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cc-by | Figure. 1. Scheme of the choice device. Pods of each region and population were placed alternately, at an equal distance from the centre of the dish. In this example, the -Brit. 1‖ box represents a pod from population 1 of Brittany. At the beginning of an experiment, weevils were placed at the centre of the dish, near ... | 10.3390/d5040734 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ATIP-grant. The authors thank Stéphane Pélletier , Nicolas Chazot and Elissa Agudo Del Pozo for technical assistance, Alan Scaife for English improvement, and Joan van Baaren , Sébastien Dugravot , Philippe Louâpre ,... | 10.3390/d5040734 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | PROCEDURE Schools in low socio-economic status (SES) areas from the Canning and Swan School districts in Perth, Western Australia, were randomly selected from the WA Department of Education and Training School Database. These schools were among the largest (top 50%) and poorest (bottom 30%) in the database. A control s... | 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00988 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | There exists great disparity in the number of clinical P. falciparum episodes among children of the same age and living in similar conditions. The epidemiological determinants of such disparity are unclear. We used a data-mining approach to explore a nineteen-year longitudinal malaria cohort study dataset from Senegal ... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055666 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | falciparum episodes [14] : the number of models to test increases exponentially with the number of variables with a risk of over-fitting for the more complex models. Different data mining approaches have been developed to overcome this problem of dimensionality. We have recently evaluated the utility of the HyperCubeH... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055666 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Characteristics of the Cohort We studied the large dataset from the long-term epidemiological study of a family-based cohort followed in Dielmo village for 19 years (1990-2008). For each participant, the dependent variable was defined as a dichotomous trait ''experiencing no P. falciparum clinical episodes (PFA) durin... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055666 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | HyperCubeH Data Mining Algorithm The HyperCubeH technology is accessible as a web based software that requires no specific learning skills, though it requires a significant computing power provided through a SaaS architecture (Bussiness EffiScience, Paris, France). The program exhaustively searches for local over-densi... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055666 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | For each hypercube, three steps were performed: First, the program defined the minimal number of variables necessary to explain an overdensity satisfying constraints defined by the user; Second, its ''Size'' is maximized under the constraint of the ''Lift'' by using genetic algorithms; Third, statistical significance o... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055666 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We are grateful to the villagers of Dielmo and Ndiop for active participation and continuing collaboration in the project. We particularly thank Abdoulaye Badiane , Fatou Bintou Badji , Gaoussou Diakhaby , and Marie Louise Senghor as well as the field workers for their sustained contribution to the... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055666 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Funding was provided by Institut Pasteur, Paris , Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, and Institute of Health & Science. This article is linked to a project funded by ANR-11-BSV1-027-01. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055666 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Traces of OTA were observed in the three highest contaminated samples (F1, F2, F20) after extraction with ACN/water and purification on IAC. On the contrary, the samples where OTA was detected in large amount after IAC purification correspond to samples containing simultaneously significant amount of CIT (F10, F18, S2,... | 10.3390/toxins5122324 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments This study was supported by National Research Agency of France. (ANR "mycodiag" 2010-2013 A. P. -L. , ANR " Combitox " 2011-2014 ), Program CTP (2011-2012 A. P. -L. /J. -L. M. ), Program county "Midi-Pyrénées" (Food Safety , 2008-2012 A. P. -L ). | 10.3390/toxins5122324 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | We also propose applications for broad-scale forest characterization and mapping in West-Central Africa over an area of 141 000 km 2. Eleven years of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data were averaged over the wet and dry seasons to provide a data set of optimal... | 10.5194/bg-10-6957-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | (1) We maintained an optimal spatial resolution of 250 m for the temporal data by aggregating eleven years of MODIS terra EVI data over the two main seasons. (2) We used high-(10 m resolution) and very-high-resolution (0. 5 m resolution) data to bridge the scale gap between the stand and MODIS pixel levels and thus rea... | 10.5194/bg-10-6957-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | We downloaded all available dates for this tile between January 2000 and December 2011. In spite of atmospheric corrections, the presence of almost permanent clouds and haze largely corrupted the data. To generate a good quality composite at a 250 m resolution, we aggregated eleven years of valid data (after filtering ... | 10.5194/bg-10-6957-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | However obtaining a coherent data set required finding a compromise between the spatial and the temporal resolution, and we chose here to sacrifice the latter (e. g. as opposed to (Gond et al. , 2013; Bradley et al. , 2011). We thus obtained aggregated EVI and MIR images for the wet season and for the main dry season.... | 10.5194/bg-10-6957-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 5-0. 59 µm), Red (0. 61-0. 68 µm), NIR band (0. 78-0. 89 µm) and MIR band (1. 58-1. 75 µm). Four very-high-resolution (VHR) main-dry-season images (GeoEye) were acquired within areas covered by the SPOT-5 image data set. Each image covers an area of the study area close to 100 km 2. The sensor spatial resolution of the... | 10.5194/bg-10-6957-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | However, radiometric corrections were crucial to ensure the consistency of spectral responses within and between images. Large patches of haze, particularly noticeable in the Red band, were removed via a high-pass Fourier filter (Niblack, 1986). Radiometric histograms were then aligned between the images by standardiz... | 10.5194/bg-10-6957-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | It is possible however, that both water and light reach their least limiting levels during the main wet season. In any case, the multi-resolution approach presented here could be easily applied to different contexts, thereby enabling comparisons. The share of EVI variation that remained unexplained by leafiness values ... | 10.5194/bg-10-6957-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. SPOT images were acquired in the framework of the SPOT/Programme ISIS, Copyright CNES. This research is part of the pilot regional program (PPR) "Global changes biodiversity and health in the tropical wet forests of Central Africa" of the IRD and has benefited from the support of various partner in... | 10.5194/bg-10-6957-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. This study was partly supported by the Province Sud de Nouvelle Caledonie for the French side and by Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences ( Program 12-1-1026 ) for the Russian side. The Authors also wish to thank reviewers for their pertinent remarks. Edited by: E. Pelinovsky Reviewed by: K... | 10.5194/npg-20-257-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The geomagnetic daily variation at mid-to-low latitudes, referred to as the geomagnetic Sq field, is generated by electrical currents within the conducting layers of the ionosphere on the dayside of the Earth. It is enhanced in a narrow equatorial band, due to the equatorial electrojet. The upcoming ESA Swarm satellite... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | doi:10. 5047/eps. 2013. 08. 006 2002, 2004 ). However, satellite data are collected above the ionosphere. They cannot separate the primary ionospheric field from the secondary, induced field generated by electrical currents within Earth's mantle. Such a separation is possible, however, if a pre-determined mantle condu... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Several failure cases have been investigated as part of the preparation phase within SCARF, for example the complete failure of one satellite or the lack of vector data from one of the satellites. If such an unhappy event were to occur, the DIFI algorithm would still be able to ingest reduced level 1b dataset. In what ... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | The minimum and maximum acceptable values for these parameters will be adjusted for each real dataset, in order to maximize spatial, local time and seasonal data coverage, while minimizing the overall magnitude of disturbance fields. Also, in order to minimize the size of the dataset to be inverted, level 1b data are d... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Test Results During the preparation phase, the DIFI algorithm was tested using synthetic data. The way the synthetic orbits and magnetic data were generated is described in Olsen et al. (2013). We used only one year of synthetic data, from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000, and relied on real K p , D st , IMF and F... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | , 2013 , for details about these models). As the random noise added to the synthetic data had a very small standard deviation (between 0. 1 and 0. 7 nT, depending on the component) compared to the typical amplitude of ionospheric fields, the data after correction were very close to the synthetic ionospheric field data ... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | AR2 test For the AR2 test, data corrections relied on the dedicated core (Rother et al. , 2013) and lithospheric (Thébault et al. , 2013) field models, and the magnetospheric part of the comprehensive (Sabaka et al. , 2013) field model, all of them derived from the AR2 dataset. Data residuals statistics (see Tabl... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Concluding Remarks In the present paper, we described the algorithm of the DIFI chain to be used during the upcoming Swarm mission to calculate global, spherical harmonic models of the quiet-time ionospheric field at mid-to-low latitudes. This algorithm relies on quasi-dipole coordinates to minimize the number of param... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments. The research reported here was financially supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) through the " Travaux préparatoires et exploitation de la mission Swarm " project, and by the European Space Agency (ESA) through ESTEC contract 4000102140/10/NL/JA " Development of the Swarm L... | 10.5047/eps.2013.08.006 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Free list interviewer training was held at the end of July 2011, with data collection taking place the first week of August in three CPT villages (Lushebere, Bishange, and Luvungi). The goal was to interview 30 CPT participants (10 in each site). For the interviews, respondents were asked two questions: 1. What are all... | 10.1596/26449 | book | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | Quantitative Follow-up: Quantitative follow-up data were collected at two time points, within one month post-CPT completion and approximately six months later. The followup interview was conducted using the same instrument as was used at baseline, with the addition of the questions generated from the post-intervention ... | 10.1596/26449 | book | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | Mental Health and Functionality Outcomes Intervention impact was calculated by comparing average scores for women in CPT and IS villages at each follow up. Analyses included all participants accounting for loss-to-follow up through a weighting process. Missing values for any specific symptom or function item were imput... | 10.1596/26449 | book | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | As per standard practice, the selected groups will meet on a weekly basis during the first several months to learn about the process through 7 IRC led modules, make decisions as to how they want to implement the savings program, and select a management committee to assist with the running of the program. The next perio... | 10.1596/26449 | book | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | Data Collection There are 4 designated data collection points: 1. Baseline Quantitative Assessment -prior to initiation of any of the intervention strategies. If we assume that approximately 75% of the women assessed will meet eligibility criteria and will agree to participate in the study, we will assess approximately... | 10.1596/26449 | book | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | Monitoring Over the course of the implementation of both the VSLA and mental health program, IRC will systematically monitor the outputs and outcomes of each program. We will monitor progress of the project on two levels: individual-level and group-level. 1. VSLA Program: IRC staff will make regular monitoring visits t... | 10.1596/26449 | book | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | Output Descriptions The JHU team will have primary responsibility for generating each of these reports, with collaboration from IRC. Qualitative study report: The data from the qualitative studies and the additional situation analysis information will be summarized to provide a picture of the relevant psychosocial prob... | 10.1596/26449 | book | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | Instrument development and validation report: This report will provide information on the selection, adaptation and validation of the mental health and psychosocial assessments and will present the complete instrument to be used for all subsequent quantitative data collections. Baseline Quantitative data report: The ba... | 10.1596/26449 | book | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Psychology | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
cc-by | More recently, the focus has been on interactions between man and the environment, focusing particularly on the impact of man on his habitat and the impacts of climate change on human societies [41] [42] [43]. In this synthesis, we assemble a database of 328 archaeological sites known in West Central Africa and analys... | 10.1098/rstb.2012.0304 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Study area and methods This is the first study to compile data on all known archaeological sites in the Central African rainforest region. The area under study includes six countries of Atlantic Central Africa (the southern half of Cameroon, mainland Equatorial Guinea (the island of Bioko has a different history), Gabo... | 10.1098/rstb.2012.0304 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. We want to thank C. Moreau and J-P. Dumoulin of LMC14 ARTEMIS Facility (Saclay, France ), and three anonymous referees for commenting on the manuscript. | 10.1098/rstb.2012.0304 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Funding statement. This research was funded by the ERA-Net Biodi-vERsA ( CoForChange project), with the national funders ANR (France) and NERC (UK) , part of the 2008 BiodivERsA call for research proposals. Other funding was also provided by the EU programme ECOFAC ( 1992-1998 ), IRD Projects (ECOFIT 1992-199... | 10.1098/rstb.2012.0304 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Data set description In the following the building damage assessments derived from satellite and aerial imagery are presented. Then, we present, the different reference data sets used for the validation including oblique aerial imagery (pictometry) and field assessments. Academy of Sciences (CAS), respectively (the dat... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Aerial-based damage assessments The PDNA point data set designated here by UWJ (UNOSAT-World Bank-JRC) was generated by computer aided visual interpretation of pre-earthquake satellite imagery and post-earthquake airborne imagery with a spatial resolution of 0. 15 m. The methodology consisted in assignment of different... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Block-sampling using Pictometry data Pictometry imagery with a spatial resolution of better than 25 cm was acquired in early February 2010 from an aircraft flown at a height of around 1 km with multiple cameras at nadir and oblique angles. A set of 60 locations corresponding to urban blocks (defined by street intersect... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | , 2011). This level of investigation was considered the most reliable and most accurate indicator of damage and thus represents the benchmark to which the remote-sensing assessment should be compared. This inventory has however some quality problems that must be taken into account when using this dataset as a reference... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | 3d ). Another quality issue that was identified during the analysis of this dataset, was the presence of inconsistencies between the assignments of the color codes and the percentages of damages. Figure 4 shows that 7 % and 10 % of the buildings falling respectively in the red and yellow categories, have been labeled... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Intercomparison of satellite and aerial based damage assessments The purpose of the intercomparison is to provide an objective measure of the quality of the satellite based damage assessments and to develop an understanding of the validity and comparability of the satellite (OSM and CAS datasets) and aerial (UWJ) deriv... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Therefore, for the intercomparison, only points labelled with Grades 5 and 4 were considered from the UWJ dataset. The differences in the spatial resolutions between the satellite (50 cm) and the aerial (15 cm) imagery combined with displacement error between them do not allow an accurate point-to-point matching. To ci... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | However, differences in mean and standard deviations already indicate that relative changes in the sets are not equally distributed. The study of the pattern of matching between the aerial and the satellite derived damage assessments (UWJ versus CAS and UWJ versus OSM) was performed using a 2-D cross-correlation (Gonz... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | 2 for a 3 × 3 window) for the first set (e. g. UWJ) and the second set (e. g. OSM); f , ḡ is the average point count for all grid samples in the window. The γ-value for each window is assigned to the central pixel of each 3 × 3 window. For two datasets showing a good matching of the point counts in the 50 × 50 m grid c... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | They are colour composites, in which the correlation coefficient is combined with the grid densities for the two sets that we compare, in the red, green and blue colour planes, respectively. Where green colours dominate, the UWJ damage densities are not matched with corresponding pattern in either the CAS or OSM data s... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Validation of the aerial based assessment with multi-source reference data In this section, we review and analyze the results of different sample-based validation methods that were developed at an early stage to assess the accuracy of the PDNA point set (UWJ), before presenting a full validation exercise that was condu... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Review of sample-based validation conducted in previous studies Several sample-based validation activities were set up to review the quality of the visual interpretation of building damage on the aerial imagery. The results of these validation activities are also useful to extrapolate the damage for lower damage grades... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Buildings with light or moderate damage states (grade 2) and substantial to heavy damage (grade 3) could not be established with any certainty from remotely sensed images as confirmed by Booth et al. (2011). Even with the Pictometry data, the interpreters encountered difficulties identifying grade 3 buildings. Therefo... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Damage statistics by type of land use In this section, we extend the validation approaches discussed previously, with an analysis of the UWJ set versus the exhaustive field survey (MTPTC). According to the teams of structural engineers who led the exhaustive damage assessment program (Miyamoto et al. , 2011) , the maj... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | In order to ensure the maximum semantic correspondence between the two point sets under comparison and due the low confidence in the assignments of damage grades 2 and 3 using remotely sensed data, only buildings assigned to damage levels 4 and 5 were considered from UWJ set and those assigned with damage percentages o... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Using the grid cells, it is relatively straightforward to inspect specific cases of relative under-and over-estimations between the two data sets. These are based on spatial queries in the data base in which all points and grid outlines have been stored. In this way, we can find grid cells that have a much larger (e. g... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Back Close Full almost 40 % of cells, an underestimation of the heavily damaged and affected buildings has been detected). It is important to note that these results do not take into account the magnitude of the differences between the counting, which means that even if Diff MTPTC-UWJ = 1, it is considered as an undere... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Besides, in almost all major land use categories, except in the industrial areas, the assessment from aerial imagery detects more damaged building than the field inventory. In the downtown, there is an agreement in the absolute number of damaged buildings between the two datasets (ΣCount MTPTC = 1112 and ΣCount UWJ = 1... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | 9 and the results of Tobit, indicates both the agreement (in downtown) and disagreement (in residential high density and shanty) between UWJ and MTPTC are influenced by the type of land use: in highly populated areas, especially in shanty zones, the overestimation of building damage from aerial imagery could be simply... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | To verify this assumption, the total floor area and associated repair/replacement costs were computed using the MTPTC dataset and compared to the remotely sensed estimates based on the UWJ dataset Table 7 gives an overview of the number of heavily affected and damaged buildings per category of land use in the area of... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Concluding remarks In this paper, the quality of damage assessments derived from different sources following the 2010 Haiti Earthquake was analyzed. The following conclusions are made with respect to the cost-effectiveness of the different assessments: -The intercomparison of the satellite and the aerial based damage a... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Summary statistics for UWJ, CAS and OSM datasets based on 50 × 50 m grid cells. The second column shows the total number of points, graded 4 or 5, for the area of interest, the third column the maximum occurring in a grid cell of 50×50 m, the fourth and fifth column show mean and standard deviation, respectively, for t... | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Confusion Matrix Comparing the ground survey results and the UWJ dataset of 4329 buildings in Port-Au-Prince and surrounding areas (Table taken and modified from Shankar, 2010). | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Confusion Matrix Comparing the pictometry interpretation and the UWJ dataset of 1247 buildings in Port-Au-Prince (Table taken and modified from Corbane et al. , 2011b). | 10.5194/nhessd-1-1445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Examples of the core barrier are shown in Fig. 3 where the azimuthal wavenumber becomes large in the core and a caustic is formed. Caustics are regions with a high-spatial density of rays where the corresponding wave equations yield a high-wave energy density. Early work by Bonoli and Ott 13 and Andrews and Perkins ... | 10.1063/1.4831981 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The Tore Supra experiments show that LH waves launched from the high-power wave guide matrix antenna shown in Fig. 1 with 96-phased elements designed to radiate a directional RF wave spectrum with hn k i ¼ ck RF k =x RF ¼ À1:7 transfers wave momentum to resonant electrons producing a steady ... | 10.1063/1.4831981 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge valuable discussions with L. Colas, D. Moreau , J. Hillairet , W. Helou , and Y. Elskens. This work was supported by CEA at Cadarache , Aix-Marseille University through the Institute for Mediterranean Advanced Research (IMERA). The first author (Horton) was partially supp... | 10.1063/1.4831981 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Plates were incubated for 2 h at room temperature (RT). While resazurin is naturally blue, its oxidation is associated with a change to red colour. To measure the colour change a dual wavelength measurement was performed (reference wavelength 604 nm, measurement wavelength 570 nm) using a Tecan Safire 2 microplate read... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Hybridization was performed using the DIG Easy Hyb buffer (Roche Applied Science, Meylan, France), at 24°C, overnight, in a rotating Agilent hybridization chamber. The slides were washed in decreasing concentrations of SSPE buffer (10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7. 4), 150 mM NaCl, 0. 5 mM EDTA, 0. 05% (w/v) Triton X100... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Confirmation of selected S. cerevisiae and C. albicans mutants In order to confirm the data of the fitness screen we selected several strains of the homozygous and the heterozygous deletion mutant collections (Table 1 ) and retested them singularly. The respective strains were streaked on YPD plates and single colonie... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | 00125 mg/L aminocandin and 20 mg/L colistin. After 10, 30, 50 and 70 minutes growth at 30°C, 4x10 6 cells were harvested, washed with 1x PBS, resuspended in 1x PBS and incubated for 3 min with 5µg Propidium Iodide (PI; Sigma-Aldrich) in the dark. Subsequently, the cells were washed with 1x PBS, resuspended in 1x PBS an... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | The group of mice not treated received 200 µl of sterile saline i. p. At 3 days postinfection (p. i. ), mice were euthanized by CO 2 asphyxiation. Kidneys of each animal were removed, weighed and homogenized in 1ml of sterile 0. 15 M NaCl. Serial 10-fold dilutions of the homogenates were plated onto SD agar containing ... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Data were normalized as percentage of viability relative to positive and negative controls. The Z' factor 26 , which is a statistical test to define the quality of a largescale screen was above 0. 55 for all plates, indicating the robustness and reliability of the assay (Supplemental Figure 1A ). Five hundred and fi... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Subsequently, cells treated with the different compounds or combination of compounds were compared to non-treated cells in order to identify those mutants that showed increased or decreased fitness in one of the three conditions tested (Supplemental Tables 2 and 3 ). Selected mutants identified in this manner were th... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | 1nvolved in establishing cell polarity and morphogenesis1Numbers represent log 2 of the ratio treated over control for each strain 2 Descriptions were retrieved from the Saccharomyces Genome Database 71 and simplified. | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank Neil Gow and Carol Munro ( University of Aberdeen ), David Perlin ( University of New Jersey ), Dominique Sanglard ( Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois ) and Rajendra Prasad ( Jawaharlal Nehru University ) for providing strains. We thank Bruno Didier and Marcel Hibert ( Fac... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Funding This work was supported by a grant from the " Conseil Régional d'Ile-de-France" (Chemical Library Project , grants n° I 06-222/R and I 09-1739/ R ) to H. M. -L. , a grant ( Programme Fungi ) from Institut Carnot -Pasteur Maladies Infectieuses to H. M. -L. and C. d'E. and a grant from " Agence Nationale de la... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Aminocandin 1 Combined 1 Description 2 1nvolved in establishing cell polarity and morphogenesis1Numbers represent log 2 of the ratio treated over control for each strain 2 Descriptions were retrieved from the Saccharomyces Genome Database 71 and simplified YLR372W YPL066W SUR4 -0. 6 0. 0 -0. 4 -0. 7 -1. 1 -1. 8 Fatty a... | 10.1093/jac/dks538 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Participants We used data from the first wave of IMAGEN (n = 648). Individuals who had passed quality controls for genotyping, neuroimaging, and behavioral tests were included in the data set. Four hundred and fourteen adolescents passed the inclusion criteria for further analysis (190 boys, 224 girls). The mean age of... | 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.027 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data Acquisition and Analysis Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired at eight IMAGEN assessment sites with 3T MRI scanners of different manufacturers (Siemens, Munich, Germany; Philips, Best, The Netherlands; General Electric, Chalfont St Giles, UK; Bru... | 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.027 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | For the SST, 444 volumes were acquired for each subject. For both tasks, each volume consisted of 40 slices aligned to the anterior commission/ posterior commission line (2. 4-mm slice thickness, 1-mm gap). The echo time was optimized (echo time ¼ 30 msec, repetition time ¼ 2200 msec) to provide reliable imaging of sub... | 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.027 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | This work was supported by the European Union -funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-Related Behaviour in Normal Brain Function and Psychopathology ; Grant No. LSHM-CT-2007-037286 ), the FP7 projects ADAMS (Genomic Variations Underlying Common Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Disease Related Cognitive T... | 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.027 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | In this paper, we characterize the incidence of AGN in star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshift (0. 3 < z < 1). The multi-wavelength dataset and galaxy samples are described in Sections 2 and 3, respectively. The AGN diagnostics are introduced in Section 4. Section 5 contains the results regarding the AGN fractio... | 10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/176 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | MULTIWAVELENGTH DATASET The primary intermediate-redshift galaxy sample is based on observations from the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey 19 (GOODS) and the All-wavelength Extended Groth strip International Survey 20 (AEGIS), specifically in the GOODS-North and the Extended Groth Strip (EGS) fields. 2. 1. Infra... | 10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/176 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | X-ray Data We take advantage of the fact that the Chandra X-ray coverage is very deep: 2 Ms in GOODS-N (Alexander et al. 2003 ), 200 ks (Laird et al. 2009; Nandra et al. 2005) , and 800 ks in the EGS (Laird et al. , in prep. ; reduced in a similar fashion as Laird et al. 2009 ). In the EGS, we favor the 800 ks X-ra... | 10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/176 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Therefore, we expect that this category of AGNs will not be important for the sample selected here. In the GOODS-N field, there are deep Very Large Array (VLA) 1. 4 GHz observations reaching 3. 9 µJy beam -1 rms with a beam size of ∼1. ′′ 7 (Morrison et al. 2010). These data were used to identify radio-excess AGNs by ... | 10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/176 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The Keck Observatory acknowledges the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Mauna Kea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community and appreciate the opportunity to conduct observations... | 10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/176 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | The AGN templates were constructed by gathering photometry from the NASA Extragalactic Database and interpolating with templates (R. Chary, private communication, 2008). | 10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/176 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | In this regard, one should note that small dams in South Africa are typically earth-fill dams, which are constructed as a simple embankment of well-compacted earth. In fact, in our database, more than 92. 1 percent of dams classified as small are earth-fill dams. Importantly, small earth-fill embankment dams are often ... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | 5-3 percent (moderate), 3 -6 percent (steep), and over 6 percent (very steep) river gradient. ERLEGNTH i is the length of ephemeral rivers within a basin and is not used when sz ¼ LARGE. Our source for all geographical information on rivers is the Food and Agriculture Organization's Rivers of Africa geospatial database... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | I I. D A T A S O U R C E S To proceed to the econometric analysis, we collected data regarding dam location and characteristics, the spatial unit of analysis, cropland productivity, and other factors. The description of these data is provided below. | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Dams To identify and geographically locate dams in South Africa, we use the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) dams database (DWA 2011), which collects detailed information on dams that fall within the dam safety permit system, essentially covering all known dams with at least 5 m height and a reservoir capacity of 50,0... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Cropland Productivity Time-varying standard agricultural measures of cropland productivity, such as crop yields, do not exist for South Africa at a spatial resolution as fine as our hydrological regions. 9 We thus follow Blanc and Strobl (2013) and use two satellite data sources. The first is the Global Land Cover 20... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | The "pure" cropland cells constitute approximately 14 percent (56,000 km 2 ) of South Africa. According to the GLC 2000, 15 percent of the six-digit code basins did not contain any "pure" cropland cells. Of the 223 basins that did, 77 were located in the former homeland river basins. We depict the identified cropland a... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | NPP quantifies the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into plant biomass, and the resultant values can serve as a proxy of cropland productivity. Examples using NPP to proxy cropland productivity include Heinsch et al. (2005) and (Lobell et al. 2002). As Hicke, Lobell, and Asner (2004) note, one of the advan... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | We use the annual average of NPP to proxy cropland productivity. Although the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data are at a greater resolution than the GLC 2000 data, this generally did not pose a problem in terms of masking out cropland given that most cropland cells were agglomerated at a much larger sc... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Most important, the joint F-test statistic for the river gradient interaction 14. We also attempted to run this specification for each year, excluding the time dummies. The results are qualitatively and, generally, quantitatively very similar across all years. 15. For a few large dams, our dam database lists other purp... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Finally, one should note that underlying the identification of the IV strategy is the assumption that agricultural production would not have varied in response 17. Of our 223 basins, 960 also contained this type of vegetation. to the policy changes considered as function of land suitability in the absence of irrigation... | 10.1093/wber/lht026 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
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