license stringclasses 1
value | text stringlengths 66 12.2k | doi stringlengths 10 59 | type stringclasses 14
values | detected_lang stringclasses 6
values | publication_year float64 2.01k 2.02k | is_dataset bool 2
classes | is_software bool 2
classes | is_acknowledgement bool 2
classes | is_clinicaltrial bool 2
classes | field_name stringclasses 26
values | field_id stringclasses 26
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cc-by | The evaluation platform and the gold standard we obtained during our study is available for download on Github: https://github. com/anlausch/TMEvaluationPlatform. | 10.4000/ijcol.392 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | And more specifically presidential correspondences such as the 40 million email datasets from the Bill Clinton Presidential collection archived by the National Archives (Cohen 2006 ). | 10.4000/ijcol.392 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Background: Multiple treatments are frequently available for a given condition, and clinicians and patients need a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of evidence for all competing treatments. We aimed to quantify the waste of research related to the failure of systematic reviews to provide a complete and up-to-date ev... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Search strategy We searched for reports of randomized trials in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MED-LINE, and EMBASE (search equations in Additional file 1: Appendix 2) with no restriction on language, status, or year of publication, and searched other resources [12] : 1) previous systematic review... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | true | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | We contacted trialists to request complete results for all trials identified as "completed" on ClinicalTrials. gov but without published results and for all trials with conference abstracts but no full-text articles. The last search was conducted on March 2, 2015. | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | false | true | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Eligibility criteria Systematic reviews of randomized trials of second-line treatments for advanced NSCLC were eligible. We selected reviews that addressed at least one comparison between the treatments considered previously, whether they included a meta-analysis or not. We excluded reviews that did not report clearly ... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Search strategy We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, MEDLINE, EMBASE (search equations in Additional file 1: Appendix 4), and other resources: conference abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology Meeting, European Society of Medical Onc... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Selection of studies and extraction of data Two authors independently and in duplicate examined titles, abstracts, and full-text articles to determine the eligibility of randomized trials and systematic reviews. We pilot-tested the eligibility criteria on a sample of 100 records (for the selection on titles and abstrac... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | g. , monochemotherapy or targeted therapy), and lumped different types of treatments together (e. g. , monochemotherapy and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors considered the same intervention). Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of the systematic reviews, with a formal consensus process in cas... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Searching for trials regardless of their publication type was judged inadequate when authors did not report searching the grey literature (conference abstracts, non-industry trial registries and results databases, industry trial registries and results databases, regulatory agency online databases) or excluding reports ... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Randomized trials of second-line treatments for NSCLC We identified 77 eligible trials with results available between May 2000 and November 2014 (Fig. 1 ). The results of 62 trials were published in 69 articles; among these 62 trials, 43 had results reported in other sources (16 in conference abstracts, 10 in non-indus... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | true | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Two reviews performed network meta-analyses but did not cover all available treatments. Only one of the 29 reviews was an update of a previously published review. Regarding the methodological quality of the 29 systematic reviews, 45 % of reviews lacked information on independent study selection and data extraction, 31 ... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Automated processes, such as meta-search engines, could systematically cover sources such as industry and non-industry trial registries and results databases to identify posted results and improve the evidence synthesis [49, 50]. Beyond the example at hand, the current way of conducting systematic reviews explains why... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | For instance, there were on average two reports per trial of second-line treatments in advanced NSCLC The OpenTrials database would contain all openly available data and documents on all clinical trials threaded together by trial ID [76] Need to update the list of treatments, of trials, and multiple reports for the s... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Assessment of risk of bias Need to check for consistency in extracted data between multiple reports for the same trial; in cases of inconsistency, need to justify the choice of a specific source Automatic data extraction is possible depending on the source. For instance, it is possible to abstract automatically posted ... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | true | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments This study was supported by a grant LEGS POIX 2015 ( Chancellerie des Universités de Paris). The funding source had no role in the design of this study, its execution, analyses, interpretation of the data, and decision to submit results. The authors thank Laura Smales ( BioMedEditing, Toronto, Canad... | 10.1186/s12916-016-0555-0 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Decision Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
cc-by | Study Goals We first examine categorical longitudinal trajectories of anthropometric variables to test whether variation in parity and/or reproductive pace is associated with long-term decreases in nutritional status. We next employ multilevel (or mixed effects) regression models using longitudinal data to examine shor... | 10.1038/srep30056 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank Tsimane Health and Life History Project personnel for their tremendous efforts over the years, especially Edhitt Cortez Linares , Raul Quispe Gutierrez and Ivan Maldonado Suarez. Funding was provided by NIH/NIA R01AG024119 , NSF BCS-0136274 , BCS-0422690 and NICHD 5T32HD007242. ... | 10.1038/srep30056 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | Assessment of vulnerability to flooding has been widely investigated by researchers, policy makers and practitioners. The research project initiated between the French insurance dedicated association to natural risks, MRN, and the urban planning lab LDE ¶XUED SURSRVHV WR DGGUHVV WKLV TXHVWLRQ IURP ³DFWLRQ´ By making th... | 10.1051/e3sconf/20160708006 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | / In this research work, we assume that PAPI offer an adequate window on flood risk collective coping FDSDFLW\ ,Q SDUDOOHO WKURXJK 3$3, ¶V VFRULQJ ZH LQWHQG to highlight differences between PAPIs, according to the local effort and specificities. The analysis of the codified action database provides a first glance at th... | 10.1051/e3sconf/20160708006 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | First analysis of the difference in risk coping capacities according to risk basins )URP WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH DFWLRQ ¶V GDWDEDVH DQG WKH result of the codification process, we here investigate the question of the adaptation of PAPIs to local specificities. In this perspective, we question the diversity of PAPI and thus ... | 10.1051/e3sconf/20160708006 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Indeed, ³FRPSOHWH´ 3$3, implement in average 27 type of DFWLRQV ZKLOH ³LQWHQGHG´ 3$3,V ODXQFK OHVV WKDQ W\SHV of actions in average. As a consequence, our database makes clear evidence about the higher number of actions in complete PAPIs. However, another interesting point in that the number of codes may overlap: the m... | 10.1051/e3sconf/20160708006 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Differences between PAPIs according to local specificities Further to the adaptation of PAPIs to local knowledge, we may point out the differences in risk coping capacities throughout PAPIs by the analysis of budget allocations. Such an analysis tends to show their diversity, as illustrated in Figure 3 : in the north ... | 10.1051/e3sconf/20160708006 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Study design and sampling This study was part of the SPOTLIGHT project 31 and was conducted in five urban regions across Europe: Ghent and suburbs (Belgium), Paris and inner suburbs (France), Budapest and suburbs (Hungary), the Randstad (a conurbation including the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague and Utrech... | 10.1111/obr.12376 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Self-, predefined neighbourhoods, and percent overlap Since there is a potential discrepancy between self-defined and predefined neighbourhoods, the extent of overlap was determined. The respondents were asked to draw the boundary of their selfdefined neighbourhood using an online self-mapping tool developed for this p... | 10.1111/obr.12376 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Determination of the mismatch metric at neighbourhood level The mismatch between aggregated perceptions and objectively measured data on many neighbourhood environmental features was quantified through a factor analysis. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) can be considered to be a generalization of principal compon... | 10.1111/obr.12376 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Sensitivity analysis In order to examine the potential impact of the percent overlap between self-defined and predefined neighbourhood, the analyses were also conducted without adjustment for percent overlap in the aggregation of self-reported perceptions at neighbourhood level. Statistical analyses were performed with... | 10.1111/obr.12376 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | However it is the first to assess concordance between residents' perceptions collected by questionnaire and virtual audit data using GSV in different regions. Previously, residents' ratings of neighbourhood features were usually compared with objective indicators obtained from observational field audits 8 , GIS or th... | 10.1111/obr.12376 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | A potential limitation of this study was that objectively measured data were not collected at participant level (i. e. using self-defined neighbourhoods) but at predefined neighbourhood level (i. e. using administrative neighbourhoods) in each country. Results found in aggregated data at neighbourhood level cannot be e... | 10.1111/obr.12376 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Despite the above mentioned limitations, this study also has a number of strengths. To our knowledge, this study quantified for the first time mismatch at neighbourhood level by comparing aggregated residents' perceptions and objectively measured data from an innovative and comprehensive validated virtual audit tool 2... | 10.1111/obr.12376 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | The authors wish to thank all survey respondents enrolled in the SPOTLIGHT project. This work was supported by the Seventh Framework Programme ( CORDIS FP7 ) of the European Commission , HEALTH ( FP7-HEALTH-2011 -two-stage) [278186]. The content of this article reflects only the authors' views and the European ... | 10.1111/obr.12376 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Methods We selected countries for which comparable data on mortality, as well as income by education, were available for the same time periods (or slightly later for mortality than for income) and for at least two points in time. Our study covers six countries, representing different European regions: Belgium, Denmark,... | 10.1186/s12939-016-0390-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | 5. While for most countries and years income was measured as a continuous variable, Denmark used 12, 17 and 13 income categories (in 1994, 2000 and 2005 respectively), England & Wales used 21 categories in 1990 and then adopted a continuous measurement, and France used 12 categories. This categorical data was translate... | 10.1186/s12939-016-0390-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Funding Supported by a grant ( FP7-CP-FP grant no. 278511 ) from the European Commission Research and Innovation Directorate General , as part of the " Developing methodologies to reduce inequalities in the determinants of health" (DEMETRIQ) project. | 10.1186/s12939-016-0390-0 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | The recent availability of large databases allows to study macroscopic properties of many complex systems. However, inferring a model from a fit of empirical data without any knowledge of the dynamics might lead to erroneous interpretations [6]. We illustrate this in the case of human mobility [1-3] and foraging human... | 10.1038/ncomms12600 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | On the other hand, the first question, generally characterized by the distribution of the spatial displacements P (∆r) across all users, although apparently simple is still far from being completely understood. Indeed, even if the study of P (∆r) has become a trademark for recent studies on human mobility, there are st... | 10.1038/ncomms12600 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | In this paper, we show that the observed truncated power laws in the jump size distribution can be the consequence of simple processes such as random walks with random velocities [24]. We test this model over a large GPS database describing the mobility of 780, 000 private vehicles in Italy, where travels and pauses c... | 10.1038/ncomms12600 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Displacement distribution Finally, the shape of the displacement distribution P (∆r) can be computed as a superimposition of Poisson distributions (see Fig. 6 right ) P (∆r) = ∞ 0 dt v2 v1 dvδ(∆r -vt)P (t)P (v|t) = ∞ 0 dt tt exp -p + 1 t t + log(p t) ∆r/t-v0 δv ∆v Γ 1 + ∆r/t-v0 δv ( 6 ) where δ is the Dirac delta funct... | 10.1038/ncomms12600 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Private Transportation Data We compute spatial displacements and travel times for private transportation from a database of GPS measures describing the trajectories of private vehicles in the whole Italy during the month of May 2011. This database is mainly set up by private vehicles, since Taxi or delivery companies u... | 10.1038/ncomms12600 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | We display here the values for all cities with at last 500 drivers that are monitored. The average travel-time (computed here over all trips in a given city) is in the approximate range [9, 18] minutes. These values are correlated r = 0. 40 with the city population. The solid line represents a fit for a power law t ∝... | 10.1038/ncomms12600 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | The starting time in our analysis of a week is Monday, 8am. Starting from that time, we consider for all trips from a node i to a node j, the time spent in transportation after departing from the node i in any direction. The shortest time-respecting path [30] is then identified with a Dijskstra algorithm, where also ... | 10.1038/ncomms12600 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We thank P. Krapivsky , M. Lenormand and R. Louf for useful discussions. We thank Octo Telematics S. p. A. for providing the GPS database. | 10.1038/ncomms12600 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | After that, pig farming, in XWG, relied on local livestock and a gradual change of husbandry practices overtime. This was characterized by a gentle increase in millet foddering and animal protein intake, until a complete change over to household management during the Han dynasty. The only rupture in this steady trend o... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | All the archaeological specimens are deposited in the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Science (IA CASS), 27 Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100710, China, under the responsibility of one of the co-authors, Pr Yuan Jing. The museum reference numbers and the archaeological contexts for each specimen... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The form of M 2 was quantified with a geometric morphometric approach of its 2D occlusal view [10] , combining landmarks on anatomical points located on the occlusal surface and semi-landmarks [39] equidistantly sampled along the external outline of the crown's occlusal view. All the forms' configurations were stand... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Results Exploratory analyses assessing the mixture of wild and domestic pigs in XWG and XZ clearly exclude the presence of wild boars or hybrids in the GMM dataset, and suggest that the domestic pigs of XWG had a greater size disparity than XZ (S2 Text). | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | However, according to this proelite hypothesis, we would expect to see an increase in pig size during the Longshan period, along with an increase of their occurrence in burials (due to feasting) as a display of political power. On the contrary, our dataset shows a drastic decrease in pig size, and the archaeological ev... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Therefore, this pro-elite hypothesis is supported neither by our morphological dataset nor by the available archaeological record. The second sociopolitical pathway is an anti-elite hypothesis which considers that pig production in a farming village, such as in XWG, could have been a way to avoid the incorporation of n... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Among the climatic and politico-economic hypotheses we presented, our dataset seems to support the anti-elite hypothesis of XWG's pig production being used as a barrier against the new economic model of intensive domestic production driven by the Longshan elite. However, our discussion must be viewed as exploratory. Fu... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We are most grateful to Curator Kang Le , Institute of Zoology, CAS; Curator Zhou Zhonghe, Institute of vertebrate paleontology and paleoanthropology, CAS for allowing us access to modern sample samples of domestic pigs and wild boars. The ERAnet (https://ec. europa. eu) Co-Reach project n°137 ( E... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The GMM dataset and the specimen repository and number information is available from the "figshare" database (accession number(s) 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 3394915. | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158523 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | (2015) , groups of persons less than 10 years old and over 75 years old are more fragile and evacuation is more difficult if this should be necessary. The same applies to people with reduced mobility. Persons in makeshift shelters are also more fragile and more exposed to all kinds of risk (Rufat 2007). Furthermore, e... | 10.1080/19475705.2016.1250111 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the reviewers and the translator who helped to improve the quality of this text. | 10.1080/19475705.2016.1250111 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the reviewers and the translator who helped to improve the quality of this text. | 10.1080/19475705.2016.1250111 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | These facies, connected to a paleoshoreline with cliff and deep cavities cut into older formations, record a sea level highstand that predates OIS 15 [61, 62]. Between 1994 and 2011, several new hominin fossils were recovered from stratigraphic Unit 4. In addition to the femur described below, they consist of several ... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0152284 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments Special thanks to Erik Trinkaus who digitized the section of the GH femur and kindly provided comparative data. We are also grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for having largely contributed to the improvement of this paper and to Alyson Reid and Mikaela Lui for the English editing. | 10.1371/journal.pone.0152284 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Shi et al. (2013) analyzed a large pedigree with two sons affected with ASD and six unaffected siblings, focusing on inherited mutations. They identified ANK3 as the most likely candidate gene. In 2015, Yuen et al. analyzed 85 families with two children affected with ASD. This study represents the largest published WG... | 10.1007/978-3-319-27069-2_11 | book-chapter | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We thank Roberto Toro for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was funded by the Institut Pasteur , the Bettencourt-Schueller foundation , Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris Diderot , Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SynDiv-ASD) , the Conny-Maeva Charitable F... | 10.1007/978-3-319-27069-2_11 | book-chapter | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Field settings range from sportscards shows (List and Lucking-Reiley, 2000) to primary schools (Angerer et al. , 2013) to online labor markets (Chen, 2012) to financial trade fairs (Cohn et al. , 2015). The field provides external validity and taps a subject pool other than students. It is difficult to take a Wi... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Third, the programming paradigm has shifted. It is now clear that open-source and industry-standard compatible solutions are a better fit for many scientific needs. Experimental software should use existing industry-standards wherever possible, be extensible and compatible with plug-ins and allow users to inspect the s... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Thus, several new features have already been successfully demonstrated: The flexible and easy implementation of graphical and experimental features, such as different background colors and randomization of graphical elements in the presentation, has been shown to work. Second, the mobility of the setup was shown by run... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | I. Usage: Lab, online, field, and classroom The basic experimental setup in oTree consists of (i) an experiment written within oTree, (ii) a server computer, which can be a cloud server or a local laptop and (iii) subjects' devices with a web browser. oTree creates an experimental session on the server, as well as link... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | It is sufficient to either have an internet connection or a local area network, both are not necessary. The architecture is also robust to failure; if, for example, there is a hardware failure on anything but the server, the link of that participant or experimenter can be loaded immediately on another device. Section I... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | The library of sample games can be found at http://demo. otree. org/demo/. One example of a sample game is our implementation of Basu (1994) 's traveler's dilemma. Via the sample game website, go to http://demo. otree. org/demo/traveler dilemma/, which hosts the program in demo mode. On that start page there are two s... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | The programming language used in oTree is Python, an easy-to-learn modern object-oriented computer language widely used in science for analysis and modeling. Hence, many researchers already possess the necessary programming skills to use oTree, and will require little time to learn to use oTree efficiently and to imple... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | It works on all major operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X, iOS, Android, and Linux. The user interface automatically adjusts to the appropriate screen resolution, eliminating the need for every application to have separate designs for desktop and mobile platforms. oTree is built to last. The source code is h... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | A. Dedicated or ad hoc laboratories Researchers using oTree do not require dedicated experimental laboratories; they can use existing computer laboratories or rely on tablets. Since touch input works with oTree, tablets can be used without external keyboards, if desired. oTree can be run on low-cost devices such as com... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | B. Online oTree experiments can be conducted online. The experimenter provides each participant a unique start URL. These URLs contain a random alphanumeric code so even if participants communicated with one another, the link would not allow participants to deduce the identity of players in a particular match. There is... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Because the progress monitor is web-based, multiple collaborators can simultaneously open it on several devices on premises or at remote locations. The admin dashboard is automatically generated for each experiment. Columns included are: the participant ID (the computer number in a laboratory setting), the participant ... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Demo Mode: Experiments can be put online using the demo mode which creates a web page with a static URL. Any visitor to that web page can play the game. For example, for an Ultimatum Game, that web page would have two participant links, one If the game has a study-interface a new URL for that is also created. The demo ... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | To simplify usage of input forms, oTree relies on Django, a widely used Python web application framework. Some custom form widgets, such as Likert scales, go beyond what Django offers by default, but are included in oTree. oTree users are not limited to what Django or oTree include, and can create their own input forms... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | If a game is to be played for multiple rounds, participants can either play with the same partners or with new partners. Within a match participants may have different roles such as principal and agent. oTree handles this by a matrix model, where each cell corresponds to a participant, and the rows are groups, while th... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | otree. org/demo/. Incidentally, these games are put online using oTree's demo mode. Researchers can use the code of these sample games as templates for their own games. Those who are developing completely new games are also encouraged to review the sample games to learn about recommended coding styles. Localization: Of... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | As most programmers comment in their code, oTree intelligently extracts these comments and adds them to the documentation. Open source: Sonnenburg et al. ( 2007 ) have argued that in scientific applications, the source code should be available for inspection and available free of charge to enable replication and exten... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Researchers can also use the oTree space on GitHub to deposit their applications in addition to doing so at journal archives. This enables future researchers to find numerous programs and build on them. Each time an experiment is run, the server records what version of the code was used to run the experiment. Every ver... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | III. Technology and programming This section gives an overview of the oTree architecture and programming. For details, and to get started, consult the website, oTree. org, download the source code that comes with dozens of sample games, and consult the wiki at oTree. org/wiki. oTree's programming model follows the Mode... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | A. Skills required to program in oTree oTree is based on Python, a widely used programming language that is available as open-source software from the Python Software Foundation. Python is often the first language taught in introductory computer sciences courses. 7 Learning Python might be a good investment for empiric... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | A programmer familiar with Python and Django can be productive in oTree almost immediately and program his/her first experiment within hours. | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | B. Hardware requirements The only requirement on participants' computers is a web browser capable of HTML5. Anything that works in HTML5 can be included in oTree, for example hyperlinks, dialog boxes, tables, images, audio, and video. Video recording is still experimental in HTML5. JavaScript, Java, and Flash are suppo... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | D. Simple code oTree's code is remarkably simple as it builds on Python. Compared to z-Tree, oTree is less specifically tailored to some experiments but arguably more general. In z-Tree, users spend considerable time and effort implementing solutions to problems that have now become easy using modern programming langua... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | oTree integrates with the auto-complete functionality of PyCharm. Suggestions of variable names are presented as code is typed. If oTree encounters an error during execution, an error page pinpointing the source of the error is shown. F. Collaborative development oTree is developed using Git, a source-code versioning s... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | * All authors are at the Center for Law and Economics, D-GESS, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich. For comments on the oTree software or the paper, we thank the people at the experimental econ laboratories in Magdeburg, Hamburg and ETH Zurich, Donja Darai, Kelly Reeve, Rok Roskar, Alexander Sandukovskiy, and Stefan Wehrli. S... | 10.2139/ssrn.2806713 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | These macroeconomic considerations are reflected in employers' behaviour in arbitrating between costs and benefits when deciding on whether to hire or fire. But, they also affect the choice of the type of hiring and/or separation used, by changing the relative cost between different types of separation for example. In ... | 10.1108/ijm-11-2014-0224 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Economics, Econometrics and Finance | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
cc-by | One of its novelties is to rely on two types of theoretical and empirical literature: i) the traditional literature concerning worker and job flows, and ii) more recent work related to the economics of law, studying the strategic use of the Accepté (le 22/09/2015) pour publication dans l'International Journal of Manpo... | 10.1108/ijm-11-2014-0224 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Economics, Econometrics and Finance | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
cc-by | 5 Therefore, firms that used separations for economic reasons, whether it be under the legal form of a dismissal for economic reasons or by RC, will create fewer jobs than others. I test these two hypotheses with a sample of firms constructed from matching two databases on workforce movement in establishments and on fi... | 10.1108/ijm-11-2014-0224 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Economics, Econometrics and Finance | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
cc-by | Data and sample construction Matching data for establishments on workforce movement (EMMO-DMMO) 6 and data on firms' accounts and finances (EAE-Esane) 7 provides a database that brings together indicators of the human resources management, job flows and firms' economic performance. The first database contains monthly o... | 10.1108/ijm-11-2014-0224 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Economics, Econometrics and Finance | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
cc-by | Finally, various stages in the matching process lead to the removal of establishments from the EMMO-DMMO database, when they are not found to belong to any firm in the EAE-Esane database, and vice-versa for some firms that cannot be matched with any establishment in the EMMO-DMMO database. Finally, from the matched dat... | 10.1108/ijm-11-2014-0224 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Economics, Econometrics and Finance | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
cc-by | We use a unique, cross-national dataset, the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). PIAAC contains a measure of self-reported health and educational attainment but also, and crucially for our study, cross-nationally comparable measures of cognitive skills and interpersonal trust.... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0149716 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Data We use data from the OECD's Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). Around 166 000 adults aged 16 to 65 were surveyed in the following 24 countries/national sub-regions: Australia, Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Canada, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, the... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0149716 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | The survey was administered in the official language or languages of each participating country and some countries gave respondents the possibility of participating in one of the widely spoken minority/regional languages (see [71] for technical details). In analyses presented in the paper we exclude individuals from ... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0149716 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | In Japan and Germany less than 3% of respondents had missing information on key variables. However, in Cyprus, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States over 15% of the overall sample had missing information on key variables. All our analyses are based on estimates obtained using multiple imputation of missing info... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0149716 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Conclusions and Discussion Our paper builds on previous literature examining cross-national differences in education gradients in self-reported health. We use a new dataset containing measures for 23 countries of the number of years of schooling individuals attended, the literacy proficiency they demonstrate in an inte... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0149716 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | These bodies follow international prescriptions in terms of statistical definition and methods, but to varying degrees and since different years. Definitions of categories remain different from one country to another and even when they are alike, the available data on the local scale varies. As an example, incomes are ... | 10.1007/978-3-319-28521-4_1 | book-chapter | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | In addition, preliminary results from on-going longer-term assessment of vaccine safety in these trials, including an extension trial of the phase IIb, have been reported [22]. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that specific potential safety issues should be taken into considerations in the assessment of cand... | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004821 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | One trial was non-randomized, with participants analyzed on the basis of previous vaccination with a monovalent DENV1 or DENV2 vaccine, YFV vaccine or flavivirus sero-negative status [13]. All trials except one were registered on ClinicalTrials. gov or EudraCT [11]. All 18 trials involving vaccination included in thi... | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004821 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | false | true | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | In the three efficacy trials, reactogenicity data were collected for participants who had been randomized to the immunogenicity/reactogenicity subset [19] [20] [21]. The severity of solicited reactions was graded as 1, 2 or 3 (Table 2 ). Analyses are reported by age group, defined using the age at enrolment, and, in ... | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004821 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Biological safety Biological parameters were assessed at pre-specified time points in subsets of participants in three main trials and all secondary trials (Table 1 ). Based on changes observed in phase I trials and on biological abnormalities that can mimic dengue disease, the parameters assessed were creatinine, liv... | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004821 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | CYD-TDV vaccine viremia Vaccine viremia was assessed at pre-specified time points in nine phase I-III trials, in participants with acute febrile illness in six trials conducted in endemic areas (Table 1 ). Data after doses 1 and 2 were analyzed since vaccine viremia is mainly observed after these injections. Data were... | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004821 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Dengue hospitalization and severe dengue WHO guidelines stipulate that the clinical evaluation of a candidate live-attenuated dengue tetravalent vaccine should provide evidence that immune response to the vaccine does not predispose vaccinated individuals to develop severe dengue during natural infections in endemic re... | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004821 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | In addition, virologically-confirmed dengue cases were assessed for severity according to the WHO 1997 recommendations (DHF grades 1-4) [36]. These events occurring in the non-efficacy trials with longer-term follow-up data were summarized using counts and percentages. In addition, a pooled analysis of the RR of dengu... | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004821 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.