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cc-by | We focus our study on (i) the aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD), which is the fraction of AOD due to absorption only, (ii) the aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA), which is the ratio of aerosol scattering to total extinction (i. e. scattering + absorption), and (iii) the spectral dependence of these optical pa... | 10.5194/acpd-13-9267-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Aerosol level 1. 5 product As mentioned below, AERONET data quality criteria do not support the study of the brown carbon influence on absorbing properties in most cases, as smoke plumes are generally characterized by moderate AOD (0. 2 < AOD < 0. 5). However and as already mentioned, smoke aerosols that contain high c... | 10.5194/acpd-13-9267-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 7 were derived during summer 2003 intense heat wave event. These higher values are consistent with a large agriculture waste biomass burning smoke contribution orig- inating from the region surrounding the Black Sea and transported over Crete (Sciare et al. , 2003 (Sciare et al. , , 2008)). This influence of wood burn... | 10.5194/acpd-13-9267-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | To conclude, such additional analysis of AERONET level 1. 5 data reveal that, in addition to dust particles, organic aerosols also contribute to shortwave absorption over the Mediterranean. This result demonstrates that current regional climate models treating OC as nonabsorbing over Mediterranean underestimate the tot... | 10.5194/acpd-13-9267-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 15 or 0. 2 (at 550 nm), and in such cases, should not be used for quantitative analysis according to the MISR Data Quality Statement distributed with the aerosol products. Aerosol type information content also diminishes as AOD decreases below certain values for all remote sensing techniques (this effect is not as well... | 10.5194/acpd-13-9267-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Conclusions A multi-year climatology of column-effective aerosol absorption properties obtained over the Mediterranean from AERONET ground-based and satellite (MISR, OMI, MODIS Deep Blue) remote sensing observations is presented. The focus of this study was on characterizing Aerosol Absorption Optical Depth (AAOD) and ... | 10.5194/acpd-13-9267-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 22 and 1. 77, respectively. The complementary analysis using level 1. 5 AERONET retrievals with data screened to avoid mineral dust aerosols (i. e. , AOD > 0. 2 and Angstr öm Exponent > 1. 0) show that some Mediterranean sites are affected by organic absorbing aerosols (mean AAE ∼ 1. 15), especially Rome, Lecce, Burjas... | 10.5194/acpd-13-9267-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. This work was undertaken is the framework of the MISTRALS/ChArMEx programme. We acknowledge the AERONET and PHOTONS sun-photometer networks and the PIs of the 22 selected stations and their staff for their work to produce the dataset used in this study. We acknowledge the OMI PIs for providing sate... | 10.5194/acpd-13-9267-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Supplementary key words body mass index • glycerol • subcutaneous adipose tissue Excess body fat is a well-established risk factor for numerous complications in the overweight and obese states ( 1 ). Adipose tissue mass is determined by its lipid turnover; i. e. , the balance between incorporation and removal of bomb ... | 10.1194/jlr.m040345 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | For lipolysis in cohort two ( Fig. 3 ), similar results were obtained with the three lipolytic agents; i. e. , a negative correlation between lipolysis and BMI ( Fig. 3A-C ; r = 0. 41-0. 48; P < 0. 0001). These relationships were independent of gender or nicotine use according to ANCOVA (values not shown). In 115 sub... | 10.1194/jlr.m040345 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Glycerol in the medium (lipolysis index) was determined, and the release in the absence of a lipolytic agent (basal) or in its presence at the maximum effective concentration was assessed. There is no consensus on how to express lipolysis data, such as per weight unit of adipocytes, per number of fat cells, or as a rat... | 10.1194/jlr.m040345 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Determination of triglyceride age Since the Limited Nuclear Test Bomb Treaty in 1963, 14 C levels in the atmosphere are decreasing exponentially. Due to the long isotope half-life, this is due to diffusion of 14 CO 2 out of the atmosphere ( 9 ) which is taken up into the biotope. Because we eat plants and animals, the ... | 10.1194/jlr.m040345 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | If important, such effect should also be observed at the fat cell level; i. e. , large fat cells should have a greater lipid age than small ones. However, this is clearly not the case since there was no correlation between TG age and fat cell volume ( Fig. 1D ). Furthermore, in a previous study ( 3 ) TG age was the sa... | 10.1194/jlr.m040345 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Since the methods to examine the lipid turnover in human fat cells have been developed quite recently, it will take some time before long-term prospective data can be generated. However, the relationship between adipose lipolysis and current (but not previous) body weight ( Fig. 3D ) indicates that altered lipolysis i... | 10.1194/jlr.m040345 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We would like to thank G. Charlet from Alcatel-Lucent and A. Bononi from the University of Parma for discussions on PS-QPSK. This work has been based on the Optilux Toolbox [15]. | 10.1364/oe.21.010496 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Monosized water-in-oil droplets are generated at frequencies of about 1 kHz from two aqueous solutions flowing in parallel into a T-junction against an oil phase flow (Fig. 23 ). To make use of the fluorescence, two different fluorescent dyes are introduced in the solutions. Their lifetime should be different enough to... | 10.1007/s00348-013-1572-9 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements This manuscript benefited from the discussions in the IUCN International Task Force on Systemic Pesticides during its plenary meetings in Bath (2011), Cambridge (2012), Padua (2012) and Louvain-la-Neuve (2013). Part of the work by authors JvdS and NSD has been funded by a gift by the Triodos Found... | 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.05.007 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank T. Altinoluk , G. Beuf and K. Tywoniuk for their valuable comments and useful discussions. The work of NA, HM, MM and CAS is supported by European Research Council grant HotLHC ERC-2011-StG-279579 ; by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain under projects FPA2008-01177 , FPA20... | 10.1007/jhep12(2013)052 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We acknowledge the support from a DRDC Applied Research Program and a DRDC Technology Investment Fund and from Délégation Générale pour l'Armement DGA through grant REI 2009 34 0025. We thank also the technical support from Michèle Cardinal , Marcellin Jean and Alain Fernet from DRDC and... | 10.1364/oe.21.026836 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Analysis of L-and C-Band SAR Image Time Series Over a Sahelian Area P. -L. Frison, G. Mercier, G. Faye, E. Mougin, P. Hiernaux, C. Lardeux, and J. -P. Rudant Abstract-This letter presents an analysis of two synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images time series over a Sahelian area, which is located in the Gourma region, Ma... | 10.1109/lgrs.2012.2227931 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | In particular, the sand dunes, up to 10 m thick, oriented from west to east, appear with the C-band [see Fig. 1(b) ] in alternate dark and lighter rectilinear structures in the upper third of the image, whereas they are not visible with the L-band [see Fig. 1(c)]. The sensitivity of L-and C-bands to seasonal changes ha... | 10.1109/lgrs.2012.2227931 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank ESA for providing ASAR and PALSAR data (CAT-1 Project ID 4229 ). | 10.1109/lgrs.2012.2227931 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Lateral vibrations of a mass chain coupled by strings are considered in Ref. [11]. Every mass of the chain has nonlinear supports with impacts. The Kauderer-Rosenberg NNMs are used to obtain this system motions. The Kauderer-Rosenberg NNMs are investigated in the selfsustained two-degree-of-freedom system [12] : € q 1... | 10.1115/1.4023533 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | We study the carbon monoxide (CO) variability in the last decade measured by NASA's Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) on the Earth Observing System (EOS)/Aqua satellite. The focus of this study is to analyze CO variability and short-term trends separately for background CO and fresh CO emissions based on a new statis... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | We also introduce a new technique to separate background and recently emitted CO observations, which aims to constrain emissions using only satellite CO data. We validate the CO variability of the recent emissions estimated from AIRS against other emission inventory databases (i. e. , Global Fire Emissions Database -GF... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Identifying AIRS clear-sky coverage To select AIRS clear sky pixels, we use the MODIS cloud mask (MYD35_L2) (ftp://ladsftp. nascom. nasa. gov/allData/ 5/MYD35_L2/) taking advantage of the fact that MODIS is on the same Aqua satellite platform as AIRS. An example in Fig. 1 illustrates the method we used to collocate th... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | AIRS CO variability for clear sky and cloud-cleared scenes In this section, we discuss the CO differences between AIRS clear sky coverage using the MODIS cloud mask and cloudcleared data sets to assess the performances of AIRS cloud clearing and identify possible limitations. We analyze the statistics of the AIRS CO di... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 2), in the CO retrievals. Note also that the DOFSs over land are generally higher than over the oceans, and the daytime values are higher than nighttime values, which is due to the differences in surface thermal contrast. The 10 yr variability of tropospheric CO VMRs at 500 hPa during daytime from 2003 through 2012 is ... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 5. The short-term CO trends for clear and cloud-cleared retrievals are very similar (i. e. , with differences less than -0. 07 (ppbv yr -1 )) except for the SH land cases, where the difference is -0. 22 (ppbv yr -1 ); in both cases, the trends of cloud-cleared decrease faster than those of the clear. The trends for the... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 5 × 0. 5 degree spatial resolution with a monthly time step. For November 2000 onwards, estimates were based on burned area, active fire detections, and plant productivity from the MODIS sensor. For anthropogenic emissions that exclude biomass burnings, we use the data that were produced as part of the MACC/CityZEN UE ... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Summary The goal of this study is to understand the global CO variability and short-term trends for the CO background values and recent emissions separately. We use an innovative approach to separate statistically the recently emitted CO from the background CO in the satellite data sets by using PDF analyses. We have d... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. This study is supported by the NASA Earth Sciences through ROSES by the Climate Record Uncertainty Analysis Program ( NNX11AL22A ), and by a sub-contract by the NASA JPL AIRS team (2009)(2010). We have also been partially supported by the RTRA/STAE foundation from Toulouse, France. The author... | 10.5194/acp-13-12469-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | This paper proposes a new approach for discriminating ships lying in complex backgrounds, based on the coherent Time-Frequency (TF) analysis of polarimetric SAR data, introduced in [6] and [7] for the study of anisotropic scattering behaviors, and in [8] and [9] for the characterization of complex urban environ... | 10.3390/rs5126899 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | SAR Data Time-Frequency Decomposition Due to the linearity of SAR focusing, the TF decomposition technique introduced above may either be applied on raw or focused data. Nevertheless, due to the generally limited access to raw data for common end-users and in order to benefit from error corrections and specific signal ... | 10.3390/rs5126899 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Experimental Analysis and Discussions In this section, the proposed polarimetric TF analysis technique is applied to the discrimination of ships in complex scenes, involving severe ambiguity or processing artifact related ghost echoes as well as small emerged lands, using experimental fully polarimetric data set compos... | 10.3390/rs5126899 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments The reviewers' constructive comments to improve the paper are greatly appreciated. This work was supported in part by China Scholarship Council grant (No. 2011611070 ) and also by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61201338. | 10.3390/rs5126899 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Drosophila strains The transgenic strains that carry insertions of the I-element fragment in sense (1. 9, 2. 1, 2. 3, 2. 6 and 2. 10) or antisense (3. 1, 3. 6, 3. 9 and 3. 10) orientation are described in Jensen et al. (21). Briefly, the 167-2484-nt region of the GenBank sequence M14954, corresponding to the I-element,... | 10.1093/nar/gkt310 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Small RNA library preparation and analysis Small RNAs 19-29 nt in size from total ovarian RNA extracts were cloned as previously described in Muerdter et al. (11). Libraries were barcoded according to Illumina TrueSeq Small RNA sample prep kit instructions and submitted for sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq-2000 sequ... | 10.1093/nar/gkt310 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Northern analysis of short RNAs Northern analysis of short RNAs was done as previously described (25). A chemical cross-linking step that enhances detection of small RNAs was used (26). For this, the damp membrane with RNA side facing up was placed onto 3 MM saturated in freshly prepared crosslinking EDC reagent [0. ... | 10.1093/nar/gkt310 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | ACCESSION NUMBERS Small RNA sequencing data are deposited at Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) , accession number GSE 41780. | 10.1093/nar/gkt310 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Alexei Aravin for help with small RNA cloning, Igor Antoshechkin ( Caltech ) for help with small RNA sequencing, Pierre Pouchin and Yoan Renaud for help with bioinformatic analysis and Alexandre Webster for editing the English. | 10.1093/nar/gkt310 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | ACCESSION NUMBERS Small RNA sequencing data are deposited at Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) , accession number GSE 41780. | 10.1093/nar/gkt310 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Alexei Aravin for help with small RNA cloning, Igor Antoshechkin ( Caltech ) for help with small RNA sequencing, Pierre Pouchin and Yoan Renaud for help with bioinformatic analysis and Alexandre Webster for editing the English. | 10.1093/nar/gkt310 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank M. Mar tin and P. -H. Jézéquel from Société Lafarge for their support and contribution to this research field, and the referee for the remarks that led to improvements in the article. | 10.14356/kona.2013012 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | The diffuse radiation fraction also influences the albedo, because the purely diffuse radiation results in an albedo similar to that of direct radiation with a SZA of ∼ 50 • over a horizontal snow surface (Wiscombe and Warren, 1980). Finally, the surface roughness can affect surface albedo by trapping radiation (which... | 10.5194/tc-7-1139-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | These variations in meteorological conditions strongly affect the microstructure of surface snow and account for the great variability of the snowpack (Albert and Shultz, 2002). Low amounts of impurities are present in the snow, BC and dust being the types with the strongest effect on the albedo (Warren and Wiscombe,... | 10.5194/tc-7-1139-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Raw data Spectral albedo measurements were obtained using an ASD FieldSpec Pro spectroradiometer (see Fig. 2 ). This instrument has a spectral range of 350 to 2200 nm, with a spectral resolution ranging from 3 nm in the UV to 12 nm in the IR. It was equipped with a remote cosine receptor (RCR), a lightdiffusing fore op... | 10.5194/tc-7-1139-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Conclusions We present in this work the results of a two-month field campaign at Summit, Greenland. In May and June 2011, we performed simultaneous, co-located measurements of the snow spectral albedo and the snow physical properties, in particular the density and the specific surface area (SSA). To evaluate the impact... | 10.5194/tc-7-1139-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. The Summit field work was funded by grant No. 1088 from French Polar Institute (IPEV) to F. Domine , by grant No. 1023227 from National Science Foundation (NSF) to M. Bergin and by grant ARC1022996 from NSF to J. Dibb. We thank 109th Air National Guard and all crew at Summit for logi... | 10.5194/tc-7-1139-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 2005b; Murase et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2007 ), relativistic shock breakout in compact CCSN progenitor stars (Waxman & Loeb 2001) , and cosmic string cusps (Damour & Vilenkin 2000; Siemens et al. 2006; Berezinsky et al. 2011). Searches for HENs and GWs from such events have thus far relied on blind (i. e. , untriggere... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | (2008) and Pradier (2009) , and Bartos et al. (2011) have derived constraints on joint GW-HEN signals based on the interpretation of independent GW and HEN observational results. Here we present the first direct search for coincident GW-HEN events, using data taken by the ANTARES HEN telescope and by the LIGO and V... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Statistical analyses of the HEN sample show no sign of associated GW bursts. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we discuss sources of coincident HEN and GW emission and expected prospects for their detection. In Section 3 we describe the ANTARES, LIGO, and Virgo detectors and the joint data taking period.... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | (2004) (but see Hümmer et al. 2012 for refined results). Assuming a jet with Γ = 300, E jet = 2 × 10 50 erg, one finds a distance d 10 ∼ 10 Mpc at which the probability of HEN detection by the 5-line ANTARES detector is 10%. Hence, only the closest and/or the most powerful SGRBs may be detectable. The GW emission fr... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | The sudden release of energy and magnetic field rearrangement lead to the creation and acceleration of pair plasma that may have some baryon loading, thus leading to the emission of HENs in pγ reactions (Halzen et al. 2005). Ioka et al. (2005) estimated the detectability of the 2004 giant flare of the Galactic SGR 18... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | 2006). While not designed specifically for UHENs, HEN detectors like ANTARES and IceCube have some sensitivity to UHENs in the 10 11 GeV energy range. Alvarez-Muñiz & Halzen (2001) predict, depending on details of the underlying emission model, up to a few events per year for a km 3 -scale detector. Since Earth is opaq... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Joint data taking periods The fifth LIGO science run, S5 (Abbott et al. 2008a) , was held from 2005 November 4 to 2007 October 1. Over one year of science-quality data were collected with all three LIGO interferometers in simultaneous operation at their design sensitivity, with duty factors of 75%, 76%, and 65% for H1... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | HEN data sample The ANTARES data sample used in the analysis is composed of runs from 2007 selected according to various quality criteria, based mainly on environmental parameters (e. g. sea current, counting rates), configuration and behaviour of the detector during the given run (e. g. duration of the run, alignment ... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | The data selected for this search are required to have a baseline rate below 120 kHz and a burst fraction lower than 40%, with 80% of all OMs being active. With these quality criteria, the active time is 103. 4 days out of the 244. 8 days of the 5-line period. Finally, when restricting the data to the concomitant perio... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | 149 Details of each of the HEN candidate events are given at https://dcc. ligo. org/cgi-bin/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid= p1200006. Finally, we note that IceCube operated in its 22-string configuration for part of 2007 (Abbasi et al. 2012c ). However, this data was only used for time-dependent searches applied to source d... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Per-HEN GW candidates We analysed GW data in coincidence with 158 neutrino candidates for the low frequency search, and 14 neutrino events for the high frequency search. In the low frequency analysis, only one neutrino trigger had a corresponding GW event with false alarm probability below the threshold of p = 0. 01 to... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | GW upper limits The sensitivity of the GW search is determined by a Monte-Carlo analysis. For each neutrino trigger, we add simulated GW signals to the on-source data and repeat the analysis described in Section 5. 2. We consider a simulated signal detected if it produces an event louder than the loudest on-source even... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS Observational constraints on joint sources of GW and HEN signals have been derived in Bartos et al. (2011). However, they are based on the interpretation and the combination of previously published and independent GW and HEN observational results. The results presented in this section are th... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | CONCLUSIONS This first joint GW-HEN search using 2007 data, obtained with the ANTARES HEN telescope and the Virgo/LIGO GW interferometers, opens the way to a novel multi-messenger astronomy. Limits on the rate density ρ GW-HEN of joint GW-HEN emitting systems were extracted for the first time using the analysis of coin... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Their enhanced sensitivities should permit a combined analysis to gain the factor required to obtain ρ LGRB GW-HEN ≤ ρ SNII/SNIbc and begin to constrain the fraction of stellar collapse events accompanied by the coincident emission of relativistic jets beamed towards Earth. The analysis of these data is underway, and a... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory , the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom , the Max-Planck-Society , and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for sup... | 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | This paper focuses on the assessment of the environmental extreme conditions in term of wind and waves at the SEMREV wave energy test site for application in the design of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) devices and components. The paper will first present the existing in situ wind and wave measurements. A prediction cha... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | INTRODUCTION The wave energy test site SEM-REV is running through a development schedule since October 2007. Consents have been granted in 2010/2011 and installation works finished in October 2012. The test facility will be fully operational by mid-2013. Operations on site are supervised from the ECN land station of Pe... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | by two shoals (Figure 2 , "Banc de Guérande" and "Plateau du Four"). A 8MVA cable connects the test site to an electrical substation nearby the onshore base, which grants access to the local grid. Environmental and system operation control data are transmitted in real time from the offshore test site to the land base ... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | We will rather focus here on the evaluation of wind and waves extreme conditions. The assessment of those extreme conditions at sea for a given return period (typical order of tenth of years for dimensioning purposes) generally results from the use of extrapolation methods. However, because of a too high uncertainty le... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | WAVE MODEL A 22-year hindcast simulation (from 01/01/1989 to 28/02/2011) was performed with a combination of the spectral wave models WAVEWATCH III TM [2] (hereafter WWATCH) for the global grid and SWAN [3] for the regional grid (Simulating Wave Near Shore version 40. 85). WWATCH is parameterized by Dodet et al. (... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 5°W from 46. 5°N to 47. 5°N, and south border following the latitude 46. 5°N from 3. 5°W to 2. 0°W). From then, the SWAN model was used to compute the wave evolution in the coastal region and complete the prediction chain up to the SEM-REV test site. Once again the ERA-Interim 6-h wind fields force the model with a spa... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | LONG TERM EXTRAPOLATION METHODS Several long term extrapolation methods are applied to the ERA Interim wind hindcast data set and to the wave hindcast data previously described. As a first step, the Initial Distribution Approach (IDA) [10] , combined with a 'censoring' process enabling all values above a given thresho... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | × --= , with N the total number of elements, t start and t end the initial and final date in years, and f the yearly number of data. Lastly, fitting a Weibull statistical distribution to the measured data leads to a satisfactory agreement (Figure 8 ). If the statistical solution slightly overestimates the extreme valu... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | After some trial and error, the best fit of the statistical distribution seems to be provided by a threshold set to 5. 5m (Figure 9 ). Still, the Weibull fitting is not able to provide an appropriate extrapolation method as some of the long term return values remain underestimated (e. g. second highest value has a hig... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Both methods are based on the adjustment of a standard statistical distribution (respectively, Pareto and Poisson) over the extreme part of the empirical distribution. The lowest threshold estimated from both methods shall provide a value high enough to keep accuracy and low enough to provide a proper sampling size. Th... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | During the Joachim storm, occurring mid December 2011, the maximum Hs reached 8. 2m. According to the POT statistical fit, such an extreme sea state can be seen as a 5-year return period event. For longer return periods, results have to be considered cautiously as the uncertainty tied up to these values will increase s... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | CONCLUSIONS The specific application of long-term extrapolation methods has been presented here for wind and wave extreme values on the SEMREV coastal test site. Wind data have been studied in term of intensity through the ERA-Interim data set, and a censored-IDA extrapolation method combined to a Weibull fit employed ... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The calibration has been achieved on several parameters related to usual source term in the SWAN wave model. The standard tuning coefficient have finally provided the best overall results in term of relative error between the significant height from the model chain compared to in situ measurements for several extreme e... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | A POT method combined with an appropriately estimated threshold, a Pareto distribution and a given time interval finally provides the best overall conservative fit to the hindcast wave dataset. An analysis of mean direction of origin for the most extreme events finally emphasizes the predominant southwest influence. At... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The macro-tidal environment in this area has already been proved to be able to influence significantly the propagation of sea states through the refraction by currents [13] , and in specific configurations through the varying shadow with tide created by a chaotic bathymetry up-wave. -the refinement of the time resolut... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to X. Bertin for 'forcing' this study, kindly providing WWATCH input data for the regional model, and to the company Actimar for their valuable comments. Many thanks go to G. Le Bihan , P. Rousselot and H. Lugez , responsible for getting high quality measurements from the ... | 10.1115/omae2013-10752 | preprint | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments It is a pleasure to thank J. Louis and R. Valandro for valuable discussions on heterotic/type II duality. B. P. is also grateful to S. Hohenegger and D. Persson for discussions on automorphic forms, Borcherds' lift and quaternionic discrete series. | 10.1007/jhep03(2013)085 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Statistical scores The operational evaluation was performed for each year for ozone (O 3 ) and PM. Available PM measurements include PM 10 and PM 2. 5 mass concentrations and PM 2. 5 sulfate (SO = 4 ), nitrate (NO - 3 ), and ammonium (NH + 4 ) concentrations. Although organic carbon and elemental carbon data are availa... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Comparison with other model evaluations in the context of AQMEII It is interesting to ensure that our model performance did not degrade when simulating a longer time period. The observational data for the AQMEII model evaluation include stations from the AirBase and EMEP databases, while we only used the latter (AirBas... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Comparison with the performance evaluation of 1 yr simulations We also compared our model performance evaluation to that of four other chemical-transport models that have been used for 1 yr simulations over Europe (see Appendix B): CHIMERE (Péré et al. , 2010) , CALIOPE-EU (Pay et al. , 2010) , WRF/Chem (Tuccella et... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Boundary conditions were provided by LMDz-INCA2. Appel et al. (2012) forced WRF with boundary conditions from the North American Model from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction to generate meteorological data. Anthropogenic and biogenic emissions were respectively provided by MEGAN and TNO (http://www. tn... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Local emissions from cars should not affect the measurements as there are approximatively 3 cars per day within 3 km around the station. The DE03 station is situated on a mountain in the Black Forest, at 1205 a. m. s. l. and surrounded by forests and meadows, where there is minor agricultural activity for some parts of... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | There is no relevant industry near the area, but there is a highway situated 1. 7 km from the station. The proximity to a large city and a highway could lead to greater concentrations of primary PM, as well as some lesser influence on concentrations of secondary PM (i. e. , SO = 4 , NO - 3 , and NH + 4 ), but those sho... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The values of the best correlation coefficients are also close in both simulation and observation within 30 % at 17 out of 23 stations, for example, at CH02 (around -0. 33), DE44 (around -0. 23), ES11 (around -0. 23), and IT01 (around -0. 25). The differences between the values of the regression coefficients in simulat... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | At these stations the regression coefficients are either -0. 02 or -0. 03 and are nearly the same in simulation and observation. The best observed correlation is around -0. 45 at AT02, +0. 15 at ES10, -0. 07 at ES14, -0. 12 at GB36, -0. 18 at IT01, and around -0. 10 at SI08 for both simulation and observation. Other st... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 5 , sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium), ranging up to 10 days after at AT02 (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008). Simulated data are represented with a star, while observational data are represented with a dot. meteorology is well represented. As for AT02, the model reproduces well the evolution of PM concentrations... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 10 for SO = 4 , NO - 3 , NH + 4 , and organic matter, -0. 20 for sea salt, and -0. 30 for black carbon), except mineral dust (around 0. 15). As for AT02, profiles for wind speed and precipitation are identical for all species, except for sea salt. Fig. 5 : Correlations between meteorology (temperature in red, precipita... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Simulated data are represented with a star, while observational data are represented with a dot. The AT02 and DE02 stations show negative correlations between temperature and SO = 4. SO = 4 concentrations depend on 2 emissions (shown in Fig. 6 ), which may vary by season, and on the conversion rate of SO 2 to SO = 4 , ... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The correlation between SO = 4 and temperature is positive as for DE03 and therefore shows a relationship opposite to that obtained at AT02 and DE02. The model reproduces this correlation perfectly. The model overestimates the strength of the anticorrelation between wind speed and NH + 4 or NO - 3. Simulation data show... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | These different responses are correctly reproduced by the model. The correlation profiles for observed data at the NO01 station differ from those at the other stations; the model also reproduces these differences correctly. This dynamic evaluation is limited by the amount of data on PM 2. 5 and its composition over lar... | 10.5194/acp-13-4319-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We thank the staff of the Istituto cantonale di microbiologia for help with laboratory analyses and providing assistance with collection. The Swiss Federal Veterinary Office (BVET) provided financial support for this study (Grant No. 1. 06. 12 ). | 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.4.449 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | , 1986) in order to assess realistic variations in the pK CR2 of the second dissociation of cresol red at 25 °C (Table 1 ). In soil, dissociations of acid and alkaline substrates were taken into account: reactions considered for substrates containing more than one acid or alkaline functional group were chosen based o... | 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.05.010 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments This work received support from the CleanWast Project that features as part of the French ANR [National Research Agency] PRECODD Programme. We thank the INRA's Département Environnement et Agronomie and the ADEME for providing support through M. Ben-Sassi 's PhD grant. We also thank Ghislain Sé... | 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.05.010 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Dr Eric Hendrickson for Ku conditional and DNA-PKcs null HCT116 cells. We are grateful to members of the Paull laboratory and to Dr Kyle Miller for helpful comments. | 10.1093/nar/gkt1309 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | In order to construct a chronology for the gas phase, the ice age-gas age difference ( age) has been reconstructed using a coupled firn densification-heat diffusion model. Temperature and accumulation inputs to the age model, initially derived from the water isotope proxies, have been adjusted to optimize the fit to ti... | 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
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