquarters moved to Bar le Duc in September , Banker and her operators had to work in a place which was damaged extensively . They operated even under heavy bombing by German planes , but no team members were injured . They worked under severe weather conditions without heating , and their barracks leaked , and were later gutted , making conditions even harsher . Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , fighting ceased . Banker and her team were then ordered to return to Paris . In Paris , Banker was deputed initially to work at the temporary residence of President Woodrow Wilson . As she did not find this job exciting compared to the work at the war front , she accepted an offer to move to the Army of Occupation at Coblenz , Germany while there she was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . After working for twenty months at the war front , in September 1919 Banker and the rest of her team returned home . General Edgar Russel , chief signal officer of the AEF , extolled their service as indispensable . Reminiscing about her wartime experience as chief operator , Banker humorously noted that an afternoon in the switchboard office sometimes sounded like a scene from Alice in Wonderland , where only the initiated can make sense of the proceedings . She also observed on the confidentiality aspect of her assignment when she was tested by an intelligence officer about her ability to keep a secret , which was about her posting out of the unit . About her work at the war front she said that the secrecy surrounding their operations gave it an aura of romance and set it apart from the civilian work . After returning from the war front with her team , she reflected We missed the First Army with its code of loyalty and hard work . We were back in the petty squabbles of civilian life where even chief operators had ' tantrums ' and where the wives of civilians attached to the Peace Conference spilled all over Paris in Army cars . After the war , when they returned to civilian life , Banker and her team members were treated as citizen volunteers and not recognized as members of the military . They were not given a formal discharge or even a certificate of service . Banker died on 17 September 1960 , in Scarsdale , New York . In 1977 Congress enacted legislation that gave due recognition to Banker and her team , and treated them as veterans . Awards On 26 May 1919 vide Government order no . 70 , Banker was honoured with the Distinguished Service Medal for her services with the First Army headquarters during the St. Mihiel and Meuse Argonne Offensives , with the commendation which read For exceptional ability ... and untiring devotion to her exacting duties under trying conditions .... to assure the success of the telephone service during the operations of the First Army against the Saint Michel salient and the exertions to the north of Verdun .
3,813	Vladimr Remek ( born 26 September 1948 ) is a Czech politician and diplomat as well as a former cosmonaut and military pilot . He flew aboard Soyuz 28 from 2 to 10 March 1978 , becoming the first Czechoslovak in space and the only Czech in space . As the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States , and with the entry of the Czech Republic into the European Union , Remek is considered to be the first astronaut from the European Union . Remek was a member of the European Parliament between 2004 and 2013 and , since 2014 , has been the Czech Ambassador to Russia . Early life and military career Remek was born on 26 September 1948 in the city of esk Budjovice . He spent two years studying at the observatory in unk hora , Brno between 1962 and 1964 . Remek was influenced by his father , Jozef Remek , himself a military pilot . Remek was an active member both in the Pioneers and the Czechoslovak Union of Youth . He studied mathematics and physics at middle school in slav where he earned awards in track running the 400 meter , 800 meter , and 1 , 500 meter events . Remek graduated in 1966 and proceeded to unk unk unk , an aviation school in Koice , where he trained in an Aero L 29 unk . Remek graduated in 1970 and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Czechoslovak Air Force . Remek served as a fighter pilot , flying MiG 21s in the 1st Fighter Air Regiment . In the 1970s Remek married his first wife , Czech actress Hana unk , the daughter of politician Vclav David . They had a daughter together , Anna , in 1980 . He had a second daughter , Jana , three years after the first , with his second wife , also called Jana . From 1972 to 1976 , Remek studied at the Gagarin Air Force Academy . Upon his return to Czechoslovakia in 1976 , he was promoted to captain and appointed deputy commander of his fighter regiment , after which Remek went back to Russia to train for the Soviet led space program . Following his return from space in March 1978 , Remek spent time in the Czechoslovak People 's Army ( unk ) staff as the deputy director of the Flight Research Institute in Prague . In 1986 , Remek became the deputy commander of a flight division based in slav . In 1988 he graduated from Voroshilov Staff Academy of Soviet Air Force and was appointed to his highest command , as deputy of the 2nd Air Defense Division stationed in Moravia . Following the Velvet Revolution in 1989 , Remek was relegated to a role as Director of the Museum for Aviation and Astronautics in Prague . Following his retirement from the air force in 1995 , Remek represented Czech firm CZ unk and joint venture CZ Turbo GAZ in Moscow . Intercosmos program Remek ( then a Captain ) joined the Intercosmos program in 1976 his backup was Oldich unk , the other Czechoslovak cosmonaut selected to participate with the program . During the flight , unk experimented with the Kristall furnace on board the capsule . The mission , coinciding with the 30th anniversary of the Soviet backed 1948 Czechoslovak coup d 'tat , and including Remek , the son of a Czech mother and Slovak father , had propaganda value in stressing Czechoslovak Soviet cooperation . Remek himself has not denied this although he retains pride in his voyage regardless of the circumstances . He became the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States , and with the entry of the Czech Republic into the European Union , Remek is considered to be the first astronaut from the European Union . After Remek 's March 1978 flight , he was celebrated in his home country with a series of receptions at factories and other civil workplaces . He was also recognized at a ceremony at Prague Castle as a guest of Gustv Husk , then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia . On 16 March , Remek and Aleksei unk , the other member of the crew , were awarded the medal Hero of the Soviet Union . Czechoslovak reaction to Remek 's flight included comments about the media 's inundation focused on Remek and the fact that he was only able to journey with a Soviet cosmonaut as if Remek needed a minder . One joke went Why didn 't the Soviets send up two Czechoslovak cosmonauts Because they would 've landed in West Germany . Remek himself joked that his Soviet counterpart would slap Remek 's hands off of controls if he touched anything without permission . French astronaut Jean Loup Chrtien experienced this same behavior onboard Soyuz TM 7 in 1988 . Political career Due in part to his previous business contacts in Russia , Remek was appointed to the Czech Embassy in Moscow as a Trade and Economic Counselor . During the 2004 European Parliament election , Remek was a candidate for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia and , being second on the list behind Miloslav unk , was elected into the European Parliament . During his first term ( 20 July 2004 to 13 July 2009 ) , Remek was a member of the Confederal Group of the European United Left Nordic Green Left in the European Parliament . He was a vocal proponent of the EU 's Galileo satellite constellation warning that bureaucratic delay could cede opportunity to the unk , a Chinese competitor . He was reelected in 2009 . When Petr unk resigned as the Czech Ambassador to Russia in December 2012 , the ambassadorship sat empty for a year until the President of the Czech Republic , Milo Zeman , appointed Remek in January 2014 . The appointment met with controversy as it was against the wishes of Zeman 's Foreign Minister , Karel Schwarzenberg . Observers have noted Remek has a friendly history with the Russians and although his communist affiliations are a minority in Russia , his appointment represents Zeman 's pragmatic and pro Russia stance . In popular culture Czech astronomer Antonn unk discovered an asteroid in September 1978 and named it 2552 Remek after the cosmonaut . Remek is featured in a 2009 independent comedy film called unk about three residents from unk that seek out Remek at his office in Brussels to help tourism in their town . Sculptor Jan Barto created a statue of Remek and unk , which is located at unk metro station in Prague . Another statue of Remek is located in Koice , Slovakia .
3,814	Andreas Tegstrm ( born 18 January 1979 ) is a former Swedish footballer who played as a striker . He is most noted for playing with Norwegian Tippeligaen clubs Sandefjord and Fredrikstad . Tegstrm wanted to become a professional ice hockey player while growing up , but he quit playing ice hockey and played football as an amateur for unk IF and Husqvarna FF . He was brought to Sandefjord in 2005 and scored 14 goals in his first season the club won promotion to Tippeligaen . In Sandefjord 's first season in the top flight , Tegstrm scored ten goals in the league and played in the 2006 Norwegian Football Cup Final . The next season he moved to Fredrikstad , where he was not a regular player on the first team . He spent time on loan with Hnefoss in 2009 , and he returned to Sweden after the 2010 season when his contract with Fredrikstad expired . After two seasons with the Superettan side Jnkpings Sdra , he rejoined Husqvarna FF before the 2013 season . Early life As a child , Tegstrm dreamed of becoming a professional ice hockey player in the NHL and for the Swedish national ice hockey team , Tre kronor . He played for HV71 , attended the hockey school in Jnkping , and played football as a hobby . After he quit playing hockey , he worked at the local Intersport store while playing football for unk IF . He later joined Swedish football Division 2 side Husqvarna FF . Club career Tegstrm scored 22 goals in as many matches in 2004 , and was named Player of the Year in the 2004 Swedish football Division 2 . The same season , Husqvarna qualified for the promotion play off where they met Superettan side Mjllby . This match was attended by scouts from the Norwegian First Division side Sandefjord Fotball . Even though the Sandefjord envoys came to watch Mjllby 's Marcus unk , they were more impressed by Tegstrm who was playing as a striker . Tegstrm was also wanted by Superettan sides Trelleborgs FF and unk IF , but joined Sandefjord ahead of the 2005 season and signed a three year contract with the club . Sandefjord Tegstrm became an instant success at Sandefjord and contributed greatly to the club 's first ever promotion to the Tippeligaen , with a total of 14 goals when the club finished second in the 2005 Norwegian First Division . Tegstrm scored a hat trick in the decisive match , beating promotion challengers Moss 4 2 Tegstrm 's teammate Andreas unk scored one goal . Tegstrm also impressed at the top flight in Norway , and after scoring five goals in the five first matches of the season he was the leading goalscorer in Tippeligaen , while his team was in fourth place despite being predicted to be in last place by every media outlet in Norway . When Sandefjord played Viking on 24 September 2006 , both teams were fighting against relegation and Tegstrm scored the match winning goal on a counter attack after dribbling past half the Viking defence comparable to Maradona 's goal in the 1986 World Cup . Tegstrm scored ten goals and made five assists in the Tippeligaen , helping Sandefjord avoid relegation in their first year in the top flight . He also scored the first goal in the semi final of the 2006 Norwegian Football Cup , which Sandefjord won 5 2 against Rosenborg at Lerkendal Stadion and played in the 2006 Norwegian Football Cup Final , in which the team lost 3 0 to Fredrikstad . After his performance for Sandefjord in 2006 , Expressen said that Tegstrm was wanted by several Norwegian , Danish and Dutch clubs , but signed a new contract with Sandefjord in December 2006 to the end of the 2009 season . Verdens Gang predicted that the Sandefjord team would finish 11th in the 2007 Tippeligaen , but stated that Tegstrm had to perform at the same level as in the previous season for Sandefjord to avoid relegation . Tegstrm scored one goal for Sandefjord in the 2007 season the team struggled throughout the season until it was relegated to the second tier . Tegstrm left Sandefjord half way through the season , when he was sold to Fredrikstad in August 2007 for 4 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , according to unk unk . Fredrikstad The same day his second child was born , Tegstrm scored a goal in his debut for Fredrikstad , a 2 0 victory against Stabk on 3 September 2007 . He scored against Strmsgodset in October 2007 . The following season , Tegstrm played as a substitute and scored one goal in the 2 0 victory against Bod Glimt , with Fredrikstad leading the 2008 Tippeligaen after four matches . Tegstrm did not play much for Fredrikstad in the 2008 season because Tarik unk and Garar unk were the preferred strikers in the starting lineup . Tegstrm secured the club 's first silver medals since 1972 when he scored two goals against Molde on 26 October 2008 he came on as a substitute in the 63rd minute of the match , which Fredrikstad won 2 1 . Before the 2009 season , Fredrikstad told Tegstrm that he was not part of the club 's long term plans and that he was welcome to find another club . Fredrikstad turned down an offer from Stabk to buy the striker . He did not start a single match in the pre season , but he came on as a substitute and scored a goal against Strmsgodset in the second match of the 2009 season . Tegstrm spent most of the 2009 season on the bench , but in the 2009 Norwegian Football Cup tie against Ranheim , he came on as a substitute and scored two goals in the extra time . Later career In August 2009 , he was loaned out to the First Division side Hnefoss until the end of the season , with an option to buy . In his first match for Hnefoss , Tegstrm scored a goal against Alta the game ended with a 2 0 victory . He scored a four goals in 12 matches for Hnefoss . After the season , he returned to Fredrikstad , which had been relegated to the First Division . He was troubled by injuries in his last season with Fredrikstad , and he started only nine matches . Jnkpings Sdra wanted to buy Tegstrm during the summer , but he did not join the club until his contract with Fredrikstad expired after the 2010 season . After playing two seasons for the Superettan side , Tegstrm returned to Husqvarna ahead of the 2013 season , where in addition to playing for the team , he was hired as chief of marketing .
3,815	Timema is a genus of relatively short bodied , stout stick insects native to the far western United States . The genus was first described in 1895 by Samuel Hubbard Scudder , based on observations of the species Timema unk . Compared to other stick insects ( order Phasmatodea ) , the genus Timema is considered basal that is , the earliest branch to diverge from the phylogenetic tree that includes all Phasmatodea . To emphasize this outgroup status , all stick insects not included in Timema are sometimes described as Euphasmatodea . Five of the twenty one species of Timema are parthenogenetic , including two species that have not engaged in sexual reproduction for one million years , the longest known asexual period for any insect . Description Timema spp. differ from other Phasmatodea in that their tarsi have three segments rather than five . For stick insects , they have relatively small , stout bodies , so that they look somewhat like earwigs ( order Dermaptera ) . Cryptic coloration and camouflage Timema walking sticks are night feeders who spend daytime resting on the leaves or bark of the plants they feed on . Timema colors ( primarily green , gray , or brown ) and patterns ( which may be stripes , scales , or dots ) match their typical background , a form of crypsis . In 2008 , researchers studying the presence or absence of a dorsal stripe suggested that it has independently evolved several times in Timema species and is an adaptation for crypsis on needle like leaves . All of the eight Timema species with a dorsal stripe have at least one host plant with needle like foliage . Of the thirteen unstriped species , seven feed only on broadleaf plants . Four ( T. unk , T. unk , T. genevieve , and T. unk ) rest during the day on the host plant 's trunk rather than its leaves and have bodies that are brown , gray , or tan . Only two species ( T. unk and T. unk ) have green unstriped morphs that feed on needle like foliage both are generalist feeders that also feed on broadleaf hosts . The species Timema unk exhibits both striped and unstriped populations depending on the host plant , a form of polymorphism that clearly illustrates the camouflage function of the stripe . The earliest ancestors of this species were generalists that fed on plants belonging to both the genera Adenostoma and Ceanothus . They eventually diverged into two distinct ecotypes with a more specialist host plant preference . One ecotype prefers to feed on Adenostoma while the other ecotype prefers to feed on Ceanothus . The Adenostoma ecotype possesses a white dorsal stripe , an adaptation to blend in with the needle like leaves of the plant , while the Ceanothus ecotype does not ( Ceanothus spp. have broad leaves ) . The Adenostoma ecotype is also smaller , with a wider head , and shorter legs . These characteristics are genetically inherited and has been interpreted as the early stages of the speciation process . The two ecotypes will eventually become separate species once reproductive isolation is achieved . At the moment , both ecotypes are still capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring , as such they are still considered a single species . Life cycle and reproduction Timema eggs are soft , ellipsoidal , and about two mm long , with a lid like structure at one end ( the operculum ) through which the nymph will emerge . Timema females use particles of dirt , which they have previously ingested , to coat their eggs . The eggs of many stick insects , including Timema , are attractive to ants , who carry them away to their burrows to feed on the egg 's capitulum , while leaving the rest of the egg intact to hatch . The emerging nymph passes through six or seven instars before reaching adulthood . Timema males , in sexual species of Timema , show a consistent pattern of courting behavior . The male climbs onto the back of the female and , after a short display of vibrating and waving , they proceed to mate . ( Rejection by the female is possible but uncommon . ) The male then rides on the female 's back for up to five days , a behavior often referred to as guarding the female . Several species of Timema are parthenogenetic that is , females can reproduce asexually , producing viable eggs without male participation . According to unk unk of Simon Fraser University , Timema are indeed the oldest insects for which there is good evidence that they have been asexual for long periods of time . She heads a team of researchers who found that five Timema species ( T. unk , T. unk , T. unk , T. unk and T. genevieve ) have used only asexual reproduction for more than 500 , 000 years , with T. unk and T. genevieve reproducing asexually for over one million years . Habitat The geographic range of Timema is limited to mountainous regions of western North America between 30 and 42 N. They are found primarily in California , as well as in a few other neighboring states ( Oregon , Nevada , Arizona ) and in northern Mexico . All are herbivores , primarily feeding on host plants found in chaparral . Host plants of the different Timema species include Pseudotsuga menziesii ( Douglas fir ) , Sequoia sempervirens ( Californian redwood ) , Arctostaphylos spp . ( manzanita ) , Ceanothus spp . , Adenostoma unk ( unk ) , Abies concolor ( white fir ) , Quercus spp . ( oak ) , unk unk ( unk ) , unk spp . ( mountain mahogany ) , Eriogonum sp . ( buckwheat ) , and Juniperus spp . ( juniper ) . Phylogeny General phylogenetic relationships within Timema ( Law Crespi , 2002 ) . Species marked with are parthenogenetic ( female only ) . Classification Timema is the only member of the family unk and the suborder Timematodea . Their clade is considered basal to the order Phasmatodea that is , many scientists believe that Timema type stick insects represent the earliest branch to diverge from the phylogenetic tree that gave rise to all the stick insects of Phasmatodea . This primal distinction is referenced by the name Euphasmatodea , which is given to all the clades of Phasmatodea other than the suborder Timematodea . Twenty one species have been described in addition there is at least one undescribed species known to exist
3,816	The Big Big Beat is a song recorded by American rapper Azealia Banks for her second mixtape Slay Z ( 2016 ) . It was released as the lead single from the mixtape on February 19 , 2016 after Banks had announced the mixtape in the previous May . Production of the song was handled by new producer An Expresso , while the song was penned by Banks alone . The song contains an uncredited sample of The Notorious B.I.G. ' s voice . Lyrically , the track discusses staying true to your roots when you become famous . The Big Big Beat received a generally positive response , with critics finding that the song 's overall house sound was a perfect environment for Banks to thrive in . Background In May 2015 , Banks announced on Twitter that she had recorded an entire mixtape of Jay Z covers and remixes , titled Slay Z , and that she was contemplating releasing it . In August 2015 , Banks revealed that due to contractual agreements , she was blocked from releasing any new music until her contract had expired , which would be around March 2016 . On February 1 , 2016 , Banks announced that she would be releasing the aforementioned mixtape , and its lead single The Big Big Beat would be released on February 7 . The announcement of new music came during a flurry of tweets Banks sent in which she endorsed Donald Trump and his campaign for presidency , which some critics saw as a cheap way of gaining publicity , with Spectrum writer Kerry unk calling calling it purely coincidental that Banks endorsed Trump on the same days as announcing her new single . On February 8 , Banks uploaded the single 's artwork to Twitter . The following day , it was reported that the single had been pushed back . Banks uploaded the song to her SoundCloud account on February 19 , self releasing the single . On May 6 , it was released on iTunes . Composition The Big Big Beat is a house song which runs for a duration of three minutes and forty four seconds , and contains an uncredited sample of The Notorious B.I.G. ' s voice . Before the release of the song , Banks described the single as giving Detroit house vibes with major Diana Ross teas e . Entertainment Weekly 's Dylan unk compared the song to that of Banks ' work on her debut album , in the sense that both contain fast , aggressive rap verses over a dancefloor ready electronic beat and a sing song bridge , although did not clarify whether this was good or bad . Gregory Adams from Exclaim thought that the track fit with various early ' 90s house sounds , from club synths to a jazzed up digi hi hat beat , and went on to describe the song 's lyrics as maintaining the precarious balance between staying true to the streets while popping up on magazine covers . D Money from Soul Bounce was enthusiastic in his review , writing ' The Big Big Beat ' comes out of the gate swinging with a fat , squelchy synth bass intro and a vocal sample . ' Guess who up in this b h , ' Azealia begins , bringing the swing of programmed drums and hi hats along with her as the groove kicks up the bpm and the party really gets started . She continues flipping her usual boastful rhymes that hit as hard as the kick drum thumps , then things smooth out just a bit as AB flexes her vocals on the chorus . Ione Gamble of Dazed noted Banks ' use of softer vocals on the single , compared to that of her previous work , while Brennan Carley of Spin described the song 's instrumental work as glittery synthesizers , alluding that Banks had returned swinging and unk on the song . Critical reception In a multi person review conducted by PopMatters , opinions on the track were mixed . Each of the five reviewers gave the single a rating out of ten , which ranged from five to eight . Pryor Stroud gave the song its highest score , describing The Big Big Beat as an amphetamine addled , dance pop flirtation that forgoes innuendo and gets straight to the point . Chad Miller commented that the song deserved endless dance remixes , while Emmanuel unk described the song as nice with decent lyrics . Steve Horowitz gave the track the lowest rating of the reviewers , complaining that the track repeated itself and that while the instrumental was suited to the dance floor , he could easily find bigger beats elsewhere . Writing for HotNewHipHop , Rose Lilah observed that despite the fact that Banks tends to be outrageous on social media , she still has the ability to create great music when she wants to , going on to comment that she can see potential for the song to become as big of a hit as her debut single , 212 . Spin writer Brennan Carley praised Banks ' vocals on the track , as did Billboard critic Adelle Platon , who donned the track as a dancefloor ready jam . Emma Arnold , a writer for Acclaim , motioned that the track would make you forget she was ever out of the game , going on to highlight and compliment her fast paced flow and unk out lyrics . XXL critic Emmanuel C.M. lauded the song , describing the song as fire , and that it showcased Banks ' rapid fire delivery and impressive vocal range . Writing for Fuse , Tyler unk commented that the lyrics of the song are ridiculously catchy lines , calling the track dance ready . The Line of Best Fit writer Laurence Day wrote that the combination of contrasting genres worked to great effect , calling the track her most promising offering in quite some time . Both The Irish Times and USA Today included The Big Big Beat in weekly lists of the best songs released in the seven preceding days . The Irish Times gave the track four stars out of a possible five , commenting that it was Banks at her best , while USA Today placed the song as sixth in their weekly list , comparing it to Good Vibrations by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch . Eric Torres of Pitchfork Media named the song Best New Track in their review , describing the song as in your face impressive , filled with the kind of lush braggadocio the 24 year old rapper has cut down to a formula . Torres then claimed that the song was the type of track that 's capable of filling dancefloors in seconds , proof that a cavalcade of controversy isn 't nearly enough to squander real talent . Release history
3,817	Charles McKnight ( October 10 , 1750 November 16 , 1791 ) was an American physician during and after the American Revolutionary War . He served as a surgeon and physician in the Hospital Department of the Continental Army under General George Washington and other subordinate commanders . McKnight was one of the most respected surgeons of his day and was remembered by one colleague as particularly distinguished as a practical surgeon at the time of his death ( he ) was without a rival in that branch of his profession . Early life McKnight was born in Cranbury Township in the colonial Province of New Jersey in 1750 . His only sibling was his younger brother , Richard . His father , also named Charles McKnight , emigrated to the colonies from Ireland sometime around 1740 and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1742 . He became a minister of some note , and was one of the founders and trustees of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) . Reverend McKnight opposed British governance in Colonial America and was a loud voice for opposition and overthrow of the British government in New Jersey . According to Martha J. Lamb , Reverend McKnight received a severe saber cut to his head in the slashing melee that mortally wounded General Hugh Mercer at the Battle of Princeton . His church at Middletown Point was burned in 1777 and Reverend McKnight was arrested . While in custody aboard the British prison ship HMS Jersey in New York City , Rev. McKnight 's health rapidly failed , and he was released shortly before his death on January 1 , 1778 . The younger McKnight attended schools in New Jersey and graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1771 , in the same class as James Madison , Gunning Bedford , Jr . , Henry Brackenridge , and Philip Freneau . He was one of the founders of the American Whig Society , along with Brackenridge , Madison , Samuel Stanhope Smith , Bedford , Freneau , John Beatty , John Henry of Maryland , and William Bradford . McKnight studied medicine and surgery privately with eminent Philadelphia surgeon William Shippen , but left before he completed his studies and entered the Continental Army in 1775 . Continental Army surgeon In late 1775 , Benjamin Church , the Director General , assigned McKnight to the Putnam House building , one of six hospitals of the army 's Hospital Department in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He remained in that division , which supported Washington 's army , until , during a period of great scarcity of medical and surgical supplies for the sick and wounded , McKnight went with other surgeons and physicians to North Castle , New York with Washington 's army when the Battle of White Plains began in October 1776 . The Continental Army lost the battle , and the British took Fort Washington and Fort Lee , which pushed Washington 's ragged army south toward New Jersey in December 1776 , which set the stage for the Battle of Trenton . McKnight remained at North Castle until John Morgan , the Director General , ordered him and Samuel Adams , Jr . ( the son of Samuel Adams of Massachusetts ) to set up a new hospital near Peekskill , New York , for more than 300 sick soldiers of General William Heath 's division . Unable to find an acceptable site for a hospital , the two surgeons took over accommodations in Fishkill , New York , twenty miles north of Peekskill . Washington , however , sent convalescents to Peekskill because Morgan told him the hospital was there . Morgan was dismissed as Director General soon thereafter , in January 1777 , due to rancor with Washington over supplies and a rampant smallpox epidemic then raging its way through the army . Morgan 's management style rankled the surgeons , including McKnight , as Morgan was wrestling with Shippen , McKnight 's mentor , over control of the hospitals in New Jersey . Isaac Foster took over temporary supervision of the hospitals on the east side of the Hudson River after Morgan 's dismissal at Washington 's request . McKnight served later as a surgeon in the Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp . On April 11 , 1777 , He was appointed Surgeon General ( also called Senior Surgeon , a subordinate position to Physician General and Director General , not to be confused with Surgeon General of the United States Army ) of the Flying Hospital of the Middle Department , which moved with the army during the New York and New Jersey campaign . He served as Senior Surgeon for three years . In December 1779 , McKnight was in Morristown , New Jersey with Washington , at the encampment near Jockey Hollow , during the worst winter of the Revolutionary War . The Hospital Department of the army was reorganized in 1780 , and McKnight was promoted to Chief Hospital Physician , the highest medical position of the Middle Department . He served there until he left the army in January 1782 . According to records , he was one of the original members of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati . Later years and death After the war ended , McKnight settled in New York City , where he married Mary Morin Scott , daughter of General John Morin Scott . He opened a private practice and was one of the first physicians to use a carriage to visit his patients . McKnight published only one article , the surgical removal of an ectopic pregnancy , but the piece was cited later by the Medical Society of London in its London Medical Observations and Inquiries . On November 26 , 1784 , McKnight was appointed one of the first regents of the University of the State of New York . In 1785 , McKnight became professor of anatomy and surgery at Columbia College ( now the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ) , which his father in law co founded . He also was appointed Port Physician of New York . McKnight maintained a steady surgical practice and held his professorship until his death from pneumonia , the result of an old war injury , on November 16 , 1791 at age 41 . McKnight was interred at the corner of Wall Street and Broadway in Lower Manhattan , just beyond the gates of the historic Trinity Churchyard , next to his wife , Mary , and her father . They left four daughters and one son , John Morin Scott McKnight , who also became a physician .
3,818	El Presidio Real de Santa Brbara , also known as the Royal Presidio of Santa Barbara , is a former military installation in Santa Barbara , California , USA . The presidio was built by Spain in 1782 , with the mission of defending the Second Military District in California . In modern times , the Presidio serves as a significant tourist attraction , museum and an active archaeological site as part of El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park . The park contains an original adobe structure called El Cuartel , which is the second oldest surviving building in California , only the chapel at Mission San Juan Capistrano , known as Father Serra 's Church , is older . The Presidio of Santa Barbara has the distinction of being the last military outpost built by Spain in the New World . The Presidio became a California Historical Landmark in 1958 and was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . Contemporary setting The current El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park site sits between Anacapa and Garden Street on East Canon Perdido Street in downtown Santa Barbara . The main portion of the site is across the street from the Santa Barbara city Post Office , and is about two blocks from city hall , De la Guerra Plaza and two other museums , the Santa Barbara Historical Museum and the Casa de la Guerra . Only two portions of the original presidio quadrangle survive to this day the Caedo Adobe , named for Jos Mara Caedo , the Soldado de unk to whom it was deeded in lieu of back pay when the Presidio fell to inactivity , and the remnants of a two room soldiers quarters , called El Cuartel . The Caedo Adobe is currently the visitor s center for the state park , and El Cuartel is largely unmodified . The site s operator , the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation ( SBTHP ) , reconstructed the rest of the site , with the most recent construction two rooms in the northwest corner of the site finished in May 2006 . The reconstruction is ongoing , with the construction of two more rooms in the northwest corner beginning in December 2007 . History The site of the Presidio was chosen by Felipe de Neve , the fourth governor of Las unk . Perceiving that the coast at Santa Barbara was vulnerable to attack , he located a spot near a harbor which was sheltered from severe storms . In addition , there was an ample supply of both building materials and water nearby . Construction began on April 21 , 1782 , and Padre Junpero Serra blessed the site . By the next year , a temporary facility had been completed , and a wheat field planted by the local Chumash Indians of Chief unk . The early Presidio consisted of mud and brush walls around a quadrangle 330 feet on a side . The post had 61 officers and men in 1783 . The first comandante , Jos Francisco Ortega , planned the fortifications and irrigation works . He obtained livestock for the presidio from Mission San Buenaventura , established orchards , and began large scale farming . In 1784 , Felipe de Goicoechea took over as comandante , supervising construction of the fortifications and living quarters for the soldiers and their families . Two years later , construction of the nearby Mission Santa Barbara began in 1786 . The pueblo or town of Santa Barbara developed around the Presidio , which offered protection for the residents . The chapel in the Presidio was the primary place of worship for the residents of early Santa Barbara , until its destruction by the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake . The mission , located a mile and a half inland , was mainly intended for use by the native Chumash ( unk ) neophytes after their conversion to Catholicism . The Presidio was built to standard plans for a Spanish colonial military headquarters , using locally available materials , so the buildings forming the outer square were constructed with thick , solid adobe outer walls . The main gate opened into an open parade ground plaza in the center of the square . The chapel stood at the center of the back of the square , facing the gate across the plaza . While it was never attacked by a strong military force during its sixty years of operation , the Presidio was subject to the assaults of nature . Several devastating earthquakes in the early 19th century destroyed much of the structure . In 1855 the Presidio Chapel grew into the Apostolic College of Our Lady of Sorrows , which soon became Our Lady of Sorrows Church at the corner of Figueroa and State Streets , and then at the corner of Anacapa and Sola streets in 1929 . However , both still stand separately as vibrant churches of a richly Catholic history . Mexican American War At the time of the Mexican American War in Alta California , very little of the fortress remained in usable condition , and on December 27 , 1846 , John C. Frmont ascended San Marcos Pass during rainy weather and came up on the Presidio and the town from behind . The Presidio surrendered without a fight , as the garrison was far south in the Pueblo de Los Angeles . Frmont had heard that the Mexican army was lying in ambush for him at Gaviota Pass , the only other sensible route over the mountains at that time , and had crossed the difficult muddy track on San Marcos Pass to outflank them , but this move turned out not to have been necessary . Mexican General Andrs Pico later surrendered his force to Frmont , recognizing that the war was lost . Preservation In 1963 , the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation ( SBTHP ) was founded , with the primary mission of restoring the Presidio . In 1966 , the land on which the Presidio is located became a State Historic Park . On December 27 , 2006 , the SBTHP renewed their ongoing agreement with the California State Parks Department to manage the Presidio . Work on the restoration is currently taking place . On November 26 , 1973 the Presidio of Santa Barbara was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail The Presidio of Santa Barbara is one of the designated tour sights of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail , a National Park Service unit in the United States National Historic Trail and National Millennium Trail programs .
3,819	Cabin Fever is the 11th episode of the American Broadcasting Company 's fourth season of the serial drama television series Lost and 83rd episode overall . It was aired on May 8 , 2008 , on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada . The episode was written by supervising producer Elizabeth Sarnoff and Kyle Pennington and directed by Paul Edwards . According to a press release , John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) is enlightened as to the whereabouts of Jacob 's cabin , and life aboard the freighter becomes perilous . The episode was written alongside The Shape of Things to Come and Something Nice Back Home . Cabin Fever was watched by 11 million American viewers . Plot The episode begins with a flashback to 1956 , when 16 year old Emily Locke ( Holland Roden ) is preparing for a date with a man twice her age . Her mother tries to stop her from going out , but Emily escapes and is struck by a car . The trauma triggers the premature birth of John ( as an adult portrayed by Terry O 'Quinn ) . John 's life is monitored by Richard Alpert ( Nestor Carbonell ) , who at John 's birth and throughout his childhood looks the same age as he does in present day , and Matthew Abaddon ( Lance Reddick ) , each of whom attempts to influence his life . The existence of unk Bioscience is revealed when John is invited to spend the summer there as a highly gifted high school student . In the present day , Locke , Hugo Hurley Reyes ( Jorge Garcia ) and Benjamin Linus ( Michael Emerson ) are attempting to find a cabin inhabited by Jacob , the de facto leader of the Others . They are initially unsuccessful , but an apparition of deceased DHARMA Initiative member Horace Goodspeed ( Doug Hutchison ) assists Locke by pointing him to the Initiative 's mass grave . There , Locke extracts a set of blueprints from Horace 's jacket , and uses it to locate the cabin . On the freighter Kahana , mercenary Martin Keamy ( Kevin Durand ) returns from his unsuccessful attack on the Barracks , the former home of the Others . Enraged that his mission was unsuccessful and several of his colleagues were killed , he accuses Gault ( Grant Bowler ) of giving him up to Ben , but Gault tells Keamy that Michael is the actual spy . He tries to kill Michael by shooting him , but just as in Meet Kevin Johnson when Michael tries to commit suicide , the gun jams . Gault ( Grant Bowler ) then tells Keamy that Michael is vital to repairing the engines , because he is the one that sabotaged them initially . Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) , fearing Keamy 's intentions , uses a Zodiac boat to return to the island , hoping to save as many people as possible . Desmond refuses to accompany him , saying that he would never return to the island after he left . Several hours after Sayid leaves , Keamy stages a mutiny . A soldier receives a message from the island saying they found the body of ship doctor Ray ( Marc Vann ) ( as shown in The Shape of Things to Come ) , but the doctor protests that it 's impossible since he 's alive on the boat . Keamy orders Frank Lapidus ( Jeff Fahey ) at gunpoint to prepare the freighter 's helicopter Lapidus refuses , and Keamy kills the doctor and Gault in response . Lapidus acquiesces and Keamy leaves the freighter with a group of mercenaries , intending to torch the Island . When the helicopter passes over the survivors ' beach camp , Frank drops a bag containing a satellite phone onto the beach . At the end of the episode , Locke enters the cabin alone and meets the figure of the deceased Christian Shephard ( John Terry ) , who claims he is speaking on Jacob 's behalf and is accompanied by his daughter Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) . Christian warns Locke that Keamy 's mercenaries from the Kahana are already en route to the Island , and that the Island must be moved . Production Cabin Fever was the fifth episode to be directed by Paul Edwards . It was the first installment to be written by Kyle Pennington , the eleventh by Elizabeth Sarnoff , and was the first that the two wrote together . Recurring guest star Nestor Carbonell appeared in seven episodes of Lost 's third season as Richard Alpert and the mysteries surrounding his ageless character were heavily discussed among the fan community . While producing the final episodes of the third season , Carbonell was cast in a starring role on the new CBS series Cane . The writers modified their original story plan for the third season in anticipation for Carbonell 's potential unavailability . Despite Carbonell 's willingness to return to Lost , CBS president Nina Tassler ruled out another Lost guest appearance . Cane was canceled during the 2007 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , freeing Carbonell from his contract with CBS . Executive producer Carlton Cuse cited this as an unintended positive consequence of the strike . Reception Cabin Fever was viewed live or recorded and watched within five hours of broadcast by 10 . 78 million American viewers . It attained a 4 . 7 13 in the key adults 18 49 demographic , ranking Lost as the nineteenth most watched program of the week , two places up from the previous episode , Something Nice Back Home . Cabin Fever was watched by 392 , 000 Australian viewers , making Lost the thirty third most watched program of the night . Robin Abrahams of the Boston Globe published an analysis exploring disability on her blog . A paragraph analyzed the scene where the disabled in the eyes of others Hurley and the disabled in his own mind Ben shared a candy bar , which she thought was kind of good and ... awful she said It was great to see the most hateful and most lovable characters sitting on a log sharing a chocolate bar . However , she thought that the scene did not use its full potential in emphasizing Hurley 's empathy and Ben 's reaction . However , Kristin Dos Santos of E , who gave the episode a mostly positive review , was critical of the scene she thought that the scene wasted time and was cruel and unusual punishment to air before the cliffhanger ending . Erin Martell from TV Squad stated This episode put everyone , including the freighter folk , in place to carry out their plans . I 'm already stoked for the finale .
3,820	Amanita rubrovolvata , commonly known as the red volva Amanita , is a species of fungus in the Amanitaceae family . First described scientifically by the Japanese mycologist S. Imai in 1939 , it is widely distributed in eastern Asia . The fungus produces small to medium sized mushrooms , with reddish orange caps up to 6 . 5 mm ( 0 . 26 in ) wide . The stems are up to 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) tall , cream above the ring and cream to yellowish below it . The stem ends in a roughly spherical bulb at the base , which is covered with bright orange patches . Neither edibility nor toxicity have been established for the fungus , but it is suspected to be associated with neurological anomalies . Several molecular studies have confirmed the mushroom 's classification in the subgenus Amanita of the genus Amanita , along with closely related species such as A. muscaria . Taxonomy , phylogeny , and naming The species was first described scientifically by the Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai in 1939 , based on various collections made in Japan during 1933 38 . Imai designated the Japanese name for mushroom as Hime beni unk ( unk ) . According to the online taxonomical database MycoBank , the name unk rubrovolvata , proposed by French mycologist Jean Edouard Gilbert in 1941 , is a synonym the generic name unk has since been subsumed into Amanita . Amanita rubrovolvata is classified in the subgenus Amanita of the genus Amanita , according to the systems proposed by Cornelis Bas ( 1969 ) , and Rolf Singer ( 1986 ) . It was one of 49 Amanita species included in a 1998 molecular phylogenetic analysis intended to help clarify natural groups and phylogenetic relationships within the genus . In the cladogram , A. rubrovolvata is on a branch next to a cluster of species including A. pantherina var. lutea , A. gemmata , A. farinosa , and A. sinensis . These results were comparable to those published in later phylogenetic analyses ( 1999 , 2004 , 2010 ) that have included A. unk as part of a larger dataset . The specific epithet rubrovolvata is derived from the Latin words ruber ( red ) , and the adjective volvatus ( closely sheathed ) . Amanita authority Rodham E. Tulloss has suggested red volva Amanita as an appropriate common name . Description The cap of A. rubrovolvata is 2 6 . 5 mm ( 0 . 08 0 . 26 in ) wide , convex to flattened , sometimes with a slight umbo . They are dark red to reddish orange , becoming a paler orange to yellowish at the margin . The cap surface is densely covered with red to orange to yellow , powdery to granular remnants of the volva . The cap margin is grooved with the grooves extending to between 30 to 60 of the radius and does not have partial veil remnants hanging along the cap margin . The flesh of the mushroom is white to yellow , or reddish immediately beneath the cap cuticle . The white gills are free from attachment to the stem and are 3 to 6 mm ( 0 . 12 to 0 . 24 in ) broad . The lamellulae ( short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem ) are truncate , and typically range in length between 15 50 of the length of the gills . The stem is 50 100 mm ( 2 . 0 3 . 9 in ) by 5 10 mm ( 0 . 2 0 . 4 in ) thick , roughly cylindrical or slightly larger upwards , with a surface that is cream above the ring and cream to yellowish below . The bulb at the base of the stem is roughly spherical , and 1 2 cm ( 0 . 4 0 . 8 in ) wide , with its upper part covered with red , orange to yellow woolly to powdery remnants of the volva . The volva remains in mature specimens as a ring around the upper part of the stem bulb . The ring is membranous , persistent , with an upper surface that is white and a lower surface having a yellowish tinge and an edge that is red to orange . Amanita rubrovolvata produces a white to cream colored spore print . The spores are spherical or nearly so , and typically measure 7 . 5 9 . 0 by 7 . 0 8 . 5 m . They are inamyloid , meaning that they will not absorb iodine stain from Melzer 's reagent . The basidia ( spore bearing cells in the hymenium ) are club shaped , four spored ( rarely two spored ) , and measure 25 44 by 10 14 m . The sterigmata ( slender extensions at the basidial tips that attach to the spores ) are 3 4 m long , and clamps are not found on the bases of basidia . Although the edibility or toxicity of the mushroom is not known with certainty , it has been reported to cause neurological symptoms in mice , as well as increased levels of blood glucose and decreased blood urea nitrogen . Other biochemical changes reported in mice , after peritoneal injection of fruit body extract , include decreases in the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and reduced levels of liver glycogen . In these experiments , values returned to normal six hours after initial injection , suggesting that the poisoning was not serious , and did not affect liver and kidney performance . Similar species unk and colleagues mention that the eastern North American species A. unk resembles A. unk slightly , but the former has short grooves at the edge of a yellowish orange cap , slightly larger spores , a yellow volva , and clamps at the basidial bases . Roger Heim reported A. unk as occurring in Thailand , but this was probably a misidentification of A. rubrovolvata . Habitat and distribution Amanita unk mushrooms grow in groups on the ground . Amanita species form mycorrhizal relationships with trees . This is a mutually beneficial relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of trees , enabling the fungus to receive moisture , protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree , and affording the tree greater access to soil nutrients . The original Japanese collections were made in forests dominated by Japanese beech ( Fagus crenata ) , but it has also been found growing near Quercus unk , Rhododendron unk , and Myrica esculenta in India , in Castanopsis unk forest in Nepal , and in Castanopsis indica plantations in the Himalayas . The species occurs in China , northern India , Nepal , unk Himalaya , South Korea , and countries of Southeast Asia ( for example , Thailand ) . The southern limit of the distribution extends to southern Malay Peninsula .
3,821	Kamp Krusty is the first episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 24 , 1992 . During summer vacation , the children of Springfield attend Kamp Krusty , a summer camp named after Krusty the Clown . The camp is extremely unpleasant , leading to the campers rebelling against the camp director . The episode was written by David M. Stern and directed by Mark Kirkland . Plot Bart and Lisa excitedly discuss their visit to Kamp Krusty , a summer camp run by Krusty the Clown . Homer has made Bart 's visit conditional on him getting at least a C average on his report card . Bart receives a D in each subject from Ms. Krabappel , so he changes each grade into straight A 's . Homer chides Bart for not faking plausible grades , but lets him go to camp anyway , because he does not want Bart hanging around throughout the summer . The camp 's director , Mr. Black , has licensed Krusty 's name from the comedian . The campers find out that the camp is a dystopia . Dolph , Jimbo and Kearney , the camp counselors , take the children on death marches , and force them into making knockoff wallets for export . Homer and Marge enjoy their summer alone , with Homer losing weight and growing hair . Lisa writes to them , describing the camp 's brutal conditions , but her parents think she is exaggerating . Bart hopes that his hero Krusty , will save them , but Krusty remains unaware of the camp 's nature , and is currently visiting England for the Wimbledon Tennis Tournament . To keep the children complacent , Mr. Black informs the campers that Krusty has finally come , but it is actually Barney Gumble disguised as Krusty . Bart leads the campers in rebellion , driving out Mr. Black and the bullies . Kent Brockman reports on the revolt , where Bart explains the camp 's deplorable conditions that caused him and the campers to rebel in the first place . The stress of seeing Bart as the leader of the rebellion during the report on TV causes Homer to immediately lose the hair he grew and regain the lost weight . Krusty is called away from his vacation , and arrives at the camp where the kids at first don 't believe its him , until a rough search reveals his iconic pacemaker scar . Krusty apologizes to the children for the poor conditions , saying that he was bribed to approve the camp . As compensation , Krusty takes them to the happiest place on Earth , Tijuana , Mexico . Production The idea that the children should go to a camp run by Krusty was first suggested by David M. Stern . The animators were enthusiastic about making this episode because they had all gone to summer camps as children and thought it would be a fun episode to write for . The writers also thought that it would be fun if while the kids are gone Homer and Marge find that as the kids are miserable their marriage is better than ever . The layout for Bart and Lisa 's cabin was influenced by the director , Mark Kirkland , who as a child went to a Boy Scout camp that had exposed wires and other similar faults . Kirkland was also sure that the character Mr. Black was going to reappear later in the series , but he never did . Al Jean commented , I guess that the hydrofoil really got Mr. Black out of the show forever . After he saw the completed episode , James L. Brooks called the writers and suggested that the Kamp Krusty script be used as a plotline for a film . However , the episode ran very short , and to make it barely fit the minimum time the Kamp Krusty song had to be lengthened by a number of verses . The episode was also chosen to be the first episode of the season , further complicating matters . As Jean told Brooks , First of all , if we make it into the movie then we don 't have a premiere , and second , if we can 't make 18 minutes out of this episode how are we supposed to make 80 Along with the following episode A Streetcar Named Marge , Kamp Krusty was a holdover from the previous season 's production run . It was the final episode to be produced in this run and so the last animated at Klasky Csupo , before the show 's producers Gracie Films moved its domestic production to Film Roman . Cultural references Some elements of the plot are borrowed from the Allan Sherman song Hello unk , Hello unk , a song about a kid who went to camp and hated it . The idea for the song sung by the children was from a 1960s TV show called Camp unk , which has a theme song that is similar to the Kamp Krusty song . The song was later used in Marge Be Not Proud , and inspired the title of a later episode . The scene where Lisa gives a bottle of whiskey to a man on horseback ( payment for delivering a letter ) is a reference to Meryl Streep 's scene from the film The French Lieutenant 's Woman . Some aspects of the episode are references to the novel Lord of the Flies ( a pig 's head on a spear , kids using primitive weapons and wearing war paint , and a burning effigy ) . The scene where Kearney beats a drum to make the campers work in the sweatshop is taken from the slave galley scene in the 1959 film Ben Hur . The episode ends with the song South of the Border . According to the DVD commentary , the song is not sung by Frank Sinatra but by another artist impersonating him . The plot of the episode inspired the 1991 video game spin off from the television series called Bart Simpson 's Escape from Camp Deadly . Reception In its original broadcast , Kamp Krusty finished 24th in ratings for the week of September 21 27 , 1992 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 . 5 , equivalent to approximately 12 . 6 million viewing households . It was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , had mixed views about the episode . They said that it is A bit baffling to non Americans unfamiliar with the summer camp system . But top grade stuff nonetheless . Anyone who 's worked as a counsellor in such a place can testify to this episode 's authenticity . The episode 's reference to Ben Hur was named the 31st greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum .
3,822	Tropical Storm Chantal was a short lived tropical storm in the northern Atlantic Ocean in the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season . It developed on July 31 from non tropical origins between Bermuda and Cape Cod , and with favorable conditions , Chantal rapidly attained peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) . The storm accelerated northeastward over an area of progressively colder water temperatures , and after a decrease in convection the National Hurricane Center ceased issuing advisories as Chantal began undergoing extratropical transition early on August 1 . Shortly thereafter , the extratropical remnant crossed over southeastern Newfoundland before tracking into the open waters of the north Atlantic Ocean . Prior to forming , the storm dropped moderate rainfall on Bermuda . Subsequent to becoming extratropical , the remnants of Chantal produced gusty winds and heavy precipitation across the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland , causing flooding and wind damage insured damage totaled 25 million ( 2007 CAD , 24 . 3 million 2007 USD ) . Meteorological history A frontal system moved off the Carolinas on July 21 , and as it drifted southeastward it degenerated into a trough of low pressure by July 26 , it was nearly stationary to the east of the Bahamas . Deep convection initially failed to persist , though on July 28 meteorologists began tracking it with the Dvorak technique . The system tracked northeastward , and initially unfavorable environmental conditions left the system disorganized . However , conditions were forecast to become more conducive for development , and by July 29 the National Hurricane Center remarked it had potential for tropical or subtropical development . On July 30 , the low passed to the west of Bermuda as it continued northeastward , under the influence of a large mid latitude trough . The system contained an exposed low level circulation , which intermittently passed beneath a persistent area of convection to its northeast . By early on July 31 , ship reports and QuikSCAT observations suggested winds of 35 mph ( 55 km h ) , and the center was well involved enough with the convection for the National Hurricane Center to classify it as Tropical Depression Three while it was located about 270 miles ( 435 km ) north northwest of Bermuda , or about 445 miles ( 710 km ) south southeast of Chatham , Massachusetts . Upon receiving its classification , the depression consisted of a partially exposed low level center with deep convection occupying the northeastern semicircle . Located over sea surface temperatures of about 80 F ( 27 C ) , one forecaster noted the depression had a small window of opportunity ... for it to reach tropical storm strength before transitioning to an extratropical cyclone . Convection increased further over the center , and at around 0600 UTC on July 31 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Chantal while located about 530 miles ( 855 km ) south of Halifax , Nova Scotia . The storm continued northeastward , under the influence of a mid level trough , and Chantal quickly developed well defined curved banding features six hours after becoming a tropical storm , Chantal reached peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) . The storm tracked through an area of progressively cold waters and cooler air , resulting in the weakening of its convection . The circulation became embedded within the approaching frontal zone , and by 0600 UTC on August 1 Chantal transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . After becoming an extratropical cyclone , Chantal maintained scattered convection near its center , though its main area of convection and clouds extended to its north . Midday on August 1 , the cyclone struck Newfoundland along the Avalon Peninsula , hitting the Placentia Area with full force . It subsequently intensified to attain winds of near hurricane force . On August 3 the cyclone underwent a final weakening trend in the far northern Atlantic Ocean , and on August 5 the extratropical remnants of Chantal merged with another extratropical cyclone to the east of Iceland . Impact The precursor disturbance to Chantal began affecting Bermuda on July 30 , producing scattered storms and increased cloud cover . The next day the system dropped more rainfall as it passed to the west of the island , and in the two day period precipitation accumulated to 2 . 12 inches ( 53 . 8 mm ) at the Bermuda International Airport , accounting for 35 of the monthly rainfall total . Thunderstorms were reported on the island , and maximum reported winds on the island reached 45 mph ( 72 km h ) . After Chantal passed Bermuda , a ship with the call sign unk recorded sustained winds of 37 mph ( 59 km h ) over the open waters of the north Atlantic Ocean . At around 2300 UTC on July 31 , a buoy to the southeast of Nova Scotia reported a pressure of 995 mbar as Chantal passed nearby . Shortly after it first became a tropical storm , the Atlantic Storm Prediction Center of Canada issued gale warnings for the coastal waters off Newfoundland . Later , the Newfoundland Labrador Weather Office issued heavy rainfall warnings for southeastern Newfoundland . In offshore waters , wave heights reached 20 feet ( 6 m ) . Onshore , the storm produced moderately strong winds , with an unofficial peak gust of 54 mph ( 88 km h ) reported near where the storm moved ashore . The extratropical remnants of Chantal dropped heavy rainfall in a short duration across Newfoundland 1 . 7 inches ( 43 mm ) fell in 1 hour at St. John 's West , the highest hourly rainfall total . Across the province , precipitation peaked at 7 . 89 inches ( 200 . 4 mm ) at Argentia . The rainfall caused flooding and street washouts in several towns along the Avalon Peninsula , such as Ship Harbour , Fox Harbour , and unk . Several communities in the region declared states of emergencies . In Ship Harbour citizens were isolated for 5 days until a temporary road was made . Also in Spaniard 's Bay , the flooding caused a bridge to depress about 1 . 5 feet ( 50 cm ) a temporary bridge was built within two months , with a permanent replacement scheduled to be finished by the summer of 2008 . Insured damage across the area totaled 25 million ( 2007 CAD , 24 . 3 million 2007 USD ) .
3,823	In Thailand politics , the Finland Plot , Finland Plan , Finland Strategy or Finland Declaration ( Thai unk , unk unk , unk ) are names of a controversial conspiracy theory espoused by Sondhi Limthongkul and supporters affiliated with the People 's Alliance for Democracy ( PAD ) in 2006 describing a plot allegedly developed by Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and former left wing student leaders to overthrow the Thai monarch , take control of the nation , and establish a communist state . The plot allegedly originated in Finland . The allegations had a negative impact on the popularity of Thaksin and his government , despite the fact that no evidence was ever produced to verify the existence of a plot . Thaksin and his Thai Rak Thai party vehemently denied the accusations and sued the accusers . The leaders of the 2006 military coup claimed Thaksin 's alleged disloyalty as one of their rationales for seizing power . Background Protests against Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra increased throughout 2005 and 2006 due to a variety of factors , including his April 2005 appearance at a merit making ceremony at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha , the September 2005 cancellation of Sondhi Limthongkul 's unk unk television show , Thaksin 's November 2005 plan to give local communities control of public schools , Thaksin 's sale of Shin Corporation in January 2006 , and Thaksin 's alleged role in the March 2006 destruction of the Phra unk unk shrine . Finland Plot In May 2006 , on the eve of King Bhumibol Adulyadej 's 60th anniversary celebrations , the Sondhi Limthongkul owned Manager Daily newspaper published the details of what it called the Finland Plan , Finland Declaration , or Finland Strategy . The articles claimed that Thaksin and former student leaders of Thailand 's 1970s democratic movement met in Finland in 1999 to develop a plan to institute rule by a single party , overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic , and hold elections for provincial governors . The 5 part article was titled Finland Strategy Thailand 's Revolution Plan was written by Pramote unk and appeared on 17 , 19 , 22 , 23 and 24 May 2006 . Thaksin 's alleged co conspirators apparently included Thai Rak Thai party members unk unk ( Secretary General to the Premier ) , unk unk ( Deputy Prime Minister ) , unk unk ( Minister of Information and Communications Technology ) , unk unk ( Former Deputy Science Minister ) , unk unk ( Deputy Interior Minister ) , and unk unk ( Deputy Transport Minister ) , all of whom had been affiliated with the Communist Party of Thailand following the massacre of 6 October 1976 . The allegations were taken up by several prominent critics , including leaders of the People 's Alliance for Democracy , constitution drafter Chai unk unk , Senator Sophon unk , writer Pramote unk , and Democrat leader unk unk . None of the accusers provided any evidence to back up their allegations . Sondhi noted that his source was a Thai Rak Thai worker who had recently defected . Variations and denials Variations of the original theory were also proposed , including the claim that the plot involved overseas groups intent on overthrowing the Chakri dynasty , the claim that media consolidation was a core component of the conspiracy , the claim that the Plan was aimed at maintaining a constitutional monarchy while reducing the powers of the monarch to a mere figurehead , and the claim that a law designed to further decentralize central administrative power to the Thai provinces , and the claim that Thaksin wanted to establish a government based on the model of western democracies . Another variation claimed that Thaksin 's co conspirators were former members of the Communist Party of Thailand including Deputy Transport Minister unk unk and had applied a theory of orthodox Marxism to map out the TRT strategy to promote capitalism . This variation claimed that Thailand during the 1970s was still a semi feudal society and needed to become a capitalist society as part of the transition to socialism . The communists then worked with Thaksin to fully develop Thailand 's capitalist economic system , destroy all remnants of feudalism , and privatize state owned assets , while at the same time establishing a single party dictatorship , all in order to create a socialist dictatorship . The allegations were roundly denied by Thaksin Shinawatra and the leadership of his Thai Rak Thai party , including unk unk and unk unk . On 30 May , Thaksin Shinawatra and Thana unk , a lawyer from the Thai Rak Thai party , sued Sondhi , editor unk unk , columnist Pramote unk , executive unk unk , and webmaster unk unk for libel . The lawsuit alleged that the articles were intended to ruin Thai Rak Thai and Thaksin 's political future by making the public believe the party was planning to overturn the constitutional monarchy . Thaksin 's lawsuit attracted criticism and claims that Thaksin was trying to censor the media . Impact of the allegations The allegations had a negative impact on the popularity of Thaksin and his government . Thaksin was forced to expend a significant amount of time and political capital on damage control , explaining his position and swearing his loyalty to the monarchy . In an editorial , the influential anti Thaksin newspaper The Nation noted Whether or not such a plot really exists may be impossible to prove . But Sondhi and the others should know better than to stir up an already volatile political situation with irresponsible accusations that have a potential to inflame further hatred and violence between opposing groups . The Nation noted that the actual existence of the Plot was not important the mere invocation of royalty would be enough to damage the Thai Rak Thai party . Many commentators noted the similarity between the Finland Plot allegations and the allegations used justify the massacre of students on 6 October 1976 , which in the context of the Thailand political crisis , might justify a military coup . The Thai military eventually successfully executed a coup against the Thaksin government on 19 September 2006 . One of the junta 's stated rationales for the coup was that Thaksin had insulted the King .
3,824	The 1758 Battle on Snowshoes occurred on March 13 , 1758 , during the French and Indian War . It was fought by members of British Ranger companies led by Robert Rogers against French troops and Indians allied to France . The battle took place near Lake George , now in northern New York , but then in the frontier area between the British province of New York and the French province of Canada . The battle was given its name because the British combatants were wearing snowshoes . Rogers led a band of about 180 rangers and regulars out to scout French positions . The French commander at Fort Carillon had been alerted to their movement , and sent a force consisting mostly of Indians to meet them . In fierce fighting , the British troop was decimated , with more than 120 casualties . The French believed that Rogers was killed in this action , as he was forced to abandon his regimental jacket , which contained his commission papers , during his escape from the scene . This battle gave rise to the tale that Rogers escaped capture by sliding 400 feet ( 120 m ) down a unk to the frozen surface of Lake George . That rock is now known as Rogers Rock or Rogers Slide . Background The French and Indian War broke out in 1754 between British and French colonists over territorial disputes along their colonial frontiers , and escalated the following year to include regular troops . By 1756 , the French had enjoyed successes in most of their frontier battles against the British . Their only notable failure occurred when the British stopped their southward advance from Lake Champlain in the 1755 Battle of Lake George . From bases at Fort St. Frdric ( located at what is now Crown Point , New York ) and Fort Carillon ( known to the British as Fort Ticonderoga ) , the French and their Indian allies continued to scout and probe the British defenses on Lake George and the upper Hudson River . The British , who had fewer Indian allies , resorted to companies of rangers for their scouting and reconnaissance activities . The ranger companies were organized and directed by Robert Rogers , and eventually became known as Rogers ' Rangers . Prelude Captain Rogers was sent on a reconnaissance mission from Fort Edward northwards toward Fort Carillon on March 10 , 1758 . Lieutenant Colonel William Haviland , the fort 's commander , had originally planned on 400 men taking part but reduced the number to 180 , even though he had reason to believe the French knew of the expedition . The French had captured a man from an earlier expedition by Israel Putnam 's Connecticut rangers and it was suspected that he had informed his captors of the British plans . Putnam 's reconnaissance revealed that there were an estimated 600 Indians encamped near Fort Carillon . The expedition was composed mostly of men from Rogers ' ranger companies , but it also included a few volunteer soldiers from the 27th ( Inniskilling ) Regiment . On March 13 , they wore snowshoes as they marched through snow four feet deep , with a rivulet to their left and a steep mountain separating them from Lake George to their right . They had stopped for a three hour break when their advance guard spotted what Rogers reported as ninety six , chiefly Indians . On March 12 , Captain Louis Philippe Le unk d unk , the French commander at Fort Carillon , heard rumors from the encamped Indians that the British were nearing . He sent Ensign Durantaye with a company of 200 Nipissing Indians and about 20 Canadians in response to these reports , but they found nothing . The next day two Indian scouts reported that they had found tracks of an enemy party . Around noon on March 13 , Durantaye led 100 men ( again a mixed company of Indians and Canadians ) out of the fort . These were followed shortly after by 200 Indians under Ensign de Langy . Although the two French groups joined forces , Durantaye 's company was about 100 yards ( 91 m ) ahead of Langy 's when they were spotted by Rogers ' men . Battle Rogers men immediately set up an ambush . When Durantaye 's men came within range at 14 00 , the British opened fire , killing above forty Indians , according to Rogers . Durantaye 's force broke and retreated in disarray . Rogers and about half his men gave chase , critically forgetting to reload their muskets , while the others stopped to collect scalps . Langy 's men , alerted by the gunfire , set up their own ambush . When Rogers ' men arrived , the attack by Langy 's force killed or wounded an estimated 50 men . The Rangers fought bravely , considering they were outnumbered and their numbers were falling quickly . They made several successful attempts to prevent themselves from being flanked , but after an hour and a half of heavy fighting , their numbers were significantly reduced . The remnants of the British force then tried to escape the battle . Rogers and some of his men did get away , but one group of men surrendered , only to be killed and scalped when a scalp was discovered in a pocket of one of the men . Aftermath Rogers and his decimated company returned to Fort Edward on March 15 . Rogers himself was originally reported by the French to have been killed , but had actually survived . The report stemmed from the manner of Rogers escape during which he discarded some of his belongings , including his regimental coat , which contained his military commission . This episode also gave rise to a local legend that Rogers escaped the battle by sliding 400 feet down the side of a hill to the frozen surface of Lake George . While there is no proof of this event , the unk he supposedly went down very quickly became known as Rogers ' Slide . Reports of casualties , and of the numbers of forces involved , starkly differed in this battle . Rogers ' report of the event estimated the French Indian force at 700 , with one to two hundred casualties , and his accounts of the battle were doubted by a variety of commentators , as they were inconsistent with other accounts . A letter by Henry Pringle , written while held in captivity at Carillon , restored his reputation by clarifying the French advantage following the second ambush Rogers went on to rebuild his companies and serve in the Battle of Carillon in July 1758 .
3,825	Typhoon Billie was the first typhoon officially monitored by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . The storm brought floods to several East Asian countries in July 1959 . Billie developed from a tropical disturbance west of Kiribati on July 12 . Situated within favorable conditions , the system quickly reached tropical storm intensity before strengthening further to typhoon status a day after formation . Intensification continued until Billie reached its peak intensity on July 14 east of Taiwan with maximum sustained winds of 165 km h ( 105 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar ( hPa 28 . 64 inHg ) . Slight weakening occurred before the typhoon made landfall on Zhejiang in China on July 16 . After tracking inland , Billie curved northward and moved over the Yellow Sea before making a final landfall on North Korea on July 17 the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone shortly afterwards before dissipating over the Sea of Japan a day later . The rainbands of Billie brought severe flooding to the Philippines and Japan even while the typhoon 's center was well removed from those locations . In the Philippines , one person was killed , and the flood damage totaled US 500 , 000 . Floods were particularly destructive in Japan , where they destroyed 603 homes in the western portion of the country . unk of crops were inundated by the floodwaters , and 44 people were killed . Extensive flooding occurred in Taiwan and China , and seven deaths occurred in the former . In Busan , South Korea , Billie 's effects forced the evacuation of thousands of people through tight corridors from a stadium , causing the indirect deaths of 61 people . Meteorological history Beginning on July 9 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began dispatching aircraft reconnaissance to investigate an area of thunderstorms between Yap State and Koror that had potential to develop into a tropical cyclone . Tracking westward , there were few signs of organization or intensification until July 12 , when recon found a closed atmospheric circulation within the disturbance , signifying that a tropical depression had developed JTWC bulletins and warnings commenced accordingly . Upon development , observations indicated that the system was quickly developing in favorable conditions , with initial reconnaissance flights finding a loose eye measuring 160 km ( 100 mi ) in diameter shortly after classification as a tropical depression . Twelve hours later , the JTWC upgraded the cyclone to tropical storm status , assigning the name Billie . At 1200 UTC on July 13 , the JTWC upgraded Billie further to typhoon status , making Billie the first tropical cyclone to be monitored by the JTWC since its inception earlier in 1959 . Now tracking steadily towards the northwest , the typhoon reached its peak intensity at 1200 UTC the next day with maximum sustained winds of 165 km h ( 105 mph ) according to the JTWC and a minimum barometric pressure assessed by the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) at 970 mbar ( hPa 28 . 64 inHg ) . By this time Billie 's eye had shrunk to a size roughly 50 km ( 30 mi ) in diameter . At 0900 UTC on July 15 , Billie passed just 30 km ( 20 mi ) north of Taiwan fifteen hours later the typhoon made landfall north of Fuzhou , China in Zhejiang with winds estimated at 120 km h ( 75 mph ) . Upon tracking inland on July 16 , interaction with China 's mountainous terrain disrupted the organization of Billie , weakening it down to tropical storm intensity . However , the tropical cyclone 's stint over land was short lived as the system quickly curved northward into the Yellow Sea by July 17 . Despite moving back over water , Billie continued to weaken , and made landfall on the western coast of North Korea with winds of 75 km h ( 40 mph ) . Over the Korean peninsula , Billie began to intake cold air from a polar front , enabling the system to transition into an extratropical cyclone by 1800 UTC that day . These remnants tracked eastward across the Sea of Japan before they were last noted just off of Hokkaido on July 18 . Impact As Billie tracked to the east of the Philippines , the outer rainbands of the tropical cyclone produced heavy rainfall to the archipelago , the Ryukyu Islands , and the main islands of Japan . In the Philippines , the rains triggered floods that led to the death of one person and US 500 , 000 in damage . About 100 people were displaced on the islands due to the rainfall . The Japanese freighter unk Maru was grounded on a reef off of Ishigaki Island due to the rough surf and winds caused by the passing typhoon , necessitating a rescue operation by three United States Navy ships . On the island , 16 homes were destroyed and 49 were heavily damaged . Inundation of crops was prevalent . Flooding from Billie was highly destructive in areas of Japan west of the Chbu region , destroying 603 homes and inundating 77 , 288 others . Roughly 325 km2 ( 125 mi2 ) of farmland was impacted by the rains . Across Japan , 44 people were killed and 77 were injured . In northern Taiwan , Billie caused widespread flash flooding , displacing thousands of people and resulting in extensive damage . Approximately one third of Taipei was inundated by floodwaters , and hospital patients were forced to evacuate to Okinawa after a Military Assistance Advisory Group compound was impacted by the heavy rains . Over 10 , 000 people were rendered homeless in Taipei alone after the city 's shanty type dwellings along with well built residences were destroyed . In total , the effects of Billie in Taiwan killed seven people . Extensive flooding also occurred in nearby eastern China , inundating rice fields . In order to avoid the storm , thousands of fishermen sought shelter in local harbors . Cleanup and relief operations quickly ensued following the storm 's passage . Storms accompanying Billie and its remnants brought heavy rains and strong winds to South Korea , knocking out police telephone lines in Busan . The sudden onslaught of these storms caused a stampede of roughly 70 , 000 people out of a stadium , resulting in the indirect deaths of 68 people , including 51 children . Around 125 people were injured and 40 were hospitalized after the mass evacuation .
3,826	The Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year is an honor presented to female Tejano music recording artists . The Tejano Music Awards , first bestowed in 1981 , was established to recognize the most talented performers of the genre a subcategory of regional Mexican music , with roots in the music of early European settlers in Texas . The awards are presented by the Texas Talent Musicians Association ( unk ) , to promote excellence in the Tejano music industry using the popular vote method to select the winner of the female vocalist of the year . Historically , female musicians fared less favorably in the male dominated genre and were seen as inferior to their male counterparts . The award was established by Rick Trevino , a male Tejano performer , who founded the Awards in 1981 . The award was first presented to American singer Lisa Lopez . Laura Canales won the award five nonconsecutive times , and is considered Tejano music 's first leading lady before the genre 's golden age in the 1990s . Selena holds the record for most wins , winning 11 of her 12 nominations . The singer has been called the Queen of Tejano music , and is credited with catapulting the genre into the mainstream market . Following her death in March 1995 , the genre suffered and its popularity waned . In 1998 Shelly Lares won for the first time since she was initially nominated in 1986 . She holds the record for most nominations at 28 . The following year Jennifer Pea won the award the first time the award was won by two different participants since 1982 . The current award holder is Elida Reyna who shares the record with Selena for most consecutive wins nine . Background and nomination process Tejano music is a blend of polka , jazz , rhythm and blues , and country music , with influences of American pop music . Early European settlers introduced the accordion and bajo unk , one of the major musical components used in the genre , to the state of Texas . Tejano music has since been urbanized with the introduction of keyboards and synthesizers . Historically , female musicians were seen as inferior and less successful commercially than their male counterparts , and were often turned down by music concert organizers who wanted sellouts . The female vocalist category was introduced at the first awards ceremony which was pioneered by Rick Trevino , a male Tejano musician , in 1981 . Nominees were originally selected by a voting poll conducted by program directors and disc jockeys at Spanish language radio stations in Texas . Winners were previously chosen by Tejano radio station unk listeners in the 1980s , and later by fans of Tejano musicians in the Southwest of the United States . Currently , winners are selected through a survey of 50 , 000 Texas households with Hispanic surnames , though anyone with Internet access is eligible to vote on the official website page . By 1987 , the awards ceremony was broadcast by 32 radio stations and 25 local television channels in Texas , New Mexico , Arkansas , Oklahoma , and Louisiana . The awards ceremony was originally held at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center , then at the San Antonio Convention Center until 1994 , and the Alamodome until 1999 . As of 2015 , the ceremony is held annually at the Tobin Center for the Performing Arts in San Antonio , Texas . Recipients The award was first presented to American singer Lisa Lopez , who had a US Billboard Regional Mexican Airplay number one single with Si Quieres unk Llorar ( 1982 ) . Lopez ' core audience was Mexicans , and she became the first female Tejano singer to appear on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart in October 1986 . Laura Canales , who popularized unk in the 1970s , won the award five nonconsecutive times . She was considered Tejano music 's first leading lady before the genre 's golden age in the 1990s . At the sixth Tejano Music Awards ( 1986 ) , Female Vocalist of the Year nominees included newcomers Shelly Lares and Selena who were up against veteran winner Canales . Selena won the award and won again at the seventh Tejano Music Awards in 1987 Canales won the honor in 1988 . Beginning in 1989 , Selena won the award for seven consecutive years . At the 10th Tejano Music Awards ( 1990 ) , the nomination pool increased to include newcomers Cathy Chavez , Jean Le Grand , Agnes Torres , and veteran performers Selena , Lares , Elsa Garcia , and Canales . From the 11th ( 1991 ) and 12th Tejano Music Awards ( 1992 ) , the nominees remained the same with Selena , Lares , and Canales . The 13th Tejano Music Awards nominees included newcomer Esmeralda along with Selena and Lares . At the 14th Tejano Music Awards , Elsa Garcia was nominated for the first time in four years . Selena twice won the award posthumously after her shooting death in March 1995 . She was called the Queen of Tejano music and was credited with catapulting the genre into the mainstream U.S. market . Following the singer 's death , Tejano music 's popularity faded and has never recovered . At the 16th Tejano Music Awards ( 1998 ) , Shelly Lares won the honor for the first time since she was nominated in 1986 . Among the nominees for the 16th annual ceremony was newcomer Jennifer Pea , who was pegged as the next Selena , and Elida Reyna who was first nominated in 1996 . Pea was awarded the honor in 1999 , 2001 , and 2003 before retiring from the music industry . In 2000 , Elida Reyna took home the award . At the 22nd Tejano Music Awards , Lares won out over Reyna and Pea . For the 24th Tejano Music Awards nominees unk Zavala and Megan Leyva were up against veterans Reyna and Lares , with the former winning the title . The nomination pool increased for the 25th Tejano Music Awards with nominees including newcomers Delia unk , Julia unk , Linna Martnez , unk De La Garza , Michelle , Stefani Montiel , and Yvette , while unk Zavala and Megan Leyva were up against veterans Reyna and Lares who won the award . Lares continued to win the award with her last win at the 26th Tejano Music Awards , when she was up against Montiel , Reyna , and newcomers Tracy Perez and Rebecca Valadez . Beginning in 2007 , Reyna dominated the award and remains the title holder as of 2015 . General Specific
3,827	Bristol Customshouse and Post Office is a historic two story rectangular Italian palazzo style brick building that was used as a post office and unk in Bristol , Rhode Island , United States . The land for the site was acquired for 4 , 400 . The building was designed by Ammi B. Young and completed in 1858 for a cost of 22 , 135 . 75 . The building roughly measures 46 feet ( 14 m ) by 32 feet ( 9 . 8 m ) and is constructed of deep red brick and has three arched openings on each of its sides and stories that are lined with sandstone moldings . The archways protrude from the side of the building and the center archway serves as the first floor with the adjacent archways housing large windows that are barred with iron . As it typical of the style , the second floor is more elaborate with a shallow balcony of iron supported by iron brackets and the paneling of the upper facade 's surmounting entablature is elaborately decorative . The sides and rear are similar to the front facade , but include blind recesses and the molding is of a browner sandstone . The building was abandoned in 1962 and acquired by the Young Men 's Christian Association ( YMCA ) in 1964 . The YMCA has an adjacent structure and used the building as an ante space until 1990 . Currently , the building is used as offices . The Bristol Customshouse and Post Office is historically significant as it is an example of the Italian palazzo mode of architecture . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 . Design The land for the site was acquired on April 19 , 1856 for 4 , 400 and constructed in 1857 for a cost of 22 , 135 . 75 . Completed in 1858 from the design by Ammi B. Young , the Bristol Customshouse and Post Office is a two story rectangular Italian palazzo style brick building that rests upon a raised granite base . The building is about 46 feet ( 14 m ) by 32 feet ( 9 . 8 m ) and is heated by steam . The front facade is made of deep red brick that has three large arched openings on both stories and a greyish sandstone molding outlines the arches on both floors and caps the piers which separate the first floor arches and a decisive molding of the same material forms a belt between the two stories . The archways protrude from the side of the building and the center archway serves as the first floor with the adjacent archways housing large windows that are barred with iron . As it typical of the style , the second floor is more elaborate with a shallow balcony of iron supported by iron brackets and the paneling of the upper facade is understated , but the surmounting entablature is heavy and elaborately decorated . The cornice as the visual top of the building and conceals the low hipped roof that is only visible from a distance . The sides and rear are similar to the front facade , but include blind recesses and the molding is of a browner sandstone . Alterations to the building are evident in an old photograph , dated to circa 1860 1869 , which shows pedimented dormers in the center of the roof , that is believed to have been an addition that has since been removed , but at an unknown time . According to Bristol , Rhode Island The Bristol renaissance , a photo of the building dated to circa 1900 shows the pedimented dormers . A postcard that was postmarked in 1920 also shows the dormers and the adjacent YMCA building . Also present in the photograph are two chimneys on the front facade and it is evidenced that the side chimney probably arose near the front , however , only one chimney is extant in the rear . The two front chimneys were absent in a circa 1907 1913 post card . The rear chimney was described as apparently altered without future explanation in the National Register of Historic Places nomination . The 1971 nomination form noted that the then current state of the building was in a state of neglect . After passing through the vestibule , the front area served as the postal sorting rooms , office and mail boxes . In this area , the original iron columns are visible between the wood panels of the clerks ' windows . The tile floors were noted to be an alteration , but the second floor stair landing likely had its original tiling remain . The second floor was accessible via cast iron stairs with iron railings , that lead up the customs quarters that had a large room with seven sets of iron framed windows , with heavy iron sills and interior shutters . This room was described as impressively large because of its 17 feet ( 5 . 2 m ) high ceilings and 8 feet ( 2 . 4 m ) paneled door , the floor is made of hard wood and a very plain marble fireplace is in one corner of the large room . The supports of the building stem from the cellar where granite piers support horizontal iron beams that hold up iron columns on the first floor . Use The Bristol Customshouse and Post Office was used as a Post Office and Customs House , as its name implies , until it was abandoned in 1962 . Records show that 1 , 071 . 75 in repairs and 68 . 36 for mechanical equipment was spent by the United States government between July 1908 and June 1909 . The Young Men 's Christian Association ( YMCA ) acquired the building in 1964 , the building was attached to a YMCA swimming pool structure and was used as an ante space until 1990 . It was remodeled and currently is used as offices . Importance The Bristol Customshouse and Post Office is historically significant as an example of the rediscovery of the Italian palazzo mode of architecture after the long proliferation of the Greek Revival . Though Young designed dozens of building for the United States Department of the Treasury , he was a master of the Greek Revival style and his designs varied throughout the years during the popularization of subsequent styles . Young also designed the United States Customshouse in Providence , Rhode Island a year prior , but its design reflected a more classical , academic theme in a more Tuscan style . The Bristol Customshouse and Post Office serves as an excellent example of a style that is little represented in a town which has fine buildings of other styles and periods , and is a reminder of what was once one of the most active seaports in the northeast .
3,828	Donald J. Gault ( born August 30 , 1946 ) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the Cleveland Browns in 1970 . Over the course of his career , he played in two games , completed 2 of 19 passes for 67 yards , threw no touchdowns and three interceptions , and finished his career with a passer rating of 2 . 2 . Gault played college football at Hofstra University where he set many school passing records . After graduating , he was signed by the Browns . The team kept him on the roster from 1968 to 1972 , though he was only an active player in 1970 . He played in two games and started one , earning a victory despite a passer rating of zero . After the Browns released him in 1972 , he had offseason stints with the San Diego Chargers , Edmonton Eskimos , New York Jets , and New York Stars before retiring . College career Gault played high school football for John Adams High School in Queens , then played college football for the Hofstra Pride . After sitting out his freshman year , he was awarded the starting quarterback job as a sophomore in 1965 . In his third start for Hofstra , he completed 21 of 33 passes and threw for a school record 315 yards in a 35 13 win over Kings Point Academy . A month later , he broke his own record and threw for 345 yards after completing 17 of 25 passes in a 42 28 win over Temple . For the season he completed 158 passes for 20 touchdowns and 2 , 134 yards . Gault 's junior year was considered to have been a disappointment due to ineffectiveness and a 2 8 overall record , but his career passing yards through two full seasons set a school record . Gault 's senior season performances included a 325 yard , four touchdown performance , after which he was named to the weekly All East All Star football team . In his last collegiate game against C. W. Post College , he completed 11 of 20 passes for 220 yards in a 19 0 win , giving Hofstra an 8 2 record his senior year with seven of the eight wins being shutouts . Over the course of his career , Gault broke school records for passing yards and completions in a season and career , but also had 22 interceptions in 30 career games . After his graduation , coach Howdy Myers said of him , he has a quick release and can throw accurately both long and short . Professional career Gault went undrafted in the 1968 NFL Draft , and was signed by the Cleveland Browns as a free agent . Heading into training camp , he was one of five quarterbacks looking for a roster spot , the others being Frank Ryan , Gary Lane , Dick Shiner , and fellow undrafted rookie Jim Alcorn . By the end of the preseason , Gault was cut from the active roster , and spent the 1968 season on the practice squad , but was noted as someone who could be the Browns ' future starting quarterback . Before the 1969 season began , Gault joined the military reserves . While training at Fort Dix from June to November , he played in the Continental Football League with the Jersey Jays . After his training ended , he returned to the team 's practice squad . He was placed on the active roster as a third string emergency quarterback in case the Browns needed him during the postseason . During the offseason , Gault worked as an insurance broker while remaining on the Browns roster . The Browns had three quarterbacks on their roster entering the 1970 Cleveland Browns season in Gault , Bill Nelsen , and Mike Phipps . As training camp began , Browns coach Blanton Collier planned to use Gault in exhibition games , as he was throwing the ball well in practice during the summer . By the end of preseason , Gault was named to the active roster as the Browns retained all three quarterbacks , an uncommon move at the time . During the Browns ' second game against the San Francisco 49ers , starting quarterback Nelsen was injured , leading Gault to enter the game in the fourth quarter . He completed a pass to Gary Collins for 23 yards , threw an incompletion , and threw an interception to Dave Wilcox , allowing the 49ers to go on a game winning drive in a 34 31 Browns loss . Due to Nelsen 's injury , Gault was given the start in next week 's game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , facing off against fellow rookie and first overall draft pick , Terry Bradshaw . In his only career start , he completed one pass for 44 yards in 16 attempts , threw two interceptions , and finished the game with a 0 . 0 passer rating . He also led the Browns to only three first downs during the first half , and as a result Phipps took over at quarterback the Browns went on to win the game , 15 7 . Nelsen recovered from the injury the following week and turn back over for the Browns at quarterback Gault did not play another snap that season . Entering the 1971 season , Gault modified his throwing style after discussion with new head coach Nick Skorich , and was throwing better in training camp as a result . After training camp ended , however , he was placed on the practice squad , where he remained throughout the season . In 1972 , the Browns drafted Brian Sipe , giving Gault competition for the third quarterback spot , which was noted as a main position battle in training camp for the Browns that season . At the end of training camp , Sipe won the job , and Gault was cut . He was picked up by the San Diego Chargers in late August . He competed with Wayne Clark for the backup quarterback job for a short time , and did not see any playing time for the Chargers before his release . He also spent time with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League , but did not see any playing time with them . He later noted that he was unable to adjust to the game of Canadian football , as he was unable to throw a spiral due to the football being shorter and fatter . The New York Jets signed Gault as a free agent in 1973 , and he was slated to compete with Al Woodall for the backup quarterback spot behind Joe Namath . At the end of preseason , he lost the backup spot to Woodall , and was released . The following year , Gault signed with the New York Stars of the new World Football League in April . After practicing with the team throughout the offseason , he was released in August , ending his professional career .
3,829	Kitti 's hog nosed bat ( unk unk ) , also known as the bumblebee bat , is a vulnerable species of bat and the only extant member of the family unk . It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Burma , where it occupies limestone caves along rivers . Kitti 's hog nosed bat is the smallest species of bat and arguably the world 's smallest mammal . It has a reddish brown or grey coat , with a distinctive pig like snout . Colonies range greatly in size , with an average of 100 individuals per cave . The bat feeds during short activity periods in the evening and dawn , foraging around nearby forest areas for insects . Females give birth annually to a single offspring . Although the bat 's status in Burma is not well known , the Thai population is restricted to a single province and may be at risk for extinction . Its potential threats are primarily anthropogenic , and include habitat degradation and the disturbance of roosting sites . Description Kitti 's hog nosed bat is about 29 to 33 mm ( 1 . 1 to 1 . 3 in ) in length and 2 g ( 0 . 071 oz ) in unk hence the common name of bumblebee bat . It is the smallest species of bat and may be the world 's smallest mammal , depending on how size is defined . The main competitors for the title are small shrews in particular , the Etruscan shrew may be lighter at 1 . 2 to 2 . 7 g ( 0 . 042 to 0 . 095 oz ) but is longer , measuring 36 to 53 mm ( 1 . 4 to 2 . 1 in ) from its head to the base of the tail . The bat has a distinctive swollen , pig like snout with thin , vertical nostrils . Its ears are relatively large , while its eyes are small and mostly concealed by fur . Its teeth are typical of an insectivorous bat . The dental formula is 1 1 1 3 in the upper jaw and 2 1 2 3 in the lower jaw , with large upper incisors . The bat 's upperparts are reddish brown or grey , while the underside is generally paler . The wings are relatively large and darker in colour , with long tips that allow the bat to hover . Despite having two caudal vertebrae , Kitti 's Hog nosed Bat has no visible tail . There is a large web of skin between the hind legs ( the uropatagium ) which may assist in flying and catching insects , although there are no tail bones or unk to help control it in flight . Range and distribution Kitti 's hog nosed bat occupies the limestone caves along rivers , within dry evergreen or deciduous forests . In Thailand , Kitti 's hog nosed bat is restricted to a small region of the unk Hills in Sai Yok District , unk Province , within the drainage basin of the unk Noi River . While the Sai Yok National Park in the unk Hills contains much of the bat 's range , some Thai populations occur outside the park and are therefore unprotected . Since the 2001 discovery of a single individual in Burma , at least nine separate sites have been identified in the limestone outcrops of the unk and Karen Hills outside the unk , unk , and unk Rivers of unk and Mon States . The Thai and Burmese populations are morphologically identical , but their echolocation calls are distinct . It is not known whether the two populations are reproductively isolated . Behaviour Kitti 's hog nosed bat roosts in the caves of limestone hills , far from the entrance . While many caves contain only 10 to 15 individuals , the average group size is 100 , with a maximum of about 500 . Individuals roost high on walls or roof domes , far apart from each other . Bats also undertake seasonal migration between caves . Kitti 's hog nosed bat has a brief activity period , leaving its roost for only 30 minutes in the evening and 20 minutes at dawn . These short flights are easily interrupted by heavy rain or cold temperatures . During this period , the bat forages within fields of cassava and kapok or around the tops of bamboo clumps and teak trees , within one kilometre of the roosting site . The wings seem to be shaped for hovering flight , and the gut contents of specimens include spiders and insects that are presumably gleaned off foliage . Nevertheless , most prey is probably caught in flight . Main staples of the bat 's diet include small flies ( unk , unk , and unk ) , hymenopterans , and unk . Late in the dry season ( around April ) of each year , females give birth to a single offspring . During feeding periods , the young either stays in the roost or remains attached to the mother at one of her two vestigial pubic nipples . Taxonomy Kitti 's hog nosed bat is the only extant species in the family unk , which is grouped in the superfamily unk as a result of molecular testing . Based on this determination , the bat 's closest relatives are members of the families unk and unk . Kitti 's hog nosed bat was unknown to the world at large prior to 1974 . Its common name refers to its discoverer , Thai zoologist Kitti Thonglongya . Thonglongya worked with a British partner , John E. Hill , in classifying bats of Thailand after Thonglongya died suddenly in February 1974 , Hill formally described the species , giving it the binomial name unk unk in honour of his colleague . Conservation As of the species ' most recent review in 2008 , Kitti 's hog nosed bat is listed by the IUCN as vulnerable , with a downward population trend . Soon after the bat 's discovery in the 1970s , some roosting sites became disturbed as a result of tourism , scientific collection , and even the collection and sale of individuals as souvenirs . However , these pressures may not have had a significant effect on the species as a whole , since many small colonies exist in hard to access locations , and only a few major caves were disturbed . Another potential risk is the activity of local monks , who have occupied roost caves during periods of meditation . Currently , the most significant and long term threat to the Thai population could be the annual burning of forest areas , which is most prevalent during the bat 's breeding season . In addition , the proposed construction of a pipeline from Burma to Thailand may have a negative impact . Threats to the Burmese population are not well known . In 2007 , Kitti 's hog nosed bat was identified by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered project as one of its Top 10 focal species .
3,830	Halfway Gone is a song by American band Lifehouse . It is the first single released from their fifth studio album , Smoke Mirrors ( 2010 ) . It was first released via digital download in the United States and Canada on October 26 , 2009 . It was then solicited to mainstream radio on January 12 , 2010 . Several remixes of the song were later released on iTunes on April 6 , 2010 in an album called Halfway Gone Remixes . The song was a commercial success , charting in Canada , the United States , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Germany , the Netherlands , and New Zealand . The accompanying music video portrays Lifehouse lead singer Jason Wade singing most of the lyrics in a local park , and also features several anonymous people singing the lyrics as well . The band has performed the song live on several occasions . Background and release The song was written by Lifehouse 's lead singer , Jason Wade , and American singer songwriter Kevin Rudolf . In an interview with Billboard , Rudolf said , I chose to work on ' Halfway Gone ' because Jason Wade is such a great writer , great singer , and great artist . The song was produced by Lifehouse and record producer , Jude Cole , at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach , VA . Halfway Gone was released via digital download in the United States and Canada on October 26 , 2009 . A few months later , it was solicited to mainstream radio on January 12 , 2010 . Composition and critical reception Halfway Gone was described as a fun rock pop song that would brighten most people 's day by Alex Lai of unk Nathaniel Schexnayder of Jesus Freak Hideout called the song an effective rock song , noting that the song is an easy album highlight as well as a hit single . Billboard 's Michael Menachem gave a positive review of the song saying that the song opens up with blurred ' unk ooh oohs ' that establish an uptempo pace , and its lively , danceable rhythm works well with frontman Jason Wade 's vocals , which waver between intimate and explosive . He also said that working with Kevin Rudolf and Jacob Kasher resulted in a fresh sound for Lifehouse as the band aims to extend its run on the hot AC and Billboard Hot 100 charts . Ultimate Guitar described the song as laid back in its approach , but commended its hooks and infectious backing ' whoas ' in the chorus . Chart performance Halfway Gone debuted at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It moved up and down the chart for several months and eventually peaked at number 50 . It debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 78 . It stayed on the chart for 13 weeks , until peaking at number 67 on the chart . The song debuted and peaked on the Billboard Pop Songs chart at number 25 . On the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart , the song debuted at 43 . It has since peaked at number 16 , after being on the chart for 11 consecutive weeks . It debuted on Billboard 's Radio Songs chart at number 67 , and eventually peaked at number 47 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , the song peaked at number 12 after being on the chart for 17 non consecutive weeks . The song also charted on the Billboard Digital Songs chart and peaked at number 56 . The song also achieved international success . It debuted on Belgium 's Ultratip chart at number 27 for the week of March 20 , 2010 and stayed on the chart for seven consecutive weeks before peaking at number two on the chart . The song debuted on the Media Control Charts in Germany at number 35 , which became its peak position on the chart . In Australia , the song debuted at number 47 on the ARIA Charts . It has since peaked at number 30 , after being on the chart for eight weeks . The song debuted at number 63 in Austria , and later peaked at number 40 on the 3 Austria Top 40 . It also charted in New Zealand , and debuted at number 34 on the New Zealand Singles Chart , which became its peak . Live performances Lifehouse debuted their first live performance of Halfway Gone on The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien on January 19 , 2010 . They also performed the song on Live with Regis and Kelly on March 2 , 2010 , and two days later on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 4 , 2010 . Music video The music video , directed by Frank Borin , was first released on Lifehouse 's official website on November 24 , 2009 . Later that day , it was also released on iTunes . It features all Lifehouse members singing lead vocals , and also features miscellaneous people , including actresses Lola Blanc and Aurelia Scheppers , singing lead vocals throughout the music video . In the music video , it begins with an out of focus view of Wade , seemingly alone , coming up a hill towards the camera . When he stops and starts singing , the camera comes into focus and the other band members come out from behind him and start lip synching his vocals . A group of people ( In which one of them is YouTube star , Wendy McColm ) pull up in cars and they also lip synch the song , in addition to performing other activities throughout the video . The video 's effects allow people to seemingly appear out of nowhere throughout the video . The video was shot in the Anthony C. unk Park ( formerly Balboa Park ) in the Lake Balboa district of Los Angeles ' San Fernando Valley . Remixes Three remixes of Halfway Gone were released on April 6 , 2010 into an extended play on iTunes , entitled Halfway Gone Remixes . The names of the remixes are the Morgan Page Remix , the Jody Den Broeder Club Remix , and the Fred Falke Remix . The remixes were mixed by the progressive house producers Morgan Page and Jody Den Broeder , and house music producer Fred Falke . Hayley Beck of unk Magazine gave a positive review of the EP , saying Honestly I could hear these songs being played in a nightclub , and I definitely never would 've imagined myself dancing around to a Lifehouse track She continues to describe the album , and describes the vocals as coarse vocals laid over a unk , mellow beat . Credits and personnel Songwriting Jason Wade , Kevin Rudolf , Jacob Kasher , Jude Cole Production Jude Cole , Lifehouse Mixing Serban Ghenea Engineering John Hanes Source Smoke Mirrors ( Deluxe Version ) iTunes LP Charts
3,831	Trevor R. Tierney is a current National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) men 's lacrosse assistant coach , former Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) defensive coordinator and retired lacrosse goaltender who has played professional box lacrosse in the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) and professional field lacrosse in MLL . Trevor starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1998 through 2001 , where he was a NCAA goaltender of the year , two time United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All American ( first team once ) , a national goals against average ( GAA ) and save percentage statistical champion and a member of two national champion teams . During his time at Princeton , the team qualified for the NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship all four years , reached the championship game three times , won the championship game twice and won four Ivy League championships . Trevor was a co captain of the second national champion team he participated on . For five years , Tierney held the NCAA goaltending all time records and continues to hold the Princeton University career GAA record . He is the son of Hall of Fame coach Bill Tierney . He was a two time Team USA goaltender for the World Lacrosse Championships and a former All World goaltender . He is a three time MLL All Star and won a MLL championship . Since retiring he has become a defensive coordinator for MLL 's Denver Outlaws and a defensive assistant for his fathers Denver Pioneers team . Background Tierney attended the Hun School of Princeton , where he played goaltender . College career At Princeton Trevor Tierney was awarded the 2001 Ensign C. Markland Kelly , Jr . Award as the best National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) lacrosse goaltender . He was a first team USILA All American Team selection in 2001 and honorable mention selection in 2000 . Trevor was also a 2000 honorable mention All Ivy League selection , 2001 first team All Ivy selection , 2000 Academic All Ivy selection , and a 2001 USILA Scholar All American . He served as co captain of the 2001 team . Tierney was the 2001 national statistical champion for goals against average ( GAA ) ( 5 . 70 ) and save percentage ( unk ) . He held NCAA the career ( 6 . 65 ) and single ( 5 . 70 ) season GAA record from 2001 until they were both unk in 2006 by Navy 's Matt Russell . His career GAA continues to be a Princeton record . During his four year career , Princeton went undefeated in Ivy League Conference play with consecutive 6 0 records . Princeton was invited to the 1999 tournament , was a finalist in the 2000 tournament and earned championships in both the 1998 and 2001 tournaments , bringing the schools consecutive tournament invitations streak to twelve . As a freshman playing for his father 's team , Trevor Tierney was able to get playing time during the 1998 regular season because Princeton was winning their games by a large margin . In the 1998 NCAA championship quarterfinals , he came in as a substitute with his team behind by four goals and shut out Duke for 32 minutes as Princeton rallied for an 11 9 victory . This led to a minor controversy over who would start for the remaining tournament games . Corey Popham ended up playing and earning NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player . In the semifinals of the 2000 NCAA championship , Trevor made 14 saves as his younger brother Brendan Tierney scored two fourth quarter goals to lead Princeton to a 12 11 victory over Virginia . In 2001 , Trevor was one of five finalists for the Tewaaraton Trophy as the outstanding male player in college lacrosse . In the 2001 semifinal 12 11 victory over Towson State , he made game saving last minute point blank saves to secure the victory . Professional career Tierney was drafted by the New Jersey Pride with the second overall selection in the 2001 MLL Draft . He played with the Pride from 2001 until 2004 when he was traded to the Boston Cannons . He also played in the NLL with the Colorado Mammoth in 2003 . In MLL , he was traded to the Baltimore Bayhawks , where he earned his first Major League Lacrosse All Star Game selection in 2005 and a MLL Championship . In 2006 , Tierney was part of what is believed to have been the largest trade in professional sports , involving 6 teams and 24 players when he was traded from the Bayhawks to the Denver Outlaws . He earned two more All Star selections in 2006 and 2007 with the Outlaws , before becoming their defensive coordinator in 2008 . Tierney retired from active play due to a series of concussions . The final career ending concussion occurred during warm ups on June 16 , 2007 against the Rochester Rattlers . Trevor Tierney represented Team USA at the 2002 and 2006 World Lacrosse Championships earning a gold and silver medal , respectively . On the 2006 team , he was one of four Princeton athletes . At the 2002 World Championship , he was selected as the tournament 's All World goaltender . In the semifinal match that year Trevor made seven first half saves as Team USA built a 9 2 lead over the Iroquois Nation . He was nominated as a finalist ( one of 5 goaltenders ) for MLL 's first All decade team in celebration of the first ten years of the league . Trevor is the only goalie to have won a NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship , an International Lacrosse Federation World Lacrosse Championship and a Major League Lacrosse Steinfeld Cup Championship . In 2010 , Trevor Tierney joined his father 's coaching staff for the Denver Pioneers as the defensive assistant coach and yoga instructor . He left his position with the Outlaws to concentrate on his role on his father 's staff . Personal Trevor Tierney is the son of Helen and Bill Tierney and is the oldest of their four children . He is from an athletic family . In addition to his Hall of Fame father , all of his siblings are athletes and coaches . Brendan was a teammate on the 2001 championship team at Princeton . His sister Courtney Tierney , a former Franklin Marshall basketball player , is the head girls ' basketball coach at Pennington Prep . Brianne Tierney , who played lacrosse at Colgate University , is the head women 's lacrosse coach at Lebanon Valley College .
3,832	Freedom fries is a political euphemism for French fries in the United States . The term came to prominence in 2003 when the then Republican Chairman of the Committee on House Administration , Bob Ney , renamed the menu item in three Congressional cafeterias in response to France 's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq . Although originally supported with several restaurants changing their menus as well , the term fell out of use due to declining support for the Iraq War . Following Ney 's resignation as Chairman in 2006 , it was quietly reverted . Background French war opposition Following the September 11 attacks by Al Qaeda and the declaration of a War on Terror by President George W. Bush , an invasion of Iraq was proposed . During the United Nations Security Council deliberations , French Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin made it clear France would neither support nor participate in the invasion . This caused some Americans to accuse France of betrayal , reigniting prior anti French sentiment in the United States . Initial renaming Renaming was initiated in February 2003 by Beaufort , North Carolina Cubbie 's restaurant owner Neal Rowland , who said he was motivated by similar actions against Germany in World War I , when sauerkraut was called liberty cabbage , and unk were renamed hot dogs . In an interview about the name change , Rowland commented since the French are backing down from the war , French fries and French everything needs to be banned . In March 2007 , Rowland obtained a trademark registration for the term freedom fries . U.S. House adoption On March 11 , 2003 Republican U.S. Representatives Bob Ney and Walter B. Jones directed the three House cafeterias to change all references to French fries and French toast on menus , and replace them with Freedom fries and Freedom toast , respectively . Jones chose to follow Cubbie 's example by circulating a letter to his colleagues advocating their renaming because , he said , the French were ' sitting on the sidelines . ' As Ney was Chairman of the United States House Committee on House Administration , the action did not require any vote , as the committee has authority over House cafeterias . According to a statement released by Ney , the renaming was intended to express displeasure with France 's continued refusal to stand with their U.S. allies . The statement further read This action today is a small but symbolic effort to show the strong displeasure many on Capitol Hill have with our so called ally , France . When asked about his view on the change , Jones said it was a lighthearted gesture . Reactions In response to the change , French Embassy spokeswoman Nathalie Loiseau commented It 's exactly a non issue ... We focus on the serious issues , and noted that fries originated in Belgium . She then remarked that France 's position on the change was that they were in a very serious moment dealing with very serious issues , and we are not focusing on the name Americans give to potatoes . After the name reversal , an Embassy spokeswoman said our relations are definitely much more important than potatoes ... and our relations are back on track . The very first episode of Anthony Bourdain No Reservations , an American travel and food show , was broadcast during this era . Freedom fries was shown as an example of the then current frosty relations . It was named Why the French Don 't Suck . In a 2005 opinion poll by Gallup , participants were asked if they felt the renaming of French fries and toast was a silly idea or a sincere expression of patriotism 66 answered it was silly , 33 answered it was patriotic , and 1 had no opinion . Several restaurants followed the Houses ' change , and the name is still used by Geno 's Steaks and the chain restaurant Toby Keith 's I Love This Bar Grill . Opposing the name change , The Saturn Cafe in Santa Cruz , California , changed their menu to unk George W. Bush fries . While Reckitt Benckiser , maker of French 's mustard , were sufficiently concerned about the movement to publicly clarify that its brand derived from a family name . Massachusetts Democratic Congressman Barney Frank noted that the change made Congress look even sillier than it sometimes looks . New York Democratic Congressman Jos Serrano characterized the renaming as petty grandstanding , and urged fellow legislators to concentrate on more pressing issues . In the March 15 , 2003 episode of Saturday Night Live , Tina Fey reported this on the satirical Weekend Update In a related story , in France , American cheese is now referred to as ' idiot cheese ' . The 2006 documentary Freedom Fries And Other Stupidity We 'll Have to Explain to Our Grandchildren directed by Carl Christman took a comedic viewpoint on American consumerism and patriotism . In the episode Stan Knows Best of American Dad , after being asked how his French toast is , the main character Stan remarks Smelly and ungrateful But this American toast is delicious . In the comic strip Doonesbury , the characters Mark Slackmeyer and unk Harris criticized the name change in French . Slackmeyer said that , translated , the U.S. liberated France in World War II and that many French newspaper headlines after 9 11 were We are all American . At the end , he states that the anti French were jingoistic , self regarding conquer monkeys The French American indie band Freedom Fry chose their name based on the Freedom Fries phenomenon . In 2005 , Robert Plant and his band Strange Sensation released Mighty unk , which contained the track Freedom Fries an anti war song , its lyrics contained Freedom fries and burns and scars , the liberator goes too far . Policy reversal On August 2 , 2006 the House cafeteria menus were changed back without any announcement . The change was made by the new House Administration Committee Chairman , Vern Ehlers , who replaced Ney following his resignation due to a scandal . When asked about his decision , Ehlers responded , It 's no big deal ... It 's not news . When asked about his opinion on the freedom fries episode , Walter B. Jones responded , I wish it had never happened .
3,833	The Battle of Dover Strait that occurred on 26 27 October 1916 was a naval battle of the First World War between Great Britain and the German Empire . Two and a half flotillas of German torpedo boats from the Flanders Flotilla launched a raid into the Dover Strait in an attempt to disrupt the Dover Barrage and destroy whatever Allied shipping could be found in the strait . Upon approaching the barrage , the German torpedo boats were challenged by the British destroyer HMS Flirt and an engagement broke out . The Germans were able to destroy Flirt and successfully assault the barrage s drifters , but were once more engaged when a flotilla of British destroyers was sent to repel them . The Germans were able to fight off the additional British units before successfully withdrawing . By the end of the night , the British had lost one destroyer , a transport , and several drifters while the Germans themselves suffered only minor damage to a single torpedo boat . Background In October 1916 , the Flanders Flotilla was finally reinforced by the German Admiralty with two full torpedo boat flotillas . The transfer of the 3rd and 9th Torpedo Boat Flotillas to Flanders had immediate consequences to the balance of power in the Dover Strait . Whereas before , the Flanders Flotilla had only been equipped with three large torpedo boats and several of the smaller inferior A class torpedo boats , they now possessed 23 large torpedo boats capable of meeting the British Dover Patrol in combat . Due to the lack of large torpedo boats , the Flanders Flotilla had not sortied against the Dover Patrol in several months and as a result British defences were quite lax in the area . With his newly acquired flotillas , the Flanders Flotilla s commander Ludwig von Schroeder decided to launch a raid in the Dover Strait against the Dover Barrage as well as any Allied shipping that could be found in the Channel . Although the British had prohibited transports from being in the Channel at night in anticipation of a German raid , the Dover Barrage was not prepared to meet such an attack . Facing Schroeder s 23 boats , the Dover Barrage was only guarded by the old destroyer HMS Flirt , the yacht Ombra , and the naval trawler H. E. unk . The four divisions of drifters manning the barrage s anti submarine nets were only armed with a single rifle each for defence . In addition to the forces guarding the Barrage , there were six Tribal class destroyers at Dover that could be called upon in the event of a raid as well as several units of Harwich Force dispersed at the Downs . Battle The German torpedo boats split into five groups , with each attacking a different section of the shipping in the channel . The German 5th Half Flotilla sailed into the Dover Barrage and soon came into contact with five drifters of the 10th Drifter Division tending the anti submarine nets and attacked . After hearing gunfire , Flirt the drifters escort approached the unidentified vessels and challenged them . The boats responded to the British signal with a similar signal . Confused , Flirt 's commander decided that the approaching vessels were Allied destroyers and that drifters had been attacked by a submarine . An open boat was also launched from Flirt to rescue survivors from the sinking drifters . The German boats attacked the destroyer , surprising the crew and outnumbered , Flirt tried to ram one of the German boats after a brief engagement it was sunk by gunfire and torpedoes . After sinking Flirt , the Germans continued the attack on the barrage , sinking two drifters each from the 8th and 16th Drifter Divisions . Six drifters were sunk and three others damaged , as well as the trawler H. E. unk , before the Fifth Half Flotilla withdrew . When Bacon heard about the raid , he sent six Tribal class destroyers HMS Amazon , Mohawk , Viking , Tartar , Cossack and Nubian to engage the Germans . Due to a misinterpretation of his orders , the British commander of the destroyer division Commander Henry Oliphant of the Viking deployed his destroyers in two loose groups , one consisting of Viking , Mohawk , and Tartar and the other Nubian , Amazon and Cossack . Nubian soon steamed far ahead of her group and was the first vessel to reach the scene of Flirt 's sinking . Another half flotilla of German boats had caught the empty British transport Queen off Goodwin Sands as it returned from the French coast , boarded it and removed her crew before sinking her . Upon Nubian 's contact with the German 17th Half Flotilla , she made the same error as Flirt and mistook the German boats for Allied vessels . Surprised with a hail of gunfire , Nubian attempted to ram the last boat in the German line of battle but was struck by a torpedo that blew off her bow and reduced her to a drifting hulk . Amazon and Cossack soon arrived to aid Nubian and engaged the German boats . The Germans scored several hits on Amazon , knocking out two of her boilers before withdrawing . Viking 's division of boats also clashed with Kaiserliche Marine torpedo boats . The German 18th Half Flotilla was heading back to Zeebrugge when it sailed into Oliphant s group of destroyers , engaging them as they passed . Although Viking escaped unscathed , Mohawk suffered several hits , before the Germans were able to break away to the safety of the coast . Near the end of the action , Reginald Bacon the commander of the Dover Patrol dispatched the Dunkirk Division to intercept the German torpedo boats before they could return to Flanders but the Germans were able to successfully withdraw before being caught by these further reinforcements . Aftermath The British had failed to stop the raiders from destroying the drifters and 45 men were killed , four wounded and 10 taken prisoner . Six ships were sunk in addition to Flirt , the transport Queen and three destroyers , three drifters and a naval trawler were damaged . Of the German torpedo boats , only SMS unk suffered any damage and no German vessel suffered any casualties . The success of the raid encouraged the Germans to plan more sorties into the English Channel and the raids continued until the 3rd and 9th Torpedo Boat Flotillas were redeployed to the High Seas Fleet in November 1916 .
3,834	HMS Vigilant was a merchantman converted into a warship during the American Revolution . After serving as a transport in North American waters from 1775 , she was purchased by the Royal Navy ( RN ) and modified for shore bombardment duties in 1777 . She was instrumental in the eventual British success during the siege of Fort Mifflin that same year and supported British operations in Georgia and South Carolina in 1779 80 . Her heavy armament proved to be more than Vigilant was designed to handle and she was condemned and disposed of in 1780 . Description and service Built at Whitby in 1774 , the ship was named the Grand Duchess of Russia and she was chartered by the Navy Board to serve as a transport at the beginning of 1775 . While being modified at Deptford Dockyard in February , the ship was surveyed and found to be barque rigged and just over 308 tons burthen in size . A survey in New York two years later gave her length as 120 ft ( 36 . 6 m ) , measured at the keel , with a beam of 36 ft ( 11 . 0 m ) . Naval historian Rif Winfield quotes her tonnage as 684 14 94 burthen with a length at the gundeck of 122 feet 6 inches ( 37 . 3 m ) and beam of 34 ft 10 in ( 10 . 6 m ) . Grand Duchess of Russia departed for Boston , Massachusetts carrying 150 marines on 30 March 1775 and she remained in North American waters for the next two years . Vice Admiral Lord Howe , commander of the North American Station , informed the Admiralty on 23 April that he had purchased the Grand Duchess of Russia and commissioned her as HMS Vigilant to bombard targets ashore . The ship received fourteen 24 pounder guns from the 50 gun ship Centurion and two 9 pounder and four 6 pounder guns from the hospital ( prison ) ship Jersey . Additional gun ports were cut in Vigilant 's side to allow two guns to be switched from one side to give her a broadside of nine guns . The 150 men of her crew were made up from the crews of Howe 's flagship , the third rate Eagle , Centurion , and the fourth rate Preston while her 30 marines were drawn from the marine brigade at Halifax . Her conversion was completed by the end of June and her first task was to cover the evacuation of British troops from Perth Amboy , New Jersey on 29 July . The following month , Vigilant served as Howe 's flagship when he landed British troops at Elkton , Maryland , at the northern end of Chesapeake Bay , during the Philadelphia Campaign . In October , the ship sailed for the mouth of the Delaware River to attack the American fortifications defending Philadelphia . During this voyage , she rolled so badly during heavy weather that the round shot fell out of her guns and it was later decided that she should not put to sea with her guns mounted except during the summer months . Vigilant was not designed to carry such heavy weights as the 2 , 200 pound ( 1 , 000 kg ) 24 pounders up high in the ship and cutting gun ports in her sides further weakened her structure . The first attack on Fort Mifflin on 22 23 October had been a disaster with two British ships run aground and burnt . For the second attack three weeks later , Vigilant 's crew was reinforced with an extra 50 men to work the guns and 24 riflemen to suppress the defenders of the fort during the attack . The ship 's sides were reinforced and two guns were transferred to the starboard side of the ship . Her trim was maintained by placing casks of water on the port side . While other ships bombarded the fort from the main channel , Vigilant and a smaller ship worked their way up a secondary channel to the rear of the fort . They were able to silence the fort 's guns by 6 p.m. , and the Americans evacuated five hours later , despite the ship 's grapeshot and small arms fire . During the attack Vigilant only lost three men killed and five wounded her hull had only been hit several times , but her rigging was shot to pieces . In recognition of the ship 's success , her commander , Lieutenant John Henry , was promoted to the command of the frigate Fowey . Vigilant was generally inactive while the British occupied Philadelphia , but she sailed to New York City when the British evacuated the city in June 1778 . She joined the small British squadron there upon the approach of a French squadron under the command of the Comte d 'Estaing in July , but the French declined to engage the British ships . The ship accompanied the British squadron to Newport , Rhode Island as it attempted to lift the Franco American siege , but Vigilant was badly damaged when a storm interrupted the planned battle on 13 August . Despite the damage , she supported British troops on 29 30 August as they pursued the retreating Americans who had abandoned the siege after the French ships sailed to Boston for repairs . A few days later , on 4 September , the ship collided with the sloop of war Raven during the British raid on New London , Connecticut and had her bow stove in by the other ship . Vigilant was quickly repaired in New York and participated in the attack on Little Egg Harbor River in October . At the beginning of December , the ship sailed from New York to Savannah , Georgia to assist in the attack on that city . Despite dismounting her main armament , the ship had to keep one or more pumps running continuously during the voyage to prevent her from sinking . She arrived at Savannah on 28 December , after the British had secured the city . Her nine pounder guns were ordered removed when she was reclassified as a 20 gun armed transport on 22 December . Throughout 1779 , Vigilant supported British operations along the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina , despite running aground several times . Lacking substantial repairs during this time , the ship 's condition deteriorated until her crew refused to take her to sea from Beaufort , South Carolina on 28 February 1780 to support the planned siege of Charleston . She was then surveyed and condemned as utterly unfit for sea and decommissioned on 9 April . Her crew and armament were loaded aboard the transport Margaret Martha and taken to Charleston where they were transferred to the transport Margery , which had been purchased and renamed Sandwich to serve as Vigilant 's replacement . The ship was burnt at Beaufort sometime later that year .
3,835	M 153 is a state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of the U.S. state of Michigan . It is also known as Ford Road for nearly its entire length , except for its westernmost portion where the highway follows a short expressway to the M 14 freeway . Named for William Ford , father of Henry Ford , Ford Road runs from near Dixboro to the Dearborn Detroit border . The M 153 designation continues along Wyoming Avenue where it terminates at a junction with Interstate 94 ( I 94 ) and US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) on the city line . Ford Road has been a part of the state highway system since December 3 , 1930 . Since the state has maintained the roadway as M 153 , it has been extended westward from Wayne County into Washtenaw County and upgraded in sections to expressway conditions . The first of these improvements were made in the 1930s with additional upgrades in the 1960s and 1970s . The last change was made by 1980 to create the modern routing . Route description M 153 starts as an interchange with M 14 's exit 10 in Superior Township east of Ann Arbor . The highway starts as an expressway curving southeasterly to meet Ford Road near the curve eastward in the expressway at unk Lake Road , a gravel road northeast of the unincorporated community of Dixboro . Ford Road continues west of here to end at Plymouth Road south of the M 14 freeway , and east of this location , M 153 follows Ford Road through wooded , partially developed terrain to the Washtenaw Wayne county line at Napier Road . Near the county line are farms until Ford Road reaches residential subdivisions at Ridge Road in Canton Township . At the east edge of the township , Ford Road meets I 275 at exit 25 before passing into Westland between unk and Hix roads . The interchange with I 275 is built over the western crossing of Willow Creek , a tributary of the River Rouge the eastern crossing is located between Hix and Newburgh roads near Central City Park . Ford Road continues east , forming a section of the Garden City boundary near unk Road . The trunkline crosses into Dearborn Heights at Inkster Road . It forms the boundary between Dearborn and Dearborn Heights between Gulley and Evergreen roads , crossing US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) in between . East of Telegraph Road , M 153 is built to expressway standards complete with interchanges at Edward N. Hines Drive , Evergreen Road , M 39 ( Southfield Freeway ) and Greenfield Road . The highway crosses the River Rouge north of the Dearborn Country Club west of Evergreen Road . Ford Road ends at Wyoming Avenue . M 153 turns south along Wyoming Avenue to cross I 94 at exit 210 . This interchange is also the location where I 94 and US 12 ( Michigan Avenue ) cross , marking the eastern end of M 153 at Michigan Avenue . Ford Road serves as the zero mile line for the Detroit area 's Mile Road System . From the Canton Center Road intersection eastward , all of M 153 is a part of the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . M 153 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M 13 were the 64 , 956 vehicles daily between the River Rouge and the Southfield Freeway in Dearborn the lowest counts were the 10 , 380 vehicles per day between Plymouth Road and the end of the expressway in Superior Township . History Ford Road was named for William Ford , father of automobile pioneer Henry Ford . The elder Ford was born in Ireland and settled in Dearborn Township in 1847 . William 's carpentry business lead him around to regional businesses and neighbors , traveling the area until he took up the family business of farming after marriage to Mary unk . They settled on a farm near the intersection of modern day Ford Road and Greenfield Avenue this farm was Henry 's birthplace in 1863 . Settling into his family life , William started serving the local community . He was a road commissioner , school board member and a justice of the peace . In honor of his accomplishments , Ford Road was named in his honor before his death in March 1905 . Ford Road remained in township jurisdiction until August 29 , 1924 when it was transferred to Wayne County control . It was transferred again to state control on December 2 , 1930 . The Michigan State Highway Department designated it M 153 upon transfer to their responsibility . The highway designation was determined to continue west of the county line into Washtenaw County as a northerly bypass of Ann Arbor , but the segment between Canton Center Road and US 12 on Plymouth Road was not built at the time . The first extension west was finished in 1933 from the county line to Napier Road . The road was widened into a major thoroughfare between Detroit and Ann Arbor in 1934 , to relieve congestion on Michigan Avenue . The highway bypass of Ann Arbor was cancelled by 1935 , leaving the western terminus at US 12 ( Plymouth Road ) . Construction of a northerly freeway bypass of Ann Arbor along M 14 to M 153 was completed by 1965 . A second freeway section was built between Ford Road at unk Lake Road to the contemporary end of the M 14 freeway . This second freeway was assigned as part of M 153 and the former routing along Ford Road west to Plymouth Road was removed from the state trunkline highway system . A reconstruction project along M 153 in 1973 was completed , bringing the highway up to expressway standards . Several interchanges were built along the segment starting west of the M 39 ( Southfield Freeway ) to I 94 in Dearborn . The last extension moved the western terminus in early 1980 when the M 14 freeway was completed , and M 153 was extended along a section of freeway used to connect the previous end of the M 14 freeway to Plymouth Road . Major intersections All exits are unnumbered .
3,836	Ashlawn , also called the Joshua Perkins House , is a two story , central hall frame farmhouse dating from the 18th century in Sprague , Connecticut . The house 's namesake is its first owner , Joshua Perkins , a farmer and son of the prominent Captain Matthew Perkins , a farmer and founding member of the Hanover Society . Ashlawn 's main house has a five bay front facade with pilasters supporting broken base pediments . The inside has well documented woodwork for its moldings and wainscotting . The house has integrated an older structure , likely a central chimney structure built in the second quarter of the 18th century , as an ell . In 2002 , the house was maintained by Ruth Rosiene , a descendant of the Perkins . Ashlawn is listed under the National Register of Historic Places as an example of Georgian architecture and locally important for its connection with the Perkins family . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 4 , 1979 . History The land upon which Ashlawn stands was originally part of a 1 , 200 acre ( 490 ha 1 . 9 sq mi ) parcel purchased by Joshua Perkins ' grandfather Joseph Perkins and great great uncle Jacob Perkins . The town of Lisbon , Connecticut , was originally known as unk , the name believed to derive from the Perkins ' place in Gloucestershire , England . Joseph Perkins ' father , Captain Matthew Perkins , was a prominent farmer and founder of the Hanover Society in 1761 . Matthew Perkins held approximately 1 , 000 acres ( 400 ha 1 . 6 sq mi ) in Hanover and owned three slaves as part of his assets he died in 1773 . Joshua Perkins is believed to have deeded the land . Joshua Perkins , the eldest son of Matthew Perkins , was born in 1740 . A farmer and a selectman , he served in 1786 and 1787 before going to serve in the Connecticut state legislature in 1789 and again in 1801 . In 1825 , he deeded 400 acres ( 160 ha ) , containing the house , to his son Charles Perkins . Joshua Perkins died in 1833 , living to be 93 . Construction Ashlawn , named for the ash trees that once sat in front of the house , is also known as the Joshua Perkins House , after its first owner . Ashlawn is described by the National Register of Historic Places as a late 18th century , 2 story , central hall frame farmhouse with a pitched and end gable overhang . The date of construction , both of the main house and its older ell , is unknown , as is the architect . The house rests upon a fieldstone foundation with dressed stone the cellar of the house has notches in stone that are believed to have been for the cool storage of foods . The register lists the architecture as being Georgian . The five bay front facade has two flat Doric pilasters and two more pilasters , located off the central bay support the broken base pediment . The original door was replaced with a 19th century door that has a 20 pane fanlight and is flanked by two flat pilasters that support the broken base pediment over the door . The main house originally had two chimney design and another chimney was added to the east wall for a 20th century furnace . Most of the windows in the house were replaced in the 19th century with 2 over 2 sash , except for two attic windows of each end of the gable which retain the smaller paned sashes . The house includes an earlier one and a half story ell in the rear that appears to have been a two room central chimney structure that was integrated into the design of the main house and built in the second quarter of the 18th century . The chimney was replaced in the 19th century . A storage shed also sits behind the house . The property also had a dairy barn that was rebuilt following its destruction in the 1938 New England hurricane . The register 's nomination gives details of the paneling and molding throughout the house . Entering through the front of the house leads to the central hall with a paneled wainscot below the chair rail , forward of the rising stairwell on the left . There is cornice molding and a molded chair rail with runners for the inside shutters . The woodwork in the west front room has a paneled fireplace and is wainscoted below the chair rail . The east rear room is divided in two , with one of the divisions being a bathroom . The upstairs rooms have molded chair rails and cased flair posts . However , the east front room lacks a fireplace while the western one is paneled as the first floor 's front west room . The roof of the house is framed by sawn collar beams that were pegged to rafters which were hewn . The chimney stacks are angled so that they emerge symmetrically from the roof . The original entrance to the ell in the center along the east wall , the door was replaced with a modern door at the time of nomination . Inside , a winding staircase leads to the attic . To the north is the kitchen , retaining a hewn summer beam and flared cased posts while sporting modern cabinets and wallpaper . The room to the south also has a visible hewn summer beam and its original casing on the flared posts . The attic is finished with vertically placed beaded boarding , and the roof is framed with hewn rafters . Importance The National Register of Historic Places nomination form describes Ashlawn as a historically significant as an expression of rural Georgian architecture and for its associations with the Perkins family , particularly influential in the settlement of the Hanover section of Sprague . The nomination also notes that it is one of the finest of its type in the surrounding area , calling it a stylish farmhouse built for a prominent farmer . The Town of Sprague placed it among the many historic districts in their small area , which add substantial aesthetic value on top of being historic . In 2002 , Ruth Rosiene , a descendant of the Perkins and Ashlawn 's owner , was featured in an article by The Day . Rosiene had been maintaining the house for years , which required repainting every four or five years . A photo in the article shows the latch on the door that was described as possibly original . The article notes that the original sliding shutters are now absent , whereas the original nomination form from 1979 stated they were not installed . Explanatory notes
3,837	Reuben Patrick Boise ( June 9 , 1819 April 10 , 1907 ) was an American attorney , judge and politician in the Oregon Territory and the early years of the state of Oregon . A native of Massachusetts , he immigrated to Oregon in 1850 , where he would twice serve on the Oregon Supreme Court for a total of 16 years , with three stints as chief justice . Early in his legal career , he worked as a district attorney . Boise was a member of the Oregon Constitutional Convention in 1857 , served in the Territorial Legislature , and helped to codify the laws of the Oregon Territory . He also served as a circuit court judge , and was a trustee at several colleges . Educated at Williams College , he was twice married to women from Massachusetts , and had a total of five children . Early life Reuben Boise was born in Blandford , Massachusetts , on June 9 , 1819 , to Reuben Boise and Sally Putnam Boise . He attended Williams College in Williamstown , Massachusetts , graduating with honors in 1843 with a Bachelor of Arts degree . Upon graduation , he moved to Missouri , where he taught school for two years before returning to Massachusetts . When Boise returned , he studied law under his uncle for three years , passing the bar in 1847 . He practiced law for a few years in unk Falls , Massachusetts . Oregon In 1850 , Boise decided to move to the Oregon Territory . To get there , he traveled by ship to Panama and crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean . He took another ship , arriving in Astoria , Oregon , at the mouth of the Columbia River later that year . In the spring of 1851 , he moved upriver to Portland and set up a law practice . In Portland , he served on the first school board . In 1851 , Boise married Ellen Francis Lyon of Boston while in San Francisco , California . Boise had become engaged to her in Massachusetts , with her and her family sailing around Cape Horn to attend the wedding . Reuben and Ellen had three sons Reuben P. Boise , Jr . , Whitney L. , and Fisher A. before Ellen died in 1865 . Also in 1851 , he was appointed by Oregon Supreme Court justice Orville C. Pratt as a district attorney . In 1852 , he purchased some land in Polk County , Oregon , and renamed the community there Ellendale after his wife . In 1857 , the Boise family moved to Salem , Oregon . In 1867 , Boise married Miss Emily A. Pratt who hailed from Webster , Massachusetts . The couple had two daughters , Ellen S. and Marie E. Boise . Political career In 1852 , the Oregon Territorial Legislature selected Boise to be the prosecuting attorney for Districts 1 and 2 , which covered most of the Willamette Valley . He was selected again the following year and served a total of four years in that capacity . In 1853 , he represented Polk and Tillamook counties in the Territorial Legislature as a Democratic Party politician in the lower chamber House of Representatives . The following year , he was selected to help codify Oregon 's laws , along with James K. Kelly and Daniel R. Bigelow . In 1857 , Boise was a Democratic delegate to the Oregon Constitutional Convention from Polk County . While serving at the Constitutional Convention , Boise served on the Legislation Committee . In 1857 , Boise was appointed to the Territorial Supreme Court by U.S. President James Buchanan to replace Cyrus Olney , beginning service in 1858 . He was then elected to the Oregon Supreme Court in 1859 after Oregon became a state on February 14 , 1859 . Justice Boise served until 1870 , winning re election in 1864 . After winning re election in 1870 , he resigned when the election results were contested . Boise was elected to the commission overseeing the construction of the Oregon State Capitol in 1874 . In 1876 , he returned to the Oregon Supreme Court after winning the election . Two years later , the Oregon Legislative Assembly divided the court into the Supreme Court and the Oregon Circuit Court , and reduced the number of justices on the Supreme Court to three . With the new court , all prior judges lost their seats and the three positions were filled by appointment of the governor . Boise was appointed by Governor W. W. Thayer to the new court in 1878 , with his term ending in 1880 . During his time with the court , he served as chief justice three times from 1864 to 1866 , 1870 to 1872 , and 1876 to 1878 . After leaving the state 's highest court , he was elected as a state circuit court judge for Oregon 's third judicial district in 1880 , covering Yamhill , Tillamook , Marion , Linn , and Polk counties . He served on the court until 1892 , and then entered private legal practice . After six years in private practice in Salem , Boise returned to the circuit court in 1898 . He retired from the court in July 1904 . Later life and legacy In his later years , Boise served on the board of trustees at Willamette University in Salem and Pacific University in Forest Grove . Pacific gave him an honorary doctor of laws degree . Additionally , he was a trustee at the La Creole Academy preparatory school in Dallas and a regent of the Oregon Agricultural College ( now Oregon State University ) . He also spent five terms as the master of the state grange association , and owned the Ellendale Woolen Mill . A public speaker , he gave speeches for the Oregon Historical Society , the Oregon Pioneer Society , and the Oregon State Bar as well as at the dedication of a monument to missionary Jason Lee . Reuben Patrick Boise died on April 10 , 1907 , at the age of 87 in Salem , and is buried at Salem Pioneer Cemetery . Former U.S. Attorney General George Henry Williams gave the eulogy at the funeral , with many prominent politicians and officials in attendance . In honor of the former judge , the state courts adjourned for the day . At the time of his death , Boise owned more than 2 , 600 acres ( 11 km2 ) of farmland spread across three farms in Marion and Polk counties . Reuben Boise road in Polk County is named in his honor , as is the R. P. Boise Building in Salem , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Works Fifty Years Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar Speech to the Oregon Bar Association , Nov. 19 , 1902 , Weekly Oregon Statesman Salem , Nov. 21 , 1902 , pp. 6 , 8 .
3,838	Klein Bikes was a bicycle company founded by Gary Klein that pioneered the use of large diameter aluminum alloy tubes for greater stiffness and lower weight . Klein produced his first bicycle frames whilst a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the 1970s , and full production runs of frames began in the 1980s . In 1995 the company was purchased by the Trek Bicycle Corporation , and the original Klein factory at Chehalis closed in 2002 as production moved to the Trek headquarters at Waterloo . Widespread distribution in the United States stopped in 2007 , and ceased altogether in the rest of the world in 2009 . History Gary Klein , born ( 1952 06 09 ) June 9 , 1952 , attended the University of California at Davis before transferring to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . During the Independent Activities Period in 1973 , a group of students including Klein worked together under Professor Buckley to produce an aluminum framed bicycle . After analysing a number of contemporary steel frames , and examining ones that had broken in use , they were able to determine the stresses placed on a bicycle frame . Faced with limited available types of aluminum alloy tubing , the students chose to construct frames from 6061 aluminium alloy seamless drawn tube alternatives such as the stronger unk aluminum alloy were discarded because of the tubing dimensions . After graduating from MIT in 1974 with a degree in chemical engineering , Klein took a business course for entrepreneurs . As a keen road racer , in 1975 , he started a business project with three other people and built a limited run of aluminum alloy framed bikes at the MIT Innovation Center , using a US 20 , 000 grant provided by MIT and US 1 , 000 of capital from each partner . The prototypes , with larger diameter tubes and thinner walls than those produced in 1973 , were displayed at the International cycle show in New York in the February of 1975 . The next year , he relocated to some disused buildings on his parents ' farm in San Martin , California that had previously been used for dehydrating prunes . In 1977 , he patented use of large diameter aluminum alloy tubes to increase stiffness , and in 1980 , he moved from San Jose , California , to Chehalis , Washington . He started production runs of road bicycles in the early 1980s and mountain bikes in the mid 1980s . Whilst Klein 's use of aluminium for a bicycle frames was not entirely novel , his use of large diameter tubes was . Aluminium alloys have a Young 's modulus around a third that of steel , but with thicker tubes he was able to make a bicycle that weighed around 15 less than a conventional model . In 1995 , Trek bought Klein bikes , after Klein found it hard to compete without the sales network of a larger company in place . At its peak , around 250 people worked at the Chehalis plant , but operation gradually moved to the main Trek factory in Wisconsin . In 2001 , a workforce of around 70 people produced 15 , 000 to 20 , 000 frames a year . In 2002 , all production moved to the Trek headquarters at Waterloo , Wisconsin . Bikes were still sold under the Klein name until around 2009 in Japan , but widespread distribution ceased circa 2007 in the United States . A green Klein mountain bike can be seen hanging on the wall in Jerry Seinfeld 's apartment in the television show Seinfeld . Innovations Some off road models featured two designs of one piece welded stem bar combination , marketed as Mission Control ( MC ) , that eliminated clamping bolts and excess material . The original version , unk , used a quill stem and required a 1 inch ( 25 mm ) threaded steerer . MC2 used a unk tightening against a collet that sat between the fork steerer and the stem , and a special eight pointed wrench was required to remove it . The steerer had to be cut to the correct length in order to adjust the height of the stem . unk was a third version that was only the stem , thus the handlebar was not welded . Klein held a patent ( US unk ) for an improved method of routing cables through the frame of a bicycle , that reduced aerodynamic drag and stress on the frame . The front and rear derailleur cables were routed through the down tube , and the rear brake cable through the top tube , although some models changed in 2002 to top tube cable routing for greater harmonisation with Shimano components . In the 2002 model year , Klein replaced 6061 aluminium alloy with a new alloy called ZR 9000 , that used zirconium in place of chromium the new alloy had not been assigned an industry number and it was named after the unused 9000 series . Advertised improvements included a 190 grams ( 6 . 7 oz ) decrease in weight per frame and a fatigue life five times longer than the 2001 model year frames . Techniques Klein bicycles were famous for their paintwork , and offered a large number of custom colours and patterns . The paint used was a unk enamel non metallic paint that cost up to US 1 , 800 per gallon . The Klein logo was unk into the frame by painting the frame in the colour of the logo , then applying a mask and painting the pattern . Beginning with the MC2 frames , Klein used Gradient tubing , where the wall thickness varied along the length and diameter of the tube . Highly manipulated unk on mountain bikes allowed a tighter rear triangle to accommodate large off road tyres , and facilitated efficient transfer of power . unk aluminium needed heat treating to restore strength lost in welding . After the treatment , frames were required to be aligned to within 0 . 004 inches ( 0 . 10 mm ) on all alignment surfaces , and were then machined to within 0 . 0002 inches ( 0 . 0051 mm ) . Models Klein produced both mountain bikes and road bikes . Models are sourced from the official catalogue for that particular year . Years marked in red are incomplete due to a lack of reliable source information . Sponsored teams Klein made custom bikes for San Francisco 's Lombardi team which were ridden in 2001 . German cycling team Gerolsteiner rode Klein Quantum frames before 2003 , when Gerolsteiner changed their bike sponsor to Wilier Triestina . For the 2004 season , Klein sponsored the unk Joe 's cycling team .
3,839	Amanita nothofagi is a species of fungus in the Amanitaceae family . Endemic to New Zealand , the species was first described by mycologist Greta Stevenson in 1962 . The fruit bodies have dark brown caps that are up to 13 cm ( 5 . 1 in ) in diameter and covered with patches of soft greyish brown scales or warts . The gills underneath the cap are crowded together , free from attachment to the stem , and white , becoming tinged with yellow in age . The stem of the mushroom is 4 14 cm ( 1 . 6 5 . 5 in ) long by 0 . 5 2 . 5 cm ( 0 . 2 1 . 0 in ) thick , and has a ring . The spore print is white , and individual spores are spherical to ellipsoid , measuring 7 . 5 9 by 7 . 5 9 micrometres . The mushroom may be confused with another New Zealand species , A. australis , but can be distinguished by certain characteristics . Amanita nothofagi is a mycorrhizal species , and grows in association with native New Zealand trees such as Southern Beech . Taxonomy and classification The species was first described as new to science by New Zealand mycologist Greta Stevenson who collected specimens in the mid 1950s , in Nelson and Cape Farewell . She published a description of the mushroom in the Royal Botanic Garden 's journal Kew Bulletin in 1962 , the second part of a five part series of articles describing the mushroom flora of the country . The specific epithet nothofagi refers to Nothofagus , the genus of Southern beeches with which the species is often associated . Amanita authority Rodham Tulloss uses the common name southern beech Amanita , while Geoff Ridley suggests charcoal unk . Stevenson classified Amanita nothofagi in the section Phalloideae of the genus Amanita , but Ridley considered it better placed in section unk because of its subglobose basidiospores , a clavate or occasionally abruptly bulbous stipe base , with sparse bands or a rim of volva material . Description The cap of A. nothofagi is initially convex , later becoming flattened with a central depression , with radial grooves on the margin , reaching diameters of 30 130 mm ( 1 . 2 5 . 1 in ) . The colour is variable , ranging from buff to dark grey to greyish sepia , with radial streaks of dusky brownish grey . The cap surface is sticky when young or wet , but dries out with age . The remnants of the volva form small to large , irregularly shaped , felted patches , that are dull greyish sepia to sepia , and sometimes scab like . The gills are crowded closely together , and free from attachment to the stem . They are white to cream coloured , 6 10 mm ( 0 . 2 0 . 4 in ) wide . The lamellulae ( short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem ) have somewhat truncated ends . The stem is 40 140 mm ( 1 . 6 5 . 5 in ) high , 5 25 mm ( 0 . 2 1 . 0 in ) thick , and tapers slightly at the top . It is hollow and has a bulbous base measuring 10 30 mm ( 0 . 4 1 . 2 in ) in diameter . The stem surface above the level of the ring is white , sparsely covered with woolly or fuzzy tufts , occasionally breaking into transverse bands below the ring the stem surface is smooth or occasionally breaks into bands or fibrillose scales . It is whitish , buff or greyish sepia streaked with grey . The stem base may or may not have a band or rim of buff to greyish sepia volval remnants . The ring is membranous , grooved , whitish , buff , and greyish sepia or lavender grey . It first hangs freely before later sticking to the stem , often tearing and adhering to the edge of the cap . The flesh of the cap is white or stained mouse grey under the central part , occasionally with a grey line above the gills the stem flesh is white to pale buff . The spore print is white . The spores are typically 7 . 5 9 by 7 . 5 9 m , spherical to broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid , and thin walled . Under a microscope , the spores appear hyaline ( translucent ) , and are amyloid meaning they will turn bluish black to black when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The basidia are 30 . 5 57 by 8 16 m , four spored , and not clamped at the base . The margin cells of the gills are plentiful , spherical , club shaped or swollen spherically at the tip , hyaline , and measure 13 58 by 8 33 m . The cap cuticle consists of a 130 220 m wide , strongly gelatinised suprapellis ( upper layer ) and a dense , non gelatinised subpellis ( lower layer ) . The volval remnants on the cap are made of abundant spherical , elliptic and club shaped cells that are 21 119 by 14 . 5 115 m , intermixed with hyphae 4 9 m wide and pale umber in colour , and either arranged irregularly , or with a vertical orientation . Similar species Amanita nothofagi mushrooms can be confused with A. australis if the warts have been washed off and the colour has been bleached . A reliable method to distinguish the two is to check for the presence of clamp connections at the bases of the basidia , which are present in A. australis and absent from A. nothofagi . Ridley notes that the type collection was made with a dark grey specimen , and later collectors who found browner specimens have had difficulty in correctly identifying the species . unk specimens resemble A. excelsa , which led some to incorrectly believe that the species occurs in New Zealand . Amanita unk is also similar in appearance , spore size , amyloid reaction , and lack of clamp connections in the basidia . It is distinguished from A. nothofagi largely on the basis of colour it is a greyish brown to yellowish grey brown that fades to pinkish buff as it gets older . Tulloss suggests that the resemblance of a number of species from Australasia and Chile which lack brightly coloured fruit bodies and share similar greyish to brownish rings and unk may indicate that they share Gondwanan ancestors . Habitat and distribution The fruit bodies of Amanita nothofagi grow solitarily or in scattered groups . Like all Amanita mushrooms , it is mycorrhizal , and grows in close association with Southern Beech ( genus Nothofagus ) ( including New Zealand Red Beech , Silver beech , New Zealand Black Beech , and Hard Beech ) , Manuka , and unk . Found on both the North and South islands of New Zealand , it is the most common of the country 's endemic Amanita species .
3,840	Hugh Nonant ( sometimes Hugh de Nonant died 27 March 1198 ) was a medieval Bishop of Coventry in England . A great nephew and nephew of two Bishops of Lisieux , he held the office of archdeacon in that diocese before serving successively Thomas Becket , the Archbishop of Canterbury and King Henry II of England . Diplomatic successes earned him the nomination to Coventry , but diplomatic missions after his elevation led to a long delay before he was consecrated . After King Henry 's death , Nonant served Henry 's son , King Richard I , who rewarded him with the office of sheriff in three counties . Nonant replaced his monastic cathedral chapter with secular clergy , and attempted to persuade his fellow bishops to do the same , but was unsuccessful . When King Richard was captured and held for ransom , Nonant supported Prince John 's efforts to seize power in England , but had to purchase Richard 's favour when the king returned . Early life Nonant was a great nephew of John , Bishop of Lisieux , who had been the chief deputy in Normandy of King Henry I of England , and he was also a nephew of Arnulf of Lisieux , another bishop of Lisieux . Nonant had a brother Sylvester , who was treasurer of Lisieux . Hugh Nonant was a canon in his uncle Arnulf 's cathedral chapter before serving as an archdeacon of the diocese of Lisieux from 1167 until 1184 . Nonant served in the household of Thomas Becket while Becket was Archbishop of Canterbury , and went into exile with Becket , although he left Becket 's service while the archbishop was in exile . While in Becket 's service , Nonant may have authored a letter dated to 1165 that is attributed to Becket . Nonant had been reconciled to King Henry II of England by 1170 . Along with Richard Barre , Nonant was named in January 1184 as a papal judge delegate in a case between two Norman monasteries . In 1184 , Nonant was sent by the king to the papal curia to petition Pope Lucius III on behalf of Henry the Lion , Duke of Saxony and Henry II 's son in law . Nonant 's success on this mission probably was the reason he was elevated to the episcopate in 1185 . Bishop of Coventry Nonant was elected bishop in 1185 , probably in January , and consecrated on 31 January 1188 . The long delay between his election and his consecration was due to Nonant 's continued diplomatic efforts on behalf of Henry II . In 1186 , he was sent to Rome to secure papal permission for the crowning of Prince John as King of Ireland . The bishop elect was briefly in England from December of 1186 until February 1187 , but then went with King Henry to the continent and did not return to England until January 1188 . However , when Henry returned to France in July 1188 , Hugh accompanied the king and did not return until shortly before the coronation of King Richard I of England . Nonant also purchased the offices of Sheriff of Warwickshire , Leicestershire , and Staffordshire . Holding these offices was against canon law , and the bishop 's tenure in these offices may have been the cause of his quarrel with Baldwin of Forde . It was after the coronation of Richard that Nonant had a dispute with the monks of his cathedral chapter which led to Nonant replacing the monks with secular clergy . He was said to have commented that I call my clerks gods and the monks demons . Nonant was very shrewd and eloquent , but he was also violent in his attempts to reform or expel his monastic clergy from Coventry . In October 1189 he attempted to persuade his fellow bishops who had monastic cathedral chapters to expel the monks and replace them with secular clergy . He also attempted to get all the bishops to prosecute a joint case at Rome to expel the monastic cathedral chapters , but gave up that idea after the Archbishop of Canterbury , Baldwin of Exeter declined to go along . Nonant did , however , receive papal sanction for the replacement of monks at Coventry . By 1197 , however , Pope Celestine III issued instructions to Hubert Walter , the new Archbishop of Canterbury , Hugh of Lincoln , the Bishop of Lincoln and Samson of Tottington , the Abbot of Bury St Edmunds , to restore the monks to the cathedral . After King Richard went to the Holy Land on the Third Crusade , Nonant supported the efforts of Prince John , King Richard 's brother , to seize power in England . Nonant joined with John in trying to wrest control of the castles of Tickhill and Nottingham from William Longchamp , the Bishop of Ely , who had been named justiciar and chancellor during Richard 's absence . It was probably Nonant that was responsible for the meeting at Loddon Bridge on 5 October 1191 that ended in the deposition of Longchamp from office . Nonant supported John 's side throughout the time that Richard was on Crusade and in captivity , and was tried with John after Richard 's return to England in 1194 . Nonant was only restored to royal favour in 1195 after the payment of a fine of 5000 marks . The bishop lost his three sheriffdoms , and retired to Normandy . Death and legacy Nonant died on 27 March 1198 . Before his death he was clothed in the habit of a Benedictine monk by the monks of Bec Abbey and he died at Bec . On his deathbed , he confessed a long record of sins , which deterred any priest from absolving him . The historian A. L. Poole described Hugh as a dexterous and unprincipled politician who had inherited the diplomatic gifts of his uncle . Another historian , John Gillingham , stated that Nonant was King John 's chief propagandist and , in his spare time , bishop of Coventry . Hugh 's brother was Robert Brito , who was captured by King Richard in 1194 and starved to death because Robert had earlier refused to be a hostage for the payment of Richard 's ransom . The constitutions of the cathedral chapter at Lichfield are often stated to have been Nonant 's work , but this has been disproven . The chronicler Roger of Howden inserted a letter supposedly by Nonant in his Chronica . This letter was also preserved in other manuscripts , including a section of a manuscript now in the Bodleian Library as manuscript ( MS ) Additional unk This letter has now been published as part of the English Episcopal Acta series in the volume on the diocese of Lichfield and Coventry .
3,841	The Principality of Nitra ( Slovak unk unk , unk ) also known as the Duchy of Nitra , was a Slavic polity encompassing a group of settlements that developed in the 9th century around Nitra in present day Slovakia . Its history remains uncertain because of a lack of contemporary sources . The territory 's status is subject to scholarly debate some modern historians describe it as an independent polity that was annexed either around 833 or 870 by Principality of Moravia while others say that it was under influence of the neighbouring Slavs from Moravia from its inception . Background Modern day Slovakia was dominated for centuries by Germanic peoples , including the Quadi and the unk or Lombards , who were there until the middle of the 6th century . A new material culture characterized by handmade pottery , cremation burials and small , square , sunken huts that typically featured a corner stone oven appeared in the plains along the Middle Danube around that time . The new culture , with its spartan and egalitarian nature , sharply differed from the earlier archaeological cultures of Central Europe . According to Barford , a report by the Byzantine historian Procopius is the first certain reference to Early Slav groups inhabiting parts of present day Slovakia . Procopius wrote that an exiled Lombard prince named unk mustered an army , taking with him not only those of the Lombards who had followed him , but also many of the Sclaveni in the 540s . The nomadic Avars , who arrived from the Eurasian steppes , invaded the Carpathian Basin and subjected the local inhabitants in the second half of the 6th century . Thereafter , Slavic groups inhabiting areas around the core regions of the Avar Khaganate paid tribute to the Avars . The khaganate experienced a series of internal conflicts in the 630s . According to the Chronicle of unk , the Slavs who are known as Wends rebelled against the Avars and elected a Frankish trader named Samo as their king in the early 7th century . Samo 's realm , which emerged in the northern or northwestern regions of the Carpathian Basin , existed for more than three decades . It disintegrated soon after its founder 's death and Avar control of the region was restored . The Avar Khaganate collapsed around 803 as a result of several successful military campaigns launched by the Franks against it . The fall of the Khaganate contributed to the rise of new polities among the Slavs in the region . The shift in political control was accompanied by changes in military strategy and equipment . According to Curta , swords and other items of the unk unk horizon show a shift from the mounted combat tactics typical of nomadic warfare to heavy cavalry equipment , and the development of a local elite in the regions to the north of the river Danube and the Great Hungarian Plain in the early 9th century . Scholarly debates the status and location of Pribina 's Nitrava According to a widely accepted interpretation of the Conversion , Pribina was initially the ruler of an independent polity which was centered on Nitra . For instance , Barford writes that Pribina was apparently prince of Nitra . Pribina 's assumed realm is described as the first demonstrable Slavic state north of the middle Danube by Lukaka . Lukaka also says that Pribina had a retinue and that most its members certainly descended from the former tribal aristocracy but some of them could have come from the free strata of the mass of the people . Richard unk says that it can hardly be unambiguously decided whether Pribina was prince of a greater tribe or of two or three smaller joined tribes . He adds that Pribina may have belonged to the second or third generation of the heads of this polity , which emerged in the valleys of the rivers Hron , Nitra , and unk . Scholars who write that Pribina was an independent ruler also say that his principality was united with Moravia after he was exiled from his homeland . unk and Steinhbel add that the forced unification of the two principalities Mojmir 's Moravia and Pribina 's Nitra under Mojmir gave rise to the empire of Great Moravia . According to unk , the inhabitants of Pribina 's principality who definitely were aware of their difference from the Moravian Slavs preserved their specific consciousness even within Great Moravia , which contributed to the development of the common consciousness of the ancestors of the Slovak people . Pribina was not an independent ruler , but Duke Mojmir of Moravia 's lieutenant in Nitra , according to Vlasto . He says that Pribina 's attempts to achieve independence led to his exile . The identification of Nitra with Nitrava is not universally accepted by scholars . Imre Boba and Charles Bowlus are among the scholars who challenged that identification . Imre Boba says , the Humanist historian , Johannes Aventinus , who identified Nitrava ( granted along with Brno and Olomouc by Louis the German , according to Aventinus ) with Nitra , because Nitrava was in unk or unk , to the south of Bavaria . He also says that the Latin term locus Nitrava could not refer to a city . According to his view , none of the modern names of Nitra ( Slovak Nitra , Hungarian Nyitra and German Neutra ) could develop from a Nitrava form . Boba 's linguistic approach is not compliant with onomastic research which suggests that Nitra was the primary form of the place name and Nitrava is only the secondary name both forms were recorded already in the 9th century . The Czech historian Duan unk , who says that the association of Nitra with Nitrava cannot be challenged , writes that the latter form developed from the name of the Nitra River , which fits well into the system of Indo European toponyms other rivers with similar names are not known . Charles Bowlus also rejects the identification of Nitrava with Nitra , because the latter town was only annexed by Moravia during the reign of Svatopluk , years after Pribina 's expulsion , according to a letter that Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg and his suffragans wrote around 900 . According to unk , the content of the letter can be explained as a reasonable mistake of its unk who knew that the territory was in the past a separate realm different from Moravia .
3,842	The Cool Kids is an American alternative hip hop duo composed of rappers Antoine Sir Michael Rocks Reed ( originally from Matteson , Illinois ) and Evan Chuck Inglish Ingersoll ( originally from Mount Clemens , Michigan ) . The Cool Kids ' music had been released primarily to the independent Chocolate Industries via their own label unk Recordings , but as of 2010 are no longer with Chocolate Industries .. Reed and Ingersoll have made appearances in numerous forms of media , as well as in collaborations with other artists such as Chip tha Ripper , Asher Roth , Yelawolf , Kenna , Ivan Ives , The Bloody unk , Drake , Travis Barker , Lil Wayne , Pac Div , Ludacris , Mac Miller , Maroon 5 , Curren y , and The O unk 's . Cool Kids are also members of the hip hop collective All City Chess Club founded in 2010 . History Reed attended Walter Payton College Prep in Chicago , IL while Ingersoll had attended Notre Dame High School in Harper Woods , MI where he played football and basketball . Reed and Ingersoll first exchanged conversations in 2005 when Reed found a beat on MySpace that Ingersoll had produced . The two met to discuss terms of the beat 's sale , and eventually ended up recording for two hours . They were inspired by golden age hip hop and artists like LL Cool J and Eric B. Rakim . Ingersoll began promoting the new duo 's material , and it was eventually booked by Josh Young of unk for a DJ performance . At this performance ( in a venue called Town Hall Pub ) , the duo met the DJ Diplo who offered to release a mixtape of their unreleased tracks titled Totally unk Out on his label Mad Decent , though it was eventually released on unk Recordings . They also received an offer from the DJ A Trak to sign to his Fool 's Gold Records label , which they did , but only for one single . Of their time with Fool 's Gold Records , the Cool Kids felt they weren t getting enough attention When your boss is on tour with Kanye West , it s easy to have timelines missed , said Chuck in an interview . All of their material had been released solely on the band 's MySpace page their recording contract came after performances at the CMJ Music Festival and Pitchfork Media Music Festival , on July 15 , 2007 . Eventually , The Cool Kids signed to Chocolate Industries , another independent label . The group has revealed on its MySpace page that The Cool Kids ' debut album , When Fish Ride Bicycles , will be released in 2008 , though it did not come out until 2011 . Ingersoll has been the producer for tracks released thus far , but both work in rapping and production . The duo uses music software program Reason from unk Software to produce their music . They have been on tour , opening for M.I.A. and they also joined the bill of the 2008 Rock the Bells hip hop festival on select dates . The group toured across Australia in February 2008 and also appeared at the Laneway Festival . The group also appeared at SUNY Purchase 's Culture Shock event in April 2009 . One of the duo 's singles , Black Mags , was featured in a late 2007 Rhapsody TV commercial , along with Sara Bareilles . In the same year , the group collaborated with Lil Wayne and DJ Benzi through the Internet on a track entitled Gettin ' It , which will reportedly appear on the DJ 's future album Get Right . The Cool Kids have been featured in the video games NBA Live 08 and MLB unk with the song 88 , in Need for Speed Nitro , with The Bloody unk in the song Awesome , and in the episode The First Cut Is the unk from HBO 's TV series Entourage with the song Mikey Rocks . They were listed in Rolling Stone 's Ten Artists to Watch in 2008 . According to Rolling Stone , since Black Mags debuted , the Cool Kids have gone from an underground sensation in their native Chicago to the hottest ticket at New York 's CMJ festival . The duo has been endorsed by Mountain Dew for their single , Delivery Man , to which commercials and the music video have aired on MTV2 . The group 's song Bassment Party was featured in the September 21 , 2008 episode of the HBO hit comedy Entourage . They also recorded an original track , 2K Pennies , for the soundtrack of NBA unk . The Cool Kids have said in an interview that their success has been gradual . They will also be headlining the NBA 2K Bounce Tour along with Q Tip . The Cool Kids also performed at the 2009 Voodoo Experience in New Orleans , Louisiana . Producer Don Cannon said in an interview with XXL , that he will be working with The Cool Kids for their new album . The group 's second official mixtape , Gone Fishing was released on May 5 , 2009 . Their debut album , When Fish Ride Bicycles , was released July 12 , 2011 . Their song A Little Bit Cooler was used in a Most Valuable Puppets commercial from Nike with LeBron James and Kobe Bryant entitled Mrs. Lewis . A new mixtape called unk came out on May 31 , 2010 . Chuck Inglish worked with Chip tha Ripper and produced his debut album Gift Raps in its entirety . The group claims they haven 't put out an album because of having issues with their former label Chocolate Industries for the past three years , but according to the group these issues are now settled and they are working on putting out When Fish Ride Bicycles . In 2010 , Chuck Inglish and Mikey Rocks teamed up with Gary , Indiana 's Freddie Gibbs and Cleveland 's Chip tha Ripper to form the super group unk ( Pulled Over by the Cops ) . Sir Michael Rocks has released a solo project titled The Rocks Report . When Fish Ride Bicycles was released on July 12 , 2011 . Featuring production by The Neptunes and also featuring Bun B , Chip Tha Ripper , Ghostface Killah , among other artists . The group plans a follow up album titled Shark Week . On October 23 , 2011 Mikey Rocks signed with Jet Life Recordings , a Warner Bros. imprint owned by fellow rap artist Curren y . Chuck Inglish produced the EP Candy Jams for unk in February 2012 and is also set to work on a mixtape with Curren y . On April 25 , 2015 , member Mikey Rocks took to Twitter to address the consistent questions about a possible reunion , saying they were never coming back . However , fellow member Chuck Inglish announced the duo were getting back together on July 13 , 2016 Discography
3,843	The 3rd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division , originally known as the 14th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the United States Army , and a part of the 7th Infantry Division . The brigade was based at Fort Ord , California for most of its history . Activated for service in World War I , the unit saw brief service in the conflict , but never fought as an entire unit . After the Korean War , it was reactivated as a brigade , and was returned to the United States where it saw action in Operation Just Cause and Operation Golden Pheasant . The brigade sent units to support 2nd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division during the 1992 Los Angeles Riots . The 3rd Brigade was deactivated in 1993 . History World War I The 3rd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division was first constituted and activated in the regular army as the 14th Infantry Brigade on 6 December 1917 at Camp Wheeler , Georgia . One month later it organized and prepared for deployment to Europe to participate in World War I as a part of the American Expeditionary Force , along with the rest of the division . The 14th Infantry Brigade was one of two brigades assigned to the division headquarters , the other being the 13th Infantry Brigade . Serving within the brigade were the 64th Infantry Regiment and the 56th Infantry Regiment , bringing the total strength of the brigade to around 8 , 000 men . Most of the brigade sailed to Europe aboard the SS Leviathan . During its time in France , the brigade did not participate as a whole in any engagements , though its infantry and reconnaissance elements did engage German forces . On 11 October 1918 the 14th Brigade and 7th Division first came under shelling attacks . At Saint Mihiel the units also came under chemical attack . Elements of the 7th probed up toward Prny near the Moselle River , capturing positions and driving German forces out of the region . It was around this time that the division first received its shoulder sleeve insignia , which the 14th Brigade wore as a part of the division . In early November , the 14th Brigade began readying itself for an attack on the Hindenburg Line with the division , which was part of the Second Army . The division launched a reconnaissance in force on the Vovre Plain , but before it could begin a full assault , the Allies signed an Armistice ending hostilities . After 33 days on the front lines , the 7th Division suffered 1 , 988 casualties . It was awarded one campaign streamer for Lorraine . The brigade performed occupation duties for the next year as it began preparations to return to the continental United States . The 14th Brigade returned to the United States in late 1919 , and gradually demobilized at Camp George G. Meade , Maryland until 1921 . On 22 September of that year , the Headquarters Company , 7th Division was inactivated , and the 13th and 14th Brigades deactivated with it . Reorganization On 1 July 1940 , the 7th Infantry Division was reactivated at Camp Ord , California Under the command of Major General Joseph W. Stilwell . The Headquarters element , 13th and 14th Brigades did not reactivate , however , and the division was instead centered on three infantry regiments the 17th Infantry Regiment , the 32nd Infantry Regiment , and the 53rd Infantry Regiment . The 14th Brigade was not activated for the duration of the war . Post Korean War In the wake of the Korean War , between 1953 and 1971 , the 7th Infantry Division defended the Korean Demilitarized Zone . Its main garrison was Camp Casey , South Korea . During these occupation duties , the division saw a complete reorganization in compliance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan . In 1963 , the division 's former headquarters company grew into the 1st Brigade , 7th Infantry Division while the 13th Infantry Brigade became the 2nd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division . The 14th Infantry Brigade was redesignated at the 3rd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division . These renamed formations retained all of the lineage and campaign credits of their previous designations . On 2 April 1971 , the division and its brigades returned to the United States and inactivated at Fort Lewis , Washington . In October 1974 the 7th and two brigades reactivated at their former garrison , Fort Ord ( a National Guard unk brigade , the 41st , would periodically train with the division as its third brigade ) . The unit did not see any action in Vietnam or during the post war era , but was tasked to keep a close watch on South American developments . It trained at Fort Ord , Camp Roberts , and Fort Hunter Liggett . On 1 October 1985 the division redesignated as the 7th Infantry Division ( Light ) , organized again as a light infantry division . It was the first US division specially designed as such . The various battalions of the 17th , 31st , and 32nd Regiments moved from the division , replaced by battalions from other regiments , including battalions from the 21st Infantry Regiment , the 27th Infantry Regiment , and the 9th Infantry Regiment . The 27th Infantry and the 9th Infantry Regiment participated in Operation Golden Pheasant in Honduras . In 1989 the 3rd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division participated in Operation Just Cause in Panama . In 1991 the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the closing of Fort Ord due to the escalating cost of living on the Central California coastline . By 1994 , the post was closed and the Division was to move to Fort Lewis , Washington . The 3rd Brigade 's 3rd Battalion , 17th Infantry Regiment and other assigned military police companies participated in one final mission in the United States before inactivation quelling the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , called Operation Garden Plot , in conjunction with the entire 2nd Brigade , 7th Division . In 1993 the division was slated to move to Fort Lewis , WA and instead inactivated at Fort Ord , CA as part of the post Cold War draw down of the US Army , but the 2nd and 3rd Brigades of the 7th inactivated at Ft . Ord in 1993 . The 1st Brigade relocated to Ft . Lewis and was later reflagged as the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division in 1994 , and the division headquarters formally inactivated on 16 June 1994 at Fort Lewis . Honors Campaign streamers
3,844	Saving Private Ryan Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan , directed by Steven Spielberg . The album was produced by composer John Williams and distributed by DreamWorks Records . Recorded in Symphony Hall , Boston , Massachusetts , the scores were performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra , with two of the ten compositions featuring vocals from the Tanglewood Festival Chorus . The soundtrack runs for almost an hour , while the film itself lasts over two hours . Throughout the compositions , brass , string , and horn instruments were used to evoke a variety of emotions and tones . The soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics , but was still nominated for several major awards , of which it won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television . Soundtrack opener Hymn to the Fallen received some radio play , in particular on the United States holidays Veterans Day and Memorial Day . Background Steven Spielberg and John Williams had worked together on fifteen films before Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . The score was recorded at Symphony Hall in Boston , Massachusetts with the assistance of the Boston Symphony Orchestra . After having recorded the re edited version Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) and some Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) at Symphony Hall previously , this was the third time Spielberg and Williams worked on a soundtrack at this location . Spielberg chose Symphony Hall as the site for the recording because the hall gives rich , warm sound off the walls and ceiling and allows you to hear the air , which some soundstages do not allow you to do . Spielberg stated he chose to work with the Boston Symphony Orchestra because the film deals with a company of soldiers and the orchestra was an experienced company of musicians . Over the course of a three day period in February 1998 , the score for the film was recorded at a rate of around 100 , 000 an hour . Spielberg and Williams both watched a rough cut of the film to determine what scenes would have music . The two decided to leave music out of the fighting sequences , in favor of playing it over long sequences of eight to nine minutes that lack action . The playing of music between fighting sequences gives a moment of reflection for what happened . Tom Hanks came to a portion of the recording session and read the Bixby letter which appears in the movie to the orchestra at the behest of Williams . This caused the musicians to shuffle their feet in appreciation . Williams chose to use different families and types of instruments to convey and evoke certain tones within the score . String instruments were chosen to provide a warm sound , brass instruments were utilized for solemn sections of the pieces , and horn instruments were used to give off a pensive tone . Military drums were used largely in the piece entitled Hymn to the Fallen . The Tanglewood Festival Chorus provided a vocal chorus for Hymn to the Fallen that served as a memory to those who have fallen in combat . Hymn to the Fallen and its reprise are the only two tracks that feature any sort of vocals and bookend the album . Spielberg chose to place Hymn to the Fallen on the closing credits because it will stand the test of time and honor forever the fallen of this war and possibly all wars and felt it showed Williams ' sensitivity and brilliance . The album was released on July 21 , 1998 . Reception Author Emilio unk felt that the music offered no perspective like Williams ' scores normally do , but were instead rooted in emotion . Classic FM believed that despite the restrictions placed on Williams , he still managed to create a moving theme . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic agreed , stating Williams added sentiment wherever he could nonetheless . Hillel unk of the Associated Press found the soundtrack to be bland and out of place . Richard Harrington of The Washington Post found the soundtrack created by Williams to be quietly heroic , full of survivalist determination and pragmatic melancholy . In regard to all of Williams ' soundtracks for Spielberg films , Harrington believed that this soundtrack was the most subtle . Calgary Herald writers felt Williams ' created a reflective score that is sensitive without sensationalizing the subject . The Sun 's Ian Black compared the music for Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) with that of Saving Private Ryan stating that it was nowhere close to the latter . Barbera unk of the Pittsburgh Post Gazette wrote that John Williams ' symphonic score soars in the background like church music . Edmonton Journal writer Ted Shaw found the meditative quality of Williams ' score to be a surprise when compared to the intensity of the fighting sequences . He added that the music was an elevating component of the film . Thomas Doherty also noted that the music lacks the bombast of the incoming shells , stating that it was quietly martial with its use of trumpets and mild percussion . In addition to the film itself , the soundtrack received several nominations for various awards . The score won the Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television . In addition , the score was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Dramatic Score , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , and the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music , but failed to win the awards . In 2003 , the Cleveland Institute of Music published a list of uplifting classical music pieces that featured Hymn to the Fallen and Omaha Beach . Within the United States , Hymn to the Fallen received minor radio airplay on Veterans Day and Memorial Day . Classic FM voted the soundtrack to its Movie Music Hall of Fame that consists of the top 100 movie soundtracks chosen by fan votes . The soundtrack placed sixteenth on the list , two places lower than the previous year . Portions of the score were used in the No Casino Gettysburg videos that were created in opposition of building a casino on the grounds of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania where the Battle of Gettysburg was fought . Track listing Credits Source Release history
3,845	Pennsylvania Route 363 ( PA 363 ) is a state highway located in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania that is a spur of PA 63 . The route runs 11 . 86 mi ( 19 . 09 km ) from an interchange with U.S. Route 422 ( US 422 ) near Valley Forge northeast to PA 63 in Lansdale . The route runs through suburban areas of central Montgomery County , passing some farmland in Worcester Township . PA 363 is designated along Trooper Road , Ridge Pike , Park Avenue , and Valley Forge Road . In the community of Worcester , the route crosses PA 73 . PA 363 was first designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Highways in 1928 to run from PA 23 in Port Kennedy to PA 63 in Lansdale . Between the 1940s and the 1960s , PA 363 extended west on present day PA 23 to end near Valley Forge . In the 1960s , the route was redirected to follow Gulph Road to US 202 in King of Prussia . By 1989 , the south end of PA 363 was relocated to the US 422 interchange . The Betzwood Bridge , which had carried PA 363 over the Schuylkill River , was removed in the 1990s . The partial interchange with US 422 became a full interchange in 2015 . Route description PA 363 begins at an interchange with US 422 ( Pottstown Expressway ) near Valley Forge National Historic Park in Montgomery County . From this point , the route heads northeast on four lane divided Trooper Road , forming the border between Lower Providence Township to the northwest and West unk Township to the southeast . The road passes a business park to the northwest and residential neighborhoods to the southeast as it narrows into an undivided road and enters areas of shopping centers . Here , the route becomes a divided highway again and intersects Egypt Road . PA 363 continues as a two lane undivided road past more homes as it continues to the Ridge Pike intersection . At this point , the route turns northwest onto Ridge Pike and fully enters Lower Providence Township , passing businesses as a three lane road with a center left turn lane . PA 363 turns northeast onto two lane Park Avenue and runs through more residential areas . A short distance after crossing into Worcester Township , the route comes to the community of Fairview Village and crosses Germantown Pike in commercial areas . Upon crossing Germantown Pike , PA 363 becomes known as Valley Forge Road and continues into agricultural areas with scattered residential neighborhoods . The amount of development increases until the road comes to the junction with PA 73 ( Skippack Pike ) in the community of Worcester . After the PA 73 intersection , PA 363 continues past areas of housing developments to the west and farmland to the east before it reaches Morris Road . At this point , the route becomes the border between Towamencin Township to the northwest and Upper Gwynedd Township to the southeast , crossing under I 476 ( Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension ) along this stretch . The road passes through residential neighborhoods before entering commercial areas and crossing Sumneytown Pike . PA 363 heads to the southeast of North Penn High School and runs past a mix of homes and businesses as it gains a center left turn lane on the approach to the Allentown Road junction . A short distance later , the route enters Lansdale and passes homes as a two lane road . PA 363 reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 63 in Lansdale . History When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911 , present day PA 363 was not given a number with the exception of the Ridge Pike portion , which was designated as part of Legislative Route 146 . In 1928 , PA 363 was designated to run between PA 23 in the Port Kennedy section of Upper Merion Township and PA 63 in Lansdale . The route headed north across the Schuylkill River near the present US 422 bridge , before heading north on Trooper Road and east on Egypt Road to an intersection with US 422 ( Ridge Pike ) . PA 363 headed west concurrent with US 422 before heading north on Park Avenue and following its current alignment north to Lansdale . At this time , the route was paved between PA 23 and the north end of the US 422 concurrency . By 1930 , PA 363 was rerouted to follow Trooper Road between Egypt Road and US 422 . At this time , the entire length of the route was paved . By 1945 , PA 363 was extended west to end at PA 23 a short distance to the east of the community of Valley Forge . This portion of route was cosigned with PA 23 Truck by 1950 . PA 363 was rerouted to follow Gulph Road from Port Kennedy to US 202 in King of Prussia , with PA 23 being rerouted to follow the former PA 363 between Valley Forge and Port Kennedy , by 1967 . Also by this time , the US 422 concurrency on Ridge Pike had been removed and a freeway had been built that connected PA 363 a short distance north of the Schuylkill River to the US 202 freeway on the border of Chester and Montgomery counties . By 1989 , the southern terminus of PA 363 was cut back to its current location at the US 422 interchange . In 1991 , the Betzwood Bridge , which had carried PA 363 over the Schuylkill River , was closed because of structural issues . The bridge was removed in 1995 and limited bicycle and pedestrian access to Valley Forge National Historical Park from the north , with a temporary bike path being erected on the parallel US 422 bridge . There were plans to replace the Betzwood Bridge with a structure carrying two vehicle traffic lanes and a multi use trail . These plans never advanced . Ultimately the National Park Service secured federal funding for a mixed use trail bridge to connect the trails in the north and south sides of Valley Forge Park at the site of the old bridge . Construction of the new bridge at this site began in 2014 . This new bridge , which will be named Sullivan 's Bridge after Revolutionary War General John Sullivan , is planned to be for bicycles and pedestrians only and will provide better access to Valley Forge National Historical Park . In addition , improvements to the interchange between PA 363 and US 422 , which will add a ramp from PA 363 to westbound US 422 and from eastbound US 422 to PA 363 , started in 2013 . The new ramps opened to traffic on December 1 , 2015 . Major intersections The entire route is in Montgomery County .
3,846	Huletts Landing is a hamlet in the town of Dresden in northern Washington County , New York , United States . A lakeside community on the eastern shore of Lake George in the Adirondack Mountains , Huletts Landing is located entirely within the Adirondack Park . There is only one roadway access to the hamlet , County Route 6 and its suffixed routes , which head north south . Huletts Landing is geographically located at 43 38 21 N 73 30 25 W and has approximately two centuries of written history . The hamlet derives its name from the Hulett family , which resided in the area for several generations after Revolutionary War soldier David Hulett moved near the lakeside and began farming . In 1874 his descendant Philander Hulett built a boat landing , a general store , and a post office . This opened the scenic corner of the lake to steamship traffic and tourism . This suffered a major setback in 1915 when the hamlet 's largest hotel burned to its foundation , but tourism remained an important factor to the local economy . The town ( Dresden ) population , not Huletts Landing , is 695 , according to 2007 U.S. Census Bureau estimates . History The Hulett family appears to have been of French origin and came to North America to avoid religious persecution for their Huguenot beliefs . David Hulett , the founder of Huletts Landing , was born in unk , Connecticut c . 1758 1762 and served as a private under General James Wadsworth during the American Revolution . For three years the unit where Pvt. Hulett served fought mainly in upstate New York . Oral history asserts that David Hulett fought heroically at the Battle of Saratoga where he refused to leave the field despite an injury to his neck . The Hulett family settled near Lake George c . 1804 , possibly because of a land grant offered to veterans in lieu of wages for service . Along with Bolton , New York and Putnam , New York , Hulett 's Landing is one of three place names on Lake George relating with Wadsworth 's Connecticut brigade . Until 1874 the Huletts Landing area was known as Bosom Bay . Successive generations of the Hulett family lived by farming the area until Philander Hulett began to develop the area in the 1870s by building a steamship landing and submitting an application to build a post office . The post office application is the earliest document to use the Huletts Landing name . The existing Lake George Steamboat Company , which delivered mail as well as passengers , probably required either a post office or a tourism facility in order to justify adding a new stop to its schedule . An influential travelogue by Rev. William Henry Harrison Murray was published in 1868 and praised the Adirondacks for the relaxing effects of its picturesque wilderness . The first railroad service into the region was also built in the 1870s . The application received approval and Philander Hulett built the post office shortly afterward , housed in the same building as the community 's first store . He served as postmaster until his death in 1883 , but sold his property . According to George T. unk in his history of the area Part of Philander Hulett s property would be sold to businessman John W. Hall , but the bulk of the real estate would pass first to C.W. Wentz , an executive with the Delaware and Hudson Railroad , next to entrepreneur Henry W. Buckell , and finally by the early part of the 20th century to William H. Wyatt , an owner of hotels . All of these successive owners saw their first and primary role as marketing the property as a tourist attraction . The first Lakeside Inn was constructed for John W. Hall in 1877 1878 on a 1 acre ( 0 . 0040 km2 ) lot . Although the only direct access to Huletts Landing was by ferry , a combination of train , coach , and ferry was normal for Adirondack vacationers of the period . Huletts Hotel grew from expansions on the original farmhouse until a fire destroyed it on 14 November 1915 . It was hastily rebuilt for the 1916 tourist season , but questions of arson arose , and led to trial . Tourism has continued to be a mainstay of the community 's economy . Adirondack Park was originally established in 1892 . In 1931 an eastward expansion brought Lake George and its communities within park boundaries . Geography Huletts Landing is located at coordinates 43 . 38 N 73 . 30 W 43 . 38 unk . It is located on the northern shore of Lake George , which is a 32 mile ( 51 km ) lake in the Adirondacks . Huletts Landing is entirely situated within the Adirondack Park , which is the largest state park in the United States . Nearly two thirds of the property within the park 's formal range is privately owned with various land use restrictions . The climate of Huletts Landing is diverse . On average , the coolest month is January , while the warmest is July . The highest monthly precipitation in the area , on average , occurs in August . The lowest recorded temperature was 38 F ( 39 C ) in 1979 , while the highest was 103 F ( 39 C ) in 1953 . Transportation Huletts Landing is a remote hamlet , accessible by car only via Washington County Route 6 , which branches off of nearby New York State Route 22 . The main road is known as Huletts Landing Road , and spawns two suffixed routes which reach different parts of Huletts Landing . The first is County Route 6A , which is better known as Lands End Road , heads southward while the other , County Route 6B , which is better known as Bluff Head Road , brings the traveler northward , to locations such as Washington County Park and Huletts Landing Marina . Huletts Landing County Park is also on CR 6B . The airport at Burlington , Vermont is approximately one hour drive from the eastern section of Adirondack Park , where Huletts Landing is located . A smaller airport within Adirondack Park is Adirondack Regional Airport in Saranac Lake . Tourism The area sees most of its tourism during the summer and the fall foliage season , virtually shutting down in winter . Nearby attractions include lake cruises , canoeing , golf , and hiking . Historic attractions of Huletts Landing also included hunting and local proprietors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provided weekly fireworks displays during tourist season .
3,847	Lady Gaga Queen of Pop is a biography of American singer Lady Gaga . It was written by Emily Herbert ( pen name for Virginia Blackburn ) and published in the United Kingdom by John Blake Publishing Ltd . The book was published by Overlook Press in the United States with the title Lady Gaga Behind the Fame . Additional versions under the title Lady Gaga Queen of Pop were published in 2010 by Wilkinson Publishing of Melbourne in Australia and by Gardners Books in the United Kingdom . The book discusses Gaga 's early life when she was known as Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta from her birth in 1986 , and chronicles her education at Convent of the Sacred Heart in New York , her early visits to nightclubs with her mother to perform at open mic events , and her brief foray into the Tisch School of the Arts , leading up to her first experience of fame . Germanotta took the name Lady Gaga from the song Radio Ga Ga by the rock group Queen she released her first album The Fame in 2008 . Lady Gaga Queen of Pop describes the musician 's success in the industry , noting her business collaborations and appearance on the cover of Rolling Stone in 2009 . Lady Gaga Queen of Pop received a mixed reception , and a reviewer for the Orlando Sentinel wrote a positive review . The Herald Sun criticized the book 's style of commentary and its chronological organization style . A book critic for the St. Petersburg Times wrote positively about the photographs of Gaga in the book . The Phoenix New Times characterized its style as tending towards a positive tone , and compared it to a Wikipedia entry . A reviewer for the Minneapolis Star Tribune criticized the book for being predictable . Ms. Magazine said that the book describes the musician 's business acumen and motivation to maintain control of her image . A reviewer for the Las Vegas Review Journal wrote that the book presented a detailed biography of the musician . Author Emily Herbert is the pen name of British journalist Virginia Blackburn . Blackburn wrote articles about Lady Gaga in publications including The Express , and the Herald Sun . Her biography of Katie Price , Katie and Peter Too Much in Love , became a number one bestseller in the category of paperback non fiction . She also wrote Michael Jackson King of Pop , Kerry Story of a Survivor ( about Kerry Katona ) , Robbie A Life Less Ordinary ( Robbie Williams ) , and Gok Wan The Biography ( Gok Wan ) . Blackburn specializes in celebrity biographies she motivates herself to write 5 , 000 words per day . Overlook Press stated it was the first published biography about Lady Gaga . Contents Lady Gaga Queen of Pop has 288 pages , including 32 pages of photographs of the musician . The author compares Lady Gaga to Madonna , writing that both are independent and work to assert control over their futures . The book discusses Lady Gaga 's early life and background , including her upbringing in a New York household with her father , a businessman . Born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on March 28 , 1986 , from age 11 she attended Convent of the Sacred Heart high school the same high school as Paris Hilton . Germanotta was not popular with her fellow pupils because of her experimentation with exotic dance , drugs , and bisexuality . By age 13 , she had written her first song and her mother took her to nightclubs to perform at open mic events . Germanotta gained entry to the Tisch School of the Arts in New York at age 17 , but left and started using drugs while performing as a go go dancer . After a period of difficulty with her father , she ceased this behavior pattern . Germanotta adopted a new name , Lady Gaga , which came from the rock group Queen 's song Radio Ga Ga . She learned that with a new identity she could gain attention , which she appreciated . Her first album , titled The Fame , was released in August 2008 and included the hit songs Poker Face and Just Dance . She had an emotional separation from her boyfriend named Luke , who was a heavy metal drummer , but she continued to focus on her music and her work . The Fame became successful worldwide , and Gaga started the group Haus of Gaga , whose contributing endeavors include sound design , clothing , and stage production . She appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone in May 2009 , and performed with bands including Take That and the Pussycat Dolls on their world tours . Reception Jim Abbott of the Orlando Sentinel described the book as a breathless new biography by Herbert . In a review in the Herald Sun , Blanche Clark was critical and said , Herbert 's loose timeline is irritating , as is some of her glib commentary , such as ' When her parents took her out to restaurants , she would use the unk as drum batons music was clearly in the blood . ' St. Petersburg Times book critic Colette Bancroft said of the images in the book , I can tell you lots of the photos are fun , although a few are a little scary , like the one in which she looks like a space alien awaiting a gynecological exam . Writing for the Minneapolis Star Tribune , Kristin Tillotson wrote that Lady Gaga Queen of Pop is a quickie , predictably vapid bio . Noelle Williams of Ms. Magazine wrote that the book adds to the already familiar growing up Catholic school girl backstory new insight into Gaga s artistic vision and business savvy . In an industry in which many women ( and some men ) are shepherded to stardom with little input , Gaga appears to be completely in control of her image . Writing for Phoenix New Times , Nicki Escudero compared the book to an entry on Wikipedia . She wrote , It 's sort of like a really expanded Wikipedia entry , if you like that type of thing , though Herbert 's voice shows that she 's definitely a fan , and the book isn 't completely unbiased it 's a very revering sic tale of Gaga 's 24 year old life . Sharon unk Chance reviewed the book for the Las Vegas Review Journal , and wrote , Using references from many , many different sources , Herbert has put together a fairly solid biography of the new pop icon . She concluded her review saying , Although sometimes redundant , Herbert ... does give the reader a full bodied accounting of the persona behind Lady Gaga .
3,848	Young Lord Stanley , possibly re issued as His Only Son , is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on Jack Stanley who is disinherited by this father , Lord Stanley , for refusing to marry his cousin . Jack heads to America and takes a job as a groom . He is dismissed from his position after his employer learns of Jack 's affections for his daughter , Ann . Meanwhile , Lord Stanley decides to reinstate Jack in his will and then promptly dies , giving him his entire fortune . Jack reads of his father 's death in the newspaper and learns of his father 's will . The film concludes with the lawyer bringing Jack to a dinner party as Lord Stanley . Ann 's father wishes for her to earn his affections , but she is defiant and does not even look at him . Once she learns it his Jack , they kiss . The scenario was written by Lloyd Lonergan and the only known actor is Justus D. Barnes as Ann 's father . A surviving print of the film exists in the Library of Congress and it shows the improvement of the Thanhouser interior sets over films from months prior . The film was released on October 25 , 1910 , and was met with mixed reviews . Plot Jack Stanley is disinherited by his father , Lord Stanley , because he refuses to marry his cousin , Lady Maude . Jack emigrates to America , but has no money and has no job upon which to sustain himself . While pondering his actions , he witnesses a trio of riders approach and speak to him . He accepts a position as a groom for a wealthy American , but he falls in love with his daughter , Ann . When her father learns of this , he dismisses Jack and Ann says she will never marry anyone but him . Meanwhile , Lord Stanley has come to forgive his son and decided to reinstate him in his will . No sooner has the task been completed does Lord Stanley suddenly dies . Upon reading the paper , Jack sees an advertisement about the heir of the late Lord Stanley . He heads to Hotel Astor and learns that he has received his father 's entire fortune . The lawyer accepts a dinner invitation at the wealthy American 's house and brings along Jack . The father urges his daughter to win the affections of the rich , handsome and unmarried young Lord Stanley . Upon his arrival , the father who had shunned him is taken aback and greets him , but Ann refuses to even look at the guest . She ignores him , and refuses to face him even as they head towards the dining room , but Jack attempts to kiss her and she pulls away . Suddenly , Ann sees it is Jack and embraces him with a kiss . Cast Jack ( Young Lord Stanley ) Unknown actor Lord Stanley Unknown actor Ann ( the girl ) Unknown actress Ann 's father Justus D. Barnes Snaith the lawyer Unknown actor Production The script for the production was written by Lloyd Lonergan , an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The other cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . The production of the film shows the continuing improvement of Thanhouser works , specifically for more realistic interior scenes , over those shot in the months prior . The progress referred to here is the improvement from works like The Two Roses . The interior sets are still very small , but the exterior shots show strength in their variety . Bowers believes that the uncommon surname , Snaith , is of some importance to Lonergan because of its reoccurring usage , including the titled works Miss Arabella Snaith and Professor Snaith . An analysis of the frame showing the newspaper advertisement shows that it was from a real newspaper dated from September 21 , 1910 . The title of the film might possibly be a reference to Lord Stanley , the courtesy title of the heir apparent of the Earl of Derby . At the time of the production Edward Stanley , Lord Stanley , was Lord Stanley . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on October 25 , 1910 . The film was originally released a Young Lord Stanley , but the surviving print from the Library of Congress has His Only Son as what appears to be the title of the print . Bowers notes that this first card is in a different format from the other inter titles which follow and may have been a replacement or alternate name for the print . The surviving print is 928 feet long , and its shown length is 13 minutes and 35 seconds . The film likely had a wide national release , advertising theaters are known in Kansas , Indiana , and Pennsylvania . Walton of The Moving Picture News said the film was , A bright , clean , human interest tale . It holds the attention from beginning to end . A thoroughly commendable reel in every way . The Moving Picture World offers a summary of the work and was more or less neutral in its review of the film . The reviewer states , It is a romantic picture , affording ample opportunity for the imagination to run riot in a number of different directions . ... Much of human nature is disclosed in this film , even though it is , in a way , a travesty upon the way wealthy girls often fall in love with unk or others employed about their fathers ' places . The New York Dramatic Mirror was not very critical , but not offering any praise either . The reviewer highlighted the common fault of actors by throwing things on the floor and how Ann 's refusal to even look at the titled guest was overdone .
3,849	State Route 175 ( SR 175 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known as Chincoteague Road , the state highway runs 10 . 49 miles ( 16 . 88 km ) from U.S. Route 13 ( US 13 ) at Nash Corner east to Main Street in Chincoteague . SR 175 passes through the northeastern corner of Accomack County , providing the primary access to NASA 's Wallops Flight Facility and both Chincoteague Island and the Virginia portion of Assateague Island . The route travels between the mainland and Chincoteague Island along the John B. Whealton Memorial Causeway . In 1928 , SR 520 was designated to run from US 13 in Oak Hall east toward Chincoteague Island , being extended onto the island in 1930 . The route was extended south along US 13 and west to a railroad crossing west of Oak Hall in 1930 . SR 520 became SR 175 in the 1933 Virginia state highway renumbering . SR 175 was extended south on Main Street in Chincoteague a year later and east on Beebe Road the following year , at which time a spur route known as SR 175Y was designated onto the northern portion of Main Street . The western terminus was moved to its current location in 1947 , with the section west of US 13 becoming part of SR 703 . SR 175 was routed to bypass Wallops Station to the south in 1954 . In 1992 , the section of SR 175 in Chincoteague , along with all of SR 175Y , was transferred to the secondary system . SR 175 was rerouted to bypass Marsh Island and a swing bridge over Chincoteague Channel with a new bascule bridge further north in 2010 , tying into Main Street at Maddox Boulevard . The former swing bridge was demolished and a spur off the new bridge was built to serve Marsh Island . Route description Virginia State Route 175 ( SR 175 ) begins at an intersection with US 13 ( Lankford Highway ) at Nash Corner 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) south of the Maryland state line . The state highway heads east as a two lane undivided road through a mix of farmland and woodland . Upon reaching the community of unk , the highway intersects SR 679 ( Fleming Road ) and SR 798 ( Mill Dam Road ) . The road crosses over Wallops Pond , an impoundment of unk Branch of Mosquito Creek , onto Wallops Island . SR 175 heads east , intersecting SR 798 ( Atlantic Avenue ) again , then curves north through Wallops Island National Wildlife Refuge and around NASA 's Wallops Flight Facility , a rocket launch site operated as a subsidiary of Goddard Space Flight Center . While heading north parallel to one of the flight facility 's runways , the state highway passes the NASA Visitor Center . SR 175 curves to the east as it passes the main entrance to the flight facility . SR 175 heads east onto the John B. Whealton Memorial Causeway between the mainland and Chincoteague Island . The causeway passes over marshland adjacent to the southern end of Chincoteague Bay and includes bridges over Mosquito Creek , Cockle Creek , Queen Sound Channel , and Wire Narrows . A fifth bridge curves to the north and then east around the northern end of Marsh Island to cross Black Narrows and Chincoteague Channel onto Chincoteague Island . The bridge has a bascule span over Chincoteague Channel and lands on Chincoteague Island north of the downtown area . Marsh Island is served by a connector bridge that meets SR 175 over Black Narrows . SR 175 reaches its eastern terminus at Main Street in the town of Chincoteague . The roadway continues east as Maddox Boulevard toward Assateague Island . History A causeway linking Chincoteague Island to the mainland was proposed by John B. Whealton , who formed the Chincoteague Toll Road and Bridge Company in 1919 . On November 15 , 1922 , the causeway to Chincoteague Island was completed . Tolls were collected on the causeway until 1930 . The road between US 13 in Oak Hall and Chincoteague Island became a part of the state highway system as SR 520 in August 1928 . The route was extended onto Chincoteague Island in June 1930 . In December of that year , SR 520 was extended south on US 13 and west along CR 107 to a railroad crossing west of Oak Hall . In the 1933 Virginia state highway renumbering , SR 520 was replaced with SR 175 . In August 1934 , SR 175 was extended south along Main Street in Chincoteague on the former SR 717 . A year later , the route was extended east along Beebe Road to the boundary of Chincoteague . The western terminus of SR 175 was cut back to its current location at US 13 in June 1947 , with an extension of SR 703 replacing the small section of the route that extended west from US 13 . SR 175 was rerouted to bypass the Wallops Station facility to the south in May 1954 SR 798 was assigned to part of the former alignment . The SR 175 designation was removed from Main Street and Beebe Road in June 1992 when that stretch of road was transferred to the secondary system , leaving the eastern terminus at Main Street just east of the causeway onto the island . In January 2007 , construction began to build a new bridge to Chincoteague Island for SR 175 . This new crossing was built as the old bridges were narrow and deteriorating , in addition to reducing traffic congestion in downtown Chincoteague and providing a more direct route to the island 's main commercial district and Assateague Island . The project constructed a bascule bridge over Black Narrows and Chincoteague Channel that would enter the island and terminate at Main Street and Maddox Boulevard , replacing the previous crossing by way of Marsh Island that consisted of a swing bridge over the Chincoteague Channel . A connector bridge was built to serve Marsh Island . SR 175 was relocated to the new bridge in October 2010 . The old bridge over Black Narrows and the swing bridge over Chincoteague Channel were demolished following the completion of the new bridge . Major intersections The entire route is in Accomack County . SR 175Y State Route 175Y ( SR 175Y ) was an eight tenths mile long ( 1 . 3 km ) spur route of SR 175 in Chincoteague . The route ran from SR 175 near the eastern end of the original causeway onto the island north along Main Street to the northern border of Chincoteague . When SR 175Y was designated in August 1935 , it replaced a section of SR 717 . The route was transferred to the secondary system in June 1992 .
3,850	Lisa 's Sax is the third episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 19 , 1997 to overwhelmingly positive reviews . In the series ' sixth flashback episode , it is explained how Lisa got her saxophone . The episode was executive produced by Al Jean and Mike Reiss and was the first episode Jean wrote by himself as all of his previous writing credits had been shared with Reiss . It was directed by Dominic Polcino and guest starred unk Finkel , who appeared as himself portraying Krusty in a film . Plot Homer and Bart are watching television when they are interrupted by Lisa playing her saxophone in her bedroom . Bart enters Lisa 's bedroom and tries to grab the saxophone from her , but he inadvertently tosses it out the window . It lands in the middle of the street and is run over by a car , a truck , and a man riding a tricycle , and stomped on by Nelson Muntz . In a period of mourning , Lisa reveals she cannot remember ever not having that saxophone , so Homer recounts the instrument 's origins . In a flashback to 1990 , Bart goes to his first day of school , but things do not go so well for him and he becomes depressed . It is during discussions of Bart 's future that the school psychologist realizes the young Lisa is very intelligent , telling Homer and Marge that they need to nurture her gifted spirit . They try to send Lisa to a private school but the tuition fee costs 6 , 000 . Meanwhile , a terrible heat wave hits Springfield and Homer saves 200 to buy an air conditioner . Marge , however , asks Homer not to buy one until they figure out how to help Lisa . At the school , Bart talks with his future friend Milhouse and makes a farting sound , which Milhouse finds amusing . Encouraged , Bart entertains a group of children and sets out on his path to become the school prankster . On his way to purchase a new air conditioner , Homer discovers that a musical instrument is a way to encourage a gifted child , and subsequently sacrifices his air conditioner money to buy Lisa her first saxophone . In the present , Marge mentions that there is some money in the air conditioner account , so Homer decides to buy another saxophone for Lisa . Production Lisa 's Sax is the first episode that Al Jean had ever been credited as having written by himself . Before this episode , all of his writing credits had been shared with Mike Reiss . The episode was written with a small staff that consisted of Jean , Reiss and David Stern , among others . According to Reiss , the final episode contained 80 90 of Jean 's original script . It is the sixth flashback episode done by the show . The Way We Was was the first flashback episode and in it , Homer graduated from high school in 1974 and that made it difficult to have a realistic timeframe as this episode is set in 1990 . Jean conceived the idea for the All in the Family style opening while waiting to get tickets to the O.J. Simpson murder trial . The episode was very short and the clip of Lisa playing the sax at the end was added to lengthen it . The pastel drawing of Krusty was drawn entirely by Dominic Polcino , who revealed it was the only piece of original artwork created solely by him that was featured in an episode . He created the pastel drawing with this in mind . It was an easy episode for Polcino to direct due to the lack of crowds and being a grounded episode . This is the last episode in which Doris Grau has a speaking role as Lunchlady Doris , although this episode aired nearly two years after her death . It would also mark the final time the character would speak until Season 18 's The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer when she was voiced by Tress MacNeille . Cultural references While telling Bart and Lisa about 1990 , Homer says , Tracey Ullman was entertaining America with ... crudely drawn filler material . This is a reference to The Simpsons 's debut as bumpers airing before and after commercials on The Tracey Ullman Show . The song Those Were the Days parodies the opening credits of the television show All in the Family . One of the people who run over the saxophone is a man on a tricycle , who promptly falls over . This is a reference to the show Rowan Martin 's Laugh In . At the beginning of the flashback , the song Don 't Worry , Be Happy by Bobby McFerrin can be heard . In the flashback , Dr. Hibbert fashioned his hair and attire like Mr. T in The A Team . Homer can be seen watching Twin Peaks and The Giant is then shown waltzing with the White Horse . In King Toot 's music store , when Homer buys Lisa her first saxophone , there is a guitar in the background that is similar to Eddie Van Halen 's unk guitar . The photo beside Kent Brockman on the news has him modeled after the unk Girl . Reception In its original broadcast , Lisa 's Sax finished 51st in ratings for the week of October 13 19 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 . 2 , equivalent to approximately 8 . 0 million viewing households . It was the second highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following King of the Hill . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it a terrific episode , full of amusing self referential wit and it is especially nice to finally discover what it was that caused Bart to go down the path to the dark side . Robert Canning of IGN strongly praised the episode , saying it is not only very funny , but it 's also loaded with Simpson heart . A review of The Simpsons season 9 DVD release in The San Diego Union Tribune highlighted Lisa 's Sax along with All Singing , All Dancing and Trash of the Titans as some of the more memorable episodes of the series . Stephen Becker of The Dallas Morning News noted that season 9 has a special affinity for Lisa , and highlighted this episode along with Das Bus and Lisa the Simpson in his review of the DVD . A segment of the episode where two schoolgirls chant the digits of pi while playing patty cake is used by mathematicians Sarah J. Greenwald of Appalachian State University and Andrew unk of Santa Monica College in a website on the mathematics of The Simpsons .
3,851	Intimidator 305 is a steel roller coaster by Intamin at Kings Dominion in Doswell , Virginia , United States . Debuting on April 2 , 2010 as the park 's fourteenth roller coaster , Intimidator 305 is located in the Safari Village section near Anaconda . Standing at 305 feet ( 93 m ) tall and reaching speeds of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km h ) , it is the second Giga Coaster to be built in North America the first was Millennium Force at Cedar Point . The 25 million investment was the largest of any ride in the park 's history . It is named and themed after NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt , the Intimidator . Intimidator 305 has a first drop of 300 feet ( 91 m ) , with a maximum descent angle of 85 degrees . Intimidator 305 features yellow supports with red track . The lift hill structure for Intimidator 305 is unique in that the lift hill and crest only have two main points of support . The overall height of Intimidator 305 is higher than the observation platform of the Eiffel Tower , making it one of the tallest rides at Kings Dominion . History Announcement Intimidator 305 , the first Giga Coaster built since Steel Dragon 2000 in 2000 , was announced on Thursday , August 20 , 2009 . Local news media , then Cedar Fair CEO Dick Kinzel and Dale Earnhardt Incorporated CEO Jeff Steiner , and Dale Earnhardt 's daughter Taylor Earnhardt were in attendance to the announcement . The official announcement , led by Kings Dominion Head Manager Ed Kuhlmann , was accompanied by animation videos of the ride and a working model . The roller coaster is themed to NASCAR racing legend Dale Earnhardt . Construction Intimidator 305 sits on the former land occupied by the Safari Monorail which closed in 1993 . Kings Dominion broke ground on Intimidator 305 on June 1 , 2009 . The first pieces of track arrived a few days later . On August 19 , the first pieces of steel were put into place . The 305 foot ( 93 m ) lift hill was topped off in November 2009 . Construction crews continued to construct the ride throughout the winter and the last piece of track was lifted into place on January 9 , 2010 . Intimidator 305 's first test run was on Sunday , March 14 , 2010 . Modifications Some riders experienced problems due to the G forces inherent in the ride 's original design . Riders reported greying or blacking out after the first drop . Kings Dominion temporarily installed trim brakes on the first drop in order to reduce the speed while a long term solution could be devised . The brakes were adjusted and positioned by late May 2010 . During the following off season , Kings Dominion widened the first high speed turn to lower the amount of G force experienced on the ride . The park 's goal was to reduce the number of blackouts some riders were experiencing . The modification allowed them to remove the trim brakes on the ride 's first drop , allowing the roller coaster to achieve its original maximum speed . Ride experience Intimidator 305 has been described as a mix of both Millennium Force and Maverick , both located at Cedar Point . Intamin designed the ride to feature the high lift hill like Millennium Force . Following the lift hill are low to the ground tight turns and hills , similar to Maverick . The ride features six air time humps and three near ground level high speed turns over 5 , 100 feet ( 1 , 600 m ) of track . Layout While the train is being loaded in the station , the catch car of the cable lift is latched onto the middle car of the train . Before the train leaves the station , a recording that states , Gentlemen , start your engines is heard followed by a loud revving sound . Once the train is dispatched , the train ascends the 45 degree lift hill at 17 miles per hour ( 27 km h ) to a maximum height of 305 feet ( 93 m ) . Once the train crests the top of the lift , the train descends down the 300 foot ( 91 m ) , 85 degree drop , reaching speeds up to 90 miles per hour ( 140 km h ) . The drop is steep enough and sudden enough that riders towards the back of the train are thrown out of their seats into the restraints , so that during the 300 foot near vertical drop they feel as if they 're about to fall out of the ride . The train turns right into a 270 degree turn , reaching about 5G 's ( nearly 6G 's before modifications ) before ascending the 150 foot ( 46 m ) airtime hill . The train then descends into a high speed bunny hop before entering another high speed turn . The train then maneuvers 3 sharp twists before entering the final high speed turn . The train then climbs another airtime hill , followed by another airtime hill before entering a final twist and then climbing a small , twisty bunny hop into the magnetic brakes . One cycle of the ride lasts about 3 minutes . Trains and theme Intimidator 305 features two trains themed as Dale Earnhardt 's black number 3 car . The trains feature headlights at the front of each train as well as advertisement stickers that are found on NASCAR cars . One train is red with the other being silver . Each train has eight four passenger cars , allowing thirty two passengers per train . The trains are arranged in stadium style seating with overhead lap bars fitted with soft , padded over the shoulder straps . In early July 2010 , the ride received a unique new restraint design . The over the shoulder part of the harness now resembles a padded seat belt rather than the typical over the shoulder restraints used by Intamin . Awards Intimidator 305 won the Golden Ticket Award for Best New Roller Coaster in 2010 by Amusement Today . Incidents While performing a test run prior to the park opening on July 9 , 2013 , one of the roller coaster trains became stuck near the top of the lift hill . The train was eventually brought down a week later , and the ride remained closed indefinitely . Kings Dominion later explained the closure through a statement released on their official Facebook page on August 28 , 2013 , which stated that a problem with the weight distribution on the gearbox caused a part to warp and fail . The replacement part had to be custom built in another country causing the extended closure . The ride eventually reopened on September 14 , 2013 .
3,852	' Kingdom Come is the sixth episode of the first season of the American crime thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on November 29 , 1996 . The episode was written by Jorge Zamacona , and directed by Winrich Kolbe . Kingdom Come featured guest appearances by Lindsay Crouse and Tom McBeath . Forensic profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) , a member of the private investigative organisation Millennium Group , chases a serial killer who targets clerics and holy men due to his frustration with his own faith . Kingdom Come marked the first contributions to the series by Zamacona and Kolbe , who would both return for future episodes . The original broadcast date set for Kingdom Come was pushed back several weeks , as it was felt by the network that it would be in poor taste following the death of Chicago archbishop Joseph Bernardin . Plot When a Catholic priest is burnt at the stake in Lander , Wyoming , private investigative organisation the Millennium Group despatch offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) and Ardis Cohen ( Lindsay Crouse ) who had previously worked together on a case involving the murders of three clerics several years earlier . Black sees similarities between the murders and the methods of torture employed by the medieval Inquisition . This is confirmed when a Protestant minister is drowned in imitation of another ritual torture . At the scene of the drowning , two wedding rings are found a man 's in the stomach of the victim and woman 's nearby . At a church , the killer is searching through files when he is interrupted , and flees , leaving bloodied fingerprints at the scene . Black constructs a profile of the man , and deduces that his actions are attacks on faith , believing that the killer has suffered a devastating loss which has caused him to lose his own faith . As the manhunt for the killer tightens , another cleric is tortured and killed however , Black senses that the killer has returned to where his life fell apart . He and the police are able to identify the killer as Galen Calloway ( Michael unk ) , whose wife and daughter had been killed in a house fire several years earlier . Black knows the killer 's next target will be the church that held the family 's funeral . Calloway enters the church wielding explosives , taking the congregation hostage . The building is quickly surrounded by police and reporters as Calloway gives a sermon to his hostages about the loss of faith . Black believes he can connect with Calloway , and is allowed to enter the church . Calloway is initially hostile , but Black is able to talk him down , convincing Calloway that his faith has not been lost , but simply tested despite all that has happened , Calloway has never lost his belief in God . Realizing the truth of this , Calloway surrenders . Production Kingdom Come is the first of two episodes of Millennium to be written by Jorge Zamacona , who would also pen the later season one episode The Wild and the Innocent . The episode also marks the first of four directorial credits for Winrich Kolbe , who would also take the reins on Force Majeure , Lamentation and Broken World , all in the first season . Guest actor Laurie Murdoch , who portrayed one of the murdered priests in the episode , would later return in the third season episode TEOTWAWKI , in an unrelated role . Fellow guest Tom McBeath , who played a detective investigating the case , would also reappear in the third season , playing a prosecution lawyer in unk . The episode opens with a quotation taken from the Book of Exodus , the second book of the Hebrew Bible , and one of the five books that make up the Torah . The passage used is Exodus 10 21 , And there will be such intense darkness , that one can feel it . Biblical verses were also used at the beginning of other episodes in the series , including the Book of Job in Wide Open and Dead Letters the Book of Jeremiah in Weeds and the Gospel of Luke in Blood Relatives . Kingdom Come was the fourth episode of the series produced , postponed from its original broadcast date to be the sixth episode aired . Fox Broadcasting Company announced that the reason for this was that it would be in poor taste to run an episode involving the murder of clergymen soon after the death of Cardinal Joseph Bernardin , the Archbishop of Chicago . However , it was rumoured at the time that the postponement may simply have been a way to draw attention to the series , as its ratings had begun to fall . Broadcast and reception Kingdom Come was first broadcast on the Fox Network on November 29 , 1996 and earned a Nielsen rating of 7 . 2 , meaning that roughly 7 . 2 percent of all television equipped households were tuned in to the episode . The episode was watched by approximately 7 million households . Kingdom Come received mixed reviews from critics . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe A Critical Guide to The X Files , Millennium The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two stars out of five , calling it a particularly superficial addition to the series . Shearman and Pearson felt that the episode 's lack of complexity was refreshing , but ultimately the awkward performances and cheesy approach to its subject matter detracted from it . Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode a B , describing it as an episode about a man who finds himself trying to lose his faith but being unable to do so . VanDerWerff felt that the episode suffered from the typical Millennium problems , including an overreliance on trite philosophical dialogue however , he found that it contained something pure and believable at its core that keeps the episode moving along nicely . The episode 's thematic concern with the role of religion in society was noted as being the tension Millennium would build its best episodes on . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated Kingdom Come 5 out of 5 , describing it as being classic Millennium . Gibron felt that the episode had an exceptional script that delightfully fails to spell everything out for us up front , and noted that it served as the blueprint for all better Millennium episodes to come .
3,853	The Skull Tower ( Serbian unk kula , unk unk , pronounced unk e kula ) is a tower composed largely of human skulls located in the city of Ni , Serbia . During the 1809 Battle of egar , fought during the First Serbian Uprising ( part of the Serbian Revolution , 1804 1817 ) , Serbian revolutionaries under Stevan Sineli were attacked by Turkish forces on egar Hill , near Ni . Rather than be captured by the Turks and impaled , Sineli fired his pistol into a powder magazine , killing himself and all Serbian rebels and Turkish soldiers in the vicinity . Afterward , unk Pasha , the Turkish vizier of Ni , ordered that a tower be made from the skulls of the killed Serbian revolutionaries . The tower is 10 feet ( 3 . 0 m ) high , and originally contained 952 skulls embedded on four sides in fourteen rows . Following the Turkish withdrawal from Ni in 1878 , the tower was roofed over , and in 1892 a chapel was built around it . In 1937 , the chapel was renovated . A bust of Sineli was added the following year . In 1948 , Skull Tower and the chapel enclosing it were declared Cultural Monuments of Exceptional Importance and came under the protection of the Socialist Republic of Serbia . Further renovation of the chapel occurred again in 1989 . As of 2013 , 54 skulls remain on the tower the one that is said to belong to Sineli is enclosed in a glass container . Seen as a symbol of independence by Serbs , the tower is mentioned in the writings of French Romantic poet Alphonse de Lamartine and English travel writer Alexander William Kinglake . In the two centuries following its construction it has become a popular tourist attraction , visited by between 30 , 000 and 50 , 000 people annually . History Background During the time of the Ottoman Empire , Turkish forces were known to create tower structures from the skulls of their enemies in order to create terror amongst their opponents . The First Serbian Uprising ( part of the Serbian Revolution , 1804 1817 ) against Ottoman rule erupted in 1804 , with Karaore Petrovi as its leader . On 19 May 1809 , 3 , 000 Serbian revolutionaries led by commander ( Serbian vojvoda , o ) Stevan Sineli were attacked by a large Turkish force on egar Hill , located close to the city of Ni . Owing to a lack of coordination between Serb commanders , the revolutionaries failed to receive any support from other Serbian rebel detachments . The numerically superior Turks lost thousands of troops in numerous attacks against the Serbs , but eventually overwhelmed the Serbian lines . Knowing that he and his men risked impalement if captured , Sineli took his flintlock and fired at his entrenchment 's gun powder magazine . The resulting explosion killed him , and all the surviving Serb revolutionaries and Turkish soldiers in the vicinity . Construction After the battle , the Turkish vizier of Ni , unk Pasha , ordered that the heads of Sineli and his men be skinned , stuffed and sent to the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II . The skulls were then returned to Ni , where the Turks built Skull Tower as a warning to future generations intending to revolt against the Ottoman Empire . The tower stands 10 feet ( 3 . 0 m ) high , and originally consisted of 952 skulls embedded on four sides in fourteen rows . In the ensuing years , many skulls fell out from the tower walls , some were taken away for burial by relatives thinking they could identify the skulls of their deceased family members , and some were taken by souvenir hunters . Once the Ottomans withdrew from Ni in 1878 , the tower was roofed over to protect it from the elements . In 1892 , a chapel designed by the architect Dimitrije Leko was built over the tower with donations from across Serbia . A plaque dedicated near the chapel in 1904 reads To the first Serbian liberators after Kosovo . The chapel was renovated in 1937 , and a bust of Sineli was added the following year . In 1948 , Skull Tower and the chapel enclosing it were declared Cultural Monuments of Exceptional Importance and came under the protection of the Socialist Republic of Serbia . Further renovation of the chapel occurred again in 1989 . As of 2014 , 54 skulls remain on the tower , and the one that is said to belong to Sineli rests in a glass container . Significance and portrayal in Balkan culture In the centuries following its construction , the tower has become a symbol of Serbian independence and a pilgrimage site for Serbs . It is considered one of the most visited places in Serbia , with 30 , 000 50 , 000 tourists visiting it annually . In the early 1830s , French Romantic poet Alphonse de Lamartine wrote of the tower upon visiting Ni , which was at the time still part of the Ottoman Empire , saying I saw a large tower rising in the midst of the plain , as white as Parian marble ... R unk my eyes to the monument , I discovered that the walls , which I supposed to be built of marble or white stone , were composed of regular rows of human skulls these skulls bleached by the rain and sun , and cemented by a little sand and lime , formed entirely the triumphal arch which now sheltered me from the heat of the sun . In some places portions of hair were still hanging and waved , like lichen or moss , with every breath of wind . The mountain breeze , which was then blowing fresh , penetrated the innumerable cavities of the skulls , and sounded like mournful and plaintive sighs . My eyes and my heart greeted the remains of those brave men whose cut off heads made the cornerstone of the independence of their homeland . May the Serbs keep this monument It will always teach their children the value of the independence of a people , showing them the real price their fathers had to pay for it . In 1849 British traveler Alexander William Kinglake described Skull Tower as the building that captivated him most in all of Ottoman Serbia , saying he was impressed by the simple grandeur of the architect 's conception and that he was struck by the exquisite beauty of the fretwork . An exhibition at the Military Museum in Belgrade contains a replica of the tower . Prior to the dissolution of Yugoslavia , tens of thousands of schoolchildren from across Yugoslavia visited the original in Ni . Books Journals Websites
3,854	Invading My Mind is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez for her seventh studio album Love ( 2011 ) . It was written by RedOne , AJ Junior , BeatGeek , Teddy Sky , Bilal The Chef , Jimmy Joker and produced by RedOne , Lopez , Lady Gaga , BeatGeek , Jimmy Joker and Kuk Harrell . Invading My Mind is an uptempo song that speaks of being overcome with a feeling that 's attacking , invading my mind . Invading My Mind received generally positive acclaim from music critics , who thought of the song to be single worthy . The song drew comparisons to Ace of Base 's 1995 single Beautiful Life and to the music of Kylie Minogue . It additionally was compared to Lopez 's own single On the Floor , but with more of a groove feel . Upon the release of Love , Invading My Mind debuted at number ten on the South Korea Gaon International Chart . Production and composition Invading My Mind was written by RedOne , AJ Junior , BeatGeek , Teddy Sky , Bilal The Chef , Jimmy Joker and produced by RedOne , Lopez , Lady Gaga , BeatGeek and Joker . Lopez 's vocals for the song were arranged and produced by RedOne . The vocals were recorded by Jim Annunziato , Josh Gudwin and Kuk Harrell at Cove Studios in New York City , New York and Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California . RedOne , Chris Tek O 'Ryan and Trevor Muzzy handled audio engineering of Invading My Mind , while RedOne and O 'Ryan were in charge of vocal editing . RedOne , BeatGeek and Joker provided instruments for the song and also programming for them . The song was later mixed by Trevor Muzzy . Invading My Mind is an uptempo song , with a length of three minutes and twenty seconds ( 3 20 ) . Melinda Newman of HitFix described Invading My Mind as being a fast paced , Euro tinged , robotic dance thumper , while unk unk of Radio and Music called it a groovy club banger with high energy beats . The song contains an almost duplicate rhythm to On the Floor , but with more prominent electro keys and breaks that have more of a groove feel to them . The song received comparisons to Ace of Base 's 1995 single Beautiful Life and to the music of Kylie Minogue . While working with RedOne , Lopez insists that he brought the best out of her , something she credits to his Moroccan , Swedish and American heritage . Lopez stated that He 's awesome . He 's one of the nicest people and has a beautiful spirit . He can create something the whole world will love and that is probably to do with his international background . Some people can do dance , others can do urban or pop , but Nadir does it all and understand what makes a hit on every level . Plagiarism allegations In August 2011 , Rebecca Francescatti , a Chicago based singer , filed a lawsuit against Lady Gaga claiming that she had plagiarized elements of her 1999 recording Juda ( It 's All About You ) for Gaga 's 2011 single Judas . Francescatti 's lawyer told TMZ Though the songs are different styles , the composition is the same , and the chorus is the same melody . Francescatti is seeking recognition for what she created . Francescatti noted that the similarities of the two songs could stem from the fact that her former bass player , Brian Gaynor , was now working for a company who wrote several tracks for Gaga 's second album Born This Way ( 2011 ) . Francescatti 's lawyer claimed in December 2012 that Gaga used an additional unlicensed sample in Judas and then incorporated it into Invading My Mind . It was alleged that Gaga asked Lopez for a credit on Invading My Mind to cover her tracks , with Francescatti 's lawyer claiming that she did not even contribute to the song . The lawsuit claimed to have uncovered text messages between Gaga and RedOne proving that she had stolen the sample loop used in both Judas and Invading My Mind . Critical response Invading My Mind received generally positive acclaim from music critics . Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly awarded the song a B rating , stating that Remember when the thought of Jennifer Lopez releasing good music was as likely as a sequel to Angel Eyes Well , our bad . The American Idol judge shot up the charts with the unk Ibiza chant On the Floor . Now she unites with Gaga pal RedOne for this appropriately named piece of pop pleasure Once the club banger hits your ears , good or bad , you won 't be able to get it out of your head . Tanner Stransky , also of Entertainment Weekly , gave a positive review of the song , stating that between On the Floor and Invading My Mind Lopez is really made a glittery return to her extreme club Waiting for Tonight roots . She continued by stating Sure , ' Invading My Mind ' may be shallower than the kiddie pool , but this one is up from the first second ... and never goes down . Monica Herrera from Billboard stated that on Invading My Mind RedOne and Lady Gaga bring the hit potential , while Lopez brings the heat . She continued by stating that the song is an irresistible ' 80s euphoria and release . Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey , who although stated that the song isn 't anything we haven 't heard before , it is worthy of a standalone release . Shane Phoenix of Hot Spots disagreed , stating that the lyrics are a little repetitive to be a feature single , but it could , however , be a great follow up to ' On the Floor ' if you want to listen back to back and keep dancing . A staff member from Idolator stated that In a parallel universe , we could definitely hear Gaga herself singing ' Invading My Mind , ' though it has more in common with early tracks from Fame than anything the p p p pointy faced provocateur has done lately . He also stated that the verses of the song remind us an awful lot of Lopez 's current RedOne produced hit ' On the Floor ' . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that Lopez shines on the Love album cuts which clock at and above 120 bpm , except for what he said was the throwaway song Invading My Mind . Cinquemani mockingly called the song 's lyrics poetry , referring to the line freezing cold , steaming hot , sweaty drip , drip , drop . Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Charts
3,855	' A Room With No View is the twentieth episode of the second season of the American crime thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on April 24 , 1998 . The episode was written by Ken Horton , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . A Room With No View featured an appearance by recurring guest star Sarah Jane Redmond . Millennium Group member Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) learns that a figure from his past has been abducting students , seemingly in an attempt to quash their hopes and aspirations . The episode was Horton 's first script for the series , and saw the return of villain Lucy Butler ( Redmond ) , who appeared sporadically throughout the series . A Room With No View received positive feedback from television critics , and was viewed by approximately 4 . 7 million households in its initial broadcast . Plot A young man tunnels out of a farmhouse in Oregon City , Oregon , escaping into the night . He finds an abandoned car and attempts to hot wire it someone inside starts the engine and run him off the road , injuring his ankle . A woman , face obscured , and her male accomplice exit the car and throw the man into its trunk . In Seattle , two friends argue about applying for college . Landon Bryce ( Christopher Kennedy Masterson ) tells his friend Howard Gordon ( Michael R. Coleman ) to apply , but Gordon has been convinced by school counselor Teresa Roe ( unk Pino ) that his progress is too mediocre to make it worthwhile . Bryce accosts Roe , calling her a failure . That night , Gordon is killed , and Bryce is kidnapped . Millennium Group criminal profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) learns that Gordon died of a heart attack , which the coroner believes was caused by fear . Black visits the crime scene , and sees visions of Lucy Butler ( Sarah Jane Redmond ) , a woman who killed his friend and colleague Bob Bletcher ( in season one 's Lamentation ) . Meanwhile , Bryce is bound and gagged in a remote farmhouse , then left in a room with the would be escapee . The woman from earlier tells Bryce she loves him . Black speaks to fellow Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) about his Butler vision . Watts informs Black that a Group member , Olson , has been tasked with monitoring Butler since her release . Watts and Black travel to Butler 's last known address and find Olson 's long dead body . They realize Butler had been filing her own surveillance reports in Olson 's name . Meanwhile , Bryce attempts to escape , but is subdued and later comforted by Lucy Butler . Black interviews Roe , suspecting her involvement when she continually refers to Bryce in the past tense . He later discovers that in every school she has worked for , students have been kidnapped all the victims resembled Bryce in being average students who showed signs of promise . Bryce learns about the tunnel from his cellmate , and the two escape again . Emerging from the tunnel , they are met by Butler and a dog that attacks Bryce . After being brought back to the farmhouse , Bryce is told to accept that he is mediocre and ordinary . Elsewhere , Black and Watts interview Roe again , who seems to espouse the same mindset . Black reveals that he knows Roe was once a promising student , and accuses her of being cowed by a fear of failure . Frightened , she reveals the location of Butler 's farm . Police raid the farm , freeing several captive youths , including Bryce , but Butler is nowhere to be found . Production A Room With No View was directed by Thomas J. Wright , who helmed a total of twenty six episodes across all three seasons . Wright would also go on to direct Millennium , the series ' crossover episode with its sister show The X Files . A Room With No View was the first to have been written by producer Ken Horton , and his only solo writing credit . Horton would pen a further two episodes in the third season , both with Chip Johannessen . A Room With No View saw the third appearance of recurring villain Lucy Butler , who had previously appeared in Lamentation and Powers , Principalities , Thrones and Dominions , and would return for the third season episodes Antipas and Saturn Dreaming of Mercury . Redmond , a fan of series creator Chris Carter and recurring series director David Nutter , had initially auditioned for another episode of the first season which would have been directed by Nutter . Redmond did not get the part she auditioned for but was instead contacted about portraying a minor recurring role instead , which led to her casting as Butler . The episode features the repeated use of the song Love Is Blue , performed by Paul Mauriat . Broadcast and reception A Room With No View was first broadcast on the Fox network on April 24 , 1998 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4 . 8 during its original broadcast , meaning that 4 . 8 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 4 . 7 million households , and left the episode the eighty second most viewed broadcast that week . The episode has received positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode an A , finding it to be a particularly well executed version of kidnapping trope in crime thrillers . Handlen also praised the development of the Lucy Butler character , feeling positively that her scenes did not seem like rote horror but made use of clear motives and characterization . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 4 . 5 out of 5 , praising the dialogue and the use of Love Is Blue . However , Gibron felt that the episode did little to move the series along , not exploring any of the season 's themes or mythology . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe A Critical Guide to The X Files , Millennium The Lone Gunmen , rated A Room With No View five stars out of five . Shearman felt the episode was the season 's most frightening installment , as it dispensed with the wider theological trappings that he felt lessened the impact of other episodes . He also praised the decision to bring back Redmond as Lucy Butler , finding the character to be a good balance between the different depictions of evil depicted throughout the series .
3,856	James Turner Morehead ( May 24 , 1797 December 28 , 1854 ) was a United States Senator and the 12th Governor of Kentucky . He was the first native born Kentuckian to hold the governorship of the state . A member of Henry Clay 's National Republican Party , Morehead entered politics just as his party was beginning to challenge the Democratic Party 's dominance in the state . Morehead was nominated for lieutenant governor at his party 's nominating convention in Baltimore , Maryland in 1831 , and was elected on a split ticket with Democratic governor John Breathitt . He ascended to the governorship upon Breathitt 's death in 1834 . unk with a shortened term , Morehead was not able to formulate a significant legislative agenda , and stuck to the politically safe issue of internal improvements during his term . When his party changed its name to the Whig Party and wrested control of the General Assembly from the Democrats in the summer of 1834 , Morehead hosted the new party 's first nominating convention in Frankfort . Following his term as governor , Morehead returned to the state legislature . An opponent of abolitionism , he accompanied John Speed Smith to Ohio to secure the return of slaves owned by Kentuckians . He was later appointed to the U.S. Senate , where he remained a close ally of Clay 's . In 1847 , he retired to Covington , Kentucky , practicing law until his death in 1854 . The city of Morehead , Kentucky is named in honor of Governor Morehead . Early life and career James Turner Morehead was born on May 24 , 1797 near unk , Kentucky in Bullitt County . His parents , Armistead and Lucy ( Latham ) Morehead , moved to Russellville , Kentucky when he was very young , and he was educated at the public schools in that city . He attended Transylvania University in Lexington , Kentucky from 1813 to 1815 . He then returned to Russellville , where he studied law under circuit court judge H. P. Broadnax and John J. Crittenden . He was admitted to the bar in 1818 , and commenced practice in Bowling Green , Kentucky . On May 1 , 1823 , Morehead married Susan A. Roberts the couple had two children . He was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives representing Warren County from 1828 to 1831 . While there , he served on the Committee on Internal Improvements , and reported a bill for state subscription to the Maysville Lexington Turnpike Company in 1831 . Governor of Kentucky In 1831 , Morehead was also a delegate to the National Republican Party Convention in Baltimore , Maryland that nominated Henry Clay for president . During the convention , he was nominated for the office of lieutenant governor . Though his National Republican running mate , Richard A. Buckner , was defeated by Democrat John Breathitt , Morehead was elected the ninth Lieutenant Governor . Governor Breathitt died of tuberculosis on February 21 , 1834 , and Morehead was sworn in as governor the following day . The replacement of a Democratic governor with one from the rival National Republican party caused a great deal of angst among Democrats , but the ascendancy of Democrat James Guthrie to president of the state senate and Morehead 's willingness to retain Breathitt 's secretary of state , Lewis Saunders , did much to allay their fears . Later that year , the National Republican party began to re brand itself as the Whig Party , a name that first appeared in the Lexington Intelligencer on April 25 , 1834 . On July 4 , 1834 , Governor Morehead hosted the party 's first convention in Frankfort . Kentuckians flocked to the new party en masse , and the legislative elections of August 1834 saw the party garner majorities in both houses of the state legislature . Flexing their political muscles , the majority party ousted Guthrie from his post as president of the Senate and by a vote of 90 40 , and sent John J. Crittenden instead of Guthrie to the U.S. Senate in 1835 . In his first address to the legislature , Morehead recommended a plan of expanded internal improvements , including improvements along the state 's rivers . The legislature responded by creating a state board of internal improvements , and named Morehead the ex officio president of the board . In this role , he authorized many surveys of Kentucky 's rivers and formulated several plans for improvements , but most of them were blocked by the Panic of 1837 . One improvement that did proceed was construction of the Lexington and Ohio Railroad , which was completed in 1835 . Though education was not a high priority for Governor Morehead , the Kentucky Common School Society and the Kentucky Association of Professional Teachers were formed during his term . Later career Following his service as governor , Morehead resumed his legal practice in Frankfort , Kentucky . In March 1837 , he was commissioned by Governor James Clark to act as an agent for the state , selling bonds to fund internal improvements . He returned to the state House from 1837 to 1838 , representing Franklin County . He was president of the Kentucky Board of Internal Improvements from 1838 to 1841 , and in 1839 , he and John Speed Smith were chosen as commissioners to the state of Ohio to secure the return of Kentucky owned slaves as property of their masters . They were successful in this endeavor . Learned in Kentucky history , Morehead published An Address in Commemoration of the First Settlement of Kentucky , which contained original information regarding the early settlement of Boonesborough , Kentucky , in 1840 . In 1846 , he published another book , Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law . In 1841 , Morehead was elected to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4 , 1841 to March 3 , 1847 . There he was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs and the Committee on Retrenchment . During his service in the Senate , he defended a federal bank bill and opposed the annexation of Texas , though he supported the unk War after it began . He was also a staunch supporter of fellow Kentuckian Henry Clay . After his time in Congress , he continued the practice of law in Covington , Kentucky until his death . He was interred in the State lot of Frankfort Cemetery , Frankfort , Kentucky . The city of Morehead , Kentucky was named after him .
3,857	Donald Don Zimmerman ( born c . 1953 ) is an American lacrosse coach . He is currently serving as the head coach for the UMBC Retrievers at the University of Maryland , Baltimore County , a position he has held since 1994 . Between 1984 and 1987 , Zimmerman coached Johns Hopkins to three national championships . In 2009 , The Baltimore Sun called him the best coach in college lacrosse . Early life Zimmerman attended St. Paul 's School in unk , Maryland . While there , the lacrosse team on which he played won three Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association ( MIAA ) championships . Zimmerman then attended Randolph Macon College before he transferred to Johns Hopkins University . He played lacrosse as a midfielder for the Blue Jays in 1975 and 1976 . His senior year , he received honorable mention All American honors and the Turnbull Reynold Award for leadership and sportsmanship . He graduated in 1976 . Coaching career Early coaching positions After graduating , Zimmerman remained at Hopkins for a season to coach the lacrosse program 's B squad in 1977 . He spent the following season as an assistant coach at Princeton University . From 1979 to 1982 , he served as an assistant under Willie Scroggs at the University of North Carolina . While there , the Tar Heels won the national championship in 1981 and 1982 . Johns Hopkins In 1983 , he returned to his alma mater , and became the head coach in 1984 after the retirement of Henry unk . That year , he led the Blue Jays to a perfect 14 0 season and became the first head coach to win an NCAA championship in his first season . In 1985 , Hopkins again won the national title while suffering one loss . The following year , the Blue Jays compiled a 10 2 record , and were eliminated in the semifinals in overtime by the eventual national champions , North Carolina . In 1987 , Zimmerman led the team to a 10 3 record and a third title . Upon expiration of his contract , he left Hopkins after compiling a 6 5 record in 1990 . The reason he cited was the pressure associated with the high profile position . In total , Zimmerman 's teams at Johns Hopkins posted a 73 15 record . Current Hopkins head coach Dave Pietramala spent his entire college playing career under Zimmerman , from 1986 to 1989 . Former North Carolina and Hopkins head coach John Haus played for the Tar Heels under Zimmerman and then served as his assistant at Johns Hopkins . Zimmerman was the United States national team 's assistant coach for the 1986 World Games . UMBC Zimmerman spent three years at Loyola as an assistant for the Greyhounds under Dave Cottle , before he was hired as head coach by the University of Maryland , Baltimore County ( UMBC ) . The Retrievers continued to struggle early in Zimmerman 's tenure , and during his first three seasons compiled a 14 25 mark . After a 3 9 campaign in 1996 , UMBC became the most improved team in the nation with a 9 3 record for the 1997 season . In 1998 , the Retrievers delivered a major upset by beating , 12 8 , then first ranked Maryland , the eventual national championship runners up . The victory helped UMBC secure its first ever berth in the NCAA tournament . In 1999 , the Retrievers again made an appearance in the tournament . Zimmerman coached the South squad in the 2002 North South Senior All Star Game . In 2005 , UMBC posted a 5 1 conference mark to achieve the America East regular season conference championship . The following year , the Retrievers defeated Binghamton and Albany in the America East tournament for the conference championship , and Zimmerman made his tenth appearance as a head coach in the NCAA tournament . He was named the 2006 America East Coach of the Year . In 2007 , UMBC again advanced past Binghamton before falling to Albany in the America East championship game , and secured another berth in the NCAA tournament . There , they upset seventh seeded Maryland in the first round for the school 's first appearance in the NCAA quarterfinals . In 2008 , UMBC again faced Albany in the America East championship game . Halfway through the second period , the Retrievers trailed 11 2 , but rallied to edge their opponents , 14 13 . Zimmerman was named the 2008 America East Coach of the Year . In June , he was considered the frontrunner to replace John Haus who had been fired as North Carolina 's head coach , but Zimmerman removed his name from consideration . He said , The people at UMBC have been good to me , and this is my home ... these are my kids and I recruited them . I just didn 't think this was the right time to move . UMBC granted Zimmerman a contract extension through the 2014 season . In 2009 , UMBC captured its fifth consecutive outright or shared America East regular season title . In the conference semifinals , the Retrievers edged Binghamton , 9 8 . In the final , however , UMBC jumped out to an early lead over Albany and never relinquished it , and won , 15 7 . Zimmerman was named the 2009 America East Coach of the Year . In the first round of the NCAA tournament , the Retrievers faced sixth seeded North Carolina . UMBC entered the game with the number one ranked midfield in the nation , but it was lacking in depth , and the first string was thus forced to play most of the 90 F ( 32 C ) game . The Retrievers led 8 6 at halftime , but North Carolina assumed control during the third period and went on to win , 15 13 . That season , The Baltimore Sun called Zimmerman the best coach in college lacrosse . While coach at UMBC , Zimmerman has traveled to Japan , Argentina , and the United Kingdom in order to promote the sport of lacrosse . In 2002 , 2004 , and 2006 , UMBC hosted fall scrimmages against teams from Keio University . In the summer of 2005 , the Retrievers traveled to Japan . Regarding the possibility of the sport being a future Olympic event , Zimmerman said , It s incumbent upon us to introduce and develop the game when opportunities occur in order to reach that goal . The Greater Baltimore Chapter of the United States Lacrosse Hall of Fame inducted Zimmerman on January 25 , 2003 . Personal life Zimmerman lives in Towson , Maryland with his wife , Dorothy . They have two adult children , a son and a daughter .
3,858	Another Simpsons Clip Show is the third episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 25 , 1994 . In the episode , Marge reads a romance novel in bed , and it prompts her to have a family meeting , where the Simpson family recall their past loves in form of clips from previous episodes . The episode was written by Jon Vitti ( credited as Penny Wise ) and directed by David Silverman . It is the second Simpsons episode featuring a clip show format and uses clips from all the previous five seasons . The episode features cultural references to the 1992 book The Bridges of Madison County and the 1967 film The Graduate . The episode has received rather negative reviews , since clip shows tend to be the least favorite episodes among fans . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 8 . 7 and was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week . Plot Marge is reading The Bridges of Madison County one night and wakes up Homer to ask if he thinks the romance has gone out of their marriage . He grumbles , saying that he was working all day , but Marge points out that it is actually Saturday night at unk Homer ignores her and tosses the book into the newly built fireplace in their bedroom . Marge groans and falls asleep . In the morning , Marge gets the family together to discuss romance , but they can only come up with vignettes from their failed relationships ( and in the parents ' case , near extramarital affairs ) in the form of clips from previous episodes . Homer , however , saves the day when he brings up how he and Marge got together ( in clips from the second season episode The Way We Was ) . Ultimately , the kids do not care for this one and wind up watching Itchy Scratchy while Homer and Marge share another special moment . Production As the title of the episode suggests , it is second clip show episode of The Simpsons after So It 's Come to This A Simpsons Clip Show , the 18th episode of the fourth season . It was written by Jon Vitti , who used the pseudonym Penny Wise in the closing credits because he did not want to be credited for writing a clip show , and it was directed by David Silverman . The episode also includes contributions from John Swartzwelder , Frank Mula , David Richardson , Jeff Martin , Bill Oakley , Josh Weinstein , Matt Groening , Sam Simon , Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , Nell Scovell , David M. Stern , George Meyer , Conan O 'Brien , Robert Cohen , Bill Canterbury , and Dan McGrath . During the early years of the show , the staff was forced by the Fox network into doing clip shows to save money . There was originally intense pressure on the producers of the show to create extra episodes in each season , and the plan was to make four clip shows per season to meet that limit . Writers and producers , however , felt that this many clip shows would alienate fans of the series . The Fox network 's reasoning was that clip shows cost half of what a normal episode cost to produce , but they could sell syndication rights at full price . Referenced clips This flashback episode uses clips from episodes released during the first five seasons Cultural references At the beginning of the episode Marge is reading The Bridges of Madison County , also when Bart , Lisa , and Maggie are watching Itchy Scratchy , Marge says they watch the same shows all the time , while Lisa says that the Itchy Scratchy cartoons are just pasted together from pieces of old episodes ( and pointing out that Ren and Stimpy do it all the time ) . This comment is a sly joke about the construction of this episode the blackboard and couch gags are taken from other episodes , there are clips from past episodes , and the interstitials are actually clips from past episodes that feature the family members talking in the kitchen . These three aspects support the idea of this episode being a clip show to the extreme . In the clip from Lady Bouvier 's Lover , Grampa tries to stop the wedding between Jacqueline Bouvier and Mr. Burns by banging on the window while shouting Mrs. Bouvier , which is a reference to the 1967 film The Graduate . Marge is seen reading the 1992 book The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller . The Arab Strap song First Big Weekend refers to this episode , stating Sunday afternoon we go up to John 's with a lot of beer in time to watch the Simpsons . It was a really good episode about love always ending in tragedy except , of course , for Marge and Homer . Reception In its original American broadcast , Another Simpsons Clip Show finished 68th in the ratings for the week of September 19 to September 25 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 . 7 . The episode was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beaten only by Beverly Hills , 90210 , The X Files , and Married ... With Children . The episode has received rather negative reviews , since clip shows tend to be the least favorite episodes among fans . Nevertheless , it is considered one of the better clip show episodes of The Simpsons . The episode has been described as framed in such a way as to still make it worth watching , ... like a slideshow that 's not quite so boring , another clip show , although not the worst of them , or as the episode title pretty much says it all . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said in a review The romance related storyline fizzles . That leaves us with a good collection of clips , but since we can already watch them in their original episodes , why bother with this cheap excuse for product Lisa 's comments romance is dead , it was acquired in a hostile takeover by Hallmark and Disney , homogenized , and sold off piece by piece have been used in case studies of the cultural representations of organizations . Scottish indie rock band Arab Strap referred to this episode in the lyrics of their debut single The First Big Weekend ( Sunday afternoon we go up to John 's with a lot of beer in time to watch The Simpsons it was a really good episode about love always ending in tragedy except , of course , for Marge and Homer . It was quite moving at the end and to tell you the truth my eyes were a bit damp ) .
3,859	Lieutenant General Edward Soriano ( born 12 November 1946 ) is an American retired military officer . He is the highest ranking Filipino American officer to have served in the United States military , and the first promoted to a general officer . Born in the Philippines , Soriano moved with his family to the United States and graduated from Salinas High School before being commissioned as an officer through Army ROTC at San Jose State University . Soriano served with infantry units throughout the United States , Korea , and in Germany . Later Soriano was a liaison officer during operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , and deployed during Operation Joint Endeavor he retired in March 2005 . Since retiring from the Army , Soriano has worked for the aerospace and defense technology company Northrop Grumman and has sat on various boards of directors . Early and personal life Born on 12 November 1946 in Pangasinan to Ilocos Sur natives , Soriano came to the United States in the early 1950s when his father , Fred Soriano , a soldier in the United States Army , was assigned to Fort Benning , Georgia he was six when he left the Philippines . Soriano 's mother 's name was Encarnacion . Soriano 's father was a corporal in the 57th Infantry ( Philippine Scouts ) during World War II . After the surrender of American forces on Bataan to the Japanese , the elder Soriano became a prisoner of war and was subjected to the Bataan Death March . The elder Soriano later served in the Korean War , and again became a prisoner of war . During the Korean War , young Edward and the rest of his family moved from Guam back to the Philippines . His father later retired from the army as a major . In the 1960s , his family moved to Salinas , California , and Soriano later graduated from Salinas High School . His father 's service inspired Edward Soriano to join the military . Soriano graduated from San Jose State University ( SJSU ) in 1970 , and later earned a Master of Public Administration from the University of Missouri . Soriano is married to Vivian Guillermo , who was born in the United States to Laoag natives . The couple have two children , Melissa and Keith . Military career Soriano was commissioned as an infantry officer through the Army Reserve Officers ' Training Corps at SJSU , in 1970 . Soriano 's first assignment was at the unk School at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , which was followed by command of an anti tank platoon in the 508th Infantry . Soriano was then sent to Korea where he commanded Combat Support Company , 1st Battalion , 23d Infantry , 2nd Infantry Division , before he was transferred to command Company A , 3d Battalion , 47th Infantry , 3d Brigade , 9th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis , Washington . After attending the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning , Soriano served with the United States Army Recruiting Command in Albany , New York , before commanding Company C , 1st Battalion , 39th Infantry Regiment , 8th Infantry Division in Germany . Following his service in Europe , Soriano attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth and University of Missouri , Kansas City , before serving in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans and in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel at The Pentagon . After his service in The Pentagon , he commanded 2nd Battalion , 41st Infantry , 2nd Armored Division at Fort Hood , Texas , before attending the United States Army War College and returning to The Pentagon . During operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm , Soriano served as the chief of the liaison team to the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force . After the conflict ended , Soriano contributed to the Secretary of Defense 's Gulf War Report as the chief of the army section while serving in the Office of the Chief of Staff . In 1992 , Soriano received his first assignment at Fort Carson , Colorado , as the commander of the 1st Brigade , 4th Infantry Division . Following this command , Soriano returned to Germany to serve with the 3d and 1st Infantry Divisions , which included deployments to Bosnia for peacekeeping during Operation Joint Endeavor . Returning to the United States , he undertook various positions in Virginia and The Pentagon , including service as Director , Officer Personnel Management , within the Total Army Personnel Command . From 1999 to 2001 , Soriano commanded the 7th Infantry Division and Fort Carson . Soriano served as Director of Homeland Security for United States Joint Forces Command from October 2001 to August 2002 , which laid the foundations for what has become the Northern Command . Soriano 's final assignment was command of I Corps and Fort Lewis , beginning in August 2002 . Under his leadership , Fort Lewis became a force provider for Operation Iraqi Freedom , including the first deployment of the Stryker with the 2nd Infantry Division . In June 2004 , as the commander of Fort Lewis , Soriano ordered the court martial of Ryan G. Anderson , who was convicted of providing aid to al Qaeda and was sentenced in September 2004 to life in prison with the possibility of parole after Soriano removed the death penalty as a possible sentencing option . In September 2004 , Soriano met with Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo at unk , who he had met before during Arroyo 's state visit in May 2003 , after being invited by General Narciso Abaya , Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . In November 2004 , Soriano turned over command of I Corps and Fort Lewis to Lieutenant General James M. unk , and finally retired from active duty on 1 March 2005 . Post military career Since his retirement , Soriano has worked for Northrop Grumman as the Director of Training and Exercises for Homeland Security and Joint Forces Support . He has also sat on numerous boards of directors including Home Front Cares and Goodwill Industries of Colorado Springs . Additionally , Soriano is the current president of the board of directors of the Mountain Post Historical Center at Fort Carson , and the vice chairman of the Colorado Springs Chamber of Commerce 's military affairs committee . Awards and decorations Soriano received the following awards and decorations
3,860	The Atlantic Ocean Road or the Atlantic Road ( Norwegian unk ) is an 8 . 3 kilometer ( 5 . 2 mi ) long section of County Road 64 that runs through an archipelago in Eide and Avery in Mre og Romsdal , Norway . It passes by unk , an unsheltered part of the Norwegian Sea , connecting the island of Avery with the mainland and unk peninsula . It runs between the villages of unk on Avery and unk in unk . It is built on several small islands and skerries , which are connected by several causeways , viaducts and eight bridges the most prominent being unk Bridge . The route was originally proposed as a railway line in the early 20th century , but this was abandoned . Serious planning of the road started in the 1970s , and construction started on 1 August 1983 . During construction the area was hit by 12 European windstorms . The road was opened on 7 July 1989 , having cost 122 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , of which 25 percent was financed with tolls and the rest from public grants . Collection of tolls was scheduled to run for 15 years , but by June 1999 the road was paid off and the toll removed . The road is preserved as a cultural heritage site and is classified as a National Tourist Route . It is a popular site to film automotive commercials , has been declared the world 's best road trip , and been awarded the title as Norwegian Construction of the Century . In 2009 , the Atlantic Ocean Tunnel opened from Avery to Kristiansund together they form a second fixed link between Kristiansund and Molde . Route description The road is a 8 . 274 kilometer ( 5 . 141 mi ) long section of County Road 64 that connects the island and municipality of Avery with the mainland at Eide . The road runs across an archipelago of partially inhabited islands and skerries . To the north lies unk , an unsheltered section of the Norwegian Sea , to the south unk . The road has a width of 6 . 5 meters ( 21 ft ) and a maximum gradient of eight percent . It consists of eight bridges and four resting places and viewpoints . Several tourist sites , including dining , fishing and scuba diving resorts , have been established on the islands . Along with the section from unk to Bud , the road has been designated one of 18 National Tourist Routes . The road begins at unk on Avery , close to the village of unk . It runs onto the island of unk and then across the 115 meter ( 377 ft ) long Little unk Bridge onto the island of Lille unk . It continues across the 52 meter ( 171 ft ) long Store unk Bridge onto Store unk . Next it crosses the equally long unk Bridge to unk , which features a viewpoint and parking . It then runs across unk and unk , before reaching unk , where there are a resting place , parking and a viewpoint . Next is unk Bridge , a cantilever bridge 260 meters ( 850 ft ) long . The municipal boundary between Eide and Avery runs under the bridge . It then runs across unk , where there is a viewpoint , before crossing onto unk via the three unk Bridges , which combined are 293 meter ( 961 ft ) long . From there the road runs through unk and unk , both with a resting place . The route reaches the mainland over the 119 meter ( 390 ft ) long unk Bridge . History The first proposals to use the route were made in the early 20th century . Planning of the Rauma Line to connect the national railway network to Mre og Romsdal was under way , and several proposals were made to extend it to the coastal towns . In 1921 , Mre og Romsdal County Council chose the outer route , which would have followed a path close to that of the road . The Rauma Line was not built beyond ndalsnes , and in 1935 the Parliament of Norway decided to connect the coastal towns in Mre og Romsdal to ndalsnes by road instead of rail . Although the plans were officially shelved , locals continued to work with the idea of a road connecting Avery with the mainland . The toll company unk AS was established in 1970 . Arne unk , who was Minister of Local Government and Regional Development in the early 1980s , proposed that job creation funds could be allocated to road projects . The proposal was approved in 1983 , after it had been supported by the municipalities of Avery , Eide and Frna . Construction started as a municipal road project on 1 August 1983 , but progressed slowly . From 1 July 1986 , the Norwegian Public Roads Administration took over the project , speeding up construction and allowing it to open on 7 July 1989 . During construction , the area was hit by 12 hurricanes . The opening of the road allowed the unk unk Ferry to be terminated . Construction cost NOK 122 million and was financed 25 percent by debt to be recollected through tolls , 25 percent by job creation funds and 50 percent by ordinary state road grants . There was significant local opposition against toll financing , as few people believed it would be possible to pay off the road in the stipulated 15 years . However , by June 1999 the road was paid off and tolls removed . The accelerated amortization was caused both by greater than predicted local traffic and by large amounts of tourist traffic . In 2009 , the road was Norway 's ninth most visited natural tourist attraction , with 258 , 654 visitors from May through August . The route won the title Norwegian Construction of the Century , awarded by the Norwegian construction industry in 2005 . In 2006 , The Guardian declared it the world 's best road trip . The road has become a popular place for the automotive industry to film advertisements more than ten manufacturers have made television commercials along the route , often depicting the harsh weather . The Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage preserved the road as a cultural heritage in December 2009 . The Atlantic Ocean Tunnel between Avery and Kristiansund opened on 19 December 2009 . In combination with the road it provides a fixed link between Kristiansund and Molde . This is the second fixed link between the two towns , after the 1992 opening of the Kristiansund and Frei Fixed Link . Junctions The following is a list of bridges and major road junctions along the road . For bridges , it lists the name , overall length and clearance below for junctions , the distance from the starting point and the name of the road it intersects with .
3,861	M 47 is a north south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . It runs near Saginaw and Midland in the Tri Cities area of the Lower Peninsula . The highway runs through suburban and agricultural areas to connect the two cities with the airport in the area . The northernmost section of M 47 runs along a freeway to the terminus at US Highway 10 ( US 10 ) . M 47 runs for 14 . 328 miles ( 23 . 059 km ) , all of which has been listed as a part of the National Highway System . First designated by July 1 , 1919 along a different routing , M 47 was extended several times in both directions through the 1920s and 1930s . Two of these extensions replaced sections of M 111 in the Bay City area . At the apex of its length in the 1950s , M 47 stretched from Webberville in the south to Bay City State Park in the north . Since Interstate 75 ( I 75 ) opened in the Tri Cities area , the northern section of M 47 was rerouted and truncated as a result of related changes to other highways . The southern end was moved after I 96 opened in the Lansing area . Further changes into the 1970s shortened M 47 more , producing the routing in use today . Route description M 47 starts at M 46 ( Gratiot Road ) east of Shields next to the Oakwood Cemetery . M 47 is known as Midland Road as it runs slightly northwest to intersect with M 58 ( State Road ) in Saginaw Charter Township running parallel to the Tittabawassee River . This area is the western edge of Saginaw 's suburbs . Along the road towards Freeland , there are periodic small farms in between small residential subdivisions . In the community of Freeland , M 47 runs near the MBS International Airport off Freeland Road . North of town , M 47 leaves Midland Road and becomes a freeway near Tittabawassee Park . The freeway section of M 47 runs through rural farm land . There is a diamond interchange with Salzburg Road before the terminal interchange at US 10 . As part of its maintenance duties , the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) tracks the volume of traffic on the highways it maintains . This number is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a calculation of the average traffic for a segment of roadway on any average day of the year . In 2009 , the department measured a peak of 19 , 719 vehicles daily on the stretch north of unk Road . The section south of the US 10 interchange had the lowest traffic level at 9 , 315 vehicles AADT . Additionally , entire route of M 47 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History The original designation of M 47 was routed from the Shiawassee Ingham county line north to St. Charles and then east along M 46 into Saginaw . A southern extension into Ingham County to end at M 16 in Williamston was transferred and completed in 1924 . A northern extension to Bay City replaced a section of M 111 in 1929 , and extended farther to Bay City State Park in 1933 . M 47 replaced the remainder of M 111 and extended southward from the park to Bay City in 1938 , creating a U turn in the routing . The southern terminus was moved again in late 1951 or early 1952 to Webberville , although still ending on US 16 . At its greatest extent in the 1950s , the highway extended north from Webberville through Owosso and St. Charles to a junction with M 46 between Hemlock and Shields . M 47 turned east along M 46 , running concurrently with that highway to Saginaw Township . There M 47 turned north independently to a junction with US 10 , and then ran concurrently with US 10 into Saginaw . Once in the city , M 47 turned north along Bay Street out of town toward Bay City . M 47 joined US 23 and followed it north of town . M 47 then ran separately to the state park before turning south and back into downtown Bay City , ending at the US 23 business loop . Major changes to the routing of M 47 started in December 1960 when the I 75 US 10 US 23 freeway opened between Saginaw and Bay City . US 10 was rerouted east of Midland to Bay City along the M 20 freeway . M 47 was rerouted along the former US 10 from Saginaw to east of Midland using a connector expressway from Freeland north to the US 10 freeway . M 81 was extended over State Street in Saginaw , and the former routing of M 47 between Saginaw and Bay City was redesignated as M 84 . M 13 also replaced the former US 23 M 47 when US 23 was moved to freeways as well . The southern end of M 47 was changed in 1962 with the completion of I 96 in the Lansing area . US 16 was replaced by M 43 , and the southern terminus of M 47 was moved to exit 122 along I 96 . This segment of M 47 south of M 46 became an extension of M 52 in 1969 , truncating M 47 to Hemlock . The interchange at Salzburg Road north of Freeland opened in 1970 , and the expressway segment was upgraded to a full freeway . At the same time , M 47 was truncated to its current routing , resulting in the elimination of the M 46 M 47 concurrency near Shields . In the end , only about a mile and a half ( 2 . 4 km ) of roadway still bears the M 47 from before the changes made starting in 1960 , along a section of road that was not originally part of the highway in 1919 . In June 2014 , a construction project began on the interchange with US 10 at the route 's northern terminus . This construction consisted of bridge replacement over US 10 , as well as a new ramp connecting northbound M 47 to westbound US 10 that , unlike the old ramp , does not conflict with westbound traffic exiting onto southbound M 47 . M 111 In 1928 , M 111 was assigned to a route connecting M 13 ( later signed as US 23 for a time ) north of Bay City to Bay City State Park on Saginaw Bay . The original route consisted of what is today Euclid Avenue . In the early 1930s , a return leg towards Bay City was added to the east of the original route along what is now State Park Road , giving the route an upside down U unk 1933 , the western leg along Euclid Avenue from Midland Road to Beaver Road was designated as M 47 . In 1938 , all of M 111 was re designated as M 47 thus making M 47 double back to Bay City . Major intersections All exits are unnumbered .
3,862	Looking Forward is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . Adapted from James Oliver Curwood 's short story of the same name , the film follows a young chemist named Jack Goodwin . He discovers a chemical compound that puts a person into a state of sleep for a determined period of time and decides to test it upon himself . The first test is a success and Jack makes arrangements for his sleep of a hundred years , in a state similar to suspended animation . When he awakes in 2010 into a world ruled by women , he woos the female mayor . Jack joins a society to campaign for men 's rights . The society ends up before the female mayor who jails all of them , save for Jack who she proposes to . Jack accepts on the condition that men are given back their rights and she accepts . The cast and production credits of the film are not known , but Theodore Marston was not the director . The film was released on December 20 , 1910 . The film is presumed lost . Plot The film focuses on Jack Goodwin , a young chemistry student who has discovered a novel compound that allows a person to be put in a state of sleep for any length of time . The compound causes an effect similar to suspended animation , with no ill effects or bodily changes . Jack tests the compound on himself for a period of a week and desires to test it for a century . In preparation for this , he obtains a safety deposit vault and provides instructions to be presented before the mayor in a hundred years . Jack 's experiment works and he awakes in the year 2010 to a very different future . Transportation has been radically changed to pneumatic tubes allowing him to be transported to the mayor . The woman mayor takes an interest in him and invites her over to her home . In the intervening years , the world has become ruled by women and Jack is now out of place , but the two fall in love . Her father is an advocate for men 's rights and Jack joins their society . The group soon appears before the mayor and she sends all of them to jail through the pneumatic tube , except for Jack . She proposes to him , but Jack only consents if the rights of men would be granted . The mayor is true to her word and signs a decree to give the men their liberty . During the ceremony , she attempts to lead Jack to the altar , but Jack shows her that the man must lead . When the bridal veil is placed on Jack , he places it on his new wife . Cast Frank H. Crane William Russell Production The scenario is adapted from James Oliver Curwood 's short story of the same name . The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Sometimes the directional credit is given to Theodore Marston . The apparent origin of this error is from the American Film Index 1908 1915 . Film historian Q. David Bowers consulted one of the co authors of the book , Gunnar Lundquist , and confirmed that the credit of Marston was in error . Theodore Marston worked with Path , Kinemacolor , Vitagraph and other companies , but there is no record of Marston working with Thanhouser . This error has persisted in several works including The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . Musical accompaniment for the silent films were not provided by the studios , and the Thanhouser productions were no exception . The musical program for the screenings were decided and played by the individual accompanists . At times , musical accompaniments were shared in trade journals , but for Looking Forward a dispute serves to provide one musical credit provided by Mrs. Buttery of Pennsylvania . In responding to an editorial in The Moving Picture World , Mrs. Buttery stated that John Took Me Home to See His Mother was played during film at some unstated point . Release and reception The single reel comedy , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on December 20 , 1910 . The New York Dramatic Mirror stated , Here is a rather exaggerated farce with a good many laughs in it . It has for its basis recent cartoons , but has original treatment . The male members of the cast seemed to enjoy their roles , perhaps for the reason that it is a man 's picture the laugh seems on the ladies . A more contemporary analysis of the film was covered in a paper by Eric unk , who credits this film as Thanhouser 's first film portraying suffragists . unk writes that the film presents the idea of a woman mayor , something which was not farfetched for women to find to be humorous . Despite Jack 's lack of power in the new era which he awakes to , he managed to win the heart of a powerful woman and easily restore the rights of men . Taken one way , the film seems to advance the idea that a women of power are controlled by their hearts . Dewing writes , On the one hand it mocks many female suffrage fighting tactics , as suffragists , in an attempt to not appear too extremist and alienable , exploited conservative ideas of feminine virtue in order to assert their citizenship and reform desires . In the film , the man assumes effeminate passions to woo the Mayor . On the other hand , those sympathetic to the cause can see this as proof that these tactics can work in politics . The film also toys with the fears men harbored concerning the loss of power over females in public spaces , a threat to masculinity and manhood . The film is also believed to have been the first adaptation of Curwood 's work .
3,863	Tropical Depression Two was a short lived tropical cyclone that impacted portions of Texas and Mexico during the highly active 2010 Atlantic hurricane season . It formed from a tropical wave that emerged off the western coast of Africa and crossed the Atlantic Ocean without any development . Upon entering the western Gulf of Mexico , the depression encountered a conducive environment for tropical cyclone development , and was designated Tropical Depression Two at 0600 UTC on July 8 . Intensification into a tropical storm was initially anticipated by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) , but due to its proximity to land , the depression failed to attain the status . It made landfall on South Padre Island , Texas before degenerating into a remnant low on July 9 , and dissipating the following day . Due to the system 's weak intensity , there were no reports of damage inflicted by winds across Texas or Mexico , although the cyclone did bring minimal rainfall totals to northern Mexico , an area severely affected by Hurricane Alex just one week previous . Meteorological history The origins of Tropical Depression Two can be traced back to a disorganized tropical wave that was first noted by the NHC on June 24 as it moved off the western coast of Africa , and into the Atlantic Ocean . Moving towards the west , the wave showed no signs of organization until July 3 as it entered the western Caribbean Sea . During the 24 hours that followed , it continued to coalesce , and the NHC subsequently increased the disturbance 's chance of developing into a tropical cyclone . A defined surface circulation did not form as a result of the wave 's movement over the Yucatan Peninsula , and the system lost organization . The system remained disorganized as it traversed the peninsula and eventually emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on July 7 . Situated over water once more , the wave was able to gradually develop as it moved in a northwesterly direction . Following a reconnaissance mission , the NHC noted in their Tropical Weather Outlook that there was a high chance of the system developing into a tropical cyclone within the next 48 hours . Early on July 8 , additional data from the Hurricane Hunters indicated that the system developed a closed circulation and the NHC classified it as a tropical depression at 0000 UTC , making it the second of the hurricane season . At this time , the system was situated roughly 250 mi ( 400 km ) southeast of Brownsville , Texas . At this time , the depression also attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph ( 55 km h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1005 mbar ( hPa 29 . 68 inHg ) . Tropical Depression Two was anticipated to intensify into a tropical storm before making landfall in Mexico however , the depression failed to gain strength before moving inland . Following a reconnaissance mission at 1200 UTC , Hurricane Hunters found winds near tropical storm intensity however , land based observations did not support this and the depression was not classified as a tropical storm . Later that day , the depression made landfall in South Padre Island , Texas at 1515 UTC with winds of 35 mph ( 55 km h ) . The tropical depression weakened slightly while moving near the Texas Mexico border , when the NHC discontinued advisories on the system . Although the NHC ceased monitoring Tropical Depression Two , the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center ( HPC ) issued advisories until it dissipated early on July 10 , over northern Mexico . Preparations and impact Immediately after Tropical Depression Two was classified , a tropical storm warning was issued for the state of Texas , covering the coastline from Baffin Bay to the northern mouth of the Rio Grande . In addition , a tropical storm warning was also issued by the government of Mexico , stretching from Rio San Fernando northward also to the mouth of the Rio Grande . Subsequent coastal flooding and flash flood warnings were issued by local National Weather Service offices in southern and eastern Texas as the NHC predicted 4 to 8 in ( 100 to 200 mm ) of rain , with 10 in ( 250 mm ) locally . Alerts were also issued for the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Nuevo Len and Coahuila , where officials warned people of the potential for heavy rains , flooding , and landslides . The Sistema Nacional de Proteccin Civil ( National Civil Protection System ) raised a red alert , the highest level on the scale , for portions of Tamaulipas and noted that extreme caution was necessary in areas between Rio San Fernando and the Texas Mexico border . After Tropical Depression Two made landfall in Texas , all of the tropical storm warnings associated with the storm were discontinued . Upon making landfall along the Texas Mexico border , the depression produced a storm surge between 2 and 4 ft ( 0 . 61 and 1 . 22 m ) . Portions of Mustang and Padre Island were flooded by the storm however , damage was minimal . Two funnel clouds were reported in relation to the depression one near Rockport and the other near Victoria . After the NHC issued their final advisory on Tropical Depression Two , the HPC began to monitor the system , recording minimal rainfall across southern and eastern Texas . As Tropical Depression Two dissipated , it moved inland and the HPC 's advisories indicated that much of eastern and southern Texas experienced rainfall of at least 1 in ( 25 mm ) , with the exception of Corpus Christi and Laredo . Rainfall associated with Tropical Depression Two in Texas peaked at 5 . 16 in ( 131 mm ) along the Guadalupe River adjacent to the city of Victoria . Rainfall inside the city of Victoria itself was measured at 4 . 25 in ( 108 mm ) , while the Victoria Regional Airport reported precipitation at Victoria Regional Airport . Tropical Depression Two contributed to localized flooding in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico , adding to the 24 in ( 610 mm ) of rain caused by Hurricane Alex just south of the Rio Grande . Throughout Tamaulipas , Mexico , relatively little rain fell in relation to the depression . Matamoros recorded rainfall for roughly two hours before the system passed through the region . The resulting floods from Alex and the depression caused nearly 80 million in losses throughout the region .
3,864	Champion of the Raj is a turn based strategy video game developed by Level 9 Computing and published by Personal Software Services . It was released exclusively in the United Kingdom for the Amiga , Atari ST and systems running DOS in 1991 . It is the thirteenth and final instalment to the Strategic unk series . The game revolves around European imperialism and colonialism of India , in which six factions British , French , Mogul , Sikhs , Gurkhas and Marathas fight to gain overall control of India . The game contains elements of combat and arcade sequences , including traditional elephant racing and big game hunting . The core of the gameplay is focused on strategy , in which the player must conquer all territories of India through diplomatic or offensive means . Champion of the Raj received mixed reviews upon release . Critics praised its colourful graphics and storyline however strong criticism was directed at the game 's constant use of disk swapping and long loading times . Gameplay The game is a turn based strategy and revolves around colonialism of India . Before starting the game , the player must pick a player character and the respective faction they wish to side with . The choices include a viceroy of the British East India Company , a consul of the French East India Company , a Mogul emperor , a Maharajah of the unk , chief of the Gurkhas or a Maharajah of the Sikhs . At the beginning of the game , the player character is kidnapped by an assassin and is imprisoned inside a prison cell . A woman soon frees the player character , and informs them of their task to either conquer India or persuade rival political factions to unite through diplomacy . The game begins in 1800 , when the Mogul empire lost control of India . The majority of the game is presented through an in game headquarters screen which displays a map of India , a book detailing information of individual Indian states , and a group of icons which allows the player to issue commands . If the player wishes to take over a territory through diplomatic means , they must initiate dialogue with the local leader . If the player has a high enough popularity , the local leader may invite them to a sporting event , such as elephant race or a game hunting session , which will give the player an opportunity to unite that territory under their faction . If the player 's popularity is not high enough , they may hold a Durbar festival in an attempt to impress the local leaders . If diplomacy fails , the player has the option to invade any territory by force . Soldiers can be hired through payments of gold however , if the player does not have a sufficient amount of gold at the end of the turn , a rebellion may start . Rebellions will sometimes initiate lethal encounters with assassins , in which the player character must defend themselves through sword combat . Additionally , the player can bring assassins to their side by successfully launching an attack on their temple . The game will end once either all of the territories are united , or if the player character is assassinated . Background Personal Software Services was founded in Coventry , England , by Gary Mays and Richard Cockayne in November 1981 . The company was known for creating games that revolved around historic war battles and conflicts , such as Theatre Europe , Bismarck and Falklands ' 82 . The company had a partnership with French video game developer ERE Informatique and published localised versions of their products to the United Kingdom . The Strategic Wargames series was conceptualised by software designer Alan Steel in 1984 . During development of these titles , Steel would often research the topic of the upcoming game and pass on the findings to other associates in Coventry and London . In 1983 , the company received recognition for being one of the top software houses in the United Kingdom , and was a finalist for BBC Radio 4 's New Business Enterprise Award for that year . In 1986 , Cockayne took a decision to alter their products for release on 16 bit consoles , as he found that smaller 8 bit consoles , such as the ZX Spectrum , lacked the processing power for larger strategy games . The decision was falsely interpreted as pulling out from the Spectrum market by video game journalist Phillipa Irving . Following years of successful sales throughout the mid 1980s , Personal Software Services experienced financial difficulties , in what Cockayne admitted in a retrospective interview that he took his eye off the ball . The company was acquired by Mirrorsoft in February 1987 , and was later dispossessed by the company due to strains of debt . Reception The game received mixed reviews upon release . Gordon Houghton of The One for ST Games disliked the arcade sequences in the game , stating that they are a waste of disk loading time , despite acknowledging its way of giving the strategy genre a wider appeal . Ed Ricketts of ST Format stated that despite its simplicity , the game was enjoyable to play . Fiona Keating of CU Amiga praised the game 's entertaining storyline and colourful graphics , however she criticised its shortcoming sound . Jonathan Davies of Amiga Power criticised the simplicity of the gameplay , stating that despite the impressive graphics , the game was not meant for a few minutes of playtime . Gary White of Advanced Computer Entertainment heavily criticised the visuals , stating that it had an appalling presentation and poor sound quality . The disk loading time was the most criticised aspect from reviewers . Houghton found the loading times hefty and recommended that the player use two disk drives instead of one , as constant disk swapping was required in the game . Ricketts similarly found the swapping of half a dozen floppy disks a nightmare on the Atari ST . Keating found the huge amount of disk swapping to be the game 's largest drawback , as well as the long loading times that accompanied it . Davies stated that scrolling times were painfully slow due to the excessive disk accessing . White stated that the game had a disk access routine so bad that it was almost impossible to access icons during gameplay , as the cursor movement was always a second behind actual mouse movements .
3,865	Gran Paradiso National Park ( Italian Parco nazionale del Gran Paradiso , French Parc national du Grand Paradis ) is an Italian national park in the Graian Alps , between the Aosta Valley and Piedmont regions . The park is named after Gran Paradiso mountain , which is located in the park , and is contiguous with the French Vanoise national park . The land the park encompasses was initially protected in order to protect the Alpine ibex from poachers , as it was a personal hunting ground for king Victor Emanuel II , but now also protects other species . History In the early 19th century , due to hunting , the Alpine ibex only survived in the Gran Paradiso area . Approximately 60 individual ibex survived , here . Ibex were intensively hunted , partly for sport , but also because their body parts were thought to have therapeutic properties talismans were made from a small cross shaped bone near the ibex 's heart in order to protect against violent death . Due to the alarming decrease in the ibex population , Victor Emmanuel , soon to be King of Italy , declared the Royal Hunting Reserve of the Gran Paradiso in 1856 . A protective guard was created for the ibex . Paths laid out for the ibex are still used today as part of 724 kilometres ( 450 mi ) of marked trails and mule tracks . In 1920 Victor Emmanuel II 's grandson King Victor Emmanuel III donated the park 's original 21 square kilometres ( 5 , 189 acres ) , and the park was established in 1922 . It was Italy 's first national park . There were approximately 4 , 000 ibex in the park when it was protected . Despite the presence of the park , ibex were poached until 1945 , when only 419 remained . Their protection increased , and there are now almost 4 , 000 in the park . Geography The park is located in the Graian Alps in the regions of Piedmont and Aosta Valley in north west Italy . It encompasses 703 square kilometres ( 173 , 715 acres ) of alpine terrain . 10 of the park 's surface area is wooded . 16 . 5 is used for agriculture and pasture , 24 is uncultivated , and 40 is classified as sterile . 9 . 5 of the park 's surface area is occupied by 57 glaciers . The park 's mountains and valleys were sculpted by glaciers and streams . unk in the park range from 800 4 , 061 metres ( 2 , 624 13 , 323 ft ) , with an average altitude of 2 , 000 metres ( 6 , 561 ft ) . Valley floors in the park are forested . There are alpine meadows at higher altitudes . There are rocks and glaciers at altitudes higher than the meadows . Gran Paradiso is the only mountain entirely within the boundaries of Italy that is over 4 , 000 metres ( 13 , 123 ft ) high . Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn can be seen from its summit . In 1860 , John Cowell became the first person to reach the summit . To the west , the park shares a boundary with France 's Vanoise National Park . Combined , the two parks form the largest protected area in Western Europe . They co operate in managing the ibex population , which moves across their shared boundary seasonally . Flora The park 's woods are important because they provide shelter for a large number of animals . They are a natural defence against landslides , avalanches , and flooding . The two main types of woods found in the park are coniferous and deciduous woods . The deciduous European beech forests are common on the Piedmont side of the park , and are not found on the dryer Valle d 'Aosta side . These forests are thick with dense foliage that lets in very little light during the summer . The beech leaves take a long time to decompose , and they form a thick layer on the woodland floor that impedes the development of other plants and trees . unk are the most common trees in the forests on the valley floors . They are mixed with spruces , Swiss stone pines , and more rarely silver firs . Maple and lime forests are found in gulleys . These forests are only present in isolated areas and are at risk of extinction . Downy oak woods are more common in the Aosta Valley area than in the Piedmont area because of its higher temperatures and lower precipitation . Oak is not a typical species in the park and it is often found mixed with Scots pine . The park 's chestnut groves have been affected by human cultivation for wood and fruit . It rarely grows above 1 , 000 metres ( 3 , 280 ft ) , and the most important chestnut forests are in the park 's Piedmontese side . The park 's conifer woods include Scots pine groves , spruce forests dominated by the Norway spruce , often mixed with larch . Larch and Swiss stone pine woods are found up to the highest sub alpine level ( 2200 2300 metres ( 7 , 217 7 , 546 ft ) ) . At higher altitudes the trees gradually thin out and there are alpine pastures . These pastures are rich in flowers in the late spring . The wildflowers in the park 's high meadows include wild pansies , gentians , unk lilies , and unk . The park has many rocky habitats . They are mostly located above the timberline and alpine pastures . These areas have rock and detritus on their surface . Alpine plants have adapted to these habitats by assuming characteristics like dwarfism , hairiness , bright coloured flowers , and highly developed roots . About 1 , 500 plant species can be seen at unk Botanical Garden near unk inside the park . Fauna Alpine ibex graze in the abundant mountain pastures in summer , and descend to lower elevations in winter . Gran Paradiso 's pairing with Vanoise National Park provides year round protection to the ibex . Along with the ibex , the animal species found in the park include ermine , weasel , hare , Eurasian badger , alpine chamois , wolf ( recently arrived from Central Italy ) and maybe even lynx . The ibex and chamois spend most of the year above the tree line . They descend to the valleys in the winter and spring . Alpine marmot forage on plants along the snow line . There are more than 100 bird species in the park , including Eurasian eagle owl , rock ptarmigan , alpine accentor , and chough . Golden eagles nest on rocky ledges , and sometimes in trees . unk are found on steep cliffs . There are black woodpeckers and nutcrackers in the park 's woodlands . The park supports many species of butterflies including unk , peak whites , and southern white admirals .
3,866	The Russian Spaniel is a type of spaniel first standardised in 1951 in the Soviet Union after World War II by cross breeding English Cocker Spaniels , English Springer Spaniels and other spaniel breeds . Physically it is similar to a Cocker Spaniel , but has a shorter , tighter coat and a longer body . Developed and used as hunting dogs , this breed does not suffer from any major health complaints other than those normally associated with spaniels . Popular in its native Russia , the breed was only introduced overseas in the 1990s , and is not yet recognised by any major kennel clubs . Description The Russian Spaniel is a small , sturdy dog with a short , tight , silky coat with feathering on the ears and legs . Colors can vary greatly , and can include solid colors without white markings , piebald , speckled , black and tan , and combinations . The head and ears are also usually dark . The Russian Spaniel resembles the English Cocker Spaniel , with a body similar to the field lines of that breed though with the longer ears of the show line . The body of the Russian Spaniel tends to be longer than that of the English Cocker however , and the breed has only one line rather than being split into separate specific show and field lines of the same breed . Both the male and females of the breed weigh on average 28 40 lb ( 13 18 kg ) and are around 15 17 inches ( 38 43 cm ) at the withers . This makes them similar in size or a little larger than the English Cocker Spaniel which weighs approximately 13 14 . 5 kg ( 29 32 lb ) and is on average between 15 . 5 and 16 inches ( 39 and 41 cm ) with the females being a little smaller at 15 15 . 5 inches ( 38 39 cm ) . Bred primarily as hunting dogs , their goal is to find the bird , send it into the air and then to retrieve it on command after the hunter has shot the quarry . The Russian Spaniel is suited for hunting in marshland , fields , woodland , for birds as well as rabbits and other small game . The breed is also popular in their native Russia as their small size makes them suitable to be kept in busy cities , and easily transported to hunting sites . Health As with all long eared spaniels , Russian Spaniels require checks to prevent ear infections . The breed does have an inclination to gain weight easily , which can be prevented by controlling food intake . The Russian Spaniel can be prone to food allergies , which are usually identified at between 1 and 5 months of age with the most common allergens being chicken and carrots . There are no other breed specific health issues currently known . Temperament It is an energetic , free spirited breed . Even though it is a gundog , it is also kept as a companion dog because of its easy going nature and devotion to the cause . It is a cheerful , active dog and is always ready to play , responding to any form of attention with a happily wagging tail . Russian Spaniels are trainable , can make a good watchdog , and are amiable with children . History The Russian Spaniel is the youngest of the Russian gundogs . It originated mostly from English Cocker Spaniels and English Springer Spaniels . Breeds known as Russian Spaniels have been mentioned as early as 1891 in New Zealand . The first recorded spaniel in Russia was a black Cocker Spaniel owned by hunting enthusiast Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich towards the end of the 19th century . Because of its noble connections , spaniels of various breeds were imported to St. Petersburg and Moscow . Some were used for hunting , but the smaller spaniels were not of much use in Russian bird hunting due to the weather and terrain conditions . It was at the beginning of the 20th century that selective breeding began for longer legged spaniels specifically importing Springer Spaniels to create a rather mixed Russian Spaniel . By the late 1930s there were a variety of spaniels in Moscow , Leningrad and Sverdlovsk that did not fit any specific spaniel breed standard , but were not yet standardised into the modern Russian Spaniel . unk breeding after World War II led to the original Russian Spaniel standard in 1951 . Further revised standards were issued in 1966 and 2000 . The popularity of the breed in Russia increased after the early 1990s , with Moscow dog shows since that time annually including between 120 and 131 Russian Spaniels , which qualifies the breed as one of the most popular , along with the Irish Setter . In 2002 , the Russian Spaniel Club was set up in the United States to increase the knowledge of the breed outside Russia and to enable owners to register their dogs . International recognition Although not recognised by any major kennel clubs , the Russian Spaniel is recognised by the Continental Kennel Club , Federation of International unk , North American Kennel Club , and Universal Kennel Club International . For recognition by The Kennel Club a breed is required to apply with names and addresses of UK owners importers , number of dogs bred in the UK , copies of the pedigrees of UK dogs at least three generations , it must be recognised in its country of origin and statistics on registration figures in that country , statistics on entries in shows in that country and at international level , any inherited health conditions , when the breed registry was closed , the standard from the country of origin and a brief history and details of any working activities . In order to become recognised fully by the American Kennel Club , they must first compete in a Miscellaneous Class . The requirements to compete in that class are to demonstrate a following by having a minimum of 100 active members in a national breed club , a population of 300 to 400 dogs , with third generation pedigrees and for all dogs in those pedigrees to be of the same breed , a distribution across twenty or more states , and the breed standard must be reviewed and approved by the AKC . Currently there are five dogs in the AKC 's Miscellaneous Class which are Dogue de Bordeaux , Redbone Coonhound , Irish Red and White Setter , Norwegian unk and Pyrenean Shepherd . Typical stays in that class are between one and three years , and the national club of the breed must have held seminars , shows and judges workshops prior to being fully recognised .
3,867	The Battle of Beaufort , also known as the Battle of Port Royal Island , was fought on February 3 , 1779 , near Beaufort , South Carolina , during the American Revolutionary War . The inconsequential battle took place not long after British forces consolidated control around Savannah , Georgia , which they had captured in December 1778 . Brigadier General Augustine Prevost sent 200 British regulars to seize Port Royal Island at the mouth of the Broad River in South Carolina in late January 1779 . Major General Benjamin Lincoln , the American commander in the south , sent South Carolina Brigadier General William Moultrie from Purrysburg , South Carolina with a mixed force composed mainly of militia , but with a few Continental Army men , to meet the British advance . The battle was inconclusive , but the British withdrew first and suffered heavier casualties than the Americans . Background The British began their southern strategy by sending expeditions from New York City and Saint Augustine , East Florida to capture Savannah , Georgia late in 1778 . The New York expedition , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell , arrived first , and successfully captured the town on December 29 , 1778 . Remnants of Savannah 's defenders combined with South Carolina militia under Major General Benjamin Lincoln at an encampment at Purrysburg , South Carolina to oppose the British . When Brigadier General Augustine Prevost arrived from Saint Augustine in mid January 1779 , he assumed command of the garrison there , and on the 22nd sent a force under Campbell to take control of Augusta and raise Loyalist militia companies . Prevost decided thereafter to send a force to occupy Port Royal Island just up the coast in South Carolina , where he had been led to believe that Loyalist sentiment was strong . On January 29 the HMS Vigilant , an unseaworthy ship of the line that had been converted to a floating battery , was towed by Royal Navy crews in longboats through the channel separating Hilton Head Island from the mainland . She was accompanied by a flotilla of smaller ships that carried 200 infantry from the 16th and 60th Regiments under Major William Gardner , who had orders to take control of Beaufort , the island 's main settlement . The only major defense establishment on Port Royal Island was Fort Lyttelton , which was garrisoned by a company of Continental Army troops under Captain John unk . When he learned that a comparatively large British force was moving in his direction , he spiked the fort 's cannons and blew up its main bastion in order to deny their use to the superior force . When General Lincoln learned that communications with Port Royal Island had been cut off by the British advance , he sent South Carolina Brigadier General William Moultrie , who had distinguished himself in the 1776 Battle of Sullivan 's Island , and 300 men to counter the move . Moultrie 's force was composed mostly of South Carolina militia from the Beaufort area , but it was accompanied by a few Continental Army regulars , and two companies of artillery from Charleston , which were headed by former Congressmen Edward Rutledge and Thomas Heyward , Jr . This force arrived at the main Port Royal ferry on the 31st , not long after unk had finished destroying the fort . They crossed over to the island on February 1 and occupied Beaufort . Battle Gardner 's men landed on Port Royal Island at the plantation of Andrew Deveaux ( present day Laurel Bay ) , a Loyalist who may have guided them , on February 2 . Gardner sent a detachment to secure the island side of the ferry . These men retreated when they encountered Patriot troops , and Gardner began to move his main force toward Beaufort to face the Americans . Early on February 3 General Moultrie was alerted to the British presence , and moved his forces out of town . The two forces met near the highest ground on Port Royal Island , a rise called Gray 's Hill that was about 3 miles ( 4 . 8 km ) south of the ferry and in the middle of the island . Gardner lined his men up at the edge of some woods near the top of the hill and advanced with bayonets fixed . The Americans approached and lined up in an open field outside musket range . General Moultrie positioned two six pound field cannons in the center of his line , with a smaller two pounder on the right . The Americans then advanced on the British , Moultrie observing that the action was reversed from the usual way of fighting between British and Americans they taking the bushes and we taking the open ground . The Americans opened fire first with the artillery , and then with musket volleys . The battle continued for about 45 minutes , at which point the Americans were running low on ammunition . Moultrie had begun a withdrawal when the British were also observed to retreat , leaving the field to the Americans . A company of light horse militia chased after the British , very nearly cutting them off from their boats . They successfully captured 26 men , but were unable to hold all of them due to their small numbers . Aftermath In addition to the prisoners taken ( sources cite either seven or twelve were retained ) , the British reportedly suffered 40 killed or wounded , although deserters reported that nearly half of Gardner 's men had been hit by American fire . The Americans , in contrast , suffered only 8 killed and 22 wounded . Gardner was criticized by Prevost for the mauling his detachment received because he strayed too far from his boats . It was not Gardner 's fault , however , that he had no Loyalist support . The victory of a largely militia force over British regulars was a boost to the Americans ' morale . However , severe losses incurred in early March at Brier Creek delayed American plans to move against Prevost 's forces in Georgia . When Lincoln began moving troops toward Augusta in April , Prevost moved in force toward Charleston , but was able to do little more than briefly blockade the city before retreating back to Savannah . Port Royal Island was again occupied by the British during this campaign . The battle is commemorated by a highway marker on U. S. Route 21 near the battle site . Fort Lyttelton 's remains are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
3,868	The Mummy is a 1911 American silent short film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film details the story of Jack Thornton , a businessman , who is in love with Professor Dix 's daughter . Jack purchases a mummy and plans to win his respect as an Egyptologist , but the mummy is reanimated in Jack 's room by a live electrical wire . The mummy takes immediate interest in Jack , but is rejected and unk him . Before Professor Dix can cut up the now mummified Jack , she returns and saves him . Jack explains everything and the film concludes with Professor Dix marrying the mummy . The production was one of several films of the same name produced in 1911 and was met with favorable reviews . The film is presumed to be lost . Plot The original synopsis of the film was published in the Moving Picture World as follows Professor Dix has won fame as a scientist and has collected many objects of Egyptian ware , centuries old , that arouse the enthusiasm of his associates . Even Jack Thornton , an active , go ahead young businessman , is interested in the professor 's home , but although he tries to pretend it is Egyptology which interests him , the professor 's fair young daughter is really the lodestone . Jack decides to win the old man 's respect by posing as an Egyptologist himself . To start his collection , he purchases a mummy at an auction sale , and takes it home expecting that later he can make a great hit with his sweetheart 's father , by presenting it to him as a gift . While the mummy is in Jack 's room , a live electric wire is by accident brought in contact with it . The body has been so perfectly mummified , that the electric current is all that is necessary to ignite the vital spark , and Jack is amazed to see dancing forth from the case which he thought contained only unattractive rags and bones , a beautiful Egyptian princess . As soon as she is released , the mummy makes violent love to Jack , and causes his sweetheart to quarrel with him ( for how can a plain businessman explain the presence in his room of a beautiful barbarian ) . When her love is spurned , the visitor from the distant past avenges herself by having Jack made into a mummy and placed in the case in her stead . Her heart relents , however , in time to save him from being ' cut up ' by the professor , who with the sharp knife , starts to investigate the contents of the mummy case . But all ends happily when Jack 's plain statements of the seemingly impossible facts are proved true by the professor . Jack is reunited to his sweetheart , and the professor , being a widower , also an ardent admirer of everything antique , leads the recreated Egyptian lady to the altar , in spite of the fact that there is a difference of several thousand years in their ages . Cast William Garwood as Jack Harry Benham likely as Professor Dix Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . According to Bowers the cast credits are unknown , but many Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . Though a production still shows William Russell in the film . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . The film was given the production code number 191 and had a code word of Mum . A catalog listed the film 's length at 995 feet . The film 's expected run time was fifteen minutes and was billed by the Thanhouser Company as having many novelties and being of a comedic nature . It was released on March 7 , 1911 and listed as a drama by the Moving Picture World . It was distributed by the Motion Picture Distributing and Sales Company . The production came during a time of renewed interest in Egyptology in which Path and Urban Films would release their own films titled The Mummy . This would be followed by Essanay Studios in 1912 with the release of When Soul Meets Soul and Gaumont Film Company 's The Vengeance of Egypt . The film had a unique special effect in which the bodies of the cast dissolve and take an aerial flight to Egypt at the end of the film . Reception The film has had known viewings across several states , including Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , and Kansas . An advertisement for the Lyric Theater in Indiana noted the film 's debut , but unambiguously included notes for Miss Hawthorne and Dot Washburn on the bill . Both Miss Hawthorne and Dot Washburn were not credited in the film in any source and were likely other acts in part of the theater 's bill for March 7 , 1911 . A review in the Moving Picture World confirmed that the novelty of a mummy walking out of a case as an Egyptian Princess is sufficiently unusual to create interest , and this interest is increased when , after the young man has spurned her love , she forces him into the case and he becomes a mummy . Another review more generically reflected on the production as being exceptionally good as to photography , acting , staging alongside other productions . Three other reviews in the The Billboard , The New York Dramatic Mirror and The Morning Telegraph were all positive with emphasis on the special effects . Pantelis unk and Maria Wyke 's book The Ancient World in Silent Cinema provides additional nuance in noting the film 's erotic underpinnings in which the past is bridged to the present through marriage to the re animated Egyptian princess . The film has erroneously been claimed to be the earliest Mummy themed film , but The Monster Book notes films including Robbing Cleopatra 's Tomb from 1899 and La unk du roi in 1909 as earlier examples . The film is presumed to be lost .
3,869	Braathens Helikopter A S was a Norwegian helicopter airline based at Stavanger Airport , Sola , and Bergen Airport , Flesland . It used a fleet of seven Arospatiale Super Pumas to serve offshore oil platforms in the North Sea . The customers were Phillips Petroleum , Norsk Hydro , Statoil , Amoco and British Petroleum , serving their oil fields Ekofisk , Oseberg , Gullfaks , Veslefrikk , Valhall , Ula and Gyda . Braathens Helikopter operated from 1989 to 1993 , after which it was sold to and merged with the main competitor , Helikopter Service . Braathens Helikopter was owned by Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi and was a sister company of the airline Braathens SAFE . Operations Braathens Helikopter was a pure helicopter airline , with a main base at Stavanger Airport , Sola and a secondary base at Bergen Airport , Flesland . It operated seven Arospatiale Super Puma helicopters , each with nineteen seats . They were used exclusively on long term contracts with oil companies to ship crews to their oil platforms in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea . The company employed at the most 120 people , was owned by Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi , and was a sister company of Braathens SAFE . The airline served seven oil fields Ekofisk , Gullfaks , Gyda , Oseberg , Ula , Valhall , Veslefrikk . These were on contract with Amoco , British Petroleum , Norsk Hydro , Phillips Petroleum and Statoil . The company had a 30 market share before it was sold . History Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi 's first attempt at entering the helicopter market was in 1982 , when it applied for a concession from the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications to operate offshore helicopters , which it was awarded in 1983 . As a protest , the incumbent Helikopter Service applied for the airline routes that Braathens SAFE operated from Stavanger , but this application was rejected . The airline was not founded until 1 September 1989 , after Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi , the owner of Braathens SAFE , made an agreement with the oil companies Phillips Petroleum , Norsk Hydro and Statoil . The agreement involved flights to the platforms Ekofisk , Oseberg , Gullfaks og Veslefrikk . Prior to this , Helikopter Service had held a monopoly on flights for the oil companies to their offshore installations . The oil companies wanted to establish a competitor to Helikopter Service to press down prices . The initial agreement gave a revenue of NOK 800 million and gave the new company a 20 market share . Four 19 seat Arospatiale Super Puma helicopters were ordered , each costing NOK 60 million . Total investment costs were NOK 300 million . Two helicopters were stationed at Stavanger Airport , Sola , and two at Bergen Airport , Flesland . Bjarne unk was appointed managing director . The first helicopter was delivered in May , with a new helicopter being delivered each month . They were named unk , unk , Havrn and unk . Owner Bjrn G. Braathen stated that his goal was that the airline would reach a 50 market share . In 1990 , another challenger , unk , had also established themselves in the market . For the start of operations , Braathens Helikopter hired 22 pilots , most of them previously working for the Royal Norwegian Air Force . The company had 70 employees in total . Services started on 1 September 1990 , where the initial contract involved flying 10 , 000 passengers per year . In January 1991 , the company placed an order and an option for the Super Puma . In June , Braathens Helikopter signed a three year agreement , with an option for a two year extension , with Amoco for flights from Stavanger to Valhall . The revenue was between NOK 100 and 200 million , depending on the length of the contract and the capacity needed . Operations started in February 1992 , and involved the company purchasing the Super Puma they had an option for . On 10 September , Braathens Helikopter was awarded the contract with British Petroleum for flights from Stavanger to Ula and Gyda . The contract gave a revenue of up to NOK 300 million in the course five years . Operations started on 1 November 1992 , and involved about 2 , 000 hours of flying per year . With this contract , Braathens Helikopter had about a 30 market share . As a consequence of the contract , Braathens purchased another Super Puma . After operations started , the company had grown to 120 employees and was the second largest helicopter operator in the country . The company made a profit of NOK 14 million in 1991 , NOK 11 million in 1992 and NOK 23 million in the seven first months of 1993 . In 1993 , Norway decided to allow any airline from the European Economic Area to operate helicopter services in Norway from 1995 . This meant that companies like Bristow Group , KLM and Maersk Air could start operation in Norway . This would be coordinated through common technical rules for helicopters through the Joint Aviation Authorities . Braathens Helikopter and Helikopter Service announced on 1 October 1993 that the two companies would merge from 1 January 1994 . Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi would be paid NOK 225 million in Helikopter Service shares . The Norwegian Competition Authority stated they would have to look at the merger , since the new company would have a near monopoly on offshore flights . However , the Ministry of Transport and Communications stated that the authority could not hinder the merger , because by the time new contracts were awarded in 1995 , helicopter operators from foreign countries would also be allowed to bid . The ownership of Braathens Helikopter was transferred to Helikopter Service on 14 December . Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi received 14 of the shares in the merged company . They were immediately sold , giving Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi a NOK 170 million profit on the five year venture . Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi needed the capital to participate in an initial public offering of Braathens . Most of the management of Braathens Helikopter was hired at the newly established competitor United Helicopter , a joint venture between Bristow Helicopters , Leif unk Co and Andreas unk unk . Destinations The following is a list of Braathens unk 's destinations . It includes the name of the location or platform , the aerodrome 's ICAO and IATA codes and name .
3,870	Psilocybe hispanica is a species of fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae . It produces small brown mushrooms with conical to convex caps up to 10 mm ( 0 . 4 in ) in diameter and stems 16 to 25 mm ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 0 in ) long by 0 . 5 to 1 mm ( 0 . 02 to 0 . 04 in ) thick . Reported as new to science in 2000 , it is only known from the Pyrenees mountain range in northern Spain and southwestern France , where it grows on horse dung in grass fields at elevations of 1 , 700 to 2 , 300 m ( 5 , 600 to 7 , 500 ft ) . The mushroom contains the psychoactive compound psilocybin . The possible depiction of this species in the 6 , 000 year old Selva Pascuala rock art suggests that it might have been used in ancient religious rituals the oldest evidence of such usage in prehistoric Europe . Taxonomy The species was described by Mexican mycologist Gastn Guzmn in a 2000 publication , based on specimens collected by Ignacio unk unk near Huesca in northern Spain in 1995 . Psilocybe hispanica is classified in the section unk of the genus Psilocybe because of its thick walled spores and fruit body that bruises blue with handling . The specific epithet hispanica is Latin for Spanish . Description The cap ranges in shape from somewhat conical to convex , and reaches diameters of 5 to 10 millimetres ( 0 . 2 to 0 . 4 in ) . Its surface is smooth , somewhat sticky to dry , and brown to brownish yellow . The gills are somewhat adnate , and brown violaceous with whitish edges . The stem is 16 to 25 mm ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 0 in ) long by 0 . 5 to 1 mm ( 0 . 02 to 0 . 04 in ) thick , cylindrical , and slightly bulbous at the base . It is whitish yellow , with vinaceous or blue green to blackish tones towards the base . Mature specimens do not have a veil on the stem . The flesh is whitish , but like most psilocybin containing species , stains blue when injured . The spores are ellipsoid and measure 12 14 . 5 by 6 . 5 8 m . They have a brownish yellow wall greater than 1 m thick and a broad apical germ pore with an acute hilar appendix at the base ( a region where the spore was once attached to the sterigma ) . The basidia ( spore bearing cells in the hymenium ) are four spored , hyaline ( translucent ) , and measure 32 44 by 8 12 m . The cap cuticle is made of a layer 130 150 m thick , with hyaline , thin walled gelatinized hyphae measuring 1 . 5 4 m broad . The hypodermium ( the tissue layer directly under the pileipellis ) is made of thin walled , hyaline hyphae , 2 . 5 8 m broad , with a brownish unk pigment . Clamp connections are present in the hyphae . Similar species Psilocybe semilanceata is roughly similar in appearance to P. hispanica , but may distinguished by its mycenoid ( Mycena like ) appearance and acute umbonate cap . Although the grassland habitat of the two species is similar , P. semilanceata does not grow directly on dung rather , it is a saprobic species that grows on decaying grass roots . P. unk also resembles P. hispanica , but it also has a mycenoid appearance and has a ring on the stem . In terms of microscopic characteristics , P. unk has larger cheilocystidia that measure 20 32 by 4 8 m . P. hispanica differs from P. liniformans var. liniformans in that it lacks a gelatinous gill edge . P. liniformans var. americana has larger cheilocystidia , measuring 22 33 by 5 . 5 9 m , and it is known to grow only on soil around herbs , in the Northwest and Northeast USA and Chile . unk unk ( formerly known as Psilocybe unk ) is a small brownish mushroom that also grows on dung , but it does not contain psilocybin and does not have a bluing stem . Habitat and distribution Psilocybe hispanica is a coprophilous fungus ( dung loving ) , and produces fruit bodies that grow solitarily or in dense groups on horse dung sometimes more than 25 fruit bodies can arise from the same dung . In Guzmn 's original report , they were found in a Pyrenean meadow in Aragon , at an elevation of 2 , 300 metres ( 7 , 500 ft ) . In 2003 , the species was reported from unk de Tena , a small village in the Pyrenees it was also reported to have penetrated the French part of the Pyrenees . Within its restricted range , the mushroom is very common at altitudes of 1 , 700 to 2 , 300 m ( 5 , 600 to 7 , 500 ft ) . Uses The mushroom is consumed recreationally by Spanish youths for its mind altering effects other mushrooms used recreationally in Spain include P. semilanceata and P. unk . Guzmn and Castro report that a 17th century medallion found in Tena Valley in the southern Pyrenees had images of a devil and mushrooms carved on it . The mushrooms possibly either P. semilanceata or P. hispanica , according to Guzmn and Castro were used in witchcraft , a common practice in the valley during the Middle Ages . It has been argued that prehistoric rock art at a site known as Selva Pascuala near the Spanish town of Villar del Humo offers evidence that P. hispanica was used in religious rituals 6 , 000 years ago . The rock shelter at Selva Pascuala was discovered in the early 20th century in the early 21st century it was noticed that objects in one of the murals , which previously had been described as mushrooms , matched the general morphology of P. hispanica the mural depicts a row of 13 mushroom like objects with convex to conical caps , and ringless stems that vary from straight to sinuous ( wavy ) . Additionally , the mural shows a bull , which suggests an association with the unk P. hispanica . Although the hallucinogenic species P. semilanceata is also widespread in the area where the mural was found , its differing shape ( narrowly conical and acutely papillate ) and its habitat on soil instead of dung suggests it is not the species represented in the mural . If the interpretation is correct , the mural represents the oldest evidence of psychedelic fungi use in Europe , and the third reported instance of rock art suggesting prehistoric usage of neurotropic fungi . The only older example is from Tassili n 'Ajjer , in the Sahara desert in southeast Algeria . In 1992 , the Italian ethnobotanist Giorgio unk reported finding a painted mural dated 7000 to 9000 BCE portraying mushrooms , later tentatively identified as Psilocybe unk , a species known from Algeria and Morocco .
3,871	The unk Somerset ( Chinese unk pinyin unk unk dsh ) is a high rise commercial building and shopping mall on Somerset Road in Orchard , Singapore . The building was first known as Public Utilities Board Building ( PUB Building ) until 1995 , and was later known as Singapore Power Building until 2008 when acquired by YTL Corporation Pacific Star . It currently houses the corporate headquarters of Singapore Power . The Embassy of Sweden is located on the 5th floor of the building . History The PUB Building , located near Singapore 's main shopping belt of Orchard Road , was built to accommodate several departments of the Public Utilities Board which had outgrown its office space in City Hall . The building was the result of an architectural design competition . In July 1971 , a contest to design PUB 's corporate headquarters was launched . Of 23 submissions , four were picked by a jury headed by then PUB chairman Lim Kim San . The proposal by the now defunct Singapore architectural firm Group 2 Architects ( 1970 1978 ) , formed by Ong Chin Bee and Tan unk Huat , won . Built to a height of 100 metres ( 328 ft ) , the PUB Building was completed in 1977 construction cost S 32 million . It was renamed as the Singapore Power Building , after PUB 's electricity and gas operations were unk to Singapore Power on 1 October 1995 . The Singapore Power Building was renovated in 2006 , when Singapore Power chose not to redevelop its corporate headquarters . Instead , it opted to refurbish and reclad the building in silvery metal . On 29 January 2007 , PUB moved out of the building to join its parent ministry , Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources , at the Environment Building on Scotts Road . When YTL Pacific Star acquired the building in February 2008 , it was renamed to its present name . The new owner undertook a S 50 million renovation and added more retail space to the building by converting offices , a cafeteria , empty spaces in the lobby areas as well as the carpark and the auditorium . It now has 500 , 000 square feet ( 46 , 000 m2 ) of offices , 60 , 000 square feet ( 5 , 600 m2 ) of retail space and a 5 , 000 square feet ( 460 m2 ) outdoor refreshment area . The complex now houses a unk Finest supermarket when the retail area opened in January 2010 . Architecture Design concept In the 1971 design competition for the PUB Building , the other three finalists proposed high rise structures to project a corporate image . However , Group 2 Architect 's winning design , in the jury 's words , allowed natural form and function to achieve character and dignity for the building . The 17 storey high PUB building shows the influence of Gerhard M. unk 's 1962 Boston City Hall , also a competition winner , which was , in turn , influenced by Le Corbusier 's Sainte Marie de La Tourette ( 1957 1960 ) by . The development of the form of the PUB Building was mannerist , however , in contrast to the inherent logic evident in La Tourette , and to some degree in in the City Hall . Situated between Somerset Road and Devonshire Road , Group 2 Architects designed the PUB Building as an H shaped block with a central service core and a naturally ventilated lobby . Facing north and south , the two parallel wings are of unequal height , and are linked by a wider transverse area three floors in height , and further up by the lift shaft and the access to each floor . Between the two wings is a landscaped courtyard . Horizontal emphasis The architects sought to create an approachable building that reflected the role of the PUB as a public supplier of gas and electricity , and this led them to choose strong horizontal elements for the design . In the building 's faade , this is achieved with distinctive rows of vertical fins , staggered so as to emphasise horizontal movement these fins also provide shade . A secondary horizontal pattern results from grouping two or more rows of these fins in blocks . The Singapore Power Building 's defining architectural motif is its inverted ziggurat faade . The building tapers from cantilevered upper floors to recessed lower floors , and the resulting overhangs help to shade the lower levels , a logical response to the tropical climate . The tropical setting also led to the provision of a generous shaded concourse at ground level . It was the combination of design features intended to reflect the climate , together with an objective of making the floor areas congruent with the size of the administrative elements of the utility that occupied them , that resulted in the building 's distinctive structural profile . Internally , the building was organised to reflect the distribution of office spaces required by PUB 's departments at the time , with more space needed on the upper floors . The chamfered parapets at the ends soften the corners of the building . The length of the building is emphasised and the design elements are visually integrated by vertical projections housing staircases . The staggered faade provides views to the exterior , while offering voids in between that afford breathing space . The ground floor of the building was dedicated to public access and use . It is entered via wide steps under columns that are three or four storeys high , and these pilotis create a sense of space for the naturally ventilated public lobby areas . From the concourse , which is decorated with wall relief sculptures , steps lead to upper and lower public service areas , a cafeteria and carparks . The original design of the Singapore Power Building was executed virtually without later alteration although it would later be surrounded by hotels , the Somerset MRT Station and shopping complexes . Structural framework The structural framework of the building utilises a simple system of reinforced concrete beams and slabs , and was originally clad in square mosaic and rectangular ceramic tiles on its walls and columns . The building 's foundation comprises large diameter bored piles installed in decomposed sandstone . Beams span an average 7 . 6 metres except at the main entrance where post tensioned concrete beams span 15 metres . The auditorium is roofed over by 24 metre long steel trusses with a composite reinforced concrete covering .
3,872	Panggilan Darah ( Indonesian for Call of Blood ) is a 1941 film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) written and directed by Sutan Usman Karim and produced by Tjho Seng Han for Oriental Film . The black and white film starred Dhalia and Soerip as orphaned sisters trying to make a living in the colonial capital of Batavia ( now Jakarta ) before moving to Kudus to work at a clove cigarette factory . Shot on location at an orphanage and two factories in central Java , Panggilan Darah was a modest commercial success in the Indies and Singapore . Its soundtrack , which featured nine kroncong songs , received popular acclaim , and the film 's acting received critical praise . Despite this success , Oriental was unable to recoup its expenses , and merged into Multi Film soon afterwards . Panggilan Darah , which was screened as late as 1952 , may now be lost . Plot Orphaned sisters Dhalia and Soerip ( themselves ) leave their village in an attempt to make a living in the colonial capital of Batavia ( now Jakarta ) . After a long period of misery , they are accepted as housemaids at the home of Hajji Iskak ( Mochtar Widjaja ) . Although initially elated , they find that Iskak 's wife ( Wolly Sutinah ) is a cruel mistress who often beats them . Meanwhile , Iskak 's would be son in law is constantly flirting with Dhalia , much to his fiance 's dismay . The sisters decide to run away from Iskak 's home . They make their way to Kudus and find work at the Nitisemito clove cigarette factory with the help of their friend ( S. Poniman ) . Not long after their escape , Iskak receives a guest who reveals that the two were his nieces . This revelation spurs Iskak to take out advertisements in newspapers , looking for the young women and asking them to return to Batavia . Iskak 's search has little success until the sisters receive news that he is looking for them , and they quickly return to Batavia . There , the sisters are greeted with open arms . Iskak 's wife regrets her earlier treatment of the girls and repents , treating them splendidly and supporting Dhalia 's plans to open an orphanage . Production Panggilan Darah was the directorial debut of Sutan Usman Karim , commonly known as Suska , a journalist and former member of the touring theatrical group Bolero under Andjar Asmara . With Panggilan Darah , which he also wrote , Suska became one of several reporters who entered the film industry in the 1940s . He directed the film for the Batavia based film company Oriental , run by the ethnic Chinese producer Tjho Seng Han . The production house had previously released three films , all directed by Njoo Cheong Seng , but after Njoo departed for Fred Young 's Majestic , Oriental had required a new director . The film was shot in black and white by the Indo cameraman J. J. W. Steffens , with editing handled by Soemardjan . Scenes were shot at an orphanage for Muslims owned by S. Z. unk ( who played herself in the film ) , as well as at the Nitisemito cigarette factory in Kudus and at a batik factory in Pekalongan owned by Tan unk Lin . Writing in 2009 , the Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran suggested that the film may have been partly sponsored by Nitisemito one of the largest cigarette factories in the Indies in the 1940s based on the factory 's prominence in the plot . Dhalia , Soerip , and S. Poniman , already known for their singing prowess , starred in Panggilan Darah , which featured nine kroncong songs . Additional roles were taken by Wolly Sutinah and Mochtar Widjaja . The film marked Sutinah 's debut for the company the other cast members had previous screen credits with Oriental . Release and reception Panggilan Darah debuted at the Orion Theatre in Batavia on 30 June 1941 . It was reported as a modest success , making most of its money from lower class audiences . It was screened in Surabaya , East Java , by August , and by September it had been shown in Singapore , then part of British Malaya . A novelisation by Roestam Sutan Palindih was published by the Yogyakarta based Kolff Buning Publishers that year . Reviews of Panggilan Darah were mixed to positive . The journalist unk , writing in the entertainment magazine Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film , was pleased with the film 's depiction of the Islamic mandate to take care of orphans . An anonymous review in the Surabaya based daily Soerabaijasch Handelsblad found the film something special and praised Soerip 's spontaneity in her role . Biran wrote that lower class audiences enjoyed the film 's music , while the intelligentsia scoffed at the idea that a factory supervisor would bring a guitar to work . He found the plot illogical , asking why the sisters would not have worked in their own home village and how the destitute sisters could have made the journey from Batavia to Kudus , over 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) away . Legacy Unable to recoup its expenses , Oriental later merged into the Dutch owned Multi Film and ceased producing works of fiction . Suska left the company and joined The Teng Chun 's Java Industrial Film , for which he directed Ratna Moetoe Manikam . Most of the cast remained active in cinema for the remainder of their lives . Both Dhalia and Soerip remained in the film industry for the next fifty years they acted in their last feature films , Pendekar Jagad Kelana ( Warrior of Jagad Kelana ) and unk Cinta unk ( Since Love was Created ) respectively , in 1990 . Poniman and Sutinah would remain active in the industry until 1975 and 1986 . Only Widjaja is not recorded as performing in any more films . Panggilan Darah was screened as late as August 1952 , but may now be lost . Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film , and after a fire destroyed much of Produksi Film Negara 's warehouse in 1952 , old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed . The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost . However , J. B. Kristanto 's Katalog Film Indonesia ( Indonesian Film Catalogue ) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service . Explanatory notes
3,873	Panggilan Darah ( Indonesian for Call of Blood ) is a 1941 film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) written and directed by Sutan Usman Karim and produced by Tjho Seng Han for Oriental Film . The black and white film starred Dhalia and Soerip as orphaned sisters trying to make a living in the colonial capital of Batavia ( now Jakarta ) before moving to Kudus to work at a clove cigarette factory . Shot on location at an orphanage and two factories in central Java , Panggilan Darah was a modest commercial success in the Indies and Singapore . Its soundtrack , which featured nine kroncong songs , received popular acclaim , and the film 's acting received critical praise . Despite this success , Oriental was unable to recoup its expenses , and merged into Multi Film soon afterwards . Panggilan Darah , which was screened as late as 1952 , may now be lost . Plot Orphaned sisters Dhalia and Soerip ( themselves ) leave their village in an attempt to make a living in the colonial capital of Batavia ( now Jakarta ) . After a long period of misery , they are accepted as housemaids at the home of Hajji Iskak ( Mochtar Widjaja ) . Although initially elated , they find that Iskak 's wife ( Wolly Sutinah ) is a cruel mistress who often beats them . Meanwhile , Iskak 's would be son in law is constantly flirting with Dhalia , much to his fiance 's dismay . The sisters decide to run away from Iskak 's home . They make their way to Kudus and find work at the Nitisemito clove cigarette factory with the help of their friend ( S. Poniman ) . Not long after their escape , Iskak receives a guest who reveals that the two were his nieces . This revelation spurs Iskak to take out advertisements in newspapers , looking for the young women and asking them to return to Batavia . Iskak 's search has little success until the sisters receive news that he is looking for them , and they quickly return to Batavia . There , the sisters are greeted with open arms . Iskak 's wife regrets her earlier treatment of the girls and repents , treating them splendidly and supporting Dhalia 's plans to open an orphanage . Production Panggilan Darah was the directorial debut of Sutan Usman Karim , commonly known as Suska , a journalist and former member of the touring theatrical group Bolero under Andjar Asmara . With Panggilan Darah , which he also wrote , Suska became one of several reporters who entered the film industry in the 1940s . He directed the film for the Batavia based film company Oriental , run by the ethnic Chinese producer Tjho Seng Han . The production house had previously released three films , all directed by Njoo Cheong Seng , but after Njoo departed for Fred Young 's Majestic , Oriental had required a new director . The film was shot in black and white by the Indo cameraman J. J. W. Steffens , with editing handled by Soemardjan . Scenes were shot at an orphanage for Muslims owned by S. Z. unk ( who played herself in the film ) , as well as at the Nitisemito cigarette factory in Kudus and at a batik factory in Pekalongan owned by Tan unk Lin . Writing in 2009 , the Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran suggested that the film may have been partly sponsored by Nitisemito one of the largest cigarette factories in the Indies in the 1940s based on the factory 's prominence in the plot . Dhalia , Soerip , and S. Poniman , already known for their singing prowess , starred in Panggilan Darah , which featured nine kroncong songs . Additional roles were taken by Wolly Sutinah and Mochtar Widjaja . The film marked Sutinah 's debut for the company the other cast members had previous screen credits with Oriental . Release and reception Panggilan Darah debuted at the Orion Theatre in Batavia on 30 June 1941 . It was reported as a modest success , making most of its money from lower class audiences . It was screened in Surabaya , East Java , by August , and by September it had been shown in Singapore , then part of British Malaya . A novelisation by Roestam Sutan Palindih was published by the Yogyakarta based Kolff Buning Publishers that year . Reviews of Panggilan Darah were mixed to positive . The journalist unk , writing in the entertainment magazine Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film , was pleased with the film 's depiction of the Islamic mandate to take care of orphans . An anonymous review in the Surabaya based daily Soerabaijasch Handelsblad found the film something special and praised Soerip 's spontaneity in her role . Biran wrote that lower class audiences enjoyed the film 's music , while the intelligentsia scoffed at the idea that a factory supervisor would bring a guitar to work . He found the plot illogical , asking why the sisters would not have worked in their own home village and how the destitute sisters could have made the journey from Batavia to Kudus , over 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) away . Legacy Unable to recoup its expenses , Oriental later merged into the Dutch owned Multi Film and ceased producing works of fiction . Suska left the company and joined The Teng Chun 's Java Industrial Film , for which he directed Ratna Moetoe Manikam . Most of the cast remained active in cinema for the remainder of their lives . Both Dhalia and Soerip remained in the film industry for the next fifty years they acted in their last feature films , Pendekar Jagad Kelana ( Warrior of Jagad Kelana ) and unk Cinta unk ( Since Love was Created ) respectively , in 1990 . Poniman and Sutinah would remain active in the industry until 1975 and 1986 . Only Widjaja is not recorded as performing in any more films . Panggilan Darah was screened as late as August 1952 , but may now be lost . Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film , and after a fire destroyed much of Produksi Film Negara 's warehouse in 1952 , old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed . The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost . However , J. B. Kristanto 's Katalog Film Indonesia ( Indonesian Film Catalogue ) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service . Explanatory notes
3,874	Enlighten Canberra is an outdoor annual art and cultural festival held in Canberra , Australia featuring illuminating light installations and projections , performances from local and interstate musicians , dining and film events . The festival is an Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) Government initiative held annually in early March , encouraging people to See Canberra in a whole new light . The centrepiece of Enlighten Canberra is the illuminating of Canberra 's cultural institutions after dark , including Old Parliament House , Parliament House and the National Gallery of Australia ( since the 2011 event ) as well as the National Portrait Gallery and Questacon ( since the 2012 event ) . There is also live music , film screenings and after hours tours . Since its inception , Enlighten has become increasingly popular , attracting 115 , 000 visitors in 2013 and 131 , 500 in 2014 . Attendance rose again in 2015 , to 287 , 874 visitors . History of the event 2008 11 Lead up to the first Enlighten In 2008 ACT Labor made an election promise to deliver a new autumn event for Canberra , Australia this was the beginnings of Enlighten Canberra . In December 2010 , Andrew Barr , then Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) Minister for Tourism , Sport and Recreation , announced the ACT Government Enlighten would be a major annual event , commencing in March 2011 . He said national attractions that would participate with lit facades after dark included the National Gallery of Australia , Parliament House and Old Parliament House . unk events were also announced , including headline international acts in concert . 2011 The first Enlighten In its first year , along with other events , Enlighten hosted rock band INXS , jazz guitarist George Benson , and world music supergroup Afro Celt Sound System . To help promote Enlighten , INXS arrived in Canberra in a helicopter , landing on the lawns of Old Parliament House two weeks before their concert appearance . INXS band member Kirk unk told reporters that the show planned for Enlighten 2011 was probably the biggest production that we 've put on at any show in Australia . As part of the festival , cultural institutions in the Parliamentary triangle were illuminated after dark , including Old Parliament House , Parliament House and the National Gallery of Australia . Despite the big ticket performances and media stunts , the inaugural festival cost 2 . 4 million , and there was poor community interest , with just 8600 visitors . The first Enlighten did however attract 2400 visitors from interstate or overseas who came to Canberra specifically for Enlighten or extended their stay because of it . The slogan for Enlighten , announced in December 2010 , is See Canberra in a whole new light 2012 Enlighten made a part of the Canberra Festival In its second year , Enlighten was made a part of the Canberra Festival . The merging of the festivals was met with criticism from the Canberra branch of the Liberal Party of Australia , with Canberra Liberal Brendan Smyth describing the Labor Government 's attempt to create a new festival as embarrassing . The Enlighten entertainment lineup featured in the 2012 event was scaled back significantly from the 2011 event to instead feature local Canberra artists including Owen Campbell . Of the nearly 100 artists contracted to perform in the 2012 festival , 53 per cent were local artists , paid 11 . 5 per cent of the Enlighten programming budget that year . In 2012 Questacon and the National Portrait Gallery became canvasses for projection for the first time they had not been lit in the 2011 Enlighten festival . 2013 14 the unk joins Enlighten In 2013 , along with the large scale building illuminations featured in the previous two events , Enlighten hosted a unk for the first time . The tent put on dozens of shows featuring comics , acrobats and musicians . The festival also included Canberra 's first Dner en Blanc , a pop up picnic in which all guests dress in white and bring their own food , table , table setting and chair . More than 700 people attended the picnic , the third Dner en Blanc to be held in Australia . Dner en Blanc was repeated in 2014 , with over 800 people attending , but the dinner was not included as part of Enlighten 2015 . Film screenings and after hours tours were also offered , and American soul singer Charles Bradley performed as part of the 2014 festival . 2015 16 Enlighten debuts the Night Noodle Markets in Canberra In November 2014 , the ACT Government announced the Night Noodle Markets would be coming to Canberra during the Enlighten Festival in 2015 . The Night Noodle Markets feature Asian themed street food vendors . ACT Tourism Minister Andrew Barr told media that Canberra 's Night Noodle Markets were expected to host up to 25 hawker style food stalls , and that the ACT Government had committed 200 , 000 to bring the 2015 noodle markets to the city . Around 156 , 000 peoples visited the inaugural Enlighten Night Noodle Markets of whom 24 , 000 visited on the opening night , far exceeding expectations . In 2016 , alongside the Night Noodle Markets , Enlighten featured an installation by Amanda Parer of five illuminated white rabbits standing at 7 metres ( 23 ft ) . Parer described the rabbits as metaphors for the mismanagement of the environment . Free concerts held over the consecutive weekends featured indie rock Australian band Augie March and American alternative country musical group Calexico . Projections For its first six years , the large scale projections for Enlighten were coordinated by Electric Canvas . Electric Canvas 's managing director Peter Milne has also worked on the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games and the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games . Budget , attendance and visitor expenditure Since its inception , Enlighten has become increasingly popular , attracting 115 , 000 visitors in 2013 and 131 , 500 in 2014 . Attendance rose again in 2015 , to 287 , 874 visitors . Energy usage In 2012 , projections for Enlighten were predominantly powered using diesel generators and consumed unk litres of diesel , resulting in an estimated 7 . 0 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions .
3,875	The Unicorn ( French La Licorne ) is a fictional 17th century three masted armed Royal Navy vessel appearing in The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Herg . The ship plays a leading role in both The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham 's Treasure , published in 1943 and 1944 , respectively . The Unicorn also appears in the 2011 film adaptation The Adventures of Tintin The Secret of the Unicorn . In the Tintin adventures , the Unicorn is the setting of a battle between pirates and sailors followed by a duel between Sir Francis Haddock ( an ancestor of Captain Haddock ) and the pirate Red Rackham . The Unicorn is scuttled and sinks , only to be discovered years later by Tintin and his friends in an attempt to locate Red Rackham 's treasure . Creation The Unicorn was inspired by Le Brillant , built in 1690 at Le Havre , France by the shipwright unk and then decorated by the designer Jean unk the Elder . In 1942 , Herg had decided that his latest Tintin adventure , The Secret of the Unicorn ( 1943 ) , should depict images of his fictional Unicorn as detailed precision drawings . He used the services of his friend and local model ship maker Grard Liger Belair , son of a former naval officer and who owned a shop in Brussels that specialised in model ships , to find an appropriate historical vessel that he could customize to meet his historical needs . Liger Belair 's research produced three possibilities A British frigate , a Dutch merchant vessel , and a French battleship . As Herg preferred the battleship , Liger Belair continued to research and discovered a historic document titled Architectura unk , which contained detailed drawings of French battleships . One in particular was from 1690 , in the navy of Louis XIV of France a fourth rank battleship with 56 cannons Le Brillant . Liger Belair soon completed a plan on a 1 100 scale followed by an extremely precise model . Herg consulted the archives at the National Museum of Natural History and the then recently published L 'Art et le Mer ( Art and the Sea ) by Alexandre unk . He also studied other vessels from the period , such as the Le Soleil Royal , La Couronne , La Royale and Le Reale de France to better understand 17th century ship design . It was from the Le Reale de France that he gained a basis for his design of the Unicorn 's jolly boat . He adopted the fictional ship 's unicorn figurehead from a British frigate which had been built in 1745 . When Liger Belair 's model was complete , Herg realised it into the panels of his comics , regularly showing his renditions to Liger Belair to ensure he was depicting the vessel with no technical errors . In its finished appearance in the book , the Unicorn is a ship of the third rank , a vessel with three masts and 50 guns , more than 40 metres long and 11 metres wide . After publication of The Secret of the Unicorn , Herg 's Dutch publisher Carlsen Verlag gave him an antique model of a 17th century Danish ship called the unk ( Unicorn ) . Until that moment , Herg had no idea that a ship with that name , complete with unicorn figurehead , had ever actually existed . In The Adventures of Tintin Fictional history The Secret of the Unicorn is partially set in 1676 . In the English translation , the Unicorn sails under the Union Jack during the reign of Charles II of England and is commanded by Sir Francis Haddock , an ancestor of Captain Haddock . In Herg 's original French version , however , la Licorne flies the French flag for the French Navy under King Louis XIV and is commanded by Chevalier Franois de unk . No ship named the Unicorn was listed in the annals of either the Royal Navy or the French Navy . Red Rackham 's Treasure ( 1944 ) tells of the adventure Tintin and his friends undertake to recover the lost treasure of the pirate Red Rackham , believed by Tintin to be aboard the shipwrecked Unicorn . Sir Francis had built three models of the Unicorn and had hidden a treasure map inside each one . The adventure , told across both books , leads Tintin to the Unicorn and to the lost treasure . A 2011 feature film adaptation of both Tintin books retells the story of the Unicorn . The Adventures of Tintin The Secret of the Unicorn directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Peter Jackson was released October December 2011 . Plot role While sailing in the West Indies in 1676 , the Unicorn , commanded by Sir Francis Haddock , is seized and captured by a group of pirates led by Red Rackham . The pirates hoist a red pennant no life would be spared . During the battle , Sir Francis is hit and loses consciousness . Later , the members of the Unicorn crew still alive are killed or thrown overboard . Sir Francis regains consciousness , finding himself tied to the mainmast . The pirate ship is damaged and sinking , so Red Rackham moves his treasure on board the Unicorn . The ship then sails to an uninhabited island . When anchored near the shore of the island , Sir Francis manages to free himself and goes below deck to the Unicorn 's gunpowder stores . Whilst there , he encounters Rackham for the final time , killing him in a sword fight . Before escaping in the ship 's jolly boat , he is able to set fire to the gunpowder by means of a slow burning fuse , causing the Unicorn ( with Rackham 's drunken crew and presumably Red Rackham 's treasure still aboard ) to explode and sink . In the present day , Tintin , his dog Snowy , and his friends Captain Haddock and Professor Calculus follow coordinates that Sir Francis had left his three sons in a strange riddle hidden in three model ships of the Unicorn . Reaching the coordinates , they discover the island and , upon diving , they find the wreck of the Unicorn . Although they recover various artefacts from it , they do not find the treasure . Back in Belgium , Tintin realises that Sir Francis ' message referred , not to the location of the Unicorn , but to a globe mounted on a statue in Sir Francis ' former country home . Understanding now that Francis would never have left the treasure but would have taken it with him to his home , Tintin locates the coordinates to the treasure on the globe , presses a secret button he finds there , and discovers Red Rackham 's treasure hidden inside .
3,876	George W. Shafer sometimes spelled Shaffer or Schaefer ( October 1851 January 21 , 1922 ) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball . Nicknamed Orator , because he was an avid speaker , Shafer played for 10 teams in four different major leagues between 1874 and 1890 . Though he was a good hitter who batted over .300 three times , Shafer was best known for his defensive abilities . He led the National League 's outfielders in assists four times . In 1879 , he set an MLB single season record with 50 outfield assists , which is a mark that has stood for over 130 years . He was considered by some to be the greatest right fielder of his era . Shafer was 5 feet 9 inches ( 1 . 75 m ) tall and weighed 165 pounds ( 75 kg ) . Background Shafer was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in 1851 . He was a promising young Philadelphia amateur before starting his professional baseball career in 1874 in the National Association . That year , he played in nine games for the Hartford Dark Blues and in one game for the New York Mutuals , with a cumulative batting average of .225 . His fielding percentage was a career low unk . The following season , he played 19 games for the Philadelphia Whites and batted .243 . Shafer was known during his playing career by the nickname Orator . According to Alfred Henry Spink , founder of The Sporting News , he received the nickname because he was a great stickler for his rights and talked to himself when not talking to the Umpire . Another player of the era , future Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Orator Jim O 'Rourke , shared the same nickname . Major league regular Shafer joined the National League 's Louisville Grays in 1877 . He earned a job as the team 's starting right fielder , and he led the league in games played ( 61 ) , outfield assists ( 21 ) , and outfield errors ( 28 ) . He also batted .285 and had the second most home runs in the league with three . ( Lip Pike had four homers . ) In 1878 , Shafer had one of his best seasons at the plate for the Indianapolis Blues . He batted .338 to finish sixth in the batting race and also ranked among the league leaders in on base percentage ( third ) , slugging percentage ( third ) , and total bases ( fourth ) . His OPS total of 186 led the league , and his 3 . 8 wins above replacement was the highest among all position players . Shafer also had 28 assists in the outfield . In 1879 , Shafer signed with Cap Anson 's Chicago White Stockings . However , he had left Indianapolis the previous year with some unpaid debts . The White Stockings traveled to Indianapolis to play an exhibition game in June , and the local sheriff was waiting for both him and teammate Silver Flint . After the game , Shafer and Flint escaped the ballpark in a horse drawn carriage to avoid arrest , and only their manager , Anson , was taken to jail . Shafer batted .304 for Chicago in 1879 and also set a career high by getting 50 assists . The 50 outfield assists was 20 more than any other NL player and established a major league record that has never been broken . In 1880 , Shafer joined the Cleveland Blues and was their regular right fielder for the next three seasons . He continued his good hitting and fielding during his first year with the club , batting .266 with an OPS of 125 and leading the league again with 35 assists . However , his batting average dropped to .257 the following season and then to .214 in 1882 . His fielding percentage dropped as well , from .901 in 1880 ( fourth in the league ) to unk in 1882 . Shafer played for the Buffalo Bisons in 1883 . He batted .292 and led the NL in outfield assists for the fourth and final time , with 41 . He then signed with the St. Louis Maroons in the new Union Association for the 1884 season . Playing in a career high 106 games in 1884 , Shafer also batted a career high .360 and was one of the best hitters in the UA . He led the league with 40 doubles , and he finished second only to teammate Fred Dunlap in several other offensive categories , including batting average , on base percentage ( .398 ) , slugging percentage ( .501 ) , runs scored ( 130 ) , hits ( 168 ) , and total bases ( 234 ) . The Maroons went 94 19 and finished first in the Union Association . Later career Shafer stayed with St. Louis as they moved to the National League in 1885 his batting average fell to .195 . The following season , he played 21 games for the American Association 's Philadelphia Athletics , hit .268 , and then spent the next few years in the minor leagues . In 1887 , he played for Lincoln of the Western League until he was suspended in September for punching an umpire in the face . Shafer moved on to the Western Association 's Des Moines team in 1888 , and he played well , batting .338 and leading the league in hits . In 1889 , he was the captain of the Detroit Wolverines , which won the International League championship . Shafer then rejoined the Philadelphia Athletics in 1890 . In his final major league season , he played in 100 games , batted .282 , and led the AA 's outfielders with a .958 fielding percentage . He was the second oldest player in the league , at 38 years old . Shafer 's younger brother , Taylor , also played for the 1890 Athletics . Legacy Over his 13 season Major League Baseball career , Orator Shafer played a total of 871 games . He had 1 , 000 hits in 3 , 552 at bats , a .282 batting average , 11 home runs , 601 runs scored , and 317 runs batted in . He also had 290 career outfield assists , which is the 10th highest total in MLB history . Shafer was an outstanding fielder . Fellow major league right fielder Paul Radford , when writing about how to play the position , said I always considered ' Orator ' Shaffer a splendid right fielder , because of his skill in throwing out men at the initial bag . I know he threw me out thus in two successive games at Buffalo . According to The Sporting Life , Shafer was for years considered the best man in his position . In 2001 , statistician Bill James ranked Shafer as the 99th greatest right fielder of all time . After his baseball career ended , Shafer worked at a race track as a book writer . He died in Philadelphia in 1922 and was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd , Pennsylvania .
3,877	New York State Route 220 ( NY 220 ) is a state highway located in Chenango County , New York , in the United States . It is signed as an east west highway , but its actual routing wanders considerably from north to south as it proceeds across the county . The western terminus of NY 220 is at an intersection with NY 41 near the western county line in the town of Smithville . Its eastern terminus is in the town of Oxford , where it becomes County Route 32 ( CR 32 ) east of the village of Oxford . The stub of NY 220 east of Oxford serves as a signed connection between NY 12 and the New York State Veterans ' Home at Oxford located east of the village along the Chenango River . In 1916 , the New York State Legislature created Route 8 a , an unsigned legislative route connecting legislative Route 8 in the center of Oxford to the Relief Corps Home by way of the east bank of the Chenango River . The Route 8 a designation was removed in 1921 as part of a partial renumbering of New York 's legislative routes . Its former routing became part of NY 220 , a new route extending from Smithville Flats to Oxford , in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 220 was rerouted near Oxford in 1982 to follow a new bridge over the Chenango River . The realignment created a short overlap with NY 12 on North Canal Street between the former routing of NY 220 on Main Street and the new river crossing to the north . Route description NY 220 begins at an intersection with NY 41 north of the hamlet of Smithville Flats in the Chenango County town of Smithville . It heads to the northeast , paralleling a small creek as it progresses through the rural town consisting mostly of cultivated fields . NY 220 passes into the town of McDonough and enters a hamlet bearing the same name , where it turns eastward . The route winds its way through the eastern , forested portion of the town to the small community of East McDonough , located near the McDonough Preston town line . Here , NY 220 turns southeast and continues into Preston . In Preston , the open fields return as NY 220 follows another waterbody , this time the slightly larger Mill Brook . The route crosses the stream just before entering the town of Oxford , where they split . While Mill Brook curves around the western extents of the village of Oxford , NY 220 serves the village directly , entering it on Butler Street . It veers eastward at a junction with State Street and follows it to Washington Avenue . Here , State Street splits into a one block long one way couplet . Eastbound NY 220 shifts south to follow LaFayette Park NY 220 westbound , meanwhile , is routed on State Street . At the end of the couplet , NY 220 intersects NY 12 ( North Canal Street ) on the western bank of the Chenango River . NY 220 turns north onto NY 12 , overlapping the latter for just over 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 8 km ) to an intersection with North Washington Avenue north of the village . The routes split here , with NY 220 turning southeast to cross the Chenango River and the New York , Susquehanna and Western Railroad ( unk ) . Past the railroad , NY 220 heads through unimproved fields to a junction with East River Road . The route turns northeast here to follow East River Road . It heads through a small residential neighborhood to the New York State Veterans ' Home at Oxford , a large old soldiers ' home located adjacent to both the eastern bank of the Chenango River and the unk rail line . State maintenance of NY 220 ends just east of the driveway to the home , at which point the road continues onward toward Norwich as CR 32 . History The New York State Woman 's Relief Corps Home ( now the New York State Veterans ' Home at Oxford ) , an old soldiers ' home dedicated to the care of soldiers and their immediate families , nurses employed by the United States Army , and widows and mothers of soldiers , was constructed on a 165 acre ( 67 ha ) plot of land east of the village of Oxford and opened April 19 , 1897 . In 1916 , the New York State Legislature created Route 8 a , an unsigned legislative route connecting the home to Route 8 ( now NY 12 ) in Oxford by way of pre existing highways . That year , the state of New York began a project to improve the 1 . 40 mile ( 2 . 25 km ) long highway . In all , the improvements cost just over 26 , 150 ( equivalent to 308 , 891 in 2016 ) . The improved roadway was accepted into the state highway system on March 20 , 1919 . Route 8 a left Route 8 in the center of Oxford and crossed the Chenango River on Main Street . On the opposite side of the river , it followed Albany Street and East River Road to the home , where it ended . The Route 8 a designation was eliminated on March 1 , 1921 , as part of a partial renumbering of the legislative route system . When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , the portion of Route 8 in the vicinity of Oxford became part of NY 12 however , the former routing of Route 8 a was not given a designation at this time . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the former routing of Route 8 a became part of NY 220 , a new route extending from Smithville Flats to Oxford via McDonough . The entirety of NY 220 west of Oxford was closed to traffic in July 1935 as a result of damage caused by severe statewide flooding earlier in the month . The portion of the route from McDonough to Oxford took approximately three days to repair and was reopened by July 17 . The remaining section from Smithville Flats from McDonough was reopened by the following year . By 1980 , plans to construct a new bridge for NY 220 over the Chenango River had been set in motion . As planned , a 0 . 5 mile ( 0 . 8 km ) stretch of NY 220 in Oxford would be rerouted to follow the new structure over the river and a Conrail ( now New York , Susquehanna and Western Railroad ) line that ran along the riverbank . The initial price tag for the bridge was set at 2 . 262 million ( equivalent to 6 . 5 million in 2016 ) . Construction of the bridge was completed in 1982 , at which time NY 220 was rerouted to overlap NY 12 north to the bridge , where it turned east to cross the river and rejoin its former alignment on the east bank . Major intersections The entire route is in Chenango County .
3,878	General Sir Peter Stark Lumsden GCB CSI DL ( 9 November 1829 9 November 1918 ) was a British military officer who served in India . Born in Belhelvie , Aberdeenshire , he was the fourth son of Colonel Thomas Lumsden CB . He studied at Addiscombe Military Seminary , before officially joining military service as an ensign in the 60th Bengal Native Infantry in 1847 . From 1852 to 1857 he served on the North West Frontier , where , among other activities , he participated in the suppression of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the capture of Tantya Tope in 1859 . Following his time on the North West Frontier , Lumsden served as quartermaster general in 1860 during the Second Opium War , where he participated in the capture of both Tang ku and the Taku Forts . He was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel , before giving his final act of military service in the Bhutan War of 1865 . He was promoted again to Adjutant General of the Indian Army in 1874 , and also acted as aide de camp to Queen Victoria for eleven years . In 1883 , Lumsden was awarded a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath and was appointed as a commissioner on the Council of India for 10 years . He represented Britain a year later at the Anglo Russian Commission for the demarcation of the north west boundary of Afghanistan , then acted as British representative on the Afghan Frontier Commission . After retiring from military service in 1893 , Lumsden served as a justice of the peace in his home county of Aberdeenshire , before dying on his 89th birthday , 9 November 1918 , in Dufftown , Banffshire . Life and military career Early life and North West Frontier Peter Stark Lumsden was born at Belhelvie Lodge , Belhelvie , Aberdeenshire , on 9 November 1829 . He was trained at Addiscombe Military Seminary from the age of 20 , and entered the East India Company 's Bengal Army in 1847 as an ensign in the 60th Bengal Native Infantry . Between 1852 and 1857 he served on the North West Frontier in five expeditions against native tribes the unk , the unk Khel , the Bori unk and the unk . He was mentioned in despatches five times and awarded the special thanks of the Local and supreme Governments . From 1857 to 1858 he accompanied a special peace finding mission to Kandahar with his brother Harry Lumsden . He received thanks from the Government for his work , but returned to India to take part in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny . Lumsden next joined the Central India Field Force at Gwalior under General Sir Robert Napier , and , as assistant quartermaster general under Major General Hugh Rose , shared in the pursuit and capture of Tantya Tope in 1859 , when he was again mentioned in despatches . Second Opium War and Bhutan War Lumsden 's next period of active service was as quartermaster general on the staff of General Napier , who commanded the 2nd division of the expeditionary force to China during the Second Opium War , in 1860 . Lumsden took part in the operations of the Anglo French forces , including the action of Sin ho , the capture of Tang ku and the capture of the Taku Forts that led up to the advance on and occupation of Beijing . He was again mentioned in despatches and promoted to brevet Major and then brevet lieutenant colonel . The final spell of active service in Lumsden 's military career was in the Bhutan War of 1865 his later employment was on the staff and in political posts . He was deputy quartermaster general from 1864 to 1868 , and quartermaster general of the Indian Army from 1868 to 1873 . He was Acting Resident in Hyderabad , 1873 , and Adjutant General , India from 1874 to 1879 , when he was appointed Chief of the Staff in India . He also served for eleven years as an aide de camp to Queen Victoria . Second Anglo Afghan War Lumsden served as Chief of Staff to the commander in chief , General Sir F. P. Haines , during the Second Anglo Afghan War , for which he received the Order of the Bath . In 1884 , Lumsden returned to the North West frontier , when he was selected as British representative on the Anglo Russian Commission for the unk of the north west boundary of Afghanistan , but resigned and returned to England in 1885 after the unk Incident . He left London to represent the British at negotiations with Russia in selecting the Afghan Frontier Commission to determine the Afghan boundary . Lumsden was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath and given a commissioner 's seat on the Council of India , which he occupied for a 10 year tenure from 1883 . In 1885 he wrote Countries and Tribes Bordering on the Koh i Baba Range , an article for the seventh volume of the journal Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography . Later life Following completion of his tenure on the Council of India , Lumsden retired from military service in 1893 . He was placed on the Unemployed Supernumerary List three years later and settled down on unk , an estate that he had purchased near Dufftown . During this time he co wrote Lumsden of the Guides with G. R. unk . The book detailed the role that his brother , Harry Burnett Lumsden , had played in founding The Corps of the Guides , a regiment of the British Indian Army . He identified himself with local affairs and served as a justice of the peace and as Deputy Lieutenant for Banffshire and Aberdeenshire . Lumsden died on 9 November 1918 in his estate at Dufftown , Banffshire . Family Lumsden was married to Mary Marriott in 1862 . His father was Colonel Thomas Lumsden CB , with one of his three older brothers being Harry Burnett Lumsden . Thomas Lumsden was a distinguished officer of the Bengal Horse Artillery who had served in the Nepal Campaign of 1814 and at the Siege of unk and the capture of Kalunga in 1817 . Thomas was himself the son of Harry Lumsden , an advocate in Aberdeen who had bought an estate at Belhelvie . He returned home on leave from the Bengal Army in 1819 to marry Hay Burnett of unk , and went on to serve another 23 years in India before retiring to Belhelvie in 1842 . They had a total of six sons , of whom three emigrated to Canada and two ( Harry and Peter ) followed in their father 's footsteps by pursuing military careers in India .
3,879	Sarah Conlon ( ne Maguire ) ( 20 January 1926 19 July 2008 ) was an Irish housewife and a prominent campaigner in one of the most high profile miscarriage of justice cases in British legal history . She spent decades campaigning to have the names of her husband Giuseppe and son Gerry cleared over the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) pub bombings at Guildford and Woolwich , and helped secure an apology from former British prime minister Tony Blair in 2005 for their wrongful imprisonment . Guildford pub bombings The Guildford pub bombings occurred in 1974 , when an IRA unit planted bombs in two pubs in Guildford , Surrey , and the resulting explosions killed four soldiers and one civilian , and injured 50 others . The investigation into the bombings led to the arrest and conviction of Gerard Conlon , Patrick Armstrong , Paul Hill and Carole Richardson , an Englishwoman dubbed as the Guildford Four . The four were jailed for life in 1975 for the bombings , and each served 15 years in jail before their convictions were quashed by the Court of Appeal . This was due to an extensive inquiry carried out by Avon and Somerset Police into the original police investigation . The inquiry found that the way the confessions of the four were noted were seriously flawed , concluding that the notes taken were not written up immediately and that officers may have colluded in the wording of the statements . Giuseppe Conlon , Sarah 's husband , was convicted in 1976 along with six members of the Maguire family ( the seven being dubbed the Maguire Seven ) of running an IRA bomb factory in North London , on the basis of forensic evidence . Each was sentenced to up to 14 years in jail , served their sentences , and with the exception of Giuseppe Conlon who died in 1980 , were released . The Maguire Seven 's first appeal , in 1977 , was turned down , but a later appeal , prompted by the release of the Guildford Four , found that test kits used to detect traces of explosives had been contaminated . In 1991 , the Court of Appeal quashed their convictions after it was ruled the original evidence against them was unsafe . On 9 February 2005 , then Prime Minister Tony Blair issued a public apology to the Maguire Seven and the Guildford Four for the miscarriages of justice they had suffered , saying that he was very sorry that they were subject to such an ordeal and such an injustice , and that they deserve to be completely and publicly exonerated . Role in the sentences and appeals Sarah Conlon won huge admiration in Ireland for her quiet dignity and refusal to feel bitterness . During the years that her husband and son were in jail , she sent weekly parcels of cigarettes , sweets , and Irish newspaper clippings to them , and saved up her prison visits for the two weeks of her annual holiday . Her regular letters to them always ended the same way Pray for them ones who told lies against you ... It 's them who needs help as well as yourself . Father McKinley , a priest who noticed Sarah crying after the 1977 appeal was turned down , and others helped her begin a campaign to free her husband , son and other members of the Guildford Four and Maguire Seven . She took to lobbying dignitaries , church leaders and the media , in addition to writing to numerous Irish politicians , including the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) members of parliament Joe unk and John Hume , to ask for their support . At one stage she travelled to London to meet Cardinal Basil Hume to ask for his assistance . Her campaigning led to the start of the aforementioned inquiry , announced in 1989 by the home secretary Douglas Hurd , into the Guildford bomb cases , which led to Gerry 's release . News of her husband 's death reached Sarah just after she received a message from home secretary Willie Whitelaw stating that her husband was about to be released on compassionate grounds . Twenty five years after her husband 's death , Sarah Conlon and her family decided to fight for a public apology for the miscarriage of justice on her family . Once again she led the campaign , lobbying church leaders and politicians , among them the Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern , who pledged his support , which culminated in Tony Blair 's apology to the Conlon family . Ill , she was unable to make the trip to London to hear the apology , but her children spoke to her by telephone from the House of Commons . After securing the apology , she mentioned that she no longer had to worry about dying and what it means . SDLP leader and Foyle member of parliament Mark unk described Sarah as a true heroine of our age and shining example to us all , saying that she had the patience of a saint and huge reserves of faith , fortitude and remarkable forgiveness , and that her story is an inspiration of faith , hope and love . Personal life Conlon was described as a woman of immense Catholic faith who was protective of her son Gerry , and who held the family together with her hard work , wanting their life to be respectable , holy , and quiet . She spent years working at a scrapyard sorting old clothes , and later worked long hours for low pay in the kitchens of the Royal Victoria Hospital , serving food to patients and mopping the floors . Conlon 's husband , Patrick Giuseppe , was a pacifist who evaded the draft during World War II . He once worked at Harland Wolf painting the hulls of ships , where the lead in the paint damaged his lungs . His condition was worsened by the humidity and condensation in the house , and he subsequently developed tuberculosis and emphysema . Sarah Conlon died of lung cancer in July 2008 , aged 82 . In popular culture The Hollywood movie In The Name of the Father , starring Daniel Day Lewis and directed by Jim Sheridan , is based on the Conlon family 's story . Northern Irish actress Marie Jones played Sarah Conlon . The movie was adapted from Gerry Conlon s autobiography unk Innocent , later published as In the Name of the Father . The 1990 made for television film Dear Sarah is based on the letters Giuseppe Conlon wrote to his wife while in prison . The film was produced by Raidi Teilifs ireann , directed by Frank unk and written by Tom McGurk . It featured Stella McCusker as Sarah Conlon .
3,880	Help Is on the Way is a song by American rock band Rise Against , featured on their sixth studio album Endgame ( 2011 ) . Inspired by lead vocalist Tim McIlrath 's visit to New Orleans , the song is about the slow response time for aid to disaster stricken areas . It incorporates elements of punk rock and melodic hardcore , with lyrics that allude to Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Help Is on the Way premiered on KROQ FM on January 17 , 2011 , and was later released as Endgame 's lead single on January 25 . Help Is on the Way polarized critics , with some praising its lyrics and song structure , while others criticized it for being bland and repetitive . Despite the mixed reception , it remains one of the band 's highest charting singles to date , becoming their first song to chart within the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at eighty nine , as well as number two on the Hot Rock Songs chart . The accompanying music video depicts an African American family , as they attempt to escape increasing floodwater levels that engulf their neighborhood . Recording and inspiration Help Is on the Way was written by American rock band Rise Against , with lyrics by lead vocalist Tim McIlrath , and produced by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore . Stevenson and Livermore engineered the song alongside Andrew Berlin , while Chris Lord Alge served as the mixer . It was recorded at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins , Colorado and was mastered by Ted Jensen . Rise Against unveiled the song on the California radio station KROQ FM on January 17 , 2011 , before releasing it as Endgame 's lead single on January 25 . McIlrath was inspired to write the lyrics for the song following a trip he took to New Orleans . While he had initially gone to discuss with local musicians how to merge politics and music , he was able to visit several areas affected by Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flood , such as the Lower Ninth Ward . As McIlrath had felt that news outlets were quick to move onto other stories following the disaster , he compiled his thoughts and wrote the song 's lyrics . McIlrath also noted that he was critical of the United States government for its handling of various disasters , calling Hurricane Katrina as much a man made disaster as it was a natural disaster , while citing the lack of legislation to prevent another oil spill following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 . Composition Help Is on the Way is a rock song containing elements of punk rock and melodic hardcore , and has been described as anthemic . According to the song 's sheet music , the composition is written in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 108 beats per minute . It follows verse chorus form , and is composed in the key G minor , with a melody that spans a tonal range of D 4 to B 5 . Lyrically , Help Is on the Way is about the slow response time for aid to disaster stricken areas . While Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club found that the lyrics could pertain to any difficult situation , the song primarily focuses on Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill , as well as their affects on the Gulf Coast of the United States and New Orleans . McIlrath maintains clean vocals throughout the majority of the song , but temporarily switches to screaming vocals during the bridge . Reception Critical reception Critics were polarized in their opinions when reviewing Help Is on the Way . Tim unk of Rock Sound described the piece as impressively structured and equally furious , while Evan Lucy of Billboard.biz thought it was understated enough to capture radio attention and plenty explosive to please Rise Against 's devoted fan base . Rob Parker of NME felt that Help Is on the Way and fellow Endgame track This Is Letting Go were able to strike the perfect balance between punk fury and melodic accessibility without losing any of frontman Tim McIlrath s personality . Chad Grischow of IGN complimented the music , saying that as powerful as the lyrical content of the song is , the storm of guitars rolling over it like a gristly , foreboding cloud kick you in the chest just as hard . Koski and Steven Hyden of The A.V. Club were divided in their opinions , with Koski praising the powerful lyrics , while Hyden belittled the song as run of the mill . Thomas Nassiff of AbsolutePunk wrote that Help Is on the Way was one of the weaker moments from the album , criticizing the intro guitar riff , while comparing the lyrics to those of another Rise Against song , Re Education ( Through Labor ) . Johnny Firecloud of CraveOnline was heavily critical of the song , stating that it suffers from a blandness so paralyzing and repetitive , and ultimately summarized it as totally flaccid . Chart performance Commercially , Help Is on the Way remains one of Rise Against 's most successful singles to date . In the United States , it remains the band 's only song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at eighty nine , as well as number two on the Hot Rock Songs chart . The single also achieved international success , reaching number ten on the Australia Hitseekers chart , number forty five on the Canadian Hot 100 , number four on the Czech Republic Modern Rock chart , and number nineteen on the UK Rock Metal chart . Music video The accompanying music video was directed by Alan Ferguson and filmed in New Orleans . It follows an African American family as they 're forced to move into their house 's attic , and eventually their rooftop to escape the increasing floodwater levels caused by Hurricane Katrina . The video follows the song 's lyric thread , while real footage of Hurricane Katrina and the survivors are shown throughout . It ends with a message encouraging donations , and a link to the band 's activism website . The video was released on March 23 , 2011 . It does not feature any band members , who opted not to appear in it , as they felt their presence would be unk to the video 's message . This decision was commended by critics , with Katie Hasty of HitFix stating that band went for an artifact of truth . Personnel and credits Credits adapted from the liner notes of Endgame . Charts
3,881	Politics and Prose ( sometimes stylized as Politics Prose or abbreviated as P P ) is an independent bookstore located in Chevy Chase , Washington , D.C. , on Connecticut Avenue . The store was founded in 1984 by co owners Carla Cohen and Barbara Meade , who expanded the store fivefold to its current size . After a failed sale attempt in 2005 , the two co owners eventually sold the store to current owners Bradley Graham and Lissa Muscatine in 2011 . Politics and Prose is known for its knowledgeable staff and is seen as a part of DC culture . Its author events attract a number of famous speakers , such as Bill Clinton and J.K. Rowling , and have a reputation for their astute audiences . History Founding and growth Carla Cohen , after losing her job with the Carter administration , decided to create an independent bookstore in Washington , D.C. , despite having no previous experience with running a business . She partnered with Barbara Meade , whom she found through the classifieds , and who , with her previous experience of managing a bookstore , became a co owner early on . Cohen decided to name the store Politics and Prose because it was Washington sounding and not pretentious , and the two co owners founded the store in 1984 . Meade worried that the name was a put off , and the store struggled at first to attract authors to speak at its events and relied on local journalists to publicize the location . The store 's original location in the Forest Hills neighborhood was across the street from its current spot , and in 1989 , Politics and Prose moved to their present larger location after finding success . Politics and Prose has over the years expanded their sections and collections . The store merged with a nearby children 's bookstore , the Cheshire Cat , and incorporated its staff in 1990 . Failed sale attempt Business continued to be successful during the late 1990s as other independent bookstores fell by the wayside and companies like Barnes Noble expanded . Cohen and Meade decided to sell the store to Danny Gainsburg , who was selling his T shirt business so he would be able to afford the cost of the store . The co owners made an agreement with Gainsburg that he would gain control of the store if he was able to function amicably with the rest of the staff . Cohen and Meade set him up in a part time position to see how he would interact with the employees and sold him an equity stake in the business without informing the other staff members . After a number of other incidents , Gainsburg was pressured to leave by the staff after he kissed an employee on her birthday . The three co owners agreed that Gainsburg should resign , and Gainsburg received back his initial investment plus a premium . Gainsburg said to the Wall Street Journal , We all started with good motives , but there was lots of naivet on all sides . In 2006 , a year after the botched sale attempt , Cohen and Meade both decided to hold onto the store as sole co owners for at least three to five more years and met with an outside consultant to devise an eventual exit strategy . New ownership In June 2010 , Cohen and Meade announced their intention to sell the store Cohen also became seriously ill around this time , and it contributed to the timing of their decision to sell . Jim Lehrer wrote of the impending sale , ... putting Politics and Prose up for sale is like putting the Washington Monument up for sale . There was considerable speculation in the media about possible buyers for the store . There were reportedly over 50 inquiries by October into the possible purchase of the store from Meade and Cohen 's husband , David , who inherited her stake in the store after her death from cancer . It was announced on March 28 , 2011 that two former employees of The Washington Post , Bradley Graham , and his wife , Lissa Muscatine , had purchased the store from Meade and David Cohen . The store was reportedly sold for 2 million , although price was not the main factor in the selection of new owners . Meade fully retired from work in the store on December 31 , 2012 . Graham and Muscatine have added literary classes and trips since purchasing the store . The co owners are also considering an expansion of the store into a Georgetown location . Services and reputation Politics and Prose has a reputation for staff who are able to recommend books to customers . The 14 , 000 square foot space contains an Espresso Book Machine for on demand printing of self published and out of print books , a cafe on the first floor of the building called Modern Times , and a number of different book genres . A Washington Post review of the cafe in 2006 reacted favorably to changes to the menu . The store is famous for its author events , in which writers usually read an excerpt from their book and take questions from the audience . The Washington Post notes that as the talks gained prominence and the store grew more popular , Cohen and Meade , the original co owners , became known as literary tastemakers . C SPAN broadcasts around five of the talks a month , and the store has gained a reputation for having astute and smart audiences present at readings . Famous readers at its author events have included politicians such as Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama , and former Senator Edward Brooke , authors J.K. Rowling , Salman Rushdie , and Amy Chua , photographer Annie Leibovitz , and investigative reporter David Halberstam . Cohen in the past refused to allow some prominent writers to appear in the store , such as Matt Drudge , ostensibly because of their conservative leanings . Politics and Prose is often seen to be an important stop for authors publicizing their work and is regarded as being a significant part of DC culture . New owners Bradley Graham and Lissa Muscatine were ranked 50 on GQ 's The 50 Most Powerful People in Washington because of their purchase of Politics and Prose , describing the store as ... liberal Washington 's most sacred space . The New Yorker 's Hendrik Hertzberg commented on the unusually intelligent questions from the audience at readings , and Slate 's editor in 2007 , said If there 's one bookstore in the city you want to read in , it 's obviously the place .
3,882	The Action off Lofoten was a naval battle fought between the German Kriegsmarine and the British Royal Navy off the southern coast of the Lofoten Islands , Norway during World War II . A German squadron under Vizeadmiral Gnther Ltjens consisting of the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau met and engaged a British squadron under Admiral Sir William Whitworth consisting of the battlecruiser HMS Renown and 9 destroyers . After a short engagement , Gneisenau suffered moderate damage and the Germans withdrew . Background The German invasion of Norway , Operation Weserbung , began on 9 April 1940 . In order to prevent any disruption of the invasion by the British , the Kriegsmarine had previously dispatched a force under Vice Admiral Gnther Ltjens to protect the troop convoy landing at Narvik . The German squadron consisted of the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper , and 10 destroyers . With intelligence suggesting that the Germans were massing ships , the British sent out a squadron under Admiral Sir William Whitworth to deny German access to neutral Norwegian waters by laying mines in Operation Wilfred and prevent any German naval movements into the Atlantic Ocean . Shortly after departing German waters on 7 April , Ltjens force was attacked by British bombers which did no damage to the squadron . On 8 April , Admiral Hipper and the German destroyers were dispatched to Narvik while the German capital ships headed north for a diversionary manoeuver into the North Atlantic . As Admiral Hipper left , she met and engaged the British destroyer HMS Glowworm which had become separated from Admiral Whitworth s main force . Though Vizeadmiral Ltjens and the two German battleships was nearby , their assistance was deemed unnecessary , and Admiral Hipper sank Glowworm , though taking some damage in return . Whitworth s main force then caught sight of the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau at 03 30 on 9 April and moved to engage the battleships . Whitworth s force consisted of the battlecruiser Renown and the nine remaining destroyers . HMS Hotspur , Hardy , Havock , and Hunter were H class destroyers while HMS Esk was an E class destroyer and HMS Ivanhoe , Icarus , and Impulsive were of the I unk . HMS Greyhound was of the G class . Renown had been completely reconstructed between 1936 and 1939 , with lighter machinery , increased armour and upgraded armament . She mounted a main battery of six 42 calibre 15 inch guns with improved shells and greater range and a dual purpose secondary battery consisting of twenty 4 . 5 inch ( QF 4 . 5 inch L 45 ) arranged in ten turrets The four I and E class destroyers had been rigged for mine laying and most of their normal armament had been removed they only possessed two 4 . 7 inch ( 120 mm ) guns each . Greyhound and the H class destroyers were more capable ships , with each armed with eight torpedo tubes and four 4 . 7 inch guns . Of the H class destroyers , Hardy was built as a destroyer leader and thus had an additional 4 . 7 inch gun . The German force consisted of the two Scharnhorst class battleships , each with a main battery of nine 28 . 3 cm guns and a secondary battery of twelve 15 cm guns . In a close range engagement , the British force was superior , but at a distance the guns on Whitworth s destroyers were outranged and the German firepower was greater . The German force also held a speed advantage over Renown , having a top speed of 32 knots ( 59 km h 37 mph ) to the battlecruiser s 30 knots ( 56 km h 35 mph ) , but was slower than the destroyers , which could steam at 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) . Thus , Ltjens clearly held an advantage over Renown , though the German force was significantly vulnerable to attack from Whitworth s destroyers . Battle At 04 30 , Gneisenau sighted Renown on its radar and the German ships cleared for action . Due to poor weather conditions , neither side was able to engage the other until 05 05 , as heavy seas and poor visibility prevented the two squadrons from closing within range . Renown began the action by attacking Gneisenau with her 15 inch guns . The German warships returned fire at 05 08 with Gneisenau scoring two hits on Renown with her 11 inch shells . Both shells failed to explode , with the first hitting the British battlecruiser s foremast and the second passing through the ship near the steering gear room . About the same time , Renown struck Gneisenau with two shells . These hits damaged the German battleship 's director tower , forward range finders , and aft turret . Renown then moved her fire to Scharnhorst . These early salvos were sporadic and lasted until 06 00 , when the engagement was broken off for 20 minutes due to waves breaking over Renown s forward turrets . At 06 20 , the action reignited , with ineffectual fire coming from both sides . Fearing a torpedo attack on the damaged Gneisenau , the Germans increased their speed and disengaged at 07 17 . The German battleships retreated when Renown s escorts opened fire , despite the fact that the destroyers guns did not have sufficient range to successfully engage Ltjens ships . The Germans mistook Whitworth s smaller vessels for much more powerful capital ships and as a result thought they were heavily outgunned . Determined to steer clear of what he thought was a superior force , Ltjens managed to shake off the British squadron and end the action by sailing west into the Arctic Ocean . Aftermath Despite the Royal Navy winning a minor tactical victory over the Kriegsmarine , the Germans considered the engagement a strategic success due to the fact that Whitworth s force was delayed long enough to keep it from interfering with the landings at Narvik . After the action had ended , Whitworth s force continued to search for the German capital ships . With the British squadron occupied , the German destroyer transports managed to make their way through to Narvik after destroying two Norwegian coastal defence ships in their path . After their engagement with Renown , the German battleships linked up with Admiral Hipper on the 11th near Trondheim . From there , they returned to Germany , reaching Wilhelmshaven on 12 April where the damage to Gneisenau was repaired .
3,883	The Church of the Holy Mother of God ( Bulgarian unk , tsarkva Sveta unk ) is the popular name of a medieval Eastern Orthodox church located in Asen 's Fortress . It lies near Asenovgrad in the Rhodope Mountains of Plovdiv Province , south central Bulgaria . Constructed most likely in the 12th century , it features two stories , of which the upper story is the church proper and the lower story is of unclear function . The rectangular tower over the church 's narthex is regarded as the earliest preserved of its kind in the Balkans . Fragments of frescoes are visible on the walls of the church 's upper story . Location and history The Church of the Holy Mother of God lies on an elevation near the road from Plovdiv to unk , 2 kilometres ( 1 . 2 mi ) south of the town of Asenovgrad ( medieval Stenimachos ) . It forms part of a now mostly ruined castle known as Asen 's Fortress , of which the church is the best preserved building . The church is dated by most scholars to the 12th century however , some researchers place its construction in the 11th century and a few others in the 13th century . Though the church is commonly known as the Church of the Holy Mother of God , this may well not have been its actual name . The dedication is alleged based on a partial Medieval Greek inscription in the church , which may have been a donor 's inscription . In the early 20th century , the part of the inscription that was still visible was deciphered as unk unk unk , equivalent to or the Mother of God of unk . However , this was the name of the main church ( katholikon ) of the nearby Bachkovo Monastery , which makes it more likely that the inscription references the monastery and its relation to the church in Asen 's Fortress in some way , rather than providing the name of the church . At the turn of the 20th century , the Church of the Holy Mother of God was the terminus of two rival religious processions organised by the ethnic Greek and Bulgarian communities of Asenovgrad . A Greek procession took place in 1899 and a comparable Bulgarian one was carried out several years later . These processions began after a man claimed to have seen lights and heard chants while passing near the then abandoned church . Both processions ended with a Divine Liturgy observed at night by the church . After suffering damage during an earthquake in 1904 , the church was reconstructed by a team directed by architect Aleksandar unk in 1936 . As of 2008 , it continues to function as a place of worship . Architecture The Church of the Holy Mother of God measures approximately 18 metres ( 59 ft ) in length , 7 metres ( 23 ft ) in width and 12 metres ( 39 ft ) in height ( over 15 metres ( 49 ft ) according to other data ) . The walls of the church were constructed out of interchanging bands of stones and three rows of brickwork tied together with mortar . An exception is the north wall , which was built almost exclusively of stones , with only a single band of bricks . The walls vary from 0 . 85 to 1 . 15 m ( 2 . 8 to 3 . 8 ft ) in thickness . The church features two stories while the upper story was certainly the church proper and the place of liturgy , the role of the lower story is unclear . Its construction may have been necessitated due to the unfavourable rocky terrain , or it may have served as a tomb or a storage facility . The latter is considered more likely because no human remains have been discovered inside , even though the lower stories of similar churches were commonly used as tombs . The church has a single elongated nave . It is surmounted by a dome and finishes with a single apse in its eastern part . The dome is supported by arches to the north and south and vaults to the west and east . The apse is five sided on the outside and round on the inside . To the west of it is the sanctuary which features three vaults which hosted the unk , the prothesis and the diaconicon . The sanctuary was separated from the rest of the nave via two pillars . Three buttresses support the south wall and the apse . The entrance to the church is on the south wall . The church has a total of 16 windows three on the apse , one on the south wall , four on the north wall and one on the narthex . To the west of the nave is a small narthex , which is topped by an unusual rectangular tower . The tower was used either as a bell tower or watchtower , or possibly both . It was accessible via wooden ladders on the inside and the outside . It features four wide vaulted windows in its upper part and a rectangular dome covered with roof tiles . According to art historian Robert G. Ousterhout , the tower of the Church of the Holy Mother of God is the earliest example of a belfry integrated into a church building and arranged above the narthex in Balkan architecture . This design would later establish itself as standard in the Balkans . The construction of an integrated tower has been attributed to either Western European or oriental ( Syriac or Armenian ) influences . Decoration The church 's exterior appearance has been described as harmonic , graceful and proportionate . The Church of the Holy Mother of God is richly decorated on the outside . Blind arches , a design element very typical for medieval Bulgarian architecture , feature prominently on the south facade and the dome . A large arch on the south wall ties together the lower and upper story . The apse is particularly richly decorated . Besides rows of elongated bricks , it also includes triangular shapes and lattice patterns above , both made of red bricks . The church 's upper story features fragments of frescoes , mostly on the interior , though there are traces of mural painting on one of the blind arches as well . The interior includes images of the Baptism of Christ , Pilate 's Court , the Dormition of the Mother of God and the Crucifixion of Jesus . Among the portraits of saints that can be recognised are John the Baptist , the apostles Peter and Paul , Constantine and Helena and the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste . Military saints were depicted on the south wall , while the north wall mostly features monks . All of the preserved frescoes were done in the 14th century and are an example of Palaiologan art . All captions to the frescoes are in Medieval Greek .
3,884	This article is about the Hurricane Klaus of 1984 there was also a Hurricane Klaus that was retired in the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season . Hurricane Klaus was a North Atlantic hurricane that hit the Leeward Islands from the west in November of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season . Forming from a broad area of low pressure on November 5 , Klaus maintained a northeast movement throughout much of its path . After making landfall on extreme eastern Puerto Rico , it passed to the north of the Leeward Islands , resulting in strong southwesterly winds and rough seas . Klaus attained hurricane status and reached peak winds of 90 mph ( 145 km h ) before becoming extratropical over cooler waters on November 13 . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in Puerto Rico , causing minor flooding and light damage . Klaus caused heavy marine damage in the Leeward Islands , including wrecking at least three ships . The Virgin Islands experienced heavy damage as well . Meteorological history A broad area of low pressure gradually developed over the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea on November 1 . It moved slowly westward and steadily organized . By November 4 , the system stalled to the north of Curaao , which was followed by a turn to the northeast . Convection slowly organized as a surface circulation formed , and on November 5 the system developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen . Initially weak with only 20 mph ( 32 km h ) winds , the depression steadily organized as it moved northeastward , and a Reconnaissance Aircraft mission confirmed the existence of the cyclone on November 6 as it was located midway between Puerto Rico and the Netherlands Antilles . Late on the 6th , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Klaus while located a short distance south of Puerto Rico . Tropical Storm Klaus continued northeastward , and made landfall on extreme eastern Puerto Rico early on November 7 . The storm passed a short distance north of the Lesser Antilles , and became the first tropical cyclone in recorded history to affect the islands from the west . Favorable conditions allowed the storm to continue strengthening , and Klaus attained hurricane status early on November 8 . The hurricane accelerated to the northeast , and reached its peak intensity of 90 mph ( 145 km h ) late on November 8 . After maintaining its peak strength for 30 hours , Klaus weakened slightly . Interaction with an upper level low turned the hurricane westward on November 11 , though an approaching trough of low pressure turned Hurricane Klaus to the northeast . Cold air and cooler waters weakened the convection around the center on November 12 , and Klaus degenerated to a subtropical storm . It accelerated to the northeast and degenerated to an extratropical storm on November 13 while located about 440 miles ( 700 km ) south southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland . Six hours later , it was absorbed by another extratropical system . Preparations Shortly after forming , gale warnings were issued for Puerto Rico , the Virgin Islands , the Netherlands Antilles of the Leeward Islands , Saint Kitts and Nevis , and Anguilla . Klaus was the first tropical cyclone on record to hit the Leeward Islands from the west , and as a result many were unprepared for the strong winds and rough seas from the southwest . Impact While moving past Puerto Rico , Tropical Storm Klaus dropped heavy rainfall peaking at 25 . 69 inches ( 653 mm ) in unk Camp in the southeastern part of the island . Much of the southern half of Puerto Rico reported over 7 inches ( 178 mm ) . Vieques received around 7 inches ( 178 mm ) of precipitation , while Culebra experienced over 10 inches ( 250 mm ) . The heavy rainfall resulted in freshwater flooding . The strongest winds of the storm remained offshore , and wind gusts peaked at 37 mph ( 60 km h ) in Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . Winds and rainfall on the island resulted in downed trees and power lines , though damage was minimal . Klaus struck the island on election day , causing slight disruptions to the process . Saint John in the United States Virgin Islands reported over 15 inches ( 380 mm ) of rainfall in association with Tropical Storm Klaus . Both Saint Thomas and Saint Croix received around 10 inches ( 250 mm ) , while rainfall in the British Virgin Islands remained below 10 inches ( 250 mm ) . Tropical Storm Klaus caused severe flooding and extensive damage throughout the U.S. Virgin Islands . Strong southwesterly winds resulted in gale force winds and rough seas along the southwestern portions of the Leeward Islands . The rough waves caused considerable damage to marine interests in the area . In Anguilla , three ships were wrecked . 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) off of Saint Martin , the rough seas wrecked a cruise ship . The 60 passengers and 23 crew members swam safely to shore , though one person was hospitalized . Rough seas also damaged local coral reefs . 10 , 000 people were affected on the island of Dominica . There , the storm caused 2 million ( 1984 USD , 3 . 9 million 2006 USD ) in damage and resulted in two fatalities . In Antigua , strong waves from the hurricane produced severe beach erosion , which endangered a highway behind an eroded beach . Beach erosion was reported in nearby Barbuda , as well . The British Virgin Islands sustained moderate damage totaling to 152 million ( 1984 USD , 315 million 2008 USD ) . St. Kitts and Nevis also saw much Leeward coastal damage resulting from the storm , the worst impact being the destruction of the Sandy Point town port in Saint Kitts . Aftermath In Anguilla , nine ships , including three that were wrecked from the hurricane , were intentionally sunk in 1990 to create an artificial reef . About a month after the storm passed , President Ronald Reagan declared the U.S. Virgin Islands a major disaster area . The declaration permitted use of federal funds for recovery . The Federal Emergency Management Agency provided an average relief fund of 2 , 128 ( 1984 USD , 4 , 147 2006 USD ) per affected person , the smallest return rate for a declared disaster in the Virgin Islands . Because damage was not significant , the name Klaus was not retired after this year , but a different Hurricane Klaus in 1990 was retired , and was replaced by Kyle in 1996 .
3,885	The Battle of Lake Pontchartrain was a single ship action on September 10 , 1779 , part of the Anglo Spanish War . It was fought between the British sloop of war HMS West Florida and the Continental Navy schooner USS Morris in the waters of Lake Pontchartrain , then in the British province of West Florida . The West Florida was patrolling on Lake Pontchartrain when it encountered the Morris , which had set out from New Orleans with a Spanish and American crew headed by Continental Navy Captain William Pickles . The larger crew of the Morris successfully boarded the West Florida , inflicting a mortal wound on its captain , Lieutenant John Payne . The capture of the West Florida eliminated the major British naval presence on the lake , weakening already tenuous British control over the western reaches of West Florida . Background Significant military activities of the American Revolutionary War did not occur on the Gulf Coast until 1779 , when Spain entered the war . Before then , New Orleans , then the capital of Spanish Louisiana , served as a semi secret source of money and matriel for the Patriot cause . The cause was quietly supported by the Spanish governors before 1779 , and often mediated by Oliver Pollock , a prominent New Orleans businessman . Pollock effectively acted as an agent of the Continental Congress , negotiating with the Spanish governor , and taking other actions , including spending some of his own fortune , on Patriot activities along the lower Mississippi River . In 1778 James Willing led a raiding expedition directed against targets in British West Florida . One prize that he captured on the Mississippi River was a British ship , the Rebecca , which he brought into New Orleans . She was brought into the Continental Navy and rechristened the USS Morris in honor of Philadelphia financier Robert Morris . The British province of West Florida extended from the Mississippi River in the west to the Apalachicola River in the east . The HMS West Florida had been cruising Lake Pontchartrain since 1776 under the command of George Burdon , stopping and searching all manner of shipping , including Spanish merchants destined for New Orleans , to the annoyance of the Spanish . Burdon was unsuccessful in tracking down Willing during his 1778 raid , and returned to Pensacola , West Florida 's capital , for refit and repair late in 1778 . In January 1779 Burdon was replaced at her helm by Lieutenant John Payne , who had been engaged in survey duty along the West Florida coast and knew the area well . The West Florida was a sloop of war armed , according to its captors , with several four and six pound cannons and carrying a crew complement of about 30 . ( British accounts place the crew size at 15 . ) Prelude Payne cruised West Florida 's waters uneventfully until August 1779 . On August 27 he sent a boat with a few men to make contact with a detachment of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Dickson 's men at Manchac . The boat never returned . On that day Bernardo de Glvez , the governor of Spanish Louisiana , launched an expedition to gain control of British military posts on the Mississippi , and the boat was captured by his men . Glvez successfully took the Manchac garrison on September 7 , and negotiated the surrender of Dickson and the remaining British forces on the Mississippi after the Battle of Baton Rouge on September 21 . Payne however was unaware of these activities . Pollock used commissioning authority granted him by Congress to give command of the Morris to Continental Navy Captain William Pickles . However , she was destroyed in a hurricane ( which also delayed the departure of Glvez ' expedition ) , and Glvez provided another ship for Pickles ' use , variously called Morris or Morris 's tender . According to the report of Lieutenant Peter George Rousseau , Pickles ' second in command , this ship was a schooner armed with five small ( 2 . 5 pound or less ) cannons and ten swivel guns , and that it lacked barricades to protect the men on deck from gunfire . Furthermore , the crew was not otherwise well prepared for close action , lacking axes , lances , and other tools useful for a boarding action . Pollock instructed Pickles to harass British military shipping on the lake , which had recently increased in activity . Battle Pickles sailed from New Orleans with a crew of 57 Americans and Spaniards ( Rousseau , his second in command , was a Frenchman commissioned into the Continental Navy ) . To hide his intentions , Pickles flew a British ensign as a false flag . Spotted on September 10 , the two ships closed , and Payne hailed the Morris to discover her intentions . He was told she was a merchant bound for Pensacola shortly before Pickles had the false colors hauled down and replaced with an American flag . The Americans and Spaniards then threw grappling hooks to bring the ships together and opened fire with their swivel guns while Lieutenant Rousseau prepared a boarding party . It is unlikely that either ship fired its larger guns . Payne 's small crew put up spirited resistance , twice repulsing the boarders . The third boarding attempt succeeded , and Payne himself went down with a mortal wound in fighting described as very violent . The boarders successfully overwhelmed the British , wounding two men in addition to Payne , while suffering 6 to 8 killed and several wounded . Aftermath Captain Pickles took the prize back to New Orleans , where Pollock had her fitted out . Pickles cruised with her in West Florida 's waters during Governor Glvez 's march up the Mississippi . Pickles then assisted Glvez in the Battle of Fort Charlotte , which resulted in the capture of Mobile , before sailing her to Philadelphia for sale . The battle is commemorated by a historic marker in Mandeville , Louisiana . The marker credits William Pickles with ending the Revolutionary War in Louisiana , since some British individuals on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain evidently surrendered to Captain Pickles in mid October of 1779 ( three weeks after the Battle of Baton Rouge ) . In this context , Louisiana means the future state of Louisiana and not the larger area of Spanish Louisiana . The Battle of St. Louis , also within Spanish Louisiana , took place in 1780 .
3,886	Sybil Virginia Plumlee ( ne Burgess April 29 , 1911 January 6 , 2012 ) was an American teacher , caseworker , and police officer who served in Portland , Oregon 's Women 's Protective Division , a special unit of the Portland Police Bureau , from 1947 to 1967 . She is recognized as a pioneer in the law enforcement field , which has historically been dominated by men . Born in Seattle in 1911 , Plumlee attended high school in Portland and then graduated from Oregon Normal School , now known as Western Oregon University . She became a school teacher in Clarno , Oregon , but later returned to Portland , where she married and had a son . Following a divorce in 1943 , she worked as an educator with the Ellis Mining Company in Bourne , Oregon . In 1945 , she married Virgil Paul Plumlee , who died in 2010 . Plumlee wrote an unpublished memoir of her experiences on the police force , called Badge 357 . At age 96 , she published Stories of Hester Ann Bolin Harvey and Her Family , a collection of family stories and history . Plumlee was the oldest living former member of the city 's police force prior to her death in 2012 . Early life , education , and teaching career Sybil Virginia Burgess was born on April 29 , 1911 , in Seattle , Washington . She was the daughter of Charles and Stella Burgess . The family moved to Portland , where she attended both Lincoln High School and Jefferson High School , graduating from Jefferson in 1930 . After graduating from Oregon Normal School ( now known as Western Oregon University ) in 1932 , she spent some time working as a teacher in a single room school located in Clarno , Oregon . She returned to Portland , married Lloyd Barker ( who was also an instructor ) , and had a son , Louis Barker . The couple divorced in 1943 . After the divorce , Sybil worked during World War II as a teacher for the Ellis Mining Company in Bourne , Oregon , and buying a 150 house in nearby Sumpter for herself and her son . Plumlee also occasionally worked as a soda fountain clerk at a drugstore in northeast Portland , and as a cab driver . In 1945 , she married Virgil P. Paul Plumlee . She survived the 1948 flood that destroyed Vanport , Oregon . Police career While Plumlee was working as a caseworker for the welfare department of Clackamas County , a woman police officer encouraged her to take a civil service test . She passed the test , and was selected from a pool of 300 applicants to fill the Portland Police Bureau 's only open position . According to Louis Barker , his mother became a police officer for the money rather than to make the world safe . The family needed her income Paul , a World War II veteran , suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder and had difficulty holding steady jobs , and Plumlee was also contributing to the support of her aging mother . She served in the unit known as the known as the Women 's Protective Division from 1947 to 1967 . unk in that division did not work with male officers other than those assigned to the Juvenile Division , and did not wear uniforms . Their work focused on crimes like child abuse , domestic violence , and rape . Plumlee often responded to cases involving child abuse or abandonment . Records show that she also participated in undercover investigations , including an anti homosexual campaign organized by Mayor of Portland Dorothy McCullough Lee . In 1949 , the Women 's Protective Division sent Plumlee and Edna Trout to Music Hall , which was known at the time for catering to gay men and lesbians , with the intention to apprehend lesbians who might approach them and solicit attentions . Plumlee also helped educate women on how to avoid victimization . In a 1955 article by The Oregonian called unk Beware , she was photographed illustrating how a woman might be susceptible to pickpocketing by opening her unk in public . In 1957 , the paper published a photograph of Plumlee and five other women at a shooting range , with the caption Feminine pistol team makes good showing in contest with all male team from North precinct as unk tournament gets under way . In 1959 , two brothers were charged with disorderly conduct and destroying city property after tearing the speaker system from a police car occupied by Plumlee and another female officer . Plumlee also participated in civic events such as luncheons . At a 1964 Portland Yacht Club luncheon called Women with the Badge , she told female attendees how they should protect themselves and their children . In 1967 , she presented slides depicting dangers to women on urban streets to the Women 's Council of the Portland Board of Realtors at the Hoyt Hotel . Plumlee later said of the unit In some ways , the old Women 's Protective Division was archaic , but on balance we did a lot of good . She is recognized as a pioneer in the largely male dominated law enforcement field . As of 2006 , women doing police work in the United States were about 14 percent of the total number of police . Later life , writing , and other interests Plumlee purchased her first computer when she was in her eighties , and continued driving until age 98 . Plumlee wrote an unpublished memoir of her experiences on the police force , which was called Badge 357 . At age 96 , she published the book Stories of Hester Ann Bolin Harvey and Her Family . The collection of stories , including one of her grandmother 's journey across the Oregon Trail in 1850 , included photographs and more than a century of her family history . Plumlee also enjoyed camping , fishing , genealogy , and traveling . Her husband Paul died in 2010 . In 2011 , she celebrated her centennial birthday at her residence in Lake Oswego , Oregon . Guests included Multnomah County Sheriff Daniel Staton , her great niece Lieutenant Mary unk , also from the Multnomah County Sheriff 's Office , and Frank Springer , then age 99 and the oldest living male retiree of the Portland Police Bureau . Birthday wishes and certificates of appreciation were also presented to her from President Barack Obama and Mayor of Portland Sam Adams . Plumlee died in 2012 , and was survived by her son , three grandchildren , and four great grandchildren . Before her death , Plumlee was the oldest surviving former member of the Portland Police Bureau .
3,887	Boyce Dawkins McDaniel ( June 11 , 1917 May 8 , 2002 ) was an American nuclear physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and later directed the Cornell University Laboratory of Nuclear Studies ( LNS ) . McDaniel was skilled in constructing atom smashing devices to study the fundamental structure of matter and helped to build the most powerful particle accelerators of his time . Together with his graduate student , he invented the pair spectrometer . During World War II , McDaniel used his electronics expertise to help develop cyclotrons used to separate Uranium isotopes . McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the Trinity test . Biography Born in Brevard , North Carolina , McDaniel attended Chesterville High School in Ohio . After graduating in 1933 , he attended Ohio Wesleyan University , from which he graduated in 1938 with a Bachelor of Science . His initial postgraduate studies took place at the Case School of Applied Science , graduating with a Master 's degree in 1940 . McDaniel continued postgraduate studies when he moved to Cornell University , and in 1943 he completed his doctoral thesis , examining the absorption rates of neutrons in indium . The research was not classified , but McDaniel and Robert Bacher , his adviser at Cornell , marked it as secret on their own initiative . From Cornell , McDaniel moved to MIT where he held a postdoctoral position , studying the rapidly evolving field of fast electronics , which he applied to research in particle physics . After the outbreak of World War II , McDaniel joined Bacher in Los Alamos , New Mexico to work for the Manhattan Project , where he became a part of Robert R. Wilson 's cyclotron research team . McDaniel was to have a crucial role in helping to identify the amount of uranium 235 needed to ... detonate the world 's first nuclear bomb . McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the Trinity test . McDaniel was one of many unk Project researchers to join the Cornell faculty after the war . He became an assistant professor in 1946 and became a full professor in 1955 . With his Ph.D. student Robert Walker , he invented the pair spectrometer , a device that measures gamma ray energies . He was a co founder of Cornell 's Laboratory for Nuclear Studies ( LNS ) and had a helped create the 300 unk ( MeV ) electron synchrotron , one of the first such accelerators in the world . He and Wilson , who was McDaniel 's predecessor as director of LNS , built three more electron synchrotrons of 1 GeV , 2 GeV , and 10 GeV , each of which enabled physicists to study phenomena in a new energy range . McDaniel quickly earned a reputation as a hands on designer as indicated by this episode in the construction of the 300 MeV synchrotron The magnet coil was wound incorrectly , a fatal flaw . To get it repaired by the manufacturer could take months . Mac made a toy model of the coil , studied it carefully for an evening , and discovered an ingenious but simple way to repair it , which he did in about a day , and defused the crisis . He was a Fulbright research fellow in 1953 at the Australian National University and a Guggenheim fellow in 1959 at the University of Rome . In 1967 , McDaniel became director of LNS and served until he retired from the Cornell faculty in 1985 . He research included important measurements with each of the series of LNS accelerators , including studies lambda meson photo production , K meson production , and measurements of the neutron electromagnetic form factors . Wilson and McDaniel continued to collaborate at Cornell until Wilson left to head Fermilab in Batavia , Illinois in 1967 . In 1972 , Wilson invited McDaniel to serve as acting head of the accelerator section at Fermilab , and unk took a one year leave of absence from Cornell . Though the Fermilab accelerator had been placed into operation , it suffered from frequent component failures . When McDaniel left eight months later , he led the effort which increased the power of Fermilab 's accelerator from 20 GeV to 300 GeV and its beam density by a factor of 1000 . Of McDaniel 's contribution to Fermilab , Wilson said , This bravura performance demonstrated Mac s skill for leadership as well as his celebrated sixth sense for finding sources of trouble and fixing them . Upon returning to Cornell in 1974 , McDaniel proposed upgrading the then existing 10 GeV synchrotron with an 8 GeV electron positron storage ring , which would greatly increase the energy of particle collisions when the particles in the storage ring hit the particles traveling in the opposite direction in the synchrotron . When constructed in 1979 , the Cornell Electron Storage Ring became the world 's primary source of information about one of the fundamental building blocks of matter , the b quark . After the end of particle physics experiments 20 years later , CESR is now used as a test facility of damping rings for a future international linear collider . In 1981 , McDaniel developed a proposal for a new mile diameter electron positron collider called unk II , but could not obtain the necessary 200 million in funding for it . In 1988 , McDaniel was Visiting Distinguished Professor at Arizona State University . When interviewed in 1973 about his feelings on his work resulting in the dropping of atomic bombs on Japanese cities , McDaniel said It 's so difficult to assess these things today . I would have preferred to see a demonstration and am rather sad that it didn 't work out that way ... but I don 't know if it would have worked out as a useful venture . I have no idea what the Japanese would have done . Honors McDaniel was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1981 . He was a governing board member of Fermilab , a trustee of the Associated Universities , a member of the Department of Energy High Energy Advisory Panel , a trustee of the Universities Research Association and a board member of Brookhaven National Laboratory . In 1993 , the McDaniels donated a farm to the Cornell Plantations , which named the 60 . 6 acre property the Jane McDaniel Preserve . McDaniel died of a heart attack in Ithaca , New York at the age 84 .
3,888	Brazilian Dreams is a live album by Cuban jazz performer Paquito D 'Rivera . It was recorded at the Manchester Craftsmen 's Guild in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , between April 26 and 29 , 2001 , and released by MCG Jazz on August 27 , 2002 . The album features guest performances by the American vocal group New York Voices and trumpeter Claudio Roditi . In the United States , it peaked at number 22 on Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums chart . Produced by Jay Ashby , the album features seven songs written by Brazilian performers including Antnio Carlos Jobim , Luiz Bonf , Joo Donato and Caetano Veloso , and three original songs , and was conceived as a tribute to the music of Brazil of which D 'Rivera has always been an admirer . Brazilian Dreams received mixed reviews by critics , some praising the performers and the musical selection , and others being critical about the lack of improvement on the arrangements on the classic songs of the genre included . The album earned D 'Rivera the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album . Background and release Cuban saxophonist and clarinet player Paquito D 'Rivera decided to record an album paying tribute to Brazilian music after being invited by several Brazilian performers to play their native music . D 'Rivera also featured in Americanos Latino Life in the United States , a 2000 documentary produced by American actor Edward James Olmos , representing Brazil . I feel a great passion for the culture and music of Brazil , and it gives me pleasure to declare publicly that my heart is half Brazilian , D 'Rivera declared on his autobiography My Sax Life ( 2005 ) . The album features the American group New York Voices since D 'Rivera has always been an admirer of vocal quartets and wanted to kill two birds with one stone . He further explained that in Cuba musicians listened to radio stations from Miami mostly for the jingles sung by gringo vocal groups . Brazilian Dreams was released by MCG Jazz on August 27 , 2002 and was the tenth album recorded by the Manchester Craftsmen 's Guild , following A Nancy Wilson Christmas by Nancy Wilson , Joe Williams Presents Nicole unk Live at The Manchester Craftsman Guild and the Dizzy Gillespie All Stars 's Things to Come , among others . Content Brazilian Dreams was recorded live at the Manchester Craftsmen 's Guild in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania between April 26 and 29 , 2001 . The album includes ten songs and features Kim Nazarian , Lauren unk , Darmon Meader and Peter Eldridge of the New York Voices as backing vocalists . Performer Claudio Roditi is also featured playing trumpet , while D 'Rivera plays clarinet . Most of the songs included are written by Brazilian songwriters paying homage to the music of the country the setlist includes eight songs written by Antnio Carlos Jobim , Gene Lees , Luiz Bonf , Matt Dubey , Joo Donato , Caetano Veloso and three original songs by Roditi and D 'Rivera . The first track , Corcovado , includes a vocal texture inspired by Brazilian vocal groups unk em Cy , unk and The Swingle Singers . One for Tom is based on Se unk unk unk a voce by Jobim and features a tenor sax solo by Darmon Meader . unk Amigo is supported by D 'Rivera 's clarinet and backing vocals in an exquisite interplay of harmonies and solo sax with the slightest bass . Retrato Em Branco E unk features Nazarian performing vocals in Portuguese language . Reception and accolades Brazilian Dreams received mixed reviews from critics . Paula Edelstein of AllMusic gave the album four stars out of five , praising the performer skills leading his own ensembles or playing with renowned jazz masters , Paquito D 'Rivera continues to make a decidedly fresh imprint on Latin and Brazilian jazz . William Grim of All About Jazz wrote that Brazilian Dreams was a very satisfying album hoping that D 'Rivera , Roditi and the New York Voices record another album based on Brazilian music due to the large extension of the musical catalog of the country . C. Michael Bailey , also of All About Jazz , stated that the album is superb and fantastic in every way . Morrice Blackwell of Jazz Review named the album a musical match made in heaven , praising the performers and the sound quality , considering that it is a live performance . Blackwell also commented on the Manchester Craftsmen 's Guild which continually offer a complete jazz experience . On a second review by Jazz Review , Lee Prosser referred to the album as a classic Brazilian music collection ... something all jazz listeners can appreciate , enjoy , and want to have in their CD library collections , to finally declare that it was one of the very finest collections of music released in the year 2002 . Maurice Bottomley of PopMatters wrote that the record is gentle , cultured , and perhaps overly refined , but it is very accomplished and does actually swing , further commenting that it is also truer to the spirit of bossa nova in its first North American flowering than some will care to admit . However , Leila Cobo of Billboard magazine was critical about the fact that some tracks do not add much to the originals , but the album stays merely pleasant , notably in ' unk ' and ' Manh de Carnaval Gentle Rain ' . On a negative review by Mike Quinn of JazzTimes stated that the album should be renamed Brazilian Nightmares a it is impossible to escape the insipid vocal stylings of the ' New York Voices ' or the cliched horn arrangements that can be heard on bossa nova records going back as far as the ' 50s . Quinn was also critical of the repertoire since Brazil has produced more music than the usual 20 or 30 tunes that keep getting led to the butcher 's block . Brazilian Dreams reached number 35 at the CMJ Jazz Albums chart and peaked at number 22 on Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums chart . D 'Rivera was awarded the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album at the 4th Latin Grammy Awards , and with this recognition became the only performer to receive accolades in the Jazz and Classical music fields , after his album Historia del Soldado ( Histoire du unk by Igor Stravinsky ) earned the Best Classical Album at the same ceremony . Track listing Track listing adapted from AllMusic . Personnel Credits are adapted from AllMusic .
3,889	The Baths of Zeuxippus were popular public baths in the city of Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire . They were built between 100 to 200 , destroyed by the Nika revolt of 532 and then rebuilt several years later . They were so called because they were built upon the site where a Temple of Jupiter ( Zeus ) had formerly existed . They were built around 500 yards south of the much older baths of Achilles of the earlier Greek Acropolis in Byzantion . The baths were famed primarily for the many statues that were built within , and the famous people they each represented . However , they were later used for military purposes , during the seventh century . Excavations of the site and the Baths were made in 1928 . Description The original baths , which were founded and built by Septimius Severus , and decorated under Constantine I were adorned with numerous mosaics and over eighty statues , mostly those of historical figures , with Homer , Hesiod , Plato , Aristotle , Julius Caesar , Demosthenes , Aeschines and Virgil all among them , as well as the figures of gods and mythological heroes . These statues were taken from various places worldwide , including regions such as Asia and the surrounding areas , Rome , Greece and Asia Minor . The Baths did , indeed , follow a trend of architecture during the period places such as the Palace of the Senate , that of the Forums , the Palace of unk were all adorned with similar statues , of heroes ( mythological and not ) , historical figures , and powerful people , becoming part of a contemporary form of artful architecture . For a relatively small fee , entrance could be gained by any member of the general public to the Bath complex . While the area was obviously primarily used for public bathing , one could exercise and enjoy a variety of recreational activities . Attendants were paid to oversee these activities , and the happenings of the complex , enforcing opening and closing times , and the rules of conduct . Men and women were not allowed to bathe together they would either be in separate baths , or bathe at different times of the day . The popularity of the Baths of Zeuxippus was very great among the citizens , despite the numerous number of baths that had been available for public access at the time in Constantinople , and therefore , the great competition that existed in that commercial area . Even the likes of clergy and monks were seen there , despite the insistence by their superiors that the baths were places of impious behaviour . Location The 12th century scholar Zonaras tells of how Severus connected the baths to the Hippodrome and , in doing so , built it on the site of the Temple of Jupiter . However , Leontius , who was more accurate in his writings ( which also predate those of Zonaras ) , instead asserted that the baths were not actually joined to the Hippodrome , but was simply close to it Between Zeuxippus ' cool refreshing baths , And the famed Hippodrome 's swift course I stand . Let the spectator , where he bathes himself Or sees the struggling steed panting for breath Pay a kind visit , to enhance his pleasures He 'll find a hearty welcome at my table . Or if more manly sports his mind affects , Practice the rough diversions of the stadia . In addition to this , the Baths of Zeuxippus were also close ( most probably adjacent ) to the Great Palace grounds . This evidences their popularity , as such a location would have attracted many people , being in such great proximity to such significant places . The square of the unk and the basilica of Hagia Sophia were also close to the Baths . The map to the right shows the Baths ' approximate location within Constantinople , as determined by excavations made there . As can be seen , the Baths were roughly quadrangular in shape , and were , indeed , very close to , or even connected to the Palace , as Zonaras indicated . Destruction and later use As a result of the Nika revolt of 532 , which constituted the worst uprising Constantinople had seen at the time , and which left half of the city in ruins and thousands of people dead , the original Baths of Zeuxippus were destroyed in blazing fire . While Justinian took action to rebuild the Baths , he could not recreate or restore the statues or the antiquities that were lost in 532 . Soon after this however , in the early 7th century , as a result of extreme military and political pressure on the Byzantine Empire , public bathing changed from being a common luxury to a rare and infrequent one , and many public facilities and venues began to be used for the austere purposes of the military . They are last attested as being used as baths in 713 , before being converted to other uses part of the building became the prison known as unk , while another part appears to have been used as a silk workshop . Almost 1 , 000 years later , in 1556 , the Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan built the Haseki Hrrem Sultan unk on the same grounds . Later still , in 1927 1928 , excavations were made at the site , and many historical relics were recovered , such as earthenware and glazed pottery , giving unique insights into the architectural designs and social interests of the people and culture of Constantinople at the time . Most particular of the objects found at the site were two statues which were inscribed with the words unk and unk sic on their bases , giving rise to the theory that tells of how Christodorus of Coptus effectively wrote the six epigrams on the many statues of the Baths , and lending further plausibility to the writings of both Zonaras and Leontius . Inspired Literature Christodorus of Coptus , an Egyptian poet and writer wrote a lengthy ( 416 lines long ) hexameter piece of poetry inspired by the glory of the statues housed within the halls of the Baths of Zeuxippus . This poem actually consisted of a number of short epigrams ( six in total ) , each focusing on one or a small group of statues within the Baths , designed to combine to form one work . While it has been suggested that the epigrams of Christodorus of Coptus may actually have been inscribed on the ( bases ) of the statues themselves , this is unlikely because of his use of the unk medium , and the presence of the past tense in the text .
3,890	Andrea Doria was an ironclad battleship built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s and 1890s . Named for the 16th century Genoese admiral Andrea Doria , she was the third and final ship of the Ruggiero di Lauria class . The ship was armed with a main battery of four 17 inch ( 432 mm ) guns , was protected with 17 . 75 inch ( 451 mm ) thick belt armor , and was capable of a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km h 20 mph ) . The ship 's construction period was very lengthy , beginning in August 1881 and completing in February 1888 . She was quickly rendered obsolescent by the new pre dreadnought battleships being laid down , and as a result , her career was limited . She spent her career alternating between the Active and Reserve Squadrons , where she took part in training exercises each year with the rest of the fleet . Andrea Doria was stricken from the naval register in 1911 and used as a depot ship until Italy entered World War I in 1915 . The ship was renamed GR 104 and employed as a guard ship in Brindisi . She was converted into a floating oil tank after the war and was eventually broken up for scrap in 1929 . Design Andrea Doria was 105 . 9 meters ( 347 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 19 . 84 m ( 65 . 1 ft ) and an average draft of 8 . 29 m ( 27 . 2 ft ) . She displaced 9 , 886 metric tons ( 9 , 730 long tons ) normally and up to 11 , 027 t ( 10 , 853 long tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight coal fired , cylindrical fire tube boilers . Her engines produced a top speed of 16 . 1 knots ( 29 . 8 km h 18 . 5 mph ) at 10 , 500 indicated horsepower ( 7 , 800 kW ) . She could steam for 2 , 800 nautical miles ( 5 , 200 km 3 , 200 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 507 509 officers and men . Andrea Doria was armed with a main battery of four 17 in ( 432 mm ) 27 caliber guns , mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette . She carried a secondary battery of two 6 in ( 152 mm ) 32 cal. guns , one at the bow and the other at the stern , and four 4 . 7 in ( 119 mm ) 32 cal. guns . As was customary for capital ships of the period , she carried five 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . She was protected by steel armor her armored belt was 17 . 75 in ( 451 mm ) thick , and her armored deck was 3 in ( 76 mm ) thick . Her conning tower was armored with 9 . 8 in ( 249 mm ) of steel plate , and the barbette had 14 . 2 in ( 361 mm ) thick sides . Service history Andrea Doria was under construction for nine and a half years . She was laid down at La Spezia Navy Yard on 7 January 1882 and launched on 21 November 1885 . She was not completed for another five and a half years , her construction finally being finished on 16 May 1891 . Because of the rapid pace of naval technological development in the late 19th century , her lengthy construction period meant that she was an obsolete design by the time she entered service . The British Royal Navy had begun building the Royal Sovereign class , the first pre dreadnought battleships , two years before Andrea Doria entered service these ships marked a significant step forward in capital ship design . In addition , technological progress , particularly in armor production techniques first Harvey armor and then Krupp armor rapidly rendered older vessels like Andrea Doria obsolete . Andrea Doria served with the 2nd Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers , along with the ironclad Italia , which served as the divisional flagship , the torpedo cruiser Iride , and four torpedo boats . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet . Andrea Doria joined the ironclads Ruggiero di Lauria , Re Umberto , and Sardegna and the cruisers Stromboli , Etruria , and Partenope for a visit to Spithead in the United Kingdom in July 1895 . Later that year , the squadron stopped in Germany for the celebration held to mark the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal . In 1896 , Andrea Doria served in the 2nd Division for the summer maneuvers , held in July . The Division also included her sister Francesco Morosini and the protected cruiser Giovanni Bausan . The 1st and 2nd Divisions of the Active Squadron were tasked with defending against a hostile fleet , simulated by older ships in reserve . In 1899 , Andrea Doria , Ruggiero di Lauria , Sicilia , and Sardegna took part in a naval review in Cagliari for the Italian King Umberto I , which included a French and British squadron as well . That year , Andrea Doria and her two sisters served in the Active Squadron , which was kept in service for eight months of the year , with the remainder spent with reduced crews . The Squadron also included the ironclads Re Umberto , Sicilia , and Lepanto . In 1900 , Andrea Doria and her sisters were significantly modified and received a large number of small guns for defense against torpedo boats . These included a pair of 75 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) guns , ten 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) 40 caliber guns , twelve 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) guns , five 37 mm revolver cannon , and two machine guns . In 1905 , Ruggiero di Lauria and her two sisters were joined in the Reserve Squadron by the three Re Umberto class ironclads and Enrico Dandolo , three cruisers , and sixteen torpedo boats . This squadron only entered active service for two months of the year for training maneuvers , and the rest of the year was spent with reduced crews . By 1908 , the Italian Navy began to discard its ironclad battleships , including Andrea Doria 's two sister ships in 1909 . She lingered on in active service only briefly , before she too was stricken on 15 January 1911 . She was thereafter used as a depot ship in Taranto . Shortly before Italy entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente , Andrea Doria was renamed GR 104 a new dreadnought battleship of the same name had just been completed and was transferred to Brindisi , where she served as a guard ship . Following the end of the war , she was converted into a floating oil tank she served in this capacity until 1929 , when she was broken up for scrap .
3,891	Ride Me to Hell is the third episode of the second season of the American animated television series Ugly Americans , and the seventeenth overall episode of the series . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on July 14 , 2011 . In the episode , Grimes is outraged by the unsatisfying ending of his favorite television series , and Mark helps him unravel his attachment to the series while uncovering several deep seated memories . Meanwhile , Callie is expected to take over as the leader of Hell from her father , but is unwilling to do so . The episode was written by Mike Rowe and directed by Aaron Augenblick and series creator Devin Clark . While the series ' first season mainly referenced horror films , Ride Me to Hell pays homage to 1970s cop shows . Clark used Grimes unleashing his memories from the 1970s as an opportunity to parody cop shows such as CHiPs and Starsky and Hutch . According to Nielsen Media Research , Ride Me to Hell was watched by 814 , 000 viewers in its original airing , a slight drop in total viewership when compared to previous episodes . The episode received positive reviews . Plot Frank Grimes ' favorite television series , Dishonorable Discharge , ends after six seasons and it is revealed that the entire series was just an angel 's dream . Grimes is outraged and determined to change the ending . Later , Mark Lilly tells his girlfriend , the half demon Callie Maggotbone , that he has not seen his father since his sixth birthday . Mark 's roommate , the zombie Randall , is touched by this and decides to document Mark 's journey to find his father , so that he can become a Hollywood director . Mark is assigned by Twayne Boneraper to investigate Grimes , who has been busting people who enjoyed the ending of Dishonorable Discharge . He and Randall ( who documents everything with his video camera ) ride along with Grimes . In a memory sequence of Grimes ' , it is revealed that he was a real cop in the 1970s and worked with an undercover expert named Jimmy . He was dishonorably discharged from the force and repressed all of his memories of being a cop . Mark figures that this is why he is so angry with the ending of the series , and takes him through his past by using the same car Grimes and his partner Jimmy had . In the car , Grimes has a memory sequence again and drives to Hollywood . Meanwhile , Aldermach Maggotbone is ready to hand over his title as the leader of Hell to his daughter , Callie . However , Callie does not want to take over his job . A competition is held to choose which one will overtake the title and Callie tries to lose every challenge , but Twayne makes sure that she wins each time . At the studio where Dishonorable Discharge was filmed , Grimes forces some bystanders to act in his ending of the series , which reveals the memory Grimes had repressed While trying to take down Aldermach when he became the new leader of Hell , Grimes accidentally killed a disguised Jimmy . In present time , Mark , Grimes and Randall head back to New York to sabotage the new ceremony . At the ceremony , Aldermach unexpectedly chooses to give the unk ( a big snake one has to swallow to become the leader of Hell ) to his secretary , Cathy , to spare Callie from getting the job . Just as Cathy is about to receive the snake , Grimes crashes the car into the church and shoots her . It is then revealed that she is really Grimes ' old partner Jimmy , who had worked undercover in Hell for 35 years . Embarrassed , Grimes begins to repress his memories again , which Mark believes is for the best . The episode ends with an angel waking up , suggesting that the episode was her dream . Production Ride Me to Hell was written by Mike Rowe and directed by Aaron Augenblick and series creator Devin Clark . Screenwriter and executive producer Daniel Powell said that the episode explores a little bit more about Mark 's background , particularly that his father left him when he was younger , and that it sort of informs why he became a social worker . Unlike the series ' first season , which paid homage mainly to horror films , season two referenced a variety of genres . In an interview with Matt Barone of the magazine Complex , Clark used Ride Me to Hell as an example that the season taps into a little bit beyond the horror culture . He referred it to as one of our big episodes and stated that it references contemporary shows with unsatisfied endings , such as Monk and Lost . In the episode , Grimes unleashes memories of being a cop in the 1970s , which Clark saw as an opportunity to make fun of 1970s cop shows , such as CHiPs and Starsky and Hutch . He said , It 's always a fun opportunity to see what other worlds I can pull from , even beyond horror . We had some really fun opportunities this season to pull from old ' 70s cop shows . ... So , it 's fun for me just to step out and try lots of different styles and looks . I 'm excited for whatever the writers throw at me , thematically . It 's just a new opportunity to try something different . Ride Me to Hell was the fifth episode to be produced for the second season . In addition to the regular cast , the episode features appearances by recurring guest voice actors Pete Holmes , Julie Klausner and Mike O 'Gorman . Reception The episode originally aired in the United States on Comedy Central on July 14 , 2011 . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 814 , 000 viewers and acquired a 0 . 4 rating in the 18 49 demographic . The episode slightly dropped in terms of total viewership from the previous episode , Callie and Her Sister , which was watched by 980 , 000 viewers . Ride Me to Hell received a positive review from Ology 's Josh Harrison , who commented that it successfully redeemed the character Grimes , who was his least favorite character up until this episode . Harrison wrote , I 'm thrilled to see Grimes shine in his starring role . Admittedly this episode was a bit light on isolated funny incidents ... but Randall 's director speak was a solid unk , and I 'm always happy to see more demon politics . Harrison graded the episode 8 . 7 out of 10 and remarked that it was a cut above its predecessors this season , but still a bit shy of the very best UA episodes .
3,892	Leucopaxillus giganteus , commonly known as the giant unk ( formerly as the giant unk ) or the giant funnel , is a saprobic species of fungus in the Tricholomataceae family . As its common names imply , the fruit body , or mushroom , can become quite large the cap reaches diameters of up to 40 cm ( 16 in ) . It has a white or pale cream cap , and is funnel shaped when mature , with the gills running down the length of the stem . Considered by some to be a choice edible when young , this species has a cosmopolitan distribution , and is typically found growing in groups or rings in grassy pastures , roadside hedges , or woodland clearings . Leucopaxillus giganteus contains a number of bioactive compounds , one of which has displayed antibiotic and anti tumor properties in laboratory tests . Taxonomy The species was first described as Agaricus giganteus by English naturalist James Sowerby in 1809 , who illustrated it in his book Coloured Figures of English Fungi . Other historical synonyms include Clitocybe gigantea ( Qulet , 1872 ) , Paxillus giganteus ( Fries , 1874 ) , and Omphalia unk var. gigantea ( Qulet , 1886 ) . In 1934 , Robert Khner and unk Maire created the genus unk to contain species of Leucopaxillus with smooth spores , and they set L. giganteus as its type species . American mycologist Rolf Singer transferred it to its current genus in 1938 , but recognized the value of maintaining a distinction of the smooth spored species , and so made L. giganteus the type species of section unk . Leucopaxillus giganteus is commonly known as the giant unk ( formerly as the giant unk ) or the giant funnel . Description The cap of L. giganteus can become rather large , up to 40 cm ( 16 in ) in diameter with a thickness of 1 to 1 . 2 cm ( 0 . 4 to 0 . 5 in ) at half the radius . Younger specimens have caps that are convex , with a margin that is rolled downwards , but as the mushrooms matures the cap flattens out and eventually becomes shallowly funnel shaped . The cap is smooth and creamy white in color , but may develop brown stains and circular cracks with age . The cream colored gills are narrow , crowded close together , and have a decurrent attachment running down the length of the stem in age the gills will darken to a buff color . The stem is off white with reddish brown fibers and has dimensions , when mature , of up to 4 . 5 to 6 cm ( 1 . 8 to 2 . 4 in ) tall by 1 . 5 to 3 cm ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 2 in ) thick . There is no ring on the stem . At the base of the stem there is typically a dense , white mycelium that may form a mat . The flesh is firm , and also is white . Mature specimens are fragile , and difficult to remove from the ground without breaking . Microscopic characteristics When viewed in deposit , such as with a spore print , the spores appear white . When viewed with a light microscope , the spores are ovoid to ellipsoid , translucent ( hyaline ) , have a smooth surface , and possess a broadly rounded apex and base the spore dimensions are 6 8 by 3 . 5 5 m . Like all Leucopaxillus species , the spores of L. giganteus are amyloid meaning that they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent however , the extent of the stain may be variable . The spore bearing cells , the basidia , are 25 40 by 4 . 5 8 m , narrowly club shaped , and are attached to either 2 or 4 spores . The hyphae of this species invariably have clamp connections . Similar species Leucopaxillus giganteus somewhat resembles Leucopaxillus candidus , but this latter species has a darker coloring and is found more commonly in montane regions . Leucopaxillus septentrionalis is also large and resembles L. giganteus at some points during its development , but may be distinguished by its nauseous odor , the tan color of the cap , and the adnate ( gill squarely attached to the stem ) to slightly adnexed ( narrowly attached ) gills . Leucopaxillus candidus tends to be smaller , with a cap diameter ranging from 6 to 20 cm ( 2 . 4 to 7 . 9 in ) broad . Both Leucopaxillus unk and Lactarius vellereus have been suggested as additional lookalike species . Young specimens of Leucopaxillus giganteus may be confused with Clitocybe unk , C. unk or C. robusta . White Lactarius and Russula species may also appear superficially similar , but they have brittle flesh that breaks cleanly , unlike the fibrous flesh of Leucopaxillus giganteus . Habitat and distribution Leucopaxillus giganteus can form fairy rings in grassy areas like pastures , and is also found along roadsides it produces fruiting bodies in summer and autumn . It is a saprobic species , and so derives nutrients by decomposing organic matter . The fungus has a cosmopolitan distribution , and occurs throughout the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere . It is found in North America , Britain , and Europe . David Arora reports that in North America , it is most common in the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains . Uses Edibility Although one source claims that the species is a choice edible when young , another source warns of the possibility of stomach cramps and diarrhea . Burrows suggests preparing specimens by cutting them up and boiling the pieces , and disposing the water then they may be used in dishes such as stews and casseroles . Because of its large size , one specimen can be enough to be consumed by several individuals . The odor has been said to be farinaceous or similar to fish meal the taste and smell of the mushroom have also been alternately characterized as mild and pleasant or truly disgusting . The species is also a favorite food for species of the fruit fly genus Drosophila . Bioactive compounds Leucopaxillus giganteus contains a bioactive compound named unk that has antibiotic activity against a number of bacteria that are pathogenic to humans , such as Bacillus unk and Bacillus subtilis an earlier ( 1945 ) study showed antibiotic activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Salmonella typhi , and unk unk . unk has also been shown to promote apoptosis ( cell death ) in human cervical cancer cells in vitro ( HeLa ) . The mycelia of L. giganteus , when grown in liquid culture , has been shown to produce phenols and flavonoids that have antioxidant activity .
3,893	Red Alarm ( unk , unk unk ) is a 1995 shoot ' em up video game developed by T E Soft and published by Nintendo . Released as a Virtual Boy launch game , it requires the player to pilot a space fighter and defeat the army of a malevolent artificial intelligence called KAOS . The game takes inspiration from the 1993 title Star Fox , and it is one of the few third party titles for the Virtual Boy . Unlike most of the console 's games , Red Alarm features three dimensional ( 3D ) polygonal graphics . However , hardware constraints limited the visuals to bare wire frame models , similar to those of the 1980 arcade game Battlezone . Reviewers characterized Red Alarm 's graphics as confusing , but certain publications praised it as one of the most enjoyable Virtual Boy titles . Gameplay and plot Red Alarm is a shoot ' em up that takes place in a three dimensional ( 3D ) graphical environment . As a Virtual Boy game , it features a red and black color palette and stereoscopic 3D visuals , the depth of which may be adjusted by the player . The game is set during the 21st century , in the aftermath of a 70 year world war that led to the establishment of a utopian society without weapons . An artificially intelligent defense system called KAOS , which had been used to end the war , becomes sentient and builds an army to wipe out humanity . Assuming control of a Tech Wing space fighter , the player seeks to destroy KAOS 's forces and finally its mainframe . The game is broken up into six levels , each of which culminates in a boss fight . The player uses the Tech Wing 's laser cannons to attack , and its guided missiles to destroy armored enemies . Shields on the craft offer limited protection from enemy fire evasion is critical . The Tech Wing may be maneuvered in any direction , and certain levels contain branching corridors and dead ends that force players to retrace their paths . Four camera angles three third person viewpoints and the first person cockpit view are available . When a level is completed , the player may watch a replay of their performance from multiple perspectives . Development and release Red Alarm was published by Nintendo and developed by T E Soft , one of the few third party companies approached to develop for the Virtual Boy . According to the console 's creator , Gunpei Yokoi , Nintendo tried to maintain as much control as possible over Virtual Boy game development so that low quality releases by outside companies could be avoided . Although T E Soft was known for golf video games , the design of Red Alarm was inspired by that of Star Fox , a rail shooter for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . This decision was considered by Patrick Kolan of IGN to be a departure for the team . Unlike many Virtual Boy games , Red Alarm features an engine that displays 3D graphics the game world is rendered in wire frame polygonal visuals similar to those of the 1980 arcade game Battlezone . Because of the console 's limited technology , solid 3D graphics were not viable . Red Alarm debuted in North America at the 1995 Winter Consumer Electronics Show , and it was confirmed as a launch game for the Virtual Boy at that year 's Electronic Entertainment Expo . Later that year , Red Alarm and several other titles were released alongside the console , which debuted on July 21 in Japan and August 14 in the United States . Reception Writing for Weekly Famicom Tsshin , Isabella Nagano called Red Alarm 's stereoscopic visuals amazing , and Sawada Noda recommended the game to all owners of the Virtual Boy . In a more negative review , the publication 's Mizu Pin characterized the wire frame graphics as confusing and frustrating , a criticism echoed by the four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly . A GamePro writer under the pseudonym Slo Mo found the visuals confusing as well , but felt that players could adjust to them . Slo Mo and Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Danyon Carpenter and Al Manuel praised the title 's control scheme , and the latter magazine 's Andrew Baran summarized Red Alarm as a nifty show off game . The reviewer for Next Generation saw significant promise in Red Alarm , and believed that its elements should add up to a fantastic game but the writer panned the final product as a wasted opportunity . Similarly , Danny Wallace of Total wrote , On the one hand , it 's a pretty impressive 3D spacey shoot em up , with a real grip on the Virtual world and all those fancy techniques , and on the other it 's an often visually confusing , headache inducing attempt at being something it 's quite obviously not . However , Dave Halverson of DieHard GameFan called Red Alarm a great shooter with excellent graphics . Co reviewer Nicholas Barres hailed it as a masterpiece , and he considered it to be the one and only reason to buy a Virtual Boy . A retrospective feature by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's program Good Game highlighted Red Alarm as one of the Virtual Boy 's most visually impressive games due to its polygonal graphics . The outlet praised it as one of the most entertaining titles on the console . Video game database AllGame gave the game a two and a half out of five rating , noting how the graphics made it difficult to play . The review stated that the design of the graphics makes structures hard to see because there is empty space between the lines defining them . Add multiple enemy fighters and ground defenses sic into the mix , and it can be very difficult to navigate your ship , especially when you are trying to fight back The review concluded that the developers have created a very detailed setting for which to fight in . Walls have faces stretching out of them like a scene from The Abyss , there are several interesting bosses to combat , and you 'll even hear some speech . Deep down there is a fine shooter that is simply hard to enjoy due to the limitations of the hardware ... and that is truly a shame . In 2008 , Kolan called it a really competent shooter with strong visuals and gameplay . The following year , Damien McFerran of Retro Gamer summarized Red Alarm as pretty good fun to play , although inferior to Star Fox . However , Wired 's Chris Kohler later opined that the game kind of sucked .
3,894	The Illinois Freedom Bell is located in Mount Morris , Illinois , United States , and is the official freedom bell of the U.S. state of Illinois . The bell was created for a church in Lake Geneva , Wisconsin as a replica of the Liberty Bell in 1862 . In 1910 , while it was being moved across the frozen Geneva Lake following a fire at the church , the ice cracked and the bell sank to the bottom of the lake . It was salvaged in 1960 and the village of Mount Morris acquired it in 1966 . The Illinois Freedom Bell is rung during the annual Let Freedom Ring festival , and it can be found beneath a gazebo on the village square . The bell has been credited with starting an Independence Day bell ringing tradition across the United States . The bell was designated the official Illinois Freedom Bell in 1971 . History Origin The Illinois Freedom Bell is located in Mount Morris , Illinois , and was cast as a replica of the Liberty Bell in 1862 . Following its casting , the bell was transported to Lake Geneva , Wisconsin , where it was kept in the belfry of a church along the north shore of Geneva Lake . In 1910 , the church was destroyed by a fire the bell fell during the fire but was undamaged following the fire , the bell was put into storage . The church members then decided to reconstruct the church on the south side of the lake . During the winter , as a group of men attempted to drag the bell across the frozen lake , the weight of the bell cracked the ice and it sank to the bottom . The bell remained submerged for over 40 years before a wealthy resident of Lake Geneva decided to surface the bell in 1960 . The resident located the bell , and surfaced it with great difficulty , intent on making the future Illinois Freedom Bell the focal point of his new home . After the bell was salvaged he decided it did not suit his purposes . A young farmer from unk purchased the bell , and it was again kept in storage . In 1966 , an article was published about the bell 's submersion and resurfacing at Geneva Lake . The article interested the people of Mount Morris , Illinois , and they sent 12 members of their Fourth of July Committee to investigate the bell in unk . The people of Mount Morris decided to purchase the bell a committee was formed and obtained a loan from the Mount Morris VFW . The group also collected donations from local residents to purchase the bell for US 500 . By July 4 , 1966 , the Illinois Freedom Bell hung from the gazebo in its current location , and the two writers who first suggested bell ringing as an annual Independence Day ceremony , Eric Hatch and Eric Sloane were on hand for its dedication . Five years later , in 1971 , the bell was designated the Official Freedom Bell of the State of Illinois by Illinois Governor Richard B. Ogilvie . A plaque was added to the tower on July 4 , 1972 with an inscription from Governor Ogilvie that reads Festival On February 17 , 1963 , an issue of This Week contained an article , Make Freedom Really Ring , written by two Connecticut writers , Eric Hatch and Eric Sloane . In the article , they suggested that every July 4 , all bells in the country ring for four minutes , and radio stations broadcast the ringing for two minutes . Readers across the country took the advice of the magazine 's editor , and contacted local officials in support of a nationwide bell ringing observance . Concurrently , a resolution was proposed in Congress by Connecticut Senator Abraham Ribicoff that called for the ringing of bells nationwide at 2 p.m every July 4 . Eastern Daylight Time . The bill passed both the Senate and House of Representatives later that year . Meanwhile , the village of Mount Morris had already decided to hold their own bell ringing during the village 's annual Independence Day festival , the Let Freedom Ring . Subsequently , on April 30 , 1963 , Illinois native and rising Republican political star Ronald Reagan visited Mount Morris to dedicate the first Mount Morris freedom bell , which now hangs at the Veterans ' Memorial Fountain . The first freedom bell was a small 16 inch ( 40 . 6 cm ) bell . Later , as U.S. President in 1984 , Reagan was presented with a replica of the official Illinois Freedom Bell in the Oval Office by U.S. Representative Lynn Morley Martin . The first national bell ringing took place on July 4 , 1963 Mount Morris also participated in that ringing . Even though many states sponsored bell unk , Hatch and Sloane both credited Mount Morris with making their suggestion a reality . The Illinois Freedom Bell is annually rung in unison , at 1 pm CDT ( 18 00 UTC ) on the Independence Day , July 4 , with other bells across the United States . Thousands of people gather in the village to hear the bell each year on Independence Day . In Mount Morris , the annual event is known as the Let Freedom Ring festival . The Mount Morris festival and bell ringing has been attended by several notable individuals . In 1973 , future Illinois Governor and member of the 9 11 Commission , James Thompson attended the festival and bell ringing . A year later , in 1974 , Richard Blake , a noted Abraham Lincoln impersonator , appeared at the festival to speak as Lincoln . Several times the Let Freedom Ring festival has been broadcast nationally . During the 1964 festival , Governor Otto Kerner was the speaker at the bell ringing observance , and his address was transmitted via telephone to the Illinois pavilion at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . The 1965 bell ringing was broadcast over the public address system at Wrigley Field in Chicago . Over the years , the committee for the festival requested that the bell ringing be part of the Illinois Sesquicentennial , the U.S. Bicentennial , and the Statue of Liberty Centennial celebrations , all of which were allowed . The Let Freedom Ring celebration hosts a Freedom Run , arts and crafts , a parade , a fireworks display , and the highlighted ringing of the Illinois Freedom Bell . Description The Illinois Freedom Bell is silver in color and cast from bronze metal . It is four feet ( 1 . 2 m ) tall and four feet ( 1 . 2 m ) wide with a weight of 1 , 500 pounds ( 680 kg ) . The bell is housed in a 15 foot wooden tower , which stands in a prominent position on the town square .
3,895	Frde Airport , Bringeland ( IATA FDE , ICAO unk Norwegian Frde unk , Bringeland ) is a regional airport located at Bringelandssen in the municipality of Gaular , about 16 kilometers ( 10 mi ) south of the town of Frde in Sogn og Fjordane county , Norway . Owned and operated by the state owned Avinor , the airport has a single 1 , 019 meter ( 3 , 343 ft ) runway numbered 07 25 . It is served by Widere , which operates Dash 8 100 aircraft to the cities of Bergen , Flor and Oslo . Starting in 1970 , the town of Frde was served by Frde Airport , yrane , located in an industrial site in town and with poor operational conditions . Bringeland was opened in 1986 and the old airport was closed . Bringeland originally consisted of a 859 meter ( 2 , 818 ft ) runway , but that was lengthened in 2010 . Since 1988 , the helicopter operator Airlift has also been based at the airport . The airport was originally municipal , but nationalized in 1996 . Bringeland served 82 , 356 passengers in 2011 . History yrane The first plans for an airport serving the Sunnfjord region was in the town of Flor construction started in 1956 , but was halted . A government commission recommended in 1964 that a primary airport be built in Flor serve the entire county . These plans were changed in 1965 , following Hkon Kyllingmark being appointed Ministry of Transport and Communications ( Norway ) . He instead insisted on a network of short take off and landing airports for smaller communities . Frde Airport , yrane was built with such specifications , but was located in the middle of the industrial area yrane , just outside the town center . From 1971 it became part of the regional aviation network in Western Norway . From before the airport was built it was evident that the location was not well suited , and planning of an alternative location began in 1968 . The main concern was that the airport lacked an instrument landing system and could thus only be used during daylight hours . The first alternative location proposal was for unk , but the site was discarded by the Civil Aviation Administration ( CAA ) because of poor weather conditions . Late proposals were unk and then unk on the Sognefjord . By 1972 , the CAA had concluded that there probably was not a suitable location for an airport near Frde and recommended that the town instead by served by Flor Airport , located 70 kilometers ( 43 mi ) away . Construction and operational history Bringelandssen was proposed by the CAA in 1974 . Plans were developed and in 1983 the Ministry of Transport and Communications recommended that yrane be closed and replaced with an all new airport at Bringeland . Construction started in 1985 and the new airport opened on 31 August 1986 , taking over all scheduled traffic from yrane . Widere started scheduled services to Oslo and Bergen , originally using de Havilland Canada DHC 6 Twin Otter and DHC 7 Dash 7 aircraft , of which the latter which was used to Oslo . Airlift was established in 1986 and was based at yrane until 1988 , when it also moved to Bringeland . Dash 8 aircraft were phased in from 1993 . The airport was originally owned as an inter municipal enterprise by Gaular and Frde . Operating deficits were covered through various subsidies from the state , often with unclear responsibilities and little financial risk for the owners . Most regional airports , including Frde , were nationalized in 1996 and transferred to the CAA , later renamed Avinor . Widere lost the public service obligation contract to fly to Flor Airport in 2000 , and therefore moved its technical base for Western Norway to Frde , which included a new hangar . Frde Airport had a caf until 2006 and originally 859 meters ( 2 , 818 ft ) runway . In 2009 and 2010 , it was expanded with another 160 meters ( 520 ft ) to the west . SCAT I was installed in 2011 . The following year , Widere regained the Flor contract , and moved its technical base back there . Facilities Frde Airport , Bringeland is owned and operated by the state owned Avinor . The airport has a 1 , 019 by 30 meters ( 3 , 343 by 98 ft ) asphalt runway , aligned 07 25 . Instrument flight rules are only allowed for aircraft equipped with SCAT I. The terminal has a small conference center , and the airport is a seventeen minute drive from Frde . unk Billag operates an airport coach to unk , which takes twenty minutes . Paid parking , taxis and car rental is available at the airport . Airlift has its own hangar , helipad and administration buildings . Airlines and destinations Widere operates all scheduled services out of Frde , connecting it to Oslo Airport , Gardermoen and Bergen Airport , Flesland with a combined seven daily flights . The flights are operated with Dash 8 100 aircraft and are subsidized as part of a public service obligation contract with the Ministry of Transport and Communications . Frde Airport is the local airport for ten municipalities in Sunnfjord and outer Sogn . The airport had 82 , 356 passengers , 8 , 109 aircraft movements and 3 tonnes of cargo in 2014 . Less than a fifth of the patronage travels to Bergen , and Frde even experiences some leakage by people driving to Bergen Airport directly . The helicopter operator Airlift is based at Bringeland it is the largest employer in Gaular , with 150 employees in 2002 . The company flies air ambulance and various charter services . Also at the airport is an aviation club , Fjordane Flyklubb . Future Avinor has started a process to look at the airport structure in Sogn og Fjordane . Early plans have looked at closing down Frde Airport , and possibly also Sandane Airport , Anda , while expanding the runway at Flor Airport to 2 , 000 meters ( 6 , 600 ft ) . This would allow for jetliners to operate from Flor to Oslo with significantly lower ticket prices not likely with less than 80 120 ' 000 citizens within 50 80 km radius and remove the need for subsidies . Previously , the Ministry of Transport and Communications has proposed closing Sandane Airport and splitting the traffic between Frde and rsta Volda Airport , unk . The road distance from Sandane to Bringeland is 97 kilometers ( 60 mi ) , from Sandane to Flor Airport 93 km ( 58 mi ) and from Frde to Flor Airport 58 km ( 36 mi ) .
3,896	Who Am I is a song recorded by Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Written by Mark Hall and produced by Mark A. Miller and Steven Curtis Chapman , it was released on February 22 , 2004 , as the second single from the band 's 2003 self titled debut album . A pop rock and adult contemporary ballad , the song is based around the piano and utilizes orchestral sounds . Lyrically , the song is centered on worshiping God . The song received positive reviews from music critics upon its release , with several regarding it as one of the best songs on their debut album . Who Am I received the awards for Song of the Year and Pop Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 36th GMA Dove Awards , and it was also nominated for Worship Song of the Year . It achieved success on Christian radio , topping the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts as well as simultaneously peaking atop the Radio Records Christian AC , Christian CHR , and INSPO charts . It has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , signifying sales of over 500 , 000 digital downloads . Casting Crowns has performed the song in concert as well as at special events , and re recorded the song in 2013 for their acoustic album The Acoustic Sessions Volume One . Background and composition According to Casting Crowns ' lead singer Mark Hall , the idea for Who Am I came while he was driving home with his wife and children one night . Hall , who was having personal worship time during the drive , recounts that he wondered Who am I to think I can just call up to God whenever I want , from the middle of nowhere , and expect Him to hear me Hall says immediately I started thinking I 'm a new creation , I 'm more than a conqueror ... I 'm also grass , that is rises up and is gone in a day . In an interview , he commented that me being a conqueror is true , but at the same time I need to understand that my life is a vapor , and me being able to even pray to God is because of what he 's done for me . Who Am I was produced by Mark A. Miller and Steven Curtis Chapman . It was recorded at Glow In The Dark Studio in Decatur , Georgia and Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee , and it was engineered by Matt Goldman and Sam Hewitt . Who Am I is a song with a length of five minutes and thirty five seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , it is in set common time in the key of B major and has a tempo of 66 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of G 3 to the high note of F 3 . Who Am I has been described as a pop rock and adult contemporary ballad . Based around the piano and featuring orchestral sounds , it begins slowly before building up into a musical crescendo . Lyrically , the song is centered in praising God , relating a theme of nothingness without Christ . Reception Who Am I received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Andy Argyrakis of CCM Magazine described the song as a standout from the album . Tom Lennie of Cross Rhythms noted it as one of the best songs from their debut album . In 2007 , Andree Farias of Christianity Today described it as one of the many Casting Crowns songs that have become beloved anthems of the Christian faith . In 2013 , Roger Gelwicks described it as an AC radio favorite but felt it was dated . At the 36th GMA Dove Awards , Who Am I won the awards for Song of the Year and Pop Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year It was also nominated for Worship Song of the Year . Who Am I was released to Christian adult contemporary , Christian CHR , and Soft AC Inspirational radio on January 22 , 2004 as the second single from the band 's debut album . It spent six weeks atop the Billboard Christian Songs songs chart and two weeks atop the Hot Christian AC chart . It also simultaneously topped the Radio Records Christian AC , Christian CHR , and INSPO charts . In July 26 , 2011 , it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , signifying sales of over 500 , 000 digital downloads . Live performances and other uses On October 5 , 2003 at the band 's church in Atlanta , Casting Crowns performed Who Am I . This performance was included on their 2004 live album Live from Atlanta . The band performed the song on May 6 , 2004 at the Nationally Broadcast Concert of Prayer event , held at Daytona International Speedway in front of nearly 10 , 000 people the band 's performance , along with the rest of those participating in the three hour event , was simulcast nationally on television , radio , and the internet . The band performed the song on October 27 , 2004 at the Pontiac Silverdome in Detroit , Michigan as part of a Bush Cheney ' 04 campaign rally . The event was attended by around 20 , 000 people . At a concert at the Giant Center in Hershey , Pennsylvania held on April 1 , 2005 , Casting Crowns performed it as the third song on their set list . On July 10 , 2005 at a concert at unk High School in Ypsilanti , Michigan , Casting Crowns performed it as their third song in their set list . At a concert at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey , Casting Crowns performed an acoustic version of the song . At a concert on November 12 , 2005 in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 's Stabler Arena , Casting Crowns performed the song as the thirteenth song in their set . The band performed the song at a February 5 , 2010 concert at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri . In 2009 , the band was invited to perform in North Korea at the 2009 Spring Friendship Art Festival the band 's set list at the festival included a Korean language version of Who Am I . Who Am I was included on the 2004 compilation album WOW Hits 2005 , the 2006 compilation album WOW Worship Aqua , and the 2008 compilation album WOW Essentials , as well as the band 's 2004 live album Live from Atlanta . The band re recorded the song for their 2013 acoustic album The Acoustic Sessions Volume One unlike the original , which featured Mark Hall on lead vocals , the acoustic version features Megan Garrett on lead vocals . Credits and personnel Credits taken from Allmusic . Charts Certifications Release and radio history
3,897	HMS Hyperion was an H class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the mid 1930s . During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 1939 the ship enforced the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides as part of the Mediterranean Fleet . During the first few months of World War II , Hyperion searched for German commerce raiders in the Atlantic Ocean and blockaded German merchant ships in neutral harbours until she returned to the British Isles in early 1940 . The ship participated in the Norwegian Campaign before she was transferred back to the Mediterranean Fleet shortly afterwards . Hyperion participated in the Battle of Calabria and the Battle of Cape Spada in July 1940 while escorting the larger ships of the fleet . The ship covered several convoys to Malta before she struck a mine and had to be sunk in December 1940 . Description Hyperion displaced 1 , 350 long tons ( 1 , 370 t ) at standard load and 1 , 883 long tons ( 1 , 913 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 . 5 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 . 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 5 inches ( 3 . 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 34 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 , 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) . The other G and H class destroyers were built with three Admiralty 3 drum water tube boilers , but as a trial Hyperion uniquely used a Johnson boiler in the aft position instead . This is an O type boiler with a single lower water drum and curved tubes , rather than the triangular arrangement with two drums used by the Admiralty . The first boiler design suffered from poor circulation and so external cold unk were added , making the reworked boiler 10 heavier . The boiler was well regarded in service as it reduced the amount of potentially troublesome refractory firebrick usually used for the base of the furnace . Hyperion carried a maximum of 470 long tons ( 480 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 , 530 nautical miles ( 10 , 240 km 6 , 360 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 137 officers and men in peacetime , but this increased to 146 in wartime . The ship mounted four 45 calibre 4 . 7 inch Mk IX guns in single mounts . For anti aircraft ( AA ) defence , Hyperion had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 . 5 inch Vickers Mk III machine gun . She was fitted with two above water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . The ship 's anti aircraft armament was increased when the rear set of torpedo tubes was replaced by a 12 pounder 12 cwt AA gun , although when exactly the modification was made is not known . Career Ordered on 13 December 1934 , Hyperion was laid down by Swan Hunter Wigham Richardson at Wallsend on Tyne , England , on 27 March 1935 . She was launched on 8 April 1936 and completed on 3 December 1936 . Excluding government furnished equipment like the armament , the ship cost 251 , 466 . She was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning . Hyperion patrolled Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War enforcing the policies of the Non Intervention Committee . The ship received an overhaul at Malta between 30 September and 30 October 1937 and resumed patrolling Spanish waters for the rest of the war . Hyperion was sent to Portsmouth for another refit in August 1939 that lasted from 16 to 27 August . When World War II began on 3 September , the ship was en route to Freetown , Sierra Leone to search for German commerce raiders . Hyperion was transferred to the North America and West Indies Station in late October where he blockaded various German merchant ships in American and Mexican harbours . She intercepted the German ocean liner Columbus off Cape Hatteras on 19 December , but Columbus scuttled herself before she could be captured . Hyperion was transferred to the British Isles in mid January 1940 and began a refit at Portsmouth that lasted from 25 January to 6 March . The ship rejoined the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow . On 5 April Hyperion escorted the battlecruiser Renown as she covered the minelayers preparing to implement Operation Wilfred , an operation to lay mines in the Vestfjord to prevent the transport of Swedish iron ore from Narvik to Germany . The ship and her sister Hero pretended to lay a minefield off Bud , Norway on 8 April and reported its location to the Norwegians . Hyperion escorted the aircraft carriers Glorious and Ark Royal from 21 April as their aircraft attacked German targets in Norway . She remained with Ark Royal when Glorious returned to Scapa Flow to refuel on 27 April . In early May the ship escorted the light cruiser Birmingham on an unsuccessful sweep of the North Sea looking for German ships . Hyperion evacuated British personnel from the Hook of Holland from 8 to 12 May and was then ordered to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet at Malta on 16 May . On 9 July she participated in the Battle of Calabria as an escort for the heavy ships of Force C and unsuccessfully engaged Italian destroyers and suffered no damage . During the Battle of Cape Spada on 19 July , the ship escorted Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and rescued some of the 525 survivors from the Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni together with the other escorting destroyers . Together with her sister Hereward and two other destroyers , she bombarded Italian positions around Sidi Barrani on 25 September . Hyperion escorted the carrier Illustrious during the Battle of Taranto on the night of 11 12 November . With Hereward , she sank the Italian submarine unk on 14 December 1940 near Bardia . Hyperion struck a mine on 22 December 1940 off Pantelleria as she escorted the battleship HMS Malaya on passage from Alexandria to Gibraltar while covering a convoy to Malta . The destroyer Ilex attempted to tow Hyperion , but the tow cable broke twice and the destroyer Janus was ordered to sink her after Ilex took off the crew . Only two members of the crew were not rescued and were presumed killed in the explosion .
3,898	The Prime Minister of Vietnam ( Vietnamese Th tng Vit Nam ) , officially styled Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic ( Vietnamese Th tng Chnh ph nc Cng unk unk hi unk unk ) , is the head of government of Vietnam and presides over the meetings of the Central Government ( formerly the Council of Ministers ) . The prime minister directs the work of government members , and may propose deputy prime ministers to the National Assembly . The head of government is responsible to the National Assembly and serves as the Deputy Chairman of the Council for Defence and Security . The tenure of a prime minister is five years , and the term is renewable once . The current prime minister Nguyn Xun Phc has served since 2016 . In case of incapacity , a deputy prime minister assumes the office of acting prime minister until the prime minister resumes duty , or until the appointment of a new prime minister . The powers and prestige of the prime minister have varied through the years . Pham Van Dong , Vietnam 's second prime minister , often lamented that in practice he had little power . Since the death of Pham Hung in 1988 , the prime minister has been ranked 3rd in the order of precedence of the Communist Party 's Politburo , the highest decision making body in Vietnam . History Ho Chi Minh , who also served as the country 's President , was appointed Vietnam 's first prime minister in 1946 by the National Assembly , after having served months as Acting Chairman of the Provisional Government and foreign minister in the aftermath of the 1945 August Revolution . Both the 1946 and 1959 Constitutions state that the National Assembly had the power to appoint and relieve the prime minister of his duties . The prime minister presided over the Council of Ministers , the highest executive body of state , from 1981 until it was renamed to Government in the 1992 constitution . The office of prime minister was renamed in the 1980 constitution to that of Chairman of the Council of Ministers . Pham Van Dong , the second Prime Minister of Vietnam , served as North Vietnamese Prime Minister from 1955 until 1976 , when he became prime minister of a unified Vietnam , and then until 1987 , when he resigned . At his resignation , he was the longest serving prime minister in Vietnamese history , and the oldest serving prime minister in the world . He often lamented that he was one of the world 's weakest prime ministers , on one occasion saying I can do nothing . When I say something , nobody listens . If I propose changing a deputy minister , it turns out to be impossible . I cannot even choose my own ministers . Since the death of Pham Hung in 1988 , the prime minister has been ranked Number 3 in the order of precedence of the Communist Party 's Politburo . Duties , powers and responsibilities The National Assembly by a proposal of the President of Vietnam elects the prime minister . The prime minister is responsible to the National Assembly , and the Assembly elects all ministers to government . Activity reports by the prime minister must be given to the National Assembly , while the Standing Committee of the National Assembly supervises the activities of the Central Government and the prime minister . Finally , the deputies of the National Assembly have the right to question the prime minister and other members of government . The prime minister is the only member of government who must be a member of the National Assembly . This is because the prime minister is accountable to the National Assembly , and he reports to it , or to its Standing Committee , and to the president . The prime minister issues directives and supervises the implementation of formal orders given by the president , the National Assembly or the Standing Committee . Cabinet members and members of the Central Government in general are responsible to the prime minister and the National Assembly for the fields they specialise in . According to the Constitution of Vietnam , the following are the duties , powers and responsibilities of the prime minister To head the Central Government , and direct the works of members of the Central Government , the People 's Councils at all levels and to chair the meetings of the Cabinet To propose to the National Assembly that ministries , or organs with ministerial rank , be established or dissolved to present to the National Assembly or , when the latter is not in session , to its Standing Committee , for approval , proposals on the appointment , release from duty , or dismissal of deputy prime ministers , cabinet ministers and other members of the Government To appoint , release from duty , or dismiss deputy ministers and officials of equal rank to approve the election , release from duty , secondment and dismissal of chairmen and deputy chairmen of People 's Committees of provinces and cities under direct central rule To suspend or annul decisions , directives and circulars of cabinet ministers and other Government members , decisions and directives of People 's Councils and chairmen of People 's Committees of provinces and cities under direct central rule that contravene the Constitution , the law , or other formal written documents of superior State organs To suspend the execution of resolutions of People 's Councils of provinces and cities under direct central rule that contravene the Constitution , the law , or the formal written orders of superior State organs at the same time to propose to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly to annul them To make regular reports to the people through the mass media on major issues to be settled by the Government . When the prime minister is absent , he must choose one of his deputy prime ministers to direct the work of the government . The prime minister serves concurrently as the secretary of the CPV Government Caucus Commission . The National Assembly chairman serves as the commission 's deputy . Currently there are ten members of the Commission , all of whom hold government posts . Commission members are appointed by the Politburo , and the Commission itself is responsible to the Politburo and the Secretariat . The decision making process within the Commission is based on the principles of collective leadership . Living former prime ministers
3,899	The effects of Hurricane Isabel in New York and New England were relatively minor and primarily limited to wind damage . Hurricane Isabel formed from a tropical wave on September 6 , 2003 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean . It moved northwestward , and within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph ( 265 km h ) on September 11 . After fluctuating in intensity for four days , Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km h ) on September 18 . It quickly weakened over land and became extratropical over western Pennsylvania the next day . Damage in New York totaled 90 million ( 2003 USD , 105 million 2008 USD ) , with Vermont reporting about 100 , 000 in damage ( 2003 USD , 117 , 000 in 2008 USD ) . Falling trees from moderate winds downed power lines across the region , causing sporadic power outages . Two people died as a result of the hurricane , both due to the rough surf from Isabel . Preparations Hours before Isabel made landfall on North Carolina , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm warning for a portion of the southern Long Island coastline from the New Jersey New York border to unk . About a day before the hurricane moved ashore , forecasters estimated the hurricane possessed a 10 chance of passing within 75 miles ( 120 km ) of New York City . Other portions of southern New England were estimated to have similar probabilities , with the same forecast predicting a 3 chance for it passing within 75 miles ( 120 km ) of Eastport , Maine . By about two days before Isabel struck land until several hours after it moved ashore , forecasters predicted the storm to pass over western New York as a transitioning tropical cyclone before passing into Canada as an extratropical cyclone . New York Governor George Pataki urged residents to purchase emergency supplies and to fill cars with gasoline . The State Emergency Management Office began preparing for the hurricane about a week before it moved ashore . The office also issued a Level 1 emergency activation , with a planning unit readying contingency plans and in coordinating the efforts of other state offices . The state 's National Guard began preliminary preparations for possible support efforts by reviewing the list of personnel able to be mobilized in the event of an emergency . Army and Air National Guard officials identified needed equipment in the event of an emergency , such as helicopters , generators , high axle vehicles , and communications equipment . State police officers established contingency plans for personnel and equipment to assist as needed . The State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation ensured needed equipment were operational , and also secured buildings with sandbags to prevent flooding . Seven airlines allowed travelers potentially affected by the hurricane to reschedule their flights to a later date . Impact The pressure gradient between a ridge and Isabel produced strong northeast winds of at least tropical storm force across southeastern New York . Shinnecock Inlet recorded a peak gust of 52 mph ( 84 km h ) . A station at LaGuardia Airport recorded a wind gust of 51 mph ( 82 km h ) , where airplane flights averaged a 90 minute delay . The strongest winds occurred in the outer rainbands , during which many trees , tree limbs , and power lines fell across the region . In the New York metropolitan area , moderate winds downed 640 trees and 801 tree limbs . A man driving through Great Neck Estates was critically injured when a tree limb fell onto the car . Additionally , a falling tree branch hit a man in the head , resulting in a serious head injury . In and around New York City , about 1 . 1 million customers were left without power , though most outages were fixed by the day after the hurricane passed through the region . Offshore of Long Beach , rough waves killed a man while unk . Further to the northwest the winds were not as severe , though in some places in the south central portion of the state the winds downed some trees . A falling tree hit and damaged a car in Cobleskill . The winds also knocked out power to about 3 , 000 customers in the Schoharie and eastern Mohawk Valleys . In the northeast portion of the state , a few trees and power lines were blown down in Moriah , Westport , and Lewis . Precipitation was generally light in the state , with a few scattered locations reporting over 1 inch ( 25 mm ) . In Livingston County , the rainfall overflowed the reservoir , causing moderate flood damage . Initially , gasoline futures on the New York Stock Exchange rose in anticipation of a threat from the hurricane , though later dropped when the storm failed to disrupt oil refining facilities . The hurricane brought unusual birds to the western portion of the state , including petrels and shearwaters normally found in salt water regions or over the open ocean . Most of the birds died within a few days due to the sudden change in habitat . In Cayuga County , downed power lines lit one building on fire , causing minor smoke and water damage though no injuries . Damage in the state totaled 90 million ( 2003 USD , 105 million 2008 USD ) . Rainfall reached 1 inch ( 25 mm ) in portions of western Connecticut and Massachusetts . Strong surf from Isabel caused a man to drown after losing his footing along the beach near Narragansett , Rhode Island , and being swept out to sea . Officials in Connecticut contacted a water company in Watertown and a grocer in Cheshire for donations to assist the residents affected in North Carolina . A few days after Isabel moved ashore , the officials sent a tractor trailer truck with 2 , 000 gallons ( unk l ) of water and 25 , 000 pounds ( 11 , 340 kg ) of ice to North Carolina . In Vermont , the strong pressure gradient produced a peak wind gust of 55 mph ( 89 km h ) in Pleasant Valley , causing sporadic downed trees and power lines throughout the state . In Richmond , trees fell on and damaged three trucks , and in Salisbury a falling tree damaged a car . Damage in the state totaled about 100 , 000 ( 2003 USD , 117 , 000 in 2008 USD ) . Rainfall reached 1 inch ( 25 mm ) in various portions of New Hampshire and Maine .

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.