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cc-by | S. O. Rasmussen et al. : A first chronology for the NEEM ice core The present-day annual snow accumulation at the NEEM site is 0. 22 m ice equivalent and, therefore, the core has annual layering similar to the GRIP and GISP2 ice cores. Once high-resolution measurements from the NEEM core become available, annual layer ... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Data This work is based on the transfer of the existing GICC05modelext timescale, and on previously unpublished ECM and DEP data sets as well as a number of tephra horizons. The data used for the age calculations in Sect. 3. 4 are presented by Chappellaz et al. (2013) and Guillevic et al. (2013). | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 9 ka, the robustness of the annual layer count is adversely influenced by the fact that the GRIP CFA set consists of only two independent parameters at moderate resolution. The section from about 10. 3 ka b2k (deeper than which NGRIP CFA measurements are available) to 7. 5 ka b2k is the weakest section data-wise, and a... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Steady movement of the ECM instrument over the ice surface prevents the ice from being polarized leading to a reduced current over time (Hammer, 1980). Based on comparisons to high-resolution chemistry measurements, it has been established that the recorded ECM signal is almost entirely a response to the acidic compon... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | A total of 383 match points were identified between the NEEM and NGRIP1 cores with an additional 423 match points tying together the NEEM and NGRIP2 cores (of which 19 are in the zone of overlap between NGRIP1 and NGRIP2 measurements, leading to a total of 787 match points). The match points are provided in the data fi... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 5-2 during most of the glacial. The (NGRIP depth, NEEM depth) relation has a small kink at the 2087. 698 m match point and clear kinks at the 2166. 449 m and 2195. 630 m match points. The first two kinks probably represent the boundaries between sections that have undergone different amounts of strain due to complex ic... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The relation between tephra horizons and the ECM synchronization As described in Sect. 2. 4 and Table 1 , fifteen tephra horizons common to the NGRIP and NEEM cores have been located. All of these are fully consistent with the ECM-based synchronization. The tephra particles are found in ice samples with a typical leng... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Transfer of the GICC05modelext timescale from NGRIP to NEEM The transfer of the timescale is based on the ECM and DEP-based match points and the five tephra horizons located away from ECM-based match points. Using the match points' NGRIP depths and the NGRIP GICC05modelext (depth, age) relationship, the ages of the 787... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. We thank the many individuals and organisations involved in logistics, drill development, drilling, as well as ice-core processing and analysis in the field and in our laboratories. NEEM is directed and organized by the Centre of Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute and US NSF, Office of Pol... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | I think we need to contrast the surface diversity of language substitution with content-driven diversity involving language difference that is facilitated by particular kinds of technologies. In this context, for example, Skype which enables a transnational linguistic community to be constituted seems to me to be a lot... | 10.1075/ts.2.01cro | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | However, data on the age of peak performance for Ironman triathletes are lacking. Gender differences in performance received considerable attention in recent decades. Several studies analyzed the differences in performance between the sexes in different disciplines, mainly running over different distances [5, 11, 12].... | 10.1186/2046-7648-2-27 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Longitudinal data analysis From Ironman Switzerland, an official qualifier for Ironman Hawaii, the age of the annual top ten women and men was determined between 1995 and 2010. The data set from this study was obtained from the race website [20]. Ironman Switzerland is an important Ironman event in Europe because of t... | 10.1186/2046-7648-2-27 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Cross-sectional data analysis A cross-sectional analysis of the age of peak performance was performed for all Ironman triathlons held in 2010. In 2010, a total of 22 Ironman triathlons, including 21 qualifier races and the Ironman World Championship, the Ironman Hawaii, were held. Complete data from the Ironman World S... | 10.1186/2046-7648-2-27 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Cross-sectional data analysis Table 1 presents the age of the top ten women and men for each Ironman race held in 2010. In 19 of the 20 analyzed Ironman qualifiers held in 2010, there was no age difference between women and men (p > 0. 05). The only age difference between the genders was seen in Ironman Canada where ... | 10.1186/2046-7648-2-27 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Age of peak ironman performance Previous studies regarding the age of peak endurance performance showed that the age of peak performance was relatively constant over centuries because of the large role played by biological factors [1, 2]. Data about the age of peak endurance performance can be useful in order to gain ... | 10.1186/2046-7648-2-27 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Diagnosis The diagnosis of PCCD in an index patient is based on clinical data including history, family history, and 12-lead ECG. The potential presence of congenital heart disease and/ or cardiomyopathy must be investigated by 2-D echocardiography or other imaging modalities, such as cardiac MRI. Early-onset PCCD in t... | 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.05.014 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Epidemiology In the CASPER registry of cardiac arrest survivors, in whom overt coronary and structural disease had already been excluded, 44% remained without a diagnosis after further comprehensive evaluation (see below). 193 There is little other systematic data on the prevalence of IVF as an entity. | 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.05.014 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments The authors thank I. Cherednik , I. Krichever , A. Orlov , T. Takebe and P. Wiegmann for discussions. The work of A. A. was supported in part by RFBR grant 10-02-00509 , joint RFBR grant 09-02-93105-CNRS , ANR grant GranMA ( BLANC-08-1-313695 ) and by the ERC Starting Independent Resea... | 10.1007/jhep09(2013)064 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Mathematics | https://openalex.org/fields/26 |
cc-by | Project objectives The fundamental goals of this project are to characterise and understand the mineralogical, geochemical, petrophysical and geomechanical consequences of long-term exposure of supercritical CO 2 , CO 2 -gas and CO 2 -charged fluids on reservoir rocks, cap rocks and fault zone materials. This will impr... | 10.5194/sd-16-33-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The co-authors wish to thank Dr. Steve Osofsky of the WCS-Ahead Programme and Dr. Gavin Thomson of TAD Scientific for helpful comments on the manuscript. SC, DTH and TL are grateful to the initiative of BBSRC DFID Scottish Government ( Combating Infectious Diseases of Livestock for International... | 10.1007/s10393-013-0850-6 | review | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | The X. nematophila strain F1, isolated from the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae "Plougastel" from Brittany, France, was also highly genetically documented (for example, see references 7-17), but no genomic data were available. Therefore, we sequenced the genome of this highly studied strain. The genomic DNA of X. nema... | 10.1128/genomea.00342-13 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | 05 (19) , and then contigs were scaffolded with LYNX (J. Gouzy, unpublished data) by utilizing mate-pair information. Final assembly consisted of 61 scaffolds with 351 contigs comprising a total length of 4. 3 Mb (4. 2 Mb without undetermined bases). The assembly has an N 50 scaffold size of 401,015 nucleotides and a ... | 10.1128/genomea.00342-13 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | nematophila ATCC 19061 and are considered the X. nematophila species core genome. Among the 529 CDS specific to X. nematophila F1, 420, 45, and 3 are annotated as proteins of unknown function, phagic proteins, and transposases, respectively. The remaining CDS are mainly annotated as involved in metabolism, transport, a... | 10.1128/genomea.00342-13 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Fossil fuel emissions Current datasets of fossil fuel CO 2 emissions averaged by country, sector and year are maintained by the International Energy Agency (IEA) (IEA, 2012) (http://www. iea. org/co2highlights/co2highlights. pdf), the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) (Boden et al. , 2012) based on t... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Air sea flux calculation from pCO 2 requires knowledge of gas transfer velocities, which depend on wind speed, adding uncertainty to flux estimates from pCO 2 measurements. A key ongoing international effort, the Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) aims to synthesize pCO 2 data collected over the last 40 years into a qual... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | , 2009). However, the majority of the ocean is still under-sampled despite the 40 yr dataset (Fig. 5 ). The use of autonomous platforms for making surface carbon measurements is a cost effective technology for mapping areas not typically covered by standard shipping routes. | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Forest biomass inventories Developed countries have forest-cover change mapping programs and national forest inventories that span decades and contain data from a large number of sampling locations (e. g. > 150 000 in the US). Forest inventories were set up to inform the national wood industry and therefore often exclu... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | River CO 2 outgassing/carbon burial in reservoirs There is no coordinated observation network of river carbon fluxes. The GLORICH database (Hartmann et al. , 2009) provides measurements of pCO 2 in rivers with ∼ 6000 data, but incomplete spatial coverage. There is no global dataset of carbon burial in lakes and reser... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Further, these maps are not temporally discrete (data from multiple years were used), and the main source of data, from ICEsat, no longer exists. A replacement mission may launch in 2016. Preliminary results using polarimetric interferometric SAR (PolInSAR) approaches have demonstrated sensitivity to biomass in some hi... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | nasa. gov/) are currently being considered for this purpose. maps at 1 km (Friedl et al. , 2002). However these two products cannot be compared to detect land cover change. Global changes in forest cover have been derived from AVHRR at decadal increments (Hansen et al. , 2003) and MODIS at five-year increments (Han... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | A systematic acquisition strategy was developed for the ALOS L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) for global tracking of land-use change. Up to its failure in 2011, ALOS-PALSAR provided five years of systematic global forest (and wetland) observations and the first systematic global observations for generating fore... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Fires The AVHRR fire record goes back to 1982, providing the longest global record of fire but the data are sparse and incomplete. The European Space Agency (ESA) World Fire Atlas (Arino and Plummer, 2001; Arino et al. , 2012) , provides another long continuous global record of active fires using the ATSR instrument, ... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | The Global Fire Emission Database, GFED (Van der Werf et al. , 2003; www. globalfiredata. org ) is an integrated product, combining MODIS, ATSR, and VIRS satellite products of fire activity with the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA; http://geo. arc. nasa. gov/sge/casa/investg. html) terrestrial ecosystem model to... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Generation of integrated data-products from current observations Integrated data products from the GLOBALVIEW (www. esrl. noaa. gov/gmd/ccgg/ globalview/), GLOBCOLOUR (www. globcolour. info/), GLCN (www. glcn. org); GLOB-COVER (www. gofc-gold. uni-jena. de/), GLODAP (www. cdiac. ornl. gov/oceans/glodap/), SOCAT (www. s... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Back Close Full access to the raw observational data, calibration and validation data, core models and analysis software, intermediate and final data products, and documentation describing the processes and procedures for collecting, assimilating, and analyzing the data. All information products must include metadata t... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Anthropogenic CO 2 and CH 4 emissions, data infrastructure A better data infrastructure for faster reporting and accessing anthropogenic CO 2 and CH 4 emission inventories data is a critical element to assemble a policy relevant carbon observing system. The main needs are: Figures. | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Back Close Full advection (including inter hemispheric exchange), and stratosphere-troposphere exchange, by using tracer and meteorological measurements (e. g. boundary layer height data from Lidar and Rawisond measurements, aircraft vertical profiles CO 2 and tracers). 2. Pursue regular transport models inter-comparis... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Note that the forward model of the MACC-II system (http://www. gmes-atmosphere. eu/ d/services/gac/nrt/nrt fields co2/) is currently run with a resolution of 15 km over the globe. 4. Work cooperatively with weather forecast centers (NCEP, ECMWF, GMAO,. ) to improve atmospheric transport models and products best suited ... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Ocean in situ data To observe the temporal evolution of the ocean sink as well as the chemical changes it induces, i. e. , ocean acidification, the current observing system needs to be increased in sampling capacity and frequency. This can be achieved by combining existing programs and technology with new ones that tak... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Back Close Full 2. Sediment traps at more shallow depths in conjunction with measurements of dissolved quantities to derive a more precise quantification of changes in the biological carbon pumps. 3. Address potential gaps in future ocean color records. The MODIS instruments are currently in extended operational phases... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Back Close Full 3. Harmonization of FLUXNET measurement, data processing and analysis protocols, and resulting data sets, including reporting of all sources of uncertainties in the data. | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Biomass and soil carbon pools inventories from in-situ sampling Standardized inventory methods and data analyses, greater sampling density for nonliving C pools and disturbed areas define the main needs / requirements to link results from observations like FLUXNET, from radar/lidar missions (e. g. PALSAR) or atmospheri... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Back Close Full large. Instead, we need a few large stems in each plot, i. e. 1 ha minimum. A scale of ∼ 1 to 4 ha defines the main spatial resolution requirement for satellite observations of biomass. Transformational change in the current sampling scheme will require a high priority to develop forest inventories in t... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 3. Harmonize the different methods for biomass inventory data collection to create continuous, standardized, geo-referenced forest biomass data products. 4. Refine standard methodology for biomass values for use in grid cells to include probability-based sampling across regions (e. g. systematic grid design, variable r... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Back Close Full 2. Validation campaigns to improve LAI, FAPAR and GPP, NPP remote sensing products should be initiated over sites (e. g. FLUXNET, inventories) distributed globally to sample a large number of biomes, land use and canopy structural types. Optimal site distribution and benchmarking should capitalize on cu... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Terrestrial ecosystems management data Global geo-referenced information about harvest and use of carbon in food and wood products is required to close regional terrestrial carbon budgets, and integrate ecosystem-based carbon budgets into regional budgets. Harvest information should be determined regularly from agricul... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Development and evaluation are required for models to include land use and land use change (cohorts), forestry, fire/insect/wind throw disturbance (including the scale, frequency and severity of each type of disturbance and subsequent lagged effects, forest growth and demography changes, and agricultural management). M... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | In terms of terrestrial carbon observation access and infrastructure, the needs include: 1. Data access tools for operationally robust forest and carbon monitoring systems such as the GEO Forest Carbon Tracking Task (www. geo-fct. org) -spatial data infrastructure and web-delivery systems to transfer data holdings and ... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 3. Access to inventory data and accuracy assessment (e. g. web-based) including remote sensing data products (e. g. aboveground biomass) and model input parameters and output (e. g. net carbon uptake, carbon stocks) with version documentation. 4. Statistical characterization of errors of all information used in the dat... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Hurdles and cross-cutting issues in the deployment of a global carbon observing system Developing and operating an integrated global carbon observing system will require a coordinated effort, spanning many partner countries and organizations to support instrument development, data and model validation, sustained observ... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Integration of multiple data-streams, and model-data fusion The task of carbon data integration has several objectives: 1. Spatial integration, in which measurements from different regional programs are coherently combined, and databases inter-operable. 2. Completeness, in which we try to ensure that important processe... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Quantitative network design and observing system simulation experiments Given knowledge of the error statistics of potential measurements, it is possible to quantify the value of a given dataset in terms of the new information it brings. This always requires some kind of model of the underlying statistics. The approach... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Integrated data products and services The goal of a policy-relevant carbon observing system is to generate data products that are of value for the user communities. Raw observations are rarely adequate on their own. To create usable products, in situ measurements from a variety of sources with the vastly different spat... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Close coordination between data managers, those making the observations, modelers, and other data users is critical. Integration and dialogue will be required between the research teams and the data systems to define and implement data product requirements. It is almost impossible for large data users to communicate wi... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | estuarine carbon releases/burial, no global consistent observational data set exists as yet. A global synthesis taking into account spatially-explicit typologies of estuaries and continental shelves estimated an estuarine CO 2 flux to the atmosphere of 0. 27 ± 0. 23 Pg C yr -1 (Laruelle et al. , 2010). Only for specifi... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Pursue ecosystem models inter-comparison, benchmarking and evaluation programs such as ILAMB (www. ilamb. org) and TRENDY (www. dgvm. ceh. ac. uk), and link to plant trait databases to exploit most up-to-date ecological information relating to biodiversity (e. g. TRY database). Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Dis... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. This study was carried out as part of the GEO task on integrated carbon observations (GEO Carbon Strategy Report; available for download at http://www. falw. vu/∼ dola/downloads. htmlcoordinated by H. Dolman and P. Ciais) , and the FP7 European Commission funded project GEOCARBON (www. geocarbo... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | For estuarine carbon releases/burial, no global consistent observational data set exists as yet. A global synthesis taking into account spatially-explicit typologies of estuaries and continental shelves estimated an estuarine CO 2 flux to the atmosphere of 0. 27 ± 0. 23 Pg C yr -1 (Laruelle et al. , 2010). Only for spe... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 3. Pursue ecosystem models inter-comparison, benchmarking and evaluation programs such as ILAMB (www. ilamb. org) and TRENDY (www. dgvm. ceh. ac. uk), and link to plant trait databases to exploit most up-to-date ecological information relating to biodiversity (e. g. TRY database). Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ... | 10.5194/bgd-10-11447-2013 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy Cells were washed with PBS and dissociated by treatment with trypsin-EDTA. For cell cycle analysis, 1•10 6 cells were incubated with 20 μl of Hoechst 33342 (SIGMA B2261) in the dark for 30 min at 37 °C. For SSEA1 immunostaining, 5•10 5 cells were incubated for 15 min at room t... | 10.1016/j.scr.2012.10.004 | article | en | 2,012 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments This work was supported by the LabEX DEVweCAN ( ANR-10-LABX-61 ). DC is a recipient of a fellowship from the Association pour la Recherche contre la Cancer (ARC). We are grateful to Peter Sicinski for the gift of the pCS2cycE WT plasmid, and Jim Maller for the gift of pINDCycE WT and pINDCycE S18... | 10.1016/j.scr.2012.10.004 | article | en | 2,012 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | The CoRoT and Kepler missions provide us with thousands of red-giant light curves that allow a very precise asteroseismic study of these objects. Before CoRoT and Kepler, the red-giant oscillation patterns remained obscure. Now, these spectra are much more clear and unveil many crucial interior structure properties. Fo... | 10.1051/epjconf/20134303003 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Data preparation and processing The basic structure of LIRIC is shown in Fig. 1. In our study we used the LIRIC version from autumn 2012. The lidar database for LIRIC consists of background-corrected, elastic-backscatter lidar signals P (λ j , z i ) for different laser wavelengths λ j : P (λ j , z i ) = E 0 (λ j ) O(λ ... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | From photometric measurements (see Fig. 1 , yellow box) the retrieved fine-mode and coarse-mode volume concentrations V m,s , the complex refractive index (real part n r , imaginary part n i ), the size distribution, and the volume fractions of spherical particles (denoted as sphericity in the AERONET database) are req... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Variations of the reference height and minimum measurement height in the LIRIC data analysis by ± 1 km lead to variations in the backscatter and extinction coefficients by up to 50 % in the lowermost 1500 m and around 15 % in the aerosol layers. However, many of these resulting LIRIC profiles then show, e. g. , a const... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | (2009a) for the spherical and non-spherical particle fractions. As can be seen, the total backscatter coefficients agree well. The respective 532 nm extinction coefficient in Fig. 3 is however overestimated by 10-20 % in the dust layer when compared to the direct Raman lidar observation (not shown), and thus also the... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 7 % after AERONET and finally 0. 1 % in the LIRIC data set. According to the POLIPHON volume concentrations the sphericity is 8. 5 %. As a consequence, the LIRIC nonspherical particle backscatter coefficients are slightly larger than the respective POLIPHON values in the lofted Saharan dust layer and considerably large... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 6. These values are typical for the western Saharan dust (Tesche et al. , 2009b; Schuster et al. , 2012). The LIRIC backscatter and extinction profiles lead to dust lidar ratios of 78-80 sr (355 nm) and 60-62 sr (532 nm) in the height range of 1500 to 3000 m (center part of the dust layer). However, the lidar ratio (o... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Volcanic ash In April 2010, an aged volcanic aerosol layer consisting of a mixture of volcanic dust, volcanic sulfate particles, and anthropogenic haze occurred over central Europe. These aerosol conditions provided a unique opportunity to apply the LIRIC approach to another type of irregularly shaped aerosol particles... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | LIRIC calculations were performed with cloud-screened lidar signal profiles for the time period from 14:35 to 15:36 UTC on 19 April 2010. The considered photometric measurements were taken at 14:49 UTC. Lidar signals were only used up to 8. 25 km height (reference point) because of cirrus cloud evolution above this hei... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 5 km height agree well. The spherical particle volume fraction was about 15 % after AERONET, finally 16. 8 % in the LIRIC data set, and 55 % after POLIPHON. This means that the non-spherical particle fraction is much higher in the case of the LIRIC profiles compared to POLIPHON. As a consequence, the LIRIC non-spherica... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | , 2005; Nicolae et al. , 2013). In such aerosol situations, the lidar ratio at 355 nm is significantly lower than the one at 532 nm. LIRIC retrieves the opposite, a positive lidar-ratio-related Ångström exponent. Such a complicated aerosol case can obviously not be adequately handled by the LIRIC/AERONET data analysis ... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | As raw and ready-to-use elastic-backscatter lidar signals that serve as input for the algorithm and photometric measurements are available through the AERONET website, an almost instantaneous and fast data analysis is possible. An automated version of LIRIC is currently under development. | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. The research leading to these results has been performed in the framework of ACTRIS Workpackage 20 ( ACTRIS Joint Research Activity "Lidar and sun photometer ") and received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme ( FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 262254. Discussion wit... | 10.5194/amt-6-1707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Elemental and Organic Carbon (EC and OC) collected at Harwell Two datasets, both involving sampling at the Harwell site were analysed. The main dataset (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) was collected daily at the Harwell site by the National Physical Laboratory using a Partisol sampler with a PM 10 inlet and a flow ... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Data collected at Harwell and EROS site The second dataset was collected simultaneously at the Harwell and EROS sites from July 2010 to November 2010 using a Partisol 2025D dichotomous sampler so as to collect separate coarse (PM 2. 5-10 ) and fine (PM 2. 5 ) particle fractions on QMA quartz fibre filters, after correc... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 28, where y = second dataset and x = first dataset. A small intercomparison of the QUARTZ and EUSAAR 2 protocols on the same samples has shown almost identical results (Paul Quincey, personal communication). In neither case were corrections attempted for either positive or negative sampling artefacts. | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Data available Data used in this study are presented in Table 1. Table 2 presents the data used for the examination of seasonal influences. For this examination, the warm season is defined by the data collected between the months of May to September and the cold season is defined by the data comprised between the mo... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Then, the primary PM 10 is calculated as followed: Primary PM 10 = measured PM 10 -secondary OM -(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -NH 4 NO 3 This fails to account for sea salt sulphate which, based upon a Cl -/SO 2- 4 ratio of 0. 14 amounts on average to < 0. 2 µg m -3 , or about 8 % of sulphate in the main Harwell dataset. | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Meteorological data Wind speed and wind direction data measured directly at the Harwell sampling site are used in this study. These data were available from January 2006 to December 2008 on the UK National Air Quality Archive. The temperature data used in this study were measured at the Benson station which is the clos... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Concentration field map method In this study the concentration field map method of Charron et al. (2008) has been applied to 2006-2010 data associated with corresponding 5-day backward trajectories (the largest datasets available are used, see Table 1 ). Concentration field map methods (CFMM) combine air pollution d... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Season EC 1. 0 ± 1. 1 0. 2-8. 2 0. 04 ± 0. 1 < dl-0. 5 1. 0 ± 1. 1 0. 2-8. 3 OC 2. 3 ± 1. 6 0. 9-12. 1 1. 2 ± 0. 6 0. 5-5. 3 3. 5 ± 1. 8 1. 6-13. 7 OC prim 0. 4 ± 0. 4 0. 1-2. 9 n. a n. a 0. 4 ± 0. 4 0. 1-2. 9 OC sec 2. 0 ± 1. 3 0. A concentration value C nm attributed to a grid cell (n, m) represents the average conce... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Despite the large database available, the number of data points proved insufficient to examine statistically the influence of pollutant transport from London without interference from other influencing variables (winds from the A34 highway also located to the East, wind speed and transport from different source emissio... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The results for particulate sulphate and chloride data give confidence in the CFMM results since chloride is an indicator of maritime origin and sulphate is an indicator of aged air masses. Cells showing slightly elevated levels to the extreme west of the sulphate map correlate with elevated chloride and may reflect se... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. Atmospheric measurements derive from the UK air quality data archive and the work of Bunthoon Laongsri. Air temperature and air masses backward trajectories were supplied by the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC). European emissions were supplied by the Centre on Emissions Inventories and Proje... | 10.5194/acp-13-1879-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Région Rhône-Alpes for Jordan Vacheron's Ph. D. fellowship and acknowledge funding from the ANR projects SymbioMaize ( ANR-12-JSV7-0014-01 ), AzoRiz ( ANR-08-BLAN-0098 ) and Azodure ( ANR-12-AGRO-0008 ), and the FW6 STREP project MicroMaize ( 036314 ) from the European Union. | 10.3389/fpls.2013.00356 | review | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | 2009; Newman et al. 2012, and references therein) in the Extended Groth Strip (EGS). This paper is structured as follows. We describe the data sets, photometry and photometric redshift estimation in §2. Our ERO samples are defined and our ERO separation technique is described in §3. In §4 we present our clustering an... | 10.1088/0004-637x/764/1/31 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | The 24 µm fluxes were measured using PSF photometry on the MAGES images (Jannuzi et al. 2010) for each source in the 4. 5 µm-selected catalogue, with uncertainties determined using a Monte Carlo method. The NEWFIRM K s catalogues are described in Gonzalez et al. (in prep. ). We used an exposure time-weighted map to ... | 10.1088/0004-637x/764/1/31 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Finally, owing to the 10 ms integration time of the CMOS camera, the 2D-ST image is acquired with a 100 Hz acquisition rate. The transverse resolution along the line projection attains the diffraction limit of the imaging system [16]. The pixel number in the vertical direction of the 2D-ST image is 232 pixels, which p... | 10.1364/oe.21.002423 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Finally, for each projection angle and at every horizontal and vertical sample positions, the pixel value is extracted by measuring the peak-to-peak value of the THz electric field in temporal waveform. Similarly, after FFT of temporal data, the spectral amplitude at a given frequency could also be extracted for spectr... | 10.1364/oe.21.002423 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Finally, using the ImageJ software, the 3D reconstruction of the sample can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 5(c ) which corresponds to one still picture from the 3D movie (available in Media 2). We have to notice that inhomogeneities in thickness over the complete length of the bars can be visible in Figs. The second tes... | 10.1364/oe.21.002423 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments E. Abraham is grateful to the BRIDGE Fellowship Program, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 21650111 and 23656265 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. We also gratefully a... | 10.1364/oe.21.002423 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Experimental devices Heating trials have been done using a continued Laser Nd-YAG Trumpf HL2006D (l ¼ 1064 mm). The laser is power-controlled to obtain 70 W at the exit of the focusing lens (Fig. 1a ). Non-coated carbide inserts (6% Co-94%WC) have been used. The insert geometry is TCMW1608: triangle form; clearance ang... | 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.02.012 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | 6D ). In contrast, CpG did not activate TApDC thus confirming our in vitro data. Specific activation of TApDC was confirmed, as neither TA-CD8a þ dendritic cell nor TA-CD11b þ dendritic cell displayed increase in MHC-II (nor CD80, CD86, data not shown) expression upon TLR7 triggering (Fig. 6D ). Finally, changes in gen... | 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3058 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Immunology and Microbiology | https://openalex.org/fields/24 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments The authors thank S. Goddard-L eon and M. Pratviel for technical support, M. Paturel and A. Besse for precious advice on statistical analysis, and Janssen Infectious Diseases-Diagnostics BVBA for providing SM360320. | 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3058 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Immunology and Microbiology | https://openalex.org/fields/24 |
cc-by | This work is supported by The BCRF, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut National du Cancer (INCa ACI-63-04 , METESCAPE , ANR-10-LABX-0061 , ARC 3364 , EML 2009, LYRIC, INCa_466 ), and Lyon Biopole. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. | 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3058 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Immunology and Microbiology | https://openalex.org/fields/24 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. The author thanks J. M. Raines for providing him with the MESSENGER FIPS data for Fig. 1. Topical Editor I. Daglis thanks J. A. Slavin and J. M. Raines for their help in evaluating this paper. | 10.5194/angeo-31-1673-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Experimental data In order to assess the efficiency of the proposed method, we propose to localize buried objects in a real-world environment. The experiment is carried out in an acoustic tank under conditions which are similar to those in an underwater environment. The bottom of the tank is filled with sand. The exper... | 10.1186/1687-6180-2013-131 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | The buried objects are P = 6 small cylindrical shells, buried at the same depth in sand, with DOA {32°, 33°, 34°, 35°, 36°, 37°}. The wave speed in the water v 1 = 1,500 m/s and in the sediment v 2 = 1,700 m/s. Figure 12 sums up the experimental set-up. For each experiment, the transmitted signal is a short pulse wit... | 10.1186/1687-6180-2013-131 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the editor and two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions which improved the article greatly. This work was supported by the French Armaments Procurement Agency (DGA). The authors would like to thank also Dr. J. P. Sessarego , from the LMA (Laboratory o... | 10.1186/1687-6180-2013-131 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
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