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cc-by | Introduction Wireless communication systems may offer high data bit rates by achieving a high spectral efficiency using Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques. MIMO systems make use of antenna arrays simultaneously at both transmitter and receiver sites to improve the capacity and/or the system performance. H... | 10.4236/cs.2013.42029 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Each block RAM has a memory of 64 (kB), thus 512 (kbits). The impulse responses are quantified on 16 bits, therefore, up to 32,000 MIMO profiles can be supplied in the RAM blocks. Each environment needs 4 blocks RAM for the power of the impulse responses and 4 blocks for the delays, which is a total of 8 blocks RAM. Re... | 10.4236/cs.2013.42029 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the " Région Bretagne " for its financial support of this work, which is a part of PALMYRE-II project. | 10.4236/cs.2013.42029 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | A2 Model #1 GENLN2-DISORT (G. Myhre) GENLN2-DISORT is the GENLN2 (Edwards, 1992) lineby-line (LBL) model coupled to a discrete-ordinate method (DISORT; Stamnes et al. , 1988) for calculation of radiative fluxes. The model has been used for radiative transfer calculation in the solar spectrum previously (Myhre et. ... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | A3 Model #2 RFM DISORT (RFMD; E. Highwood, C. Ryder, B. Harris) RFM DISORT is the Reference Forward Model (RFM), a line-by-line radiative transfer model, coupled to a discrete ordinate method (DISORT; Stamnes et al. , 1988) for scattering calculations. RFM has been developed at Oxford University, UK (http://www. atm.... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | A4 Model #3 Oslo-DISORT (G. Myhre) The Oslo-DISORT code uses the discrete-ordinate method (DISORT) (Stamnes et al. , 1988) (4 bands), with the main emphasis on wavelengths below 1. 5 µm. The spectral regions are 0. 3-0. 5 µm, 0. 5-0. 85 µm, 0. 85-1. 5 µm, and 1. 5-4. 0 µm. The absorption by water vapor and ozone i... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | aer. com/rrtm frame. html) is a solar radiative transfer model that utilizes the correlated-k (ck-D) approach to treat gaseous absorption and to calculate shortwave fluxes and heating rates efficiently and accurately in a large-scale model environment (Clough et al. , 2005; Iacono et al. , 2008). Modeled sources of ex... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 00 µm). Water vapor absorption is accounted for in the 0. 7-4. 0 µm spectral interval; ozone is accounted for in the 0. 2-0. 4 µm (UV) and in 0. 5-0. 6 µm (VIS) spectral intervals. For water vapor and water vapor continuum, we use the k-distribution method proposed by Chou and Lee (1996) and further advanced by Tara... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | The solar absorption by water vapor between 1000 and 18 000 cm -1 is treated using seven pseudo-spectral intervals with a constant specific extinction specified for each interval. These extinctions have been adjusted to minimize errors in heating rates and flux divergences relative to line-by-line (LBL) calculations fo... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | A24 Modle #27 ULAQ (G. Pitari, G. Di Genova) The University of L'Aquila radiative transfer module, operating on-line in the climate-chemistry coupled model ULAQ-CCM, is a two-stream delta-Eddington approximation model (Toon et al. , 1989) used for chemical species photolysis rate calculation in UV-visible wavelengths... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | A27 Model #30 MPI-MOM (S. Kinne) The Max Plank Institute for Meteorology MPI-MOM scheme combines the matrix-operator (Plass et al. , 1973) and adding doubling method. The method was prepared for atmospheric broadband sold radiative transfer calculation by Grassl (1978). The trace gas absorption (including water vapo... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | , 1973) and adding doubling method. The gas transmission is computed using a code CGASA, derived from XTRA (Rathke and Fischer, 2000). CGASA combines the water-vapor continuum model of Clough et al. (1992) with Voigt line computations. Line properties are taken from the HITRAN-2008 spectral database (Rothman et al... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Matrix-Operator adding-doubling, ck-D (LOWTRAN5+Vigroux), 8 (4/4), µm, 20-layers 31 MOMO Doppler, Fischer Matrix-Operator adding-doubling, non-correlated k (HITRAN-2008), 97 (67/30), 0. 2-100 µm, AFGL a See Appendix A for further model details. Appendix Table A1 provides additional information on gaseous transmission. ... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. C. Randles was supported by the NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis (ACMAP) Program Grant NNX11AK20G under R. Eckman. G. Myhre was supported by the projects SLAC ( Short Lived Atmospheric Components ) and EarthClim funded by the Norwegian Research Council. M. Schulz acknowledg... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | L. Oreopoulos and D. Lee acknowledge support from NASA 's Modeling Analysis and Prediction program managed by D. Considine. The work of R. T. Pinker and Y. Ma was supported under grant NNX11AF54G through the NASA Science of Terra and Aqua Program and grant NNX08AN40A from the NASA Science Mission Dire... | 10.5194/acp-13-2347-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | We used 0 -8-d-old adults for the electrophysiological recordings. There are essentially no differences in nature of responses to various stimulants among sensilla prepared from adults of varying in age (data not shown). A foreleg (tarsus, tibia, and femur) was removed from the body using forceps and then fixed on a po... | 10.1523/jneurosci.1405-12.2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Neuroscience | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
cc-by | , 1955; Calas et al. , 2006). The electrical signal was amplified by a TastePROBE preamplifier DTP-02 (Syntech) (Marion-Poll and van der Pers, 1996) and further amplified and filtered (10 -2800 Hz) by a CyberAmp 320 amplifier (Molecular Devices). Data were recorded and stored on a computer with a 16-bit A/D conversion ... | 10.1523/jneurosci.1405-12.2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Neuroscience | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
cc-by | , 2003). All electrophysiological data for L2 and S sensilla were combined, because these sensilla showed almost identical electrophysiological responses to all tested compounds (data not shown). Assay for oviposition behavior. Females were hand-paired on the day of (or 1 d after) eclosion. For the assay, we used mated... | 10.1523/jneurosci.1405-12.2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Neuroscience | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
cc-by | We presented the wetted artificial leaf to each female for 2 min and then examined it for eggs to assess the oviposition responses to each solution. Scanning-electron microscopy. Tarsi of female butterflies were removed from body by using forceps, dehydrated in an acetone series, dried in air. Mounted legs were sputter... | 10.1523/jneurosci.1405-12.2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Neuroscience | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
cc-by | Black-box models The black-box models are based on statistical data-driven approach. The relationships between the system inputs and outputs are not based on physical equations as for analytical models, but are deduced through suitable experimental databases. The experimental data are split in two different sets, one d... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | NN models mentioned in this section are further summarized in Table 2. Compared with the analytical methods, ANN has the advantage of an excellent non-linear approximation ability and fewer assumptions for model construction [45]. Furthermore, it has a low sensitivity to noise and can be built based on incomplete dat... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Most relevant and non-redundant input variables for each module are firstly selected through utilizing mutual information based technique. Then, a Gas-tofaneKessel (GK) clustering algorithm, which has an adaptive distance norm and is suitable for detecting clusters of different geometric shapes in the dataset, is appli... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Data from two 5 W PEMFC stacks are used for training, and data from the other two are for testing. Both EIS measurements and I/V data are applied for building the fuzzy logic model. By applying a subtractive clustering to find initial membership functions and rules, a three-input and one-output model is developed. An e... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | 4. 3. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) Compared with the previous artificial intelligence methods, ANFIS is still not so popular in PEMFC diagnosis domain. However, numerous models based on it can be found and have demonstrated obvious advantages in the literature [51e53], which could be useful for furthe... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Neural networks, fuzzy logic, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, and support vector machines methods applications have been reported in this paper. Artificial neural networks are mostly used in non-linear dynamic modelling [38,40,43e45]. Starting from an input/ output dataset, ANN learning process allows the syst... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | In literature non-model based approaches are also available. These methodologies can be knowledge-based or signal-based. In the non-model based approaches, FDI is performed through fault classification and no residuals are generated. Available experimental data are therefore processed and normalized. Then the different... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgement The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union 's Seventh Framework Programme ( FP7/2007-2013 ) for the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative under grant agreement n 256673 e project D-CODE (DC/DC COnverter-based Diagnostics for PEM systems). The ... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | and Zahedi A. (2011) [57] (1) Stack current (1) Oxygen excess ratio Air flow control of a PEMFC system (2) Compressor voltage at pressure clusters of different geometric shapes in the dataset in the preceding layers. The neural network Li, X. et al. (2006) [59] (1) Hydrogen flow rate (1) Operating temperature Stack tem... | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.106 | review | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | A search for highly ionising, penetrating particles with electric charges from |q| = 2e to 6e is performed using the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Proton-proton collision data taken at √ s = 7 TeV during the 2011 running period, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4. 4 fb -1 , are analysed.... | 10.1016/j.physletb.2013.04.036 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4. 4 fb -1. Multi-charged particles will be highly ionising, and thus leave an abnormally large specific ionisation signal, dE/dx. In this Letter, a search 1 The term long-lived in this paper refers to a particle that does not decay within the ATLAS detector. f... | 10.1016/j.physletb.2013.04.036 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Summary A search for long-lived, multi-charged particles has been performed using an integrated luminosity of 4. 4 fb -1 of pp colli- : Upper limits on the production cross section of multi-charged highly ionising particles from pair-production as a function of particle mass. The dotted line shows the expected limit wi... | 10.1016/j.physletb.2013.04.036 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUM... | 10.1016/j.physletb.2013.04.036 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Information on the MDT dE/dx is not available in the standard ATLAS data stream. Hence, this analysis is based on a special stream which includes. | 10.1016/j.physletb.2013.04.036 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Qualitative data were collected from physicians, nurses, other service providers, administrative staff, and medical students. Personnel from seven primary health centers (two in Bolivia, three in Ecuador, and two in Nicaragua) that are involved in the CERCA project were invited to take part in the study. This study was... | 10.3402/gha.v6i0.20444 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Health Professions | https://openalex.org/fields/36 |
cc-by | Limitations of the study This study had several limitations. First, the groups of study participants were not similar across the countries: medical students were present only in Bolivia. In Nicaragua, groups consisted nearly exclusively of healthcare providers: physicians and nurses. Physicians dominated in Nicaragua, ... | 10.3402/gha.v6i0.20444 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Health Professions | https://openalex.org/fields/36 |
cc-by | On the other hand, we believe that participation of all personnel in the development of interventional strategies favorably affected the selection of the most appropriate initiatives for each center and increased the commitment of healthcare providers to project activities that were in line with the idea of communityba... | 10.3402/gha.v6i0.20444 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Health Professions | https://openalex.org/fields/36 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The authors thank all the healthcare providers who participated in this study. This document is an output of the project ' Communityembedded reproductive healthcare for adolescents in Latin America ' ( GA241615 ), funded by the European Commission FP7 Programme. The International Centre for Reprodu... | 10.3402/gha.v6i0.20444 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Health Professions | https://openalex.org/fields/36 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank Charles M Heilig (statistician, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA ) and Sarah Venis (medical editor, Médecins Sans Frontières, London, England ) for their valuable assistance. | 10.2471/blt.13.122028 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The author acknowledges the support of (1) the French "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (ANR) , under grant ALTERNATIVE ( ANR-2010 CESA 018 01 ) ''What alternatives to the chemical control of Triatoma infestans ?" and (2) OMS-TDR / IDRC under grant EBS-LAC n°A90281 "An eco-bio-social approach t... | 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.05.003 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study were as follows: primary surgery, complete information on post-operative chemotherapeutic treatment, high grade serous histopathology subtype, and completed tumor banking informed consent. Patients who died from another disease were censored at time of last follow-up. A g... | 10.1186/1471-2407-13-303 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Immunoprecipitation of GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) and GFP-YB-1 constructs were performed as described previously [21]. Protein bands on western blots were quantified using LI-COR Image Studio software 2. 0 (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE). β-actin was used as a control for protein loading. The background signal ... | 10.1186/1471-2407-13-303 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | 4NA oil-immersion 60X objective) and zoomed 2X for image acquisition on a Nikon inverted diaphot confocal microscope equipped with Krypton/Argon lasers (488 and 568 nm). Images were captured with a BioRad MRC1024 confocal microscopy system. Finally, images were analyzed (colored and merge) using the Fiji-win32 software... | 10.1186/1471-2407-13-303 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | FACS and FITC-Annexin V analyses Cells were transfected with either control siRNA or siRNA against RPS4X. After 72 h, cells were fixed in 50% ethanol overnight. Cells were then washed in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) and incubated for 30 min at 37°C in a buffer containing propidium iodide and RNAses. Cells were then a... | 10.1186/1471-2407-13-303 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Statistical analysis The Spearman correlation (two-tailed) and non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test were used to estimate the correlation with clinicopathological variables and markers as continuous variables. Survival curves were calculated according to Kaplan-Meier method coupled with a logrank test for survival... | 10.1186/1471-2407-13-303 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements Clinical specimens collection was supported by the Banque de tissus et de données of the Réseau de recherche sur le cancer of the Fonds de recherche du Québec -Santé which is affiliated with the Canadian Tumour Repository Network. This work was supported in part by the Canadian Institutes of Health... | 10.1186/1471-2407-13-303 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Numerous studies have proven the success of this approach in the animal kingdom, and using various sources of tissue samples (e. g. Lambert 2005 , Clare et al. 2007 , Dawnay et al. 2007 , Hajibabaei et al. 2007 , Borisenko et al. 2008 , Ward et al. 2009 , Shokralla et al. 2010). Today (June 2013), a database, accessibl... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | DNA barcoding also is a valuable and cost effective alternative to the taking of the head or skull of the animals. Third, genetic data collected for DNA barcoding generally include intraspecific variation, which allows downstream population-level analyses including the detection of genetic structure and, in some cases,... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Collection of data and samples The CRMM (Centre de Recherche sur les Mammifères Marins, La Rochelle, France), presently the Joint Service Unit PELAGIS, UMS 3462, University of La Rochelle-CNRS has created the French marine mammal stranding recording program at the beginning of the 70s. The network comprises about 260 f... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | 2009). In each of these areas, correspondents are trained in the analysis of stranded marine mammals. Taxonomic identification and characteristic measurements are performed following a standard procedure. The LEMM therefore compiles standardized data on a large proportion of cetaceans stranded on the Brittany coasts on... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | 5 mM. After an initial denaturation step of 10 min at 95 °C, the thermocycle profile consisted of 32 cycles for cetaceans or 35 cycles for pinnipeds at 95 °C for 30 s, 53 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 60 s, with a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. For some animals, we also amplified and sequenced another part of the mit... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | PCR products were purified using the "MinElute PCR Purification Kit" and sequenced by a commercial sequence facility (Macrogen, Korea). Electropherograms were analyzed and edited manually using the Sequence scanner software (Applied Biosystems), and alignments were produced using CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al. 1994) with... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | The IMMB project is a part of the campaign "barcoding mammals of the world". The second project, UMMB (Unidentified Marine Mammals in Brittany), includes specimens only identified to the genus or to higher taxonomic levels. This second project is a part of the campaign "barcoding application". Genetic distances (intras... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | COI sequencing and analysis from different marine mammal samples DNA was extracted from 92 stranded animals, i. e. from dead cetaceans and pinnipeds, but also from 40 grey seals stranded alive, which were treated in the care center of Océanopolis (Brest, France) and from which a small blood sample was taken and kept at... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Taxonomic identification of undetermined samples We then determined COI sequences from 10 cetacean samples whose species could not be determined accurately using morphological characters (Figure 4 ), either because only parts of the animal were recovered (Figure 4A ) or because of the highly degraded state of the car... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | We therefore sequenced MCR, which is more variable than COI, from six unidentified samples. BLAST searches on GenBank confirmed the COI results: all these samples were Delphininae, but a more precise identification could not be achieved. We constructed a nMDS plot of the distances between MCR sequences of S. coeruleoal... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | The case of the Delphininae Within the Delphininae, species are difficult to discriminate (Amaral et al. 2007 , 2012 , Viricel and Rosel 2012). In particular, Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba and Stenella frontalis show very low interspecific COI distances, which do not allow distinguishing the species accurat... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | nMDS of genetic distances is known to uncover sample clustering (e. g. Geffen et al. 2004 , Maltagliati et al. 2006 , Alfonsi et al. 2012 , Weckworth et al. 2012 ). As such, nMDS clustering of MCR sequence distances of Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba and Stenella frontalis, chosen randomly on GenBank among Atl... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Contributions of our study to the Barcoding of Life Database This project is part of the collaboration between the Laboratory BioGeMME of the "Université de Bretagne Occidentale" (Brest, France), Océanopolis, a public private company (http://www. oceanopolis. com), the "Parc naturel marin d'Iroise" (http:// www. parc-m... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The samples in this study were collected by the French Stranding Network and stored at Océanopolis (Brest) and at Pelagis ( La Rochelle ). We especially thank all the members of the LEMM, Christine Dumas who is in charge of the care center at Océanopolis and Willly Dabin and Olivier Van Canneyt ... | 10.3897/zookeys.365.5873 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. | 10.1515/bmc-2011-0062 | review | en | 2,012 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Phenome-Wide Association Studies (PheWAS) investigate whether genetic polymorphisms associated with a phenotype are also associated with other diagnoses. In this study, we have developed new methods to perform a PheWAS based on ICD-10 codes and biological test results, and to use a quantitative trait as the selection c... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Data after initiation of thiopurine treatment were analyzed and patient groups were compared according to their TPMT activity level. A total of 442 patient records were analyzed representing 10,252 ICD-10 codes and 72,711 biological test results. The results from the ICD-9-CM based PheWAS codes and ICD-10 hierarchy cod... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Therefore, for a selected SNP, two groups are composed: one with a specific allele and a control group with other alleles. Thereafter, to search for new associations, all of the phenotypic data (for example, all International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes) available in the medical records of the patients havin... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | 5 nmol/h/mL red blood cells (RBC); (ii) nTPMTa; and (iii) vhTPMTa, with an activity above 15. 0 nmol/ h/mL RBC [43]. We have assessed that TPMTa is stable over time from the patients (n = 51) who underwent more than one TPMTa assay (Table S2 ). For these patients, only the first measurement was used in the analyses. ... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | 1 packages. Time restrictions. The information concerning the treatment was found in the drug prescriptions, in free text reports or in clinical data from structured questionnaires. We extracted prescriptions from the CPOE drug prescriptions with starting dates or directly from free text reports using the brand name an... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Discussion This study demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of performing a PheWAS on a quantitative trait. Two independent approaches, based on (i) ICD codes and (ii) biological test results, were used to discover pathophysiological features potentially associated with this quantitative trait. In this manner, find... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | In our study population and using the ICD code distribution described above, ICD-9-CM based PheWAS codes resulted in more informative phenotypes than the ICD-10 based. Thus, it appears that ICD code aggregation level, i. e. the number of code groups, needs to be optimized according to the size of the population. For ex... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Drug prescriptions were extracted directly from the structured data issued by CPOE, structured questionnaires and from free-text reports. The close relationship between thiopurine drug prescriptions and TPMTa assays for therapeutic management was taken into account by incorporating temporal data for this study. Therefo... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | (DOCX) Table S2 Thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity (TPMTa) for patients with multiple assays. RBC: red blood cells. TPMTa: TPMT activity. Over the 51 patients that underwent more than one TPMTa assay, only one patient had results that could induce a change in groups. He was assigned to the normal TPMTa group (gr... | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003405 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Leaf Area Index (LAI) represents the total surface area of leaves above a unit area of ground and is a key variable in any vegetation model, as well as in climate models. New high resolution LAI satellite data is now available covering a period of several decades. | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Changes in seasonal variation and the mean values of LAI, mostly due to an increase in temperature at the beginning of the growing season, have important implications on the global carbon cycle. However, considerable uncertainty remains with regard to greening trends and the ability of models to reproduce satellite-der... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Satellite Data The LAI data set used in this study was generated using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) from the latest version (third generation) of the GIMMS AVHRR NDVI data for the period July 1981 to December 2010 at a 15-day frequency (Zhu et al. this issue [36] ). The ANN was trained with best-quality Collect... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | The procedure was repeated for each gridcell, year and dataset. Mean length, onset and dormancy represent the average over the whole time period (Figure 1 ). In order to quantify the differences between the models and data we calculate the root mean square errors (Equation ( 2 )) between each model and the satellite ... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Mean LAI All of the models overestimate mean LAI, LAI trend and interannual variability (IAV) over the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere compared to the satellite observations (Figure 2 ). In general, models with the highest average LAI also have strong positive trends. This occurs regardless of whether the models use... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Peaks in LAI are evident over the boreal forest (55°-65°N) and the North American temperate forest (30°-55°N). The lowest values are found over the cold Gobi plateau and the Siberian Tundra. As noted above, there is a general overestimation of mean LAI in the models, relative to observations. LAI values range from 0 to... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | However, satellite signal saturation-this is the inability of the satellite to distinguish between areas with high LAI-could be leading to an underestimation of LAI in dense forested areas such as the boreal forest, which might also account for the lower LAI over this area. The seasonal amplitude patterns show large di... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Growing Season The growing season onset derived from LAI is broadly consistent across the models, with high correlations compared to the satellite data (>0. 5) (Figure 5 ). In general the satellite observations show a later onset as latitude increases, remarkably similar to the thermal gradient. CLM, LPJ-GUESS, LPJ, S... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | The discrepancies between the models and satellite observations are larger when considering the end of the growing season or dormancy (Figure 6 ). While the satellite data shows a latitudinal gradient, with the dormancy occurring earlier at higher latitudes, most models overestimate the dormancy day (RSME = 31-63). Ou... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | When looking at the hemispheric mean values it is clear that all of the models overestimate the LAI, dormancy and length of the growing season (Table 2 ). Satellite LAI average for the Northern Hemisphere was 0. 83, while LAI from the models varies between 0. 98-2. 16. Both growing season onset and dormancy were later... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Discussion The first important point to address is the validity of the satellite data. Satellite data does not represent true observations per se, but rather a model in itself. However, it is the closest product to observations, and available globally. It has been widely validated, but nevertheless there are some impor... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Conclusion We compare LAI from eight different uncoupled LSMs against satellite data over the Northern Hemisphere, during the 1986-2005 period. This was achieved by calculating the mean LAI, seasonal amplitude and growing season variables (onset, dormancy an length). Our results show that all models overestimate LAI by... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We acknowledge the TRENDY-DGVM project that is responsible for all the data on DGVMs used in this work. We also thank Ranga Myneni for his valuable contribution and comments on the development of the paper and Xuhui Wang for is help on the methodology. The corresponding author also thanks the CON... | 10.3390/rs5104819 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | To model phytoplankton primary production from remotely sensed data, a method to estimate photosynthetic parameters describing the photosynthetic rates per unit biomass is required. Variability in these parameters must be related to environmental variables that are measurable remotely. In the Arctic, a limited number o... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The photosynthetic curves computed using the retrieved parameters can be normalized to a proxy of biomass (or photosynthetic absorption), generally the chlorophyll a concentration ([chl] , mg m -3 ), to obtain a biomass-specific rate of photosynthesis (P chl , mg C mg chl -1 h -1 ). These biomassnormalized PvsE curves... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | This dataset allowed the first estimates of primary production in Arctic waters (Subba Rao and Platt, 1984). However, the variability in the MEL dataset could only be partly explained based on relationships with depth (light) and temperature. While the dataset contains information about nutrients, it does not contain ... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | More recently, a study comprising 15 PvsE curves from the Beaufort Sea, the same region as in our study, was published (Palmer et al. , 2011) ; however, the small size of the dataset limits the significance of the relationships with in situ parameters. In this study, we examine data from the Beaufort Sea during the pe... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | (2002) , we find that the multiplication factor is on average 0. 35 with a standard deviation of 0. 04 (N = 231). However, using the extreme phytoplankton absorption spectrum (S f = 1 or 0) proposed by Ciotti et al. (2002) with our lamp would change the multiplication factor from 0. 26 to 0. 89 for the picoplankton (... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | , , b, 1984a (Irwin et al. , , b, 1985) ) were retrieved for all stations north of 60 • N. This provided a total of 350 PvsE curves. Most of this dataset has been analyzed thoroughly by Harrison and Platt (1986). This dataset mostly covers regions of the eastern Canadian Arctic including the Labrador Sea and Shelf, H... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Results and discussion The P chl max values measured during the MALINA cruise were generally lower than those reported in the MEL reports (Fig. 1a ). Indeed, the region we studied is different from those in the MEL reports, which mostly include data from the eastern Canadian Arctic. We also note that the trophic state ... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 7 mg m -3 with the 25th and 75th percentiles at 0. 36 and 1. 68 mg m -3 , respectively. The oligotrophic state may have led to the lower P chl max values for the MALINA dataset. The frequency distributions of α chl and E k for the PvsE curves are presented in Fig. 1b and c , respectively. A comparison with the MEL dat... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The phytoplankton community composition as described using the percent of chlorophyll a attributed to different phytoplankton groups derived from pigment composition varied during the cruise depending on the station and depth (Fig. 2 ). Waters in the upper 50 m were typically dominated by picoplankton (similar to what ... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | In any case, below we parameterize these changes as a function of depth rather than the optical depth. Besides depth, very little of the remaining variability could be explained by the variables tested: nutrient concentrations, temperature (see Fig. 5 , described later), previous day photon dose, etc. However, the data... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | (2008) where microplankton (HPLC-based size classes) shows a higher P chl max than other phytoplankton size classes. Palmer et al. (2011) also made a similar observation for the Beaufort Sea based on five samples from the subsurface chlorophyll maximum: the size fraction greater than 5 µm had a higher P chl max than ... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The fit for the samples with a fraction of microplankton greater than 0. 65 is very close to the fit for the whole MEL dataset (Fig. 4a ). While this suggests that the differences between the MEL dataset and the present dataset can be attributed to different community structures linked to the different trophic states o... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The effect of temperature on P chl max over the range observed during the MALINA cruise is not significant; a temperature effect is not seen in the MEL dataset either (Fig. 5b ). Notably, there is no relationship (not shown) between temperature and the microplankton fraction for the whole dataset. Nevertheless, with th... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 7 ), we conducted the same analysis as Arrigo (1994, his Eqs. 10-13) to provide a fit to E kPUR , and we plotted the trends as a function of the mean in situ PUR for the last 24 h at the depth of sampling. We compare our results with the relationship provided by Arrigo (1994). Our dataset shows E kPUR that are lower... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | 65, we used α chl = 0. 041 ± 0. 02; and (3) for the whole dataset, we used α chl = 0. 021 ± 0. 01. These relationships could be used in a similar fashion to that proposed for P chl max (e. g. , Fig. 8c ). Dividing by 0. 35 provides the PUR values. Using the relationships described above for P chl max and E k , Fig. 9 ... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Conclusions The large number of PvsE curves collected in the Beaufort Sea as part of the MALINA cruise provided a dataset to characterize the photosynthetic parameters of the phytoplanktonic community. It highlighted three key aspects: (1) the maximum photosynthetic rates and saturation irradiance for the phytoplankton... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Indeed, for most of the Canadian Arctic, as seen in our comparison with the MEL dataset, it appears that the relationships obtained for the samples with a larger microplankton fraction are more appropriate. | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the Canada Research Chairs program and a grant from the NSERC Discovery Program to Y. H. We thank the captain and crew of the CCGS Amundsen. We are also thankful to M. Gosselin for sharing facilities and advices and to Joannie Ferland for compiling a large dataset... | 10.5194/bg-10-3445-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
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