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0cb913a7-020f-431b-97a9-234d599ca4a7 | 676 680 36.4 399 21.3 62 281 1861 19,582 750 38.3 505 25.7 112 245 1862 23,108 784 33.9 491 21.2 106 293 1863 26,635 1,042 39.1 522 19.5 86 520 1864 30,161 1,140 37.7 669 22.1 129 471 1865 33,688 1,357 40.2 785 23.3 177 572 1866 37,145 1,386 37.3 1,002 26.9 244 384 1867 40,741 1,734 42.5 870 21.3 122 864 1868 44,267 1,975 44.6 1,046 23. |
c172e0f3-7cbd-4b5f-a61e-de01d7b7b4cf | 6 194 929 1869 47,749 2,096 43.8 1,121 23.4 247 975 1870 51,320 2,170 42.2 1,375 26.7 404 795 1871 54,847 2,220 40.4 1,472 26.8 463 748 1872 60,244 2,349 38.9 1,202 19.9 220 1,147 1873 65,614 2,659 40.5 1,307 19.9 205 1,352 1874 70,984 2,865 40.3 1,387 19.5 238 1,478 1875 76,354 3,080 40.3 1,724 22.5 307 1,356 1876 81,704 3, |
6b920559-5769-4524-84e6-72e1359f1def | 455 42.2 1,745 21.3 340 1,710 1877 87,094 3,481 39.9 1,725 19.8 280 1,756 1878 92,464 3,748 40.5 1,803 19.4 322 1,945 1879 97,834 4,001 40.8 1,980 20.2 355 2,021 1880 103,204 4,095 39.6 2,040 19.7 383 2,055 1881 108,342 4,452 41.8 2,033 18. 7 381 2,419 1882 112,661 4,504 39.9 2,214 19.6 353 2,190 1883 116,980 4,711 40.2 2, |
a4550d8c-4414-406c-82ef-cacb8b0be316 | 344 20.0 369 2,367 1884 121,299 5,275 43.4 2,569 21.1 568 2,706 1885 125,618 4,654 37.0 2,566 20.4 432 2,088 1886 129,937 5,140 39.5 2,477 19.0 398 2,663 1887 134,256 5,186 38.6 2,451 18.2 502 2,735 1888 138,565 5,061 36.5 2,187 15.7 363 2,874 1889 142,884 5,161 36.1 2,240 15.6 366 2,921 1890 147,203 5,105 34.6 2,854 19.3 543 2, |
ce2fb706-7ee9-46a9-a120-fd4c79130cb9 | 251 1891 151,537 5,237 34.5 2,619 17.2 398 2,618 1892 155,856 4,990 32.0 2,692 17.2 473 2,298 1893 160,175 5,225 32.6 2,801 17.4 564 2,424 1894 164,494 5,024 30.5 2,404 14.6 468 2,620 Tables VI. VII. VIII. and IX. with addendum, contain particulars of the mortality respectively of East Battersea, West Battersea, in the Union Infirmary, giving separately parishioners and non-parishioners, and in the addendum of the other public institutions situated within the parish. |
773793e3-553d-41f3-a88f-61f4727c8807 | These tables have been used from 1856, and are continued for purposes of comparison with former years as well as being the basis upon which all the other mortality tables are founded. 16 TABLE VI. statistics of mortality. EAST BATTERSEA. Population (Census) 1891, 67,144. Estimated mean population for middle of 1894, 71,214. Total Deaths stomach Class of Disease, &c. in the Sub-District. Sex. Age. Social Position Males. Females. Under 1 year. From 1 to 5 years. Total under 5 years. From 5 to 15 years. From 15 to 25 years. From 25 to 65 years. 65 years and upwards. Nobility and Gentry. Professional Class, Merchants, Bankers, &c. Middle and Trading Class, Shopmen, Clerks. |
f005cde4-0ae2-4307-9647-c571a5a74445 | &c. Industrial and Labouring Classes. I. Zymotic. Small-pox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles 22 9 13 9 13 22 . . . . . . 1 21 Scarlet Fever 4 2 2 . 3 3 1 . . . . . . 4 Typhus Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerpal Fever 3 1 . . . . . 1 2 . . . . 3 Puerperal Fever 5 . 5 . . . . 3 2 . . . . 5 Diphtheria 38 25 13 4 21 25 12 1 . . . . 1 37 Whooping Cough 39 20 19 21 18 39 . . . . . . 1 38 Erysipelas 3 2 1 1 . |
0d4fa187-8534-4f66-9f22-1ea223763734 | 1 . . 1 1 . . . 3 Diarrhœa, Dysentery and Cholera 43 21 22 32 5 37 . . 6 . . . 1 42 Other Zymotic Diseases 11 5 6 . . . 1 . 7 3 . . . 11 II. Constitutional. |
3eb51274-9a62-40fc-aa49-e3ffb00aed2c | Total of Zymotic Diseases 168 85 83 67 60 127 14 5 18 4 .. .. 4 164 Gout 2 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. 2 Rheumatic Fever 4 2 2 .. 1 1 1 2 .. .. .. .. .. 4 Cancer & other Tumours 20 8 12 .. .. .. .. .. 13 7 .. .. 1 19 Other Constitutional 7 2 5 5 2 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Tubercular. |
5b671237-7c89-4cb8-8c91-e72d8089a7c8 | Phthisis 62 30 32 1 3 4 3 8 46 1 .. .. 2 60 Tabes Mesa 24 11 13 17 5 22 2 .. .. .. .. .. 1 23 Hydrocephalus 11 6 5 5 4 9 1 1 .. .. .. .. 1 10 Scrofula .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. III. Local. |
d6e24c58-b685-4cf8-8f69-e0d1316eb4d8 | Nervous 72 37 35 19 16 35 3 1 21 12 .. .. 3 69 Circulatory 59 24 35 1 5 6 3 4 36 10 1 .. 2 56 Respiratory 201 108 93 67 53 120 6 2 43 30 .. .. 8 193 Digestive 40 21 19 7 3 10 4 3 22 1 .. .. 2 38 Urinary 19 7 12 .. .. .. .. 2 13 4 .. .. 1 18 Generation 4 .. 4 .. 1 1 .. .. 3 .. .. .. .. 4 Locomotory 1 1 .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Integumentary 1 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 IV.Developmental. |
9cee85fc-385c-4197-9d13-9a711351e3aa | Premature Birth, Low Vitality and Congenital Defects 126 72 54 126 .. 126 .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 122 Old Age 38 11 27 .. .. .. .. .. 1 37 2 .. 3 33 V. Violence 25 16 9 7 3 10 3 7 2 .. .. .. 25 VI. All other Diseases .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Totals 884 443 441 323 156 479 41 31 223 110 3 .. 32 849 17 TABLE VII. STATISTICS OF MORTALITY. WEST BATTERSEA. [excluding Public Institutions.] Population (Census 1891, 83,314. Estimated mean population for middle of 1894, 91,965. Total Deaths from each Class of Disease. &c. in the Sub-District. Sex. |
1cc69c7c-7a95-4db2-ae49-0e684f0769a8 | Age. Social Position Males. Females. Under 1 year. From 1 to 5 years. Total under 5 years. From 5 to 15 years. From 15 to 25 years. From 25 to 65 years. 65 years and upwards. Nobility and Gentry. Provisional Class, Merchants, Bankers, &c. Middle and Trading Class, Shopmen, Clerks, &c. Industrial and Labouring Classes. I, Zymotic. Small-pox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles 123 65 58 26 90 116 7 . . . . . 3 120 Scarlet Fever 1 . 1 . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 Typhus Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enteric Fever 9 7 2 . |
95a96868-8e57-40a6-b7a1-8d6404afa6e3 | 1 1 1 2 5 . . . . 9 Puerperal Fever 2 . 2 . . . . 1 1 . . . . 2 Diphtheria 29 18 11 1 17 18 10 . . 1 . . 2 27 Whooping Cough 38 17 21 20 18 38 . . . . . . . 38 Erysipelas 5 3 2 2 . 2 . . 2 1 . . . 5 Diarrhœa, Dysentery and Cholera 41 22 19 29 7 36 . . . 5 . . . 39 Other Zymotic Diseases 22 9 13 1 . 1 . 1 13 7 . . . 18 Total of Zymotic Diseases 270 141 129 79 133 212 19 4 21 14 . . |
029e1860-2fb2-4724-b11e-921381348f08 | 11 259 II. Constitutional. Gout 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. 1 Rheumatic Fever 5 2 3 .. .. .. 1 .. 3 1 .. .. .. 5 Cancer & other Tumours 44 16 28 1 .. 1 .. .. 32 11 .. 1 6 37 Other Constitutional 8 4 4 3 1 4 .. 2 2 .. .. .. 1 7 Tubercular. |
17812c77-de8c-4b0b-82b4-6e7553611500 | Phthisis 96 49 47 .. 4 4 6 12 70 4 1 1 4 90 Tabes Mesa 30 17 13 17 18 29 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 29 Hydrocephalus 20 10 10 10 7 17 .. 1 .. .. .. .. 1 19 Scrofula .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. III. Local. |
35e25c91-87a0-4e59-9a74-fb02edbdc3b3 | Nervous 98 55 43 27 16 43 3 2 20 30 1 1 5 91 Circulatory 71 33 38 2 .. 2 5 .. 45 19 1 .. 2 68 Respiratory 223 112 111 67 63 130 3 2 56 32 .. .. 8 215 Digestive 54 25 29 16 3 19 2 3 23 7 .. .. 5 49 Urinary 23 11 12 1 .. 1 1 .. 13 8 .. 1 .. 22 Generative 6 .. 6 .. .. .. .. .. 6 .. .. .. 3 3 Locomotory 2 1 1 .. .. .. 1 .. 1 .. .. .. .. 2 Integumentary 1 1 .. 1 .. 1. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 IV. |
6b7abc99-df01-4057-ba89-36d1ec8d0971 | Developmental. Premature Birth, Low Vitality and Congenital Defects 138 62 76 138 .. 138 .. .. .. .. .. 1 5 132 Old Age 40 14 26 .. .. .. .. .. 1 39 1 .. 2 37 V. Violence 33 14 19 10 4 14 3 3 8 5 .. .. .. 33 VI. All other Diseases 3 2 1 .. .. .. 1 .. 1 1 .. .. .. 3 Totals 1166 570 596 372 213 615 48 29 302 172 4 5 54 1103 18 TABLE VIII. STATISTICS OF MORTALITY. Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary. [Parishioners.] 1894. Total Deaths from each Class of Disease, &c. Sex. Age. Social Position Males. |
8e81f642-3b0b-4b24-97e3-c4c69c86208b | Females. Under 1year. From1 to 5 years. Total under 5 years. From5 to 155 years. From15 to 25 years. From 25 to 65 years. 65 years and upwards. Nobility and Gentry Professional Class. Merchants, Bankers, See. Middle and Trading Class, Shopmen, Clerks, &c. Industrial and Labouring Classes I. Zymotic. Small-pox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles 3 1 2 1 2 3 . . . . . . . 3 Scarlet Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typhus Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enteric Fever 1 1 . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 Puerperal Fever 1 . 1 . . . . . |
1ff78968-c2b8-4951-aa05-89e9161c6c7e | 1 . . . . 1 Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whooping Cough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysipelas 3 1 2 . . . . . . 1 2 . . 3 Diarrhœa, Dysentry, and Cholera 3 1 2 1 . 1 . . . 2 . . . 3 Other Zymotic Diseases 1 . 1 . . . . . 1 . . . . 1 Total of Zymotic Diseases 12 4 8 2 2 2 1 . 3 4 . . . 12 II. Constitutional. |
96a2b3da-777a-42eb-9e0f-1ae7547d55f9 | Gout 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. 1 Rheumatic Fever 2 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. 2 Cancer & other Tumours 9 5 4 .. .. .. .. .. 8 1 .. .. .. 9 Other Constitutional Diseases 2 .. 2 2 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Tubercular. Phthisis 36 22 14 .. .. .. .. 1 35 .. .. .. .. 36 Tabes Mesa. 3 2 1 .. .. .. 2 .. 1 .. .. .. .. 3 Hydrocephalus 1 .. 1 .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Scrofula .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. III. Local. |
d258f54b-112d-4686-b9f3-991adac42351 | Nervous 19 12 7 1 .. 1 .. 1 7 10 .. .. .. 19 Circulatory 20 11 9 .. .. .. 1 1 11 7 .. .. .. 20 Respiratory 19 10 9 .. 1 1 .. 2 5 11 .. .. .. 19 Digestive 6 .. 4 .. .. .. .. .. 5 1 .. .. .. 6 Urinary 2 .. 2 .. .. .. 1 .. 1 .. .. .. .. 2 Generative .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Locomotory 1 .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. 1 Integumentary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. IV. Developmental. |
2570b0a8-1a31-4dad-9ac7-558dc21db4bf | Premature Birth, Low Vitality and Congenital Detects 2 .. 2 2 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Old Age 14 5 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 .. .. .. 14 V. Violence 2 1 1 .. .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 2 VI. All other Diseases 2 1 1 1 .. 1 .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. 2 Totals 153 77 76 8 3 11 7 6 80 49 .. .. .. 153 19 TABLE IX. STATISTICS OF MORTALITY. Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary. [Non-Parishioners.] 1894. Total Deaths from each Class of Disease, &c. Sex. Age. Social Position Males. Females. Under 1 year. From 1 to 5 years. |
00e98970-de00-427f-bc66-c34eeabb1893 | Total under 5 years. From 5 to 15 years. From 15 to 25 years. From 25 to 65 years. 65 years and upwards. Nobility and Gentry Professional Class, Merchants, Bankers, &c. Middle and Trading Class, Shopmen, Clerks, &c. Industrial and Labouring Classes. I. Zymotic. Small-pox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles 3 3 . . 3 3 . . . . . . . 3 Scarlet Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typhus Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enteric Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerperal Fever 3 . 3 . . . . 2 1 . . . . 3 Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . |
ded216c6-9b05-4b13-88f8-540b4594c77d | . . . . Whooping Cough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysipelas 4 3 1 . . . . . 1 3 . . . 4 Diarrhœa, Dysentry, and Cholera 6 2 4 2 4 6 . . . . . . . 6 Other Zymotic Diseases 2 2 . . . . . . 1 1 . . . 2 Total of Zymotic Diseases 18 10 8 2 7 9 . 2 3 4 . . . 18 II. Constitutional. |
a5811ce4-9394-4f92-b37c-c9e38790f6ad | Gout 3 2 1 .. ... .. .. .. 3 .. .. .. .. 3 Rheumatic Fever 1 .. 1 .. .. .. ... ... ... 1 .. .. .. 1 Cancer & other Tumours 12 5 7 .. .. ... .. .. 6 6 .. .. ... 12 Other Constitutional Diseases 2 1 1 2 .. 2 .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 2 Tubercular. Phthisis 19 10 9 .. .. .. 1 4 14 ... ... ... .. 19 Tabes Mesa. 2 .. 2 2 .. 2 ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 2 Hydrocephalus .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. Scrofula .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. III. Local. |
38c901d3-88dd-48cf-a38a-0f2117e275d3 | /Nervous 21 7 14 .. .. .. 1 1 12 7 .. ... ... 21 Circulatory 23 8 15 .. .. .. ... ... 7 l6 .. .. .. 23 Respiratory 26 15 11 1 1 2 .. ... 9 15 ... ... .. 26 Digestive 6 2 4 .. 1 1 .. 1 2 2 .. ... ... 6 Urinary 12 10 2 .. .. .. .. ... 7 5 .. .. .. 12 Generative 2 .. 2 .. ... .. .. ... 2 .. .. .. .. 2 Locomotory 2 .. 2 .. .. .. ... 1 1 .. .. .. .. 2 Integumentary .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. ... .. ... IV. Developmental. |
72472b37-0514-4350-9818-4f82ca153c25 | Premature Birth, Low Vitality and Congenital Defects 7 3 4 7 .. 7 .. .. .. .. ... ... ... 7 Old Age 26 9 17 .. .. .. .. .. ... 26 ... .. ... 26 V. Violence 8 6 2 .. .. ... 1 .. 5 2 ... .. ... 8 VI. All other Diseases 1 ... 1 1 •• 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Totals 191 88 103 15 9 24 3 9 71 84 ... .. ... 191 20 Particulars of deaths within the Parish in Public Institutions other than the Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary. Parishioners. Bolingbroke Hospital Female 50 years Cancer Masonic School Female 20 years Digestive Non- Parishioners. |
da8fbf6b-e2b3-4c02-9c5d-241de5db47c4 | Bolingbroke Hospital Female 70 years Run over „ „ Male 47 years Other Const, dis. „ ,, Female 12 years Cancer „ „ Male 48 years Pneumonia „ „ Male 62 years Pneumonia „ „ Female 66 years Urinary ,, „ Male 24 years Violence, fall from cart St. James, Westminster, Schools Male 11 years Congestion of brain Table 15. This, the second table prescribed by the Local Government Board, contains particulars of the population, births, notifications of infectious disease in the several localities and various public institutions (themselves treated as separate localities), situated within the parish, and the cases of infectious disease removed from their homes in these several localities for treatment in the Metropolitan Asylums Board isolation hospitals. The cases of erysipelas, are mostly removed to the Infirmary of the Wandsworth and Clapham Union, situated in St. |
5b4190cc-57de-49d3-88d9-cdfd303816f4 | John's Hill, within the parish, as also cases of puerperal fever, other hospitals not providing accommodation for these two diseases. It will be observed that the several localities and institutions have populations assigned to them. The out-door districts of East and West Battersea have populations based upon the ascertained increase of population during the last inter-censal period, while the institutions have the census populations given. Table B of Population, Births, and of New Cases of Infectious Sickness coming to the knowledge of the Medical Officer of Health, during the Year 1894 in the Urban Sanitary District of Battersea, classified according to Diseases, Ages and Localities. Names of localities adopted for the purpose of these statistics. Public Institutions being shown as separate localities. Population at all ages. Registered Births. Aged under 5 or over 5 New Cases coming to knowledge of Medical Officer of Health No.of Cases removed for treatment in Isolation Hospitals. |
e03f4386-e314-4c3a-9c7d-e083272d0660 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 fevers. fevers. Small Pox. Scarlatina. Diphtheria. Membranous Croup. Typhus. Enteric or Typhoid. Continued. Relapsing. Puerperal. Cholera. Erysipelas. Small Pox. Scarlatina. Diphtheria. Membranous Croup. Typhus. Enteric or Typhoid. Continued. Relapsing. Puerperal. Cholera. Erysipelas. Census. 1891. Estimate to middle of 1894. |
639f8d49-2a1b-4e2a-b1ef-2794b8e0cb77 | East Battersea 67144 71214 2284 Under 5 2 108 79 19 7 10 1 75 35 2 5 2 5 upwards 4 259 159 6 55 4 121 4 162 57 30 13 West Battersea 81999 91965 2740 Under 5 1 131 61 5 7 4 1 69 31 3 5 upwards 5 338 173 3 83 1 4 2 144 4 196 46 40 2 15 Wandsworth & Clapham Union Infirmary, St. John's Hill 615 615 Under 5 5 upwards 1 2 46 1 Bolingbroke Hospital, Bolingbroke Grove ... ... Under 5 5 upwards Westminster Union Schools, St. |
72379f24-f7e4-4bb8-a40b-1ce9d1dee433 | James' Road 152 152 Under 5 5 upwards 1 1 Emanuel Schools, Wandsworth Common 232 232 Under 3 5 upwards Masonic School for Girls, Battersea Rise 316 316 Under 5 5 upwards Whole Parish 150458 164494 5024 Under 5 3 239 140 24 14 14 2 144 66 2 8 2 5 upwards 9 598 332 9 139 1 10 2 311 8 359 103 71 2 38 22 TABLE X. Particular of Infectious Cases Notified during the year 1894. Number of Cases Notified Cholera Small Pox Scarlet Fever Diphtheria Membranous Croup Typhus Fever Typhoid Fever Continued Fever | Relapsing Fever | Puerperal Fever | Erysipelas total. |
2ce000df-17a4-4bab-be0c-c81c02b103f8 | 2 12 837 472 33 ... 153 1 ... 10 325 1845 No. of Fatal Cases at home 1 ... 5 45 22 ... 13 ... ... 8 15 109 TABLE XI. Particulars of Cases of Infectious Disease Removed to Hospital during the year 1894. No. of Cases removed to Hospitals Cholera Small Pox Scarlet Fever Diphtheria Membranous Croup Typhus Fever Typhoid Fever Continued Fever Relapsing Fever Puerperal Fever Erysipelas total. ... 10 503 169 2 ... 79 ... ... 2 30 795 No. of Fatal Cases in Hospitals. ... 2 25 51 ... ... 16 ... ... 1 2 97 23 Below will be found a synopsis of the notifications received during 1894, with removals to hospital:— Notifications. Removed to Hospital. |
ff06cb1e-0303-470e-af6a-1f7b0e869010 | Cholera 2 — Small Pox 12 10 Scarlet Fever 837 503 Diphtheria 472 169 Membranous Croup 33 2 Typhus Fever — — Typhoid Fever 153 79 Continued Fever 1 — Relapsing Fever — — Puerperal Fever 10 2 Erysipelas 325 30 1,845 795 Ages:— Under 5 years 434 224 5 Years and upwards 1,411 571 1,845 795 Where occurring:— East Battersea 833 386 West Battersea 962 407 Union Infirmary 49 1 Bolingbroke Hospital — - Westminster Schools 1 1 Emanuel School — — Masonic Schools — - 1,845 795 24 The various Hospitals to which the cases have been removed are as follows:— Asylums Board Hospitals (principally Stockwell and Tooting.) Victoria. St. Thomas'. Belgrave. |
74405ac9-cf7b-42a5-8b2f-9e04682ad0f9 | Charing Cross. St. George's. Westminster. Evelina and London Fever Hospitals. Small-Pox. A great decrease in the number of cases of this disease during the year, twelve cases compared with one hundred and thirteen in 1893. Twelve cases are given in Table B., but four were not cases of true small pox but of diseases closely resembling it, and difficult to differentiate. The remaining eight cases were promptly removed to the Metropolitan Asylums Board Hospital Ships, and the necessary disinfections promptly performed, and all other precautions taken. By the courtesy of Mr. T. Duncombe Mann, the Secretary of the Metropolitan Asylums Board, I am enabled to give a detailed list of the cases admitted to the Hospital Ships in Long Reach, under the care of the Medical Superintendent, Dr. |
a52e39a1-cc0e-4905-ba80-6c359e591bf4 | J. F. Rickett, who has been good enough to furnish me with the list which shows that of the eight patients received two died insufficiently protected by vaccination, in one case forty years of age, the scars of vaccination performed in infancy, being less than one-third of an inch, whereas a collective area of half an inch is the standard of efficient vaccination adopted by the Local Government Board. In the other case, aged twenty five years, vaccination had not been performed at all. 25 Small Pox Cases Admitted to the Metropolitan Asylums Boards Hospital Ships at Long Reach from Battersea, During the year 1894. No Name. Age. Sex. Address. Date of Admission. Statement as to Primary Vaccination. No. of Scars. Collective Area. Re-vaccinated. 1 A. E. C. 1 M 48, St. Philip Street Jan. |
7668b8f0-0331-4c8c-a431-cd74550f9fc9 | 12 Not vaccinated None — - Recovered 2 E. L. M. 10 F 9, Robertson Street West „ 16 In infancy 4 1·02 sq. in. Not ,, 3 G. L. M 34 M Do. do. ,, 30 ,, 3 1·48 „ ,, ,, ,, 4 F. C. 40 F 28, Wickersley Road June 13 ,, 2 0·31 ,, ,, ,, Died 5 E. F. 20 F 8, Field's Place July 31 ,, 4 1·94 ,, ,, ,, Recovered 6 J. L. 30 M 36, Bridge Road Aug. 2 ,, 4 0.94 „ ,, ,, ,, 7 E. L. 25 M 11, Yelverton Road ,, 11 Not vaccinated None — — Died 8 H. L. 26 F Do. |
7f74405b-78a0-45fc-b8d3-e200f3ad6e89 | ,, 26 In infancy 3 0.58 sq. in. Aug. 16/95, sucn. Recovered 26 Scarlet Eight hundred and thirty-seven cases of this disease Fever. were notified during the year 1894. Five hundred and three in which there was not efficient isolation to be obtained at home, or where, from the severe type of the disease or other causes, proper provision for the nursing and care of the sick could not be there obtained, were removed to the Metropolitan Asylums Board Hospitals, chiefly to the Fountain Hospital at Tooting, which has proved to be of inestimable value to this district, saving long journies and much valuable time. Twenty five of the cases admitted to hospital died, being under five per cent., a very low rate. The other two hundred and seventy four cases, in which proper nursing and isolation existed, remained at home. These cases would include the milder attacks, five proving fatal, being under two per cent. |
4a54c3bf-ac19-4563-83aa-7cca566ca091 | Diphtheria These diseases are here grouped together as it is and Memhran- impossible to distinguish between them in many ous Croup. instances, diphtheria of the air passages being generally returned as membranous croup, but not always, many cases being termed laryngeal diphtheria. Of these combined diseases, which originate as far as modern research extends from the same source, and therefore here grouped together as diphtheria, five hundred and five cases were notified during 1894. One hundred and seventy nine were sent to hospital, many in extremis, for the sake of having tracheotomy performed as the only method of averting death from suffocation. Fifty three hospital cases died, just thirty one per cent. Three hundred and twenty six, including the milder cases such as diphtheritic sore throat, remained at home. Of these sixty seven died, just over twenty per cent. of cases. |
f3b80985-db2b-4d4f-b369-281b2ef03273 | The mortality of diphtheria in all cases treated in hospital or at home was slightly over twenty five per cent., shewing the 27 more fatal character of this disease as compared with the type of scarlet fever which has prevailed during the year under report. Enteric Enteric fever has been somewhat prevalent during and other Fevers. the year 1894, one hundred and twenty-three cases having been notified. Seventy nine were removed to hospital, of whom sixteen died or slightly above twenty per cent. The other seventy four were treated at home, the majority being mild cases, and thirteen of these died or nearly eighteen per cent. The total mortality of all cases was nineteen per cent. One non-fatal case of continued fever was notified and requires no comment. Puerperal Fever was notified in ten cases of whom nine died, this disease being almost invariably fatal. Two were sent to hospital of whom one recovered. All the cases treated at home died. Erysipelas. |
c09a2781-7663-489f-ac74-309a9b16f997 | This disease still continues prevalent, three hundred and twenty five cases being notified in 1894, against four hundred and thirty nine in 1893, and three hundred and thirty-three in 1892. Thirty cases were removed to hospital, two of whom died, the rest, two hundred and ninety five, remained at home of whom fifteen died. Those removed were taken to the Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary in the majority of instances, as general hospitals do not admit such cases as a rule, and the Metropolitan Asylum Board Hospitals do not receive them. The term erysipelas covers so many degrees and forms of inflammatory affections, that no profitable conclusions could be deduced from any further detail. Diarrhœa. |
3d931d03-dd7f-4eb8-a8e4-4089a7c97916 | consequence of the prevalence of Diarrhœa and like affections of the digestive tract during the hotter months, more especially among hand fed infants, the Sanitary 28 Committee directed the preparation and issue of precautions to be taken in the method of feeding and generally treating young children. These are appended:— PRECAUTIONS AS TO DIARRHŒA. In consequence of the prevalence of Diarrhœa amongst young children, more especially those brought up by hand, the Vestry as the Sanitary Authority acting under the advice of . their Medical Officer of Health, beg to direct the attention of Parents and others having care of young children to the great advisability of boiling all water and milk used for feeding such children. Care should be taken as to the sound condition of every article of food for children, anything not fresh being withheld. Fruit especially should not be given if in the slightest degree decomposed. Cleanliness of person and dwellings with frequent flushing of house drains is of the greatest value. |
64b1cd70-704e-4830-ae60-e89a2ae68e3e | Disinfectants in case of illness are supplied free of charge on application to the Sanitary Department, Town Hall Road, between the hours of 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., and on Saturdays, between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. Measles. The number of cases which occurred during the earlier months of 1894 cannot be ascertained, as this, the most fatal of all zymotic diseases, still remains non-notifiable. The number of fatal cases became so grave that I was directed to draw up a bill giving the public instructions as to the necessary precautions to be observed during an epidemic of this disease, and they are here given. 29 PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED during the EPIDEMIC OF MEASLES. |
6a5e8d3e-47a2-44d8-9fcb-ef20f8aa0c0e | The Vestry, as the Sanitary Authority for the Parish, and as advised by the Medical Officer of Health, desire to direct the attention of parents and others to the importance of checking the spread of Measles, which is now prevalent in an epidemic form and is causing much mortality by complications, such as Bronchitis and Pneumonia. All children suffering from Measles, even in the earliest stage, before the eruption appears, should be isolated from others. The first symptoms of Measles are running at the eyes and nose, with repeated sneezing and a puffy appearance of the face and eyelids and, a few days after, the appearance of the rash which is raised and red or purplish in colour. The child should be kept in bed from the first appearance of the symptoms until the rash has finally disappeared, in order to avoid the danger of lung complications which are the real causes of death, uncomplicated measles not being usually fatal. |
47b271a7-4f4b-4be8-a045-8fe8b8ca5e99 | Medical aid should be sought in every case where difficulty of breathing is observed. Disinfectants in a dilute form should be freely used in every case of measles in a warm bath at the onset and termination of the disease, and to sponge the face and other parts during the illness. In case of inability to obtain suitable disinfectants the same will be supplied, free of charge, on application to the Vestry's Sanitary Department, Town Hall Road, Lavender Hill. The epidemic declined during the summer months, but was accompanied and followed by deaths from whooping cough and other respiratory disorders. 30 influenza. The fifth epidemic of this disease, which first peared in this country after an absence of nearly fifty years in 1889, again affected a large number of persons in the early months of the year. Although many hundreds were incapacitated the mortality was much below that of other years during which it was prevalent, the total number of deaths ascribed to it being thirty three. |
b3b1fc04-ddac-4663-8a21-4c1bbc753c2c | There can, however, be no doubt that the high mortality from diseases of the respiratory system was much influenced by this disease. By the order of the Sanitary Committee a list of precautions to be taken was drawn up by me and printed and circulated largely throughout the parish, and is here reproduced. PRECAUTIONS AGAINST INFLUENZA. The Vestry of the Parish of St. Mary, Battersea, as the Sanitary Authority and as advised by the Medical Officer of Health, in consequence of the renewed prevalence of Influenza, desire to direct the attention of the public to the extremely infectious character of the disease, and to point out that to the exposure of those in an infective condition from influenza, by neglect to isolate themselves during the period of such infective condition, the spread and maintenance of the disease is chiefly due. It is probable that the breath of those so affected is the principal medium by which infection is conveyed. |
2ff4ad1c-daa4-4db3-b5c7-1d2b71f8fa5e | The early symptoms of influenza are chiefly chills and shivering, accompanied by great muscular weakness and prostration, often amounting to inability to stand or move, with pains in the spine or other parts of the body. It is desirable that persons thus affected should at once go to bed and there remain until convalescence is established in order to avoid the dangers of Pneumonia or Bronchitis, which are the chief complications to be feared, as likely to lead to fatal results, 31 Early recourse to medical assistance is desirable in every case, both for the determination of the real nature of the disease and for the prevention of the more serious complications. A most important memorandum has been issued by the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board at the time of writing, and been produced as the result of questions in Parliament, addressed to Ministers, on the subject of a very fatal outbreak at the end of 1894 and beginning of 1895, and is here set out. |
474d2d1c-781e-407c-995c-ca0bd6011e55 | MEMORANDUM ON EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA. Influenza became epidemic in England in the winter of 1889-90; it recurred in epidemic form in the spring of 1891, and was maintained up to June of that year; a third epidemic took place in the winter of 1891-92, and after a minor recrudescence in the spring of 1893, a fifth prevalence on a wide scale took place in the winter of 1893-94. England is now passing through a sixth epidemic period. Two detailed reports have been issued by the Board on the subject. The first was Dr. Parsons, "On the Influenza Epidemic of 1889-90," with an introduction by Sir George Buchanan, M.D., F.R.S., the Board's Medical Officer at that date. The second was a "Further Report on Epidemic Influenza, 1889-92," by Dr. |
51948854-4aeb-47ac-a6c8-5d9c617bdffb | Parsons, with papers on the Clinical and Pathological aspects of the Disease, by Dr. Klein, F.R.S., and an introduction by myself. A "Provisional Memorandum upon Precautions advisable at times when Epidemic Influenza threatens, or is prevalent," was also drawn up by me in January, 1892, and was issued by the Board to local sanitary authorities. The further study made by the Medical Department as to the natural history of Influenza, and as to its clinical and 32 teriological characteristics, goes to show that it is a disease against which it is most difficult to apply measures of prevention with any substantial prospect of success. |
dc34122c-9959-481d-9eb3-7e6e932d90dc | Influenza is highly infective from person to person; its infectious quality is often manifested before the disease is fully recognised; its incubation period is one of the shortest of all infectious diseases; it varies so much in intensity that many cases are never diagnosed at all; one attack confers no marked immunity against another; and the infection is largely eliminated by means of the lungs, the sputa of the sick being invariably charged, during the acute stage of the disease, with its pathognomonic micro-organism. The disease calls primarily for measures of isolation and of disinfection, but there are difficulties in making any such measures universally applicable. Wherever they can be carried out, the following precautions should, however, be adopted:— 1st. The sick should be separated from the healthy. This is especially important in the case of first attacks in a locality or a household. 2nd. |
201ce26a-4929-44e4-91a7-cfe09377ee42 | The sputa of the sick should, especially in the acute stage of the disease, be received into vessels containing disinfectants. Infected articles and rooms should be cleansed and disinfected. 3rd. When Influenza threatens, unnecessary assemblage of persons should be avoided. 4th. Buildings and rooms in which many people necessarily congregate should be efficiently aerated and cleansed during the intervals of occupation. It should be borne in mind that the liability to contract Influenza, and also the danger of an attack, if contracted, are increased by depressing conditions, such as exposure to cold, and to fatigue whether mental or physical. Attention should hence be paid at epidemic periods to all measures tending to the 33 maintenance of health, such as the use of clothing of suitable warmth, and a sufficiency of wholesome food. |
6b144bde-2064-457f-a275-add4fa76b358 | Persons who are attacked by Influenza should at once seek rest, warmth, and medical treatment, and they should bear in mind that the risk of relapse, with dangerous complications, constitutes a chief danger of the disease. R. Thorne Thorne. Local Government Board, Medical Department, March 6th, 1895. It will be perceived that the contents of the above memorandum are in accord with the precautions issued by this parish early in 1894, and now re-issued for the guidance of the public. TABLE XII. Comparative Table of Zymotic Mortality during the past 11 years. |
f100cd81-5e8a-4bab-ae8b-b58e6a4d4a34 | 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 Small-Pox 5 2 - - - - - Measles 134 112 70 82 87 104 159 37 90 90 151 Scarlet Fever 31 8 14 68 25 12 10 10 15 17 5 Diphtheria 18 10 9 23 22 21 27 35 28 90 67 Enteric, &c. Fevers 45 18 23 17 13 15 21 19 8 14 13 Whooping Cough 106 121 104 112 119 81 146 104 100 115 77 Epidemic Diarrhœa 178 126 152 175 75 112 121 104 99 120 93 Other Zymotic Diseases 51 35 |
e313e4f4-c8c0-419b-8966-2c58c05441c2 | 26 25 22 21 59 89 133 118 62 Total Deaths from Zymotic Diseases 568 432 398 502 363 366 543 398 473 564 468 Zymotic Death Rate 4·6 3·4 3·0 3·7 2·6 2·5 3·6 2·6 3·0 3·5 2·8 Death-rates from all Diseases 21·1 20·4 19·0 18·2 15·7 15·6 19·3 17·2 17·2 17·4 14·6 34 TABLE XIII. Comparative Table of all non-zymotic causes of Deaths during the past 11 years. |
b174d4c3-d498-4931-bd9f-2294ff88dcaf | 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1884 Tubercular, including Phthisis 479 420 439 367 342 334 320 285 237 355 304 Of Brain, Nerves, &c. 298 282 289 280 223 212 261 195 259 213 211 Of the Heart, &c. |
ffe3e221-f701-4aee-ac90-e802182b1ffa | 148 159 159 128 113 108 148 141 183 159 173 Of the Respiratory Organs,excluding Phthisis 489 630 584 528 474 391 618 572 635 653 471 Of Digestive Organs 85 88 96 86 113 100 118 122 112 127 197 Of Urinary Organs 34 46 31 53 24 39 34 49 72 60 57 Of Organs of Generation 16 23 14 19 6 14 15 16 15 14 12 Of Joints, Bones, &c. 16 8 20 30 9 3 4 7 2 3 6 Premature Birth, Low Vitality, ation, &c. |
1dc0120a-26e4-4337-9dcb-f72b76654fa3 | 149 137 175 202 175 205 206 238 256 295 273 Of Uncertain Seat Cancer, Syphilis, Dropsy, &c. 91 105 106 105 79 96 70 89 233 130 114 Age 64 76 99 88 57 52 71 74 122 103 118 Violence 57 61 63 63 56 60 77 60 81 102 70 Constitutional 9 4 5 — — — — 2 12 23 20 Total 1935 2039 2080 1949 1671 1614 1942 1850 2219 2237 1936 Table XII. gives the zymotic mortality for the past eleven years with particulars as to the zymotic and other death rates. It will be seen that the non-notifiable infectious diseases are the more fatal. |
d4302d95-e294-4b8e-b239-b9246c525e0f | Thus from measles, one hundred and fifty one deaths arose, from whooping cough seventy seven, epidemic diarrhoea ninety three, and other zymotic diseases, chiefly influenza sixty two. Thus three hundred and eighty three deaths occurred from diseases not notified to the Medical Officer of Health, and therefore not under any supervision compared with eighty five from the whole of the notifiable zymotics, viz.:—From scarlet fever five, from diphtheria sixty seven, and from enteric and other fevers thirteen. This but confirms the experience of former years that when a disease is notified and to a certain extent under control it tends to dwindle away, but when not so controlled increases both in number and 35 fatality. The time will no doubt arise when all communicable diseases will be notified to those charged with the care of the public health, and in other countries, notably Italy, this is being to a large extent carried out. Table XIII. is most interesting from the sanitarians point of view. |
5eb0da71-d967-46b2-b156-1d9cc0d1f4b4 | It shews that these diseases instead of increasing with the population, which has increased more than 43 per cent. during the period included in the table, tend to diminish both relatively and absolutely. This bears out the experience of all communities, that proper drainage and other efficient methods of sanitation not only affect the zymotic diseases but those which are usually regarded as not being in that category. Thus in well drained towns the deaths from tubercular phthisis have been found to diminish by something like one half after the provision of proper and effective drainage compared with the antecedent periods. This seems to point out the fact that all these diseases depend upon their surroundings or environments, even in cases such as cancer which would seem to be least liable to be so affected, it is shewn that a considerable and constant increase of such diseases as compared with other localities, is found in the case of damp or water-logged soils. |
c7df35ec-11b7-4d18-8456-2010f45b7159 | But for the continued high rate of mortality from diseases of the respiratory organs adversely influenced by the constantly recurrent epidemics of influenza, a great diminution of deaths of this class would have been shewn. The premature births also continue to increase in numbers in proportion to the increase in population. Inquests. During the year 1894, 224 cases came under the notice of the Coroner. Sixteen of these were cases in which he decided that no further inquiry was necessary, and they are marked in the Registrar's Returns as "submitted to Coroner," which is considered sufficient to authorise registration." In the other 208 cases inquests were held with the following results, as given in the verdicts of the respective juries:— 36 From Natural Causes 138 From Accidental Causes:— Suffocation 14 Burns 2 Scalds 1 Run over 5 Drowning 2 Poisoning 1 Want of attention at birth 2 Falls, &c. |
e8dfcfc6-050a-4e6d-b7dd-d8488eee7ae4 | 16 Gunshot 1 Injury to thumb 1 Lifting heavy weight 1 Injury at birth 1 — 47 From Homicidal Causes:— Suicide—Hanging 2 Drowning 1 Poisoning 5 Run over 1 — 9 Murder—Suffocation from fire and smoke 1 Fractured Skull 3 — 4 Manslaughter : Blow 1 — 1 Open Verdicts:— Found dead 2 „ drowned 6 Injuries to head 1 - 9 Total 208 Twelve deaths were due to suffocation whilst in bed with parents, the dates and days of the week being as follows:— 28th February Wednesday. 17th May Thursday. 9th March Friday. 26th ,, Saturday. 11th ,, Sunday. 22nd June Friday. 31st „ Saturday. 30th August Thursday. 19th April Thursday. 28th November Wednesday. 20th „ Friday. 25th December Tuesday. |
93360a75-58e1-4591-8a43-5fb0af959d47 | 37 Differently arranged, the following table shews the incidences of these cases on the several days of the week. It must be remembered that the day given is invariably that of the early morning during which the child is found dead:— no. of cases. Sunday 1 Monday — Tuesday 1 Wednesday 2 Thursday 3 Friday 3 Saturday 2 Total 12 It will be observed that the increased number of cases in which infants were found dead on Sunday morning has ceased, an indication of the more temperate habits of the parents. Social Position of Persons dying during 1894. Number. Per Cent. Nobility and Gentry 7 0.3 Professional Class 5 0.2 Middle and Trading Classes 88 3.6 Industrial and Labouring Classes 2,304 95.9 2,404 loo'o This table shews the great preponderance of the industrial element in our population. |
971227a8-73f2-4f74-bef4-b8e26d5e3325 | The low rates given in this report tend to shew that many of the best and most prudent of the class reside in this parish. Water This most important subject, more especially with Supply for reference to the health and sanitary condition of the London. inhabitants of this vast metropolis, among whom of course are included the many thousands of persons who are 38 inhabitants of Battersea, is now engaging the attention of Parliament. The water companies have bills in the House of Commons and the London County Council has introduced measures giving it control over the water supply. In my report for last year the subject was very fully discussed, and as the matter is one in which every public man should take a strong personal interest, a condensed account of the present position of the question is here given. This most important subject has been under consideration by a Royal Commission which sat during 1892 and 1893. The Chairman was Lord Balfour of Burleigh; Sir Archibald Geikie, Professor Dewar, Dr. |
2be2238c-63c7-4782-8b0e-bf4203c9bebf | Ogle, Mr. Mansergh, Mr. Hill, and Sir George Bruce constituted the Committee, all men of eminence and selected for their intimate knowledge of the subject. No Commissioner was in any way connected with either of the London Water Companies, and Mr. Mansergh is the Engineer who is now bringing water to Birmingham from Wales, while Mr. Hill is supplying Manchester from Thirlmere. The witnesses examined include nearly one hundred of the leading sanitarians and engineers, together with representatives of the great public bodies of the Metropolis and elsewhere, the Local Government Board, the London County Council, the Corporation of London, and the various Water Companies and others having interests in the Water Supply of the Metropolis. |
501630b5-2c53-453e-a16f-a05c203ac645 | Briefly reviewing the inquiry, the main question referred to and considered by the Commission was whether the water of the Thames and Lea Valleys was good, and whether enough of it could be obtained for the London of the future without injury to the interests of other districts in those watersheds. They find, as the Companies always maintained, that "the water as supplied to the consumer in London is of a very high standard of excellence and of purity, and that it is suitable in quality for all household purposes," and also that the Thames and Lea 39 Valleys may, without prejudice to the claims or material injury to the interests of districts outside the area of Greater London, be made to supply more than double the present population of the Metropolis with 35 gallons per head daily. The Commissioners recommend that the inspection of the River Thames should be more thoroughly done than it is at present, and that increased provision should be made, in the form of reservoirs for avoiding the taking in of water while the river is in a state of flood. |
8e6af440-016b-48a7-9162-a6bebf172a96 | of all the sites that have been suggested to them as suitable for reservoirs they consider none in the Thames Valley so reliable as can be found upon the London clay, only a short distance above the Hampton intakes. From the Thames, when required, may be taken 300,000,000 gallons a day; from the Lea, 52,500,000 gallons; from wells in the Lea Valley, 40,000,000 gallons; and from wells in the Kent Company's district, 27,500,000 gallons; besides a further considerable quantity, should it ever be wanted, from the Valley of Medway and the country to the east of it. The Commission, as might be expected, deal with the question broadly, without committing themselves to details. It would be going beyond the duty of useful criticism to discuss some of the interesting scientific, though minor, points upon which the Commissioners adopted views adverse to those of some of the distinguished witnesses who appeared before them. |
c21f0467-928a-45d1-8de7-2ee1cbfb1d27 | There are, however, in the enquiry two points which rather hang upon one another, and about which we wish the Commission had told us a little more. These are:— (1) The effect which might be expected upon the Thames of taking double the present quantity of the water from the river during periods of drought. (2) The amount of storage space to be provided above the intakes in order to make the taking of any more of this water unnecessary. 40 It is obvious, from the evidence of the late Mr. Hawksley and others, that the water passing the intakes is purest when the river is lowest. In their report (paragraphs 73 to 78) the Commission deal at length with Mr. Peregrine Birch's proposal to take vast quantities more of this water when needed, and with the antidote Mr. More suggested, in the interests of navigation, in case another 100,000,000 gallons should be required from the river in the driest times. |
722304ca-1b70-4b6b-8ffd-097bd24355f9 | Mr. More's suggestion was that a lake of 25 acres be excavated in the Old Deer Park at Richmond to hold 8 feet of tidal water between high and low water marks; that this should be filled by the rising tide and discharged during the three or four hours of lowest water. The alternative to this would appear, from some newspaper reports, to be the construction of 1,200 acres of reservoir 40 feet deep, and the passing into the tideway of the water most suitable for domestic supply. The Commissioners do not discuss the reasonableness of local objection to a 25 acre lake being cut in the Old Deer Park, nor express an opinion as to whether, as Mr. |
43af6f4e-1cc0-4a4d-8201-7ff515e32f21 | Birch told the Commission, the same result could be effected by the manipulation of the weirs ; but they venture to predict that, whoever in future may own the London water works, the time will never come for passing on the best of the water by means of works including 1,200 acres of special reservoirs, although the 400 acres of reservoirs suggested by Messrs. Hunter and Fraser as desirable in future, so that the Companies may avoid taking in flood water, will, of course, be made as rapidly as the increased demands upon the works require them. The conclusion of the Commission is most distinct that there is ample supply of water derivable from the Rivers Thames and Lea, from wells in the chalk in the Lea Valley, and also in the district of the Kent Water Works Company, which will be sufficient to meet the requirements of London for fifty years to come. As to the purity of these supplies, the 41 chemical and bacteriological evidence of Dr. Frankland, Dr. |
1db9609e-4d56-409d-8b1a-770a4d3a4fe8 | Odling, Professor Crookes, Professor Ray Lankester, Dr. P. F. Frankland and others, is most satistactory; and no evidence submitted as to impurity could stand the test of the investigations and inquiries of the Commissioners. In their report, however, they very properly advise that further efforts shall be made to keep pollution of all kinds out of the Rivers, and maintain their purity in every possible way. The report of the Commissioners, given below sums up the evidence and gives a general outline of the whole enquiry and is followed by the conclusions at which they finally arrived and their consequent recommendations. |
f71bb7cf-e561-4201-a1ce-ffa00dfb53fb | The Commission, which was appointed in January, 1892, constituted for the purpose of ascertaining "whether, taking into consideration the growth of the population of the Metropolis and the districts within the limits of the Metropolitan Water Companies, and also the needs of the localities not supplied by any Metropolitan Company but within the watersheds of the Thames and the Lea, the present sources of supply of these Companies are adequate in quantity and quality, and, if inadequate, whether such supply as may be required can be obtained within the watersheds referred to, having due regard to the claims of the districts outside the Metropolis but within those watersheds, or will have to be obtained outside the watersheds of the Thames and the Lea." |
965d1e32-8e1d-4ec4-ba4d-9738fb17c93b | For the purpose of acquiring the information necessary to enable them to form a judgment upon the questions submitted, the Commissioners placed themselves in communication with the Metropolitan Water Companies, the Corporation of the City of London, the London County Council, and the Councils of the Counties of Bedford, Berks, Buckingham, Essex, Gloucester, Hants, Hertford, Kent, Middlesex, Oxford, Surrey, and Wilts. They also invited the Boards of Conservators of the Thames and Lea, and all the Urban and Rural Sanitary Authorities whose districts are, wholly or partially situated within the watersheds 42 of those Rivers, and all the Water Companies and Public Authorities who have waterworks in the same area to give them any information bearing on the subject which they might be in a position to afford. The Commissioners sat on 45 days, 32 of which were occupied in having oral evidence. |
64b2de53-67ac-41ca-8650-f4ce15913743 | There were 92 witnesses examined, most of whom were put forward by the Metropolitan Water Companies or the County Councils of London and the counties of Hertford, Middlesex, Surrey, Essex, and Buckingham, and by other public bodies in London and the neighbourhood. Some of the evidence produced was of such a character that it was found necessary to employ an Assistant Commissioner to visit the localities under enquiry, and to ascertain upon the spot the precise facts. For this purpose, with the sanction of the Treasury, Mr. R. E. Middleton, M. Inst. C.E., was appointed. The inquiry, as far as possible, was conducted in two divisions, the first of which comprised all the particular evidence as to the individual circumstances of the Water Companies at the present time, and the anticipations of the future which might be based upon them. |
cfb53a03-070a-452c-93be-a37229ac790a | Under this division was taken the evidence of the Metropolitan Water Companies as to the quantity of water which they were daily supplying per head of the population, the sources at their command to meet that supply, and the grounds upon which, in their opinions, future demands ought to be based ; the evidence of the Officers of the Conservators of the River Thames and Lea as to the powers of the Water Companies to abstract water from those Rivers and the measures taken to prevent their pollution; the evidence as to the amount of rainfall in the valleys of the Thames and Lea, and the existing pollutions of these Rivers; evidence prepared at the General Register Office as to the populations of the areas affected by the inquiry; and, lastly, evidence offered by Councils of counties and by corporations and local boards within the watersheds. |
33aa86a5-8787-448f-89f3-ebc24b4b4e04 | Nearly the whole of this division of the evidence was taken before the end of July, 43 1892; and the sittings of the Commissioners from the month of October of that year were mainly devoted to the second division of evidence, which included the general evidence of engineers, geologists, chemists, bacteriologists bearing upon the subject as a whole. The areas affected by the enquiry may be defined as extending over "Greater London" as that name is used in the General Register Office, where it is applied to the area included within the Metropolitan and City Police districts. Such area includes all parishes wholly comprised within a circle of 15 miles radius from Charing Cross, and all other parishes of which any part is included within a circle of 12 miles radius from the same centre. Greater London thus not only includes the whole of the Administrative County of London, but extends widely beyond it, and contains in all an area of 701 square miles. |
a7ebbc48-2779-42a9-9ac0-f7cdc69e7877 | In the evidence given before the Commission the area within Greater London and outside the County of London was called the "Outer Ring," and it is within this area that at present the most rapid increase of population appears to be taking place. The areas supplied form together a district which is usually spoken of as "Water London," comprising about 622 square miles. The areas are not co-extensive with any districts of which the populations are given by the Registrar-General in the census returns, and no exact statement of the population being obtainable from official returns the Companies found it necessary to rely upon estimates compiled from such other sources of information as they had at their command. According to the returns made by the Companies themselves the total population supplied by them in 1891 was estimated at 5,469,791; but it would seem, however, that 5,237,062 persons must be accepted as the closest approximation that could, under the circumstances, be made. |
e412afa5-776f-481c-b21d-ec01af6cd775 | In turning to the future requirements of this ever-increasing population, the first question that presented itself for discussion was what area ought to be taken into account ; and it soon 44 became apparent that neither Registration London nor the London of the County Council, nor even Water London, was sufficiently extensive for the purpose. Not only should suburban districts be included in the area to be reported upon by the Commission, but such more remote districts must be considered as might reasonably be expected to be reached by the spreading of the population of London at no very distant time. After due consideration, the Commissioners determined to take as their basis that area known as Greater London, and to add to it certain parts of Water London which lie outside Greater London as now computed. The report states that the increase in population of this area, as shewn by the census returns for the last 50 years, has been far from equable. Taking, however, the average annual increase per cent. |
a6ccee2d-712e-46ea-b034-84953268142b | in the whole period as a basis, they think it may safely be computed that the population of Greater London will continue to increase at the rate of 18.2 per cent. decennially, or in the ratio of 1.82 per cent. annually. The report sets out at length a table showing the yearly and monthly daily average both of water returned to the Official Water Examiner under the Metropolis Water Act, 1871, as supplied by the Companies in the year 1891. From this and similar calculations made from other returns, it appears that the quantity of water consumed per head of the population differs widely in the districts of the several Companies. Taking the population estimated by them as being actually supplied, the quantities consumed per head per day range from 26.71 gallons in the case of the West Middlesex Company to 4772 gallons in that of the Grand Junction Company; the average over the whole of the population being 31.19 gallons per head per day. |
36b546b6-39d9-4d0d-b134-203e930bded5 | The report next gives the present sources from which the water supplied by the Companies are derived. These are of four kinds, viz.:—(1) the River Thames and Lea; (2) gravel beds adjoining the main stream of the Thames and other gravel beds at Hanworth; (3) natural springs; and (4) wells sunk into the chalk or other strata at such points in the 45 watersheds as may have been selected. The Commissioners discuss these in the order named. All the Companies, except the Kent Company, are dependent for some part of their supply upon water derived either from the Thames or the Lea. Turning to the question of the "necessities of the future," the Commissioners set out in the report the views of the several Companies who adopted the same term, viz., 40 years, as the period for which it is desirable to look forward. |
df06380d-7a1b-4b45-b135-afbd2056cbca | The following table gives the figures laid before the Commission by each Company as to the estimated population and requirements of their district in 1931 :— Name of Company. Estimated Population in 1931. Estimated Daily Supply per head in 1931. Supply required per day. Supply available per day. New River 1,658,000 28.5 47,250,000 *56,500,000 East London 1,697,000 33.0 56,000,000 66,000,000 Chelsea 375.000 35.0 13,125,000 22,000,000 West Middlesex 959,187 28.0 26,857,236 24,500,000 Grand Junction 584,969 42.0 24,500,000 24,500,000 Lambeth 1,136,441 25. |
b8d3d178-2656-46d4-a122-10bcff5d22de | 0 28,411,025 30,500,000 Southwark & Vauxhall I.2I5.457 25. 0 30,386,425 41,000,000 Kent 900,000 30.0 27,000,000 29,000,000 Total 8,526,054 29.73 253,.529.686 294,000,000 * Deducting 330,000 gallons of unfiltered water from Hampstead Ponds. The suggestions made by the Companies for extending their works, and so augmenting the volume of distributable water, may be stated as follows :— (1) The abstraction of more water from the Thames without providing storage. (2) The abstraction of more water from the Thames and Lea with provision for storage. (3) The abstract of water from gravel beds adjoining the Thames. (4) The abstraction of more water from deep wells in the chalk formation. |
20ae6eb6-07b2-4d78-a132-188bd4cf2bf5 | The report next proceeds to deal with the several suggestions which were laid before the Commissioners as to the 46 struction of large storage reservoirs. Of the schemes submitted that of Messrs. Hunter and Fraser was considered the best. It was brought forward by Mr. W. Hunter, M. Inst., C.E., a Director, and Mr. Alexander Frazer, M. Inst., C.E., the Engineer of the Grand Junction Company. It consists in the construction of nine reservoirs upon land in the neighbourhood of Staines, at a spot only a few miles from the existing works of the Company. The storage capacity was to be obtained by excavating below the surface in almost flat ground, and forming the material removed into banks so as to increase the depth. By this combined process of sinking and raising a depth of 40 feet would be obtained; the digging being entirely in gravel, which overlies the clay to a depth of from 20 to 30 feet. |
eaad7a02-171c-47be-8f61-67775eb11c2c | The advantage rightfully claimed for this scheme was that it could be carried out by instalments, as might be from time to time required. After setting out the evidence given as to the estimated supply of water that would be procured from gravel beds and deep wells, the report summarizes the total capacity of the supply as returned by the representatives of the Companies as follows:—From the Thames, with additional storage 300,000,000 gallons per day; from the Lea, with the East London Company's projected storage 52,500,000 gallons; from chalk springs and wells 87,000.000 gallons; total, 439,500,000 gallons, or (say) 440 million gallons per day. The report next deals with the objections which have been raised to the proposals of the Companies in regard to increasing the draught upon the Thames, the Lea and the chalk formation for the purpose of meeting further demands; and the conclusions arrived at by the Commission are stated as follows: "From the River Thames. |
e6bf3885-a5d3-4862-aca5-a8489ea5e1f3 | "—In estimating the quantity of water which may be obtained from the Thames, we have 47 given full consideration to the topographical, meteorological, geological, statistical, and engineering evidence which has been laid before us by the representatives of all the parties, although we shall now quote figures only from a few of the proofs. The area within the Thames watershed down to Kingston was assumed by the Duke of Richmond's Commission (on evidence then received) to be 3,676 square miles; and this figure has been adopted by Mr. Hawksley, Mr. Baldwin Latham and others in the present enquiry as to the area down to Teddington Weir. Both Mr. More and Mr. Binnie have made new and independent admeasurements, and compute this area respectively at 3,766 and 3,789 square miles; and Mr. More (being Engineer of the Thames Conservancy) may be assumed to possess the fullest acquaintance with the watershed, we propose to adopt bis figures. |
9df6269a-4dff-4773-8c43-74bdc5c441e5 | From Mr. Topley we accept 3,548 square miles as being approximately the area above the intakes of the Water Companies. Mr. More has put in gaugings of the discharge of the Thames at Teddington for the years 1883 to 1891 with an added column showing the rainfalls. "In the third column of the table the average yearly discharge of the nine years at Teddington is given as 435,931,000,000 gallons. But this quantity is subject to some correction, for we found on investigating the details of the gauging arrangements at Teddington that it was desirable to check the results by simultaneous measurements at Molesey and Sunbury Weirs, and having entrusted this work to Mr. Middleton and considered his report we accept his opinion that Mr. More's quantities should be increased by 7 per cent. |
a2ca8c28-051a-4a36-aa58-e25c88812c1f | To the 435,931,000,000 gallons we therefore add 40,515,170,000 gallons, making 466,446,170,000 gallons. To this again must be added the average quantity taken by the Companies, viz., 30,896,000,000 gallons, giving a grand total of 497,342,170,000 gallons. Divided by 365 this gives a daily average of 1,362,581,288 gallons. 48 Year. Total Quantity of Water abstracted by the Water Companies. Volume ot Discharge at Teddington Weir as guaged by the ThaniesConservancy Total flow of River Thames Col. 2 x Col. 3. Average Annuaf rainfall on Thames Basin above intakesof the Water Companies. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Inches. 1883 26,197,000,000 659,65 7,000, ooo 685,584, |
8d1d896c-ea8e-4fc6-abe7-11d9bab9ba8c | 000,000 28.41 1884 29,946,000,000 330,648,000,000 360,594,000,000 22.90 1885 29,654,000,000 339,130,ooo,ooo 428,784,000,000 29.15 1886 3°, 350, ocx), ooo 544,786,000,000 575,136,000,000 31.07 1887 32,154,000,000 390,296,000,000 422,450,000,000 21.32 1888 30,280,000,000 427,656,000,000 457,936,000,000 28.45 1889 31,419,000,000 437,059,ooo,ooo 468,478,000,000 25.64 1890 32,876,000,000 261,916, |
2edbc300-823d-4de0-9a5c-3cdcb9fed4d2 | 000,000 294,792,000,000 22.81 1891 35,185,000,000 472,228,000,000 507,413,000,000 33.31 Total 278,061,000,000 3,923,376,000,000 4,201,437,000,000 243.06 Average ot the 9 vears. 30,896,000,000 435,93 1, ooo, ooo 466,827,000,000 27.01 "During the nine years in question the rainfall averaged only 27.01 inches as compared with 28.50 inches which Mr. Symons gives as the mean fall of a long term upon the watershed. We therefore increase the daily volume to 1,437,747,750 gallons, raising it in the ratio of 27.01 to 28.50 inches. |
7e287a5c-3e21-43f0-9ba4-b2fe5e94b432 | This quantity must, however, be reduced in the proportion of the area above Teddington, viz., 3,766 square miles, to that above the intakes, which is 3,548 square miles, thus bringing down the nett daily quantity to 1,354,521,778 gallons. This, we believe, is a very close approximation to the daily average flow of the Thames down to the waterworks intakes during a long series of years, and we will call it, in round figures, 1,350,000,000 gallons. The average daily discharge of three consecutive dry years we estimate at 1,120,000,000 gallons, and of the driest year at 900,000,000 gallons. " |
6c8a526d-9dc9-42d7-ae6c-c5f2f907a601 | These being the facts, we are of opinion that, by the construction in the neighbourhood of Staines, of reservoirs of adequate capacity, into which water shall be pumped and stored in times of excess, to be used in times of deficiency, at least 300,000,000 gallons a day may be obtained for the supply of London. 49 "We believe this can be done without taking in the more turbid of the flood waters, and without injuriously diminishing the volume of the River below the point of abstraction. To ensure the best results in both these respects, the takings of the water should be subject to strict regulations laid down by Parliament. The water allowed to be taken from the River should, in our opinion, include any water which may be pumped from the general beds in the vicinity of the River. "From the River Lea.—The available drainage area of the Lea above the lower intake of the East London Company is stated by Mr. |
b290b1f8-3d58-4974-9a01-6f8b820f50c7 | Bryan to be 460 square miles; and the mean rainfall upon it is stated by Mr. Symons to be 26 inches. No gaugings of the discharge has ever been made at or below the intakes; but they have been kept for many years at Fielde's Weir, which has above it (as before stated) an area of 422 square miles. From this point we have made out that, on the average of three consecutive dry years, 81,000,000 gallons a day will flow off by the River. We have no definite evidence as to the capability of the district below; but from some remarks of Mr. Bryan's, we judge that he does not calculate upon getting an additional quantity proportional to the whole area, and we shall probably be safe in calling the total available quantity 85,000,000 gallons. |
af5326c5-f1a9-4b04-a71d-5aa6f82ee05e | Of this the New River Company draw 22,500,000 gallons direct from the River above Ware; and the East London Company have at times taken 37,000,000 gallons. Dealing with the River as a whole, this abstraction is, in our opinion, too great with the storage now in existence; but if other reservoirs were constructed, adequately increasing the storage capacity on well recognized lines, 52,500,000 gallons a day may be obtained. The taking of the water should be under regulations similar in character to those suggested for the Thames, viz.—the first flush of floods to be rejected, and in dry weather no water to be abstracted when the flow has run down to a quantity hereafter to be determined. "From Wells in the Lea Valley.—Into this part of the case we have already gone very fully; and we need only 50 repeat here that in very dry years the Companies should not calculate upon obtaining more than 40,000,000 gallons a day. |
f9ee753d-4124-4e0f-8fe5-8e763ee613c8 | "From the Chalk on the South Side of the Thames.— From the existing wells in the Kent Company, and others which may be sunk within their district, we think that 27,500,000 gallons a day may safely be taken. From the tract of chalk country in the valley of the Medway and larger area farther eastward to the coast, a very considerable addition is also undoubtedly procurable. "The summary of the several quantities above stated is as follows:—From the River Thames; 300,000,000 gallons per day; from the River Lea, 52,500,000 gallons; from wells in the Lea Valley, 40,000,000 gallons; from wells in the Kent Company's district, 27,500,000 gallons—total 420,000,000 gallons, sufficient, at 35 gallons per head per day, for a population of 12,000,000." Conclusions. |
7508c874-cc51-4a1a-bf5a-c0d173e0e7c4 | The Commissioners then state that— "We are strongly of opinion that the water as supplied to the consumer in London is of a very high standard of excellence and of purity, and that it is suitable in quality for all household purposes. We are well aware that a certain prejudice exists against the use of drinking water derived from the Thames and the Lea, because these rivers are liable to pollution, however perfect the subsequent purification, either by natural or artificial means, may be. But, having regard to the experience of London during the last thirty years, and to the evidence given to us on the subject, we do not believe that any danger exists of the spread of disease by the use of this water, provided that there is adequate storage, and the same is efficiently filtered before delivery to the consumers. |
dbc72bc0-28fc-42b3-aa13-88b125707526 | With respect to the quantity of water which can be obtained within the watersheds of the Thames and the Lea, 51 we are of opinion that, if the proposals we have recommended are adopted, a sufficient supply to meet the wants of the Metropolis for a long time to come may be found without any prejudice to the claims, or material injury to the interests, of any district outside the area of Greater London. We are of opinion that an average daily supply of 40,000,000 gallons can be obtained from wells and springs in the chalk of the Lea Valley without affecting any material interests, but that, if this quantity be exceeded, it is probable that the springs and wells in the parts of the Valley immediately adjacent to the wells and all the districts farther down the Valley may be injuriously affected. From wells in the chalk area on the south side of the Thames, in the district of the Kent Company, we are of opinion that a daily average supply of 27,500,000 gallons may be obtained. |
0a13731c-558f-455d-b6a9-0beecf133428 | We think it of very great importance that distinct obligations should be laid upon any company or Local Authority which is allowed to pump water from the chalk for purposes of public supply to keep accurate observation of the effect of their operations on the level of the water in the wells from which they pump, and return the results to the Water Examiner under such regulations as may be framed. The great difficulty which we have had to encounter has been in getting accurate and reliable information as to the actual effect of the operations now carried on. The importance of procuring this will increase each year as the limit of what can be taken from any district with safety is gradually being reached. From the River Lea we are of opinion what with adequate additions to the present system of storage, 52,500,000 gallons may be taken daily. |
519811a2-2847-4a3a-be43-6dee0db89503 | We are of opinion that, by the construction of storage reservoirs in the Thames Valley, at no great distance above the intakes of the Companies, it will be possible to obtain an average daily supply of 300,000,000 gallons without taking in any objectionable part of the flood water. The average daily flow of the Thames at Teddington Weir, adding the water taken by 52 the Companies, is about 1,350,000,000 gallons per day. |
d0b3c035-1dc2-47c2-85f6-124d342bdb2c | It will thus be seen that, when 300,000,000 gallons are taken, there will be left to flow down into the tidal portion of the river an average daily quantity of not less than 1,000,000,000; and we think that regulations could be framed under which the quantity we suggest could be taken, not only without reducing the flow of the river on the rare occasions of exceptional drought to the present minimum, but in such a way as to secure that the volume of water left in the river at these times should be substantially greater than it is under existing conditions. To our minds, one great advantage of such a scheme of storage reservoirs is that it can be carried out progressively to meet the increasing demands for water; and should the population not grow so rapidly as we have thought it right to contemplate, the extensions may be from time to time deferred as successive decennial enumerations reveal that the ratio of increase is remaining stationary or even falling. |
ede3f53c-1ce7-402a-8e03-e5fa606f5020 | From the sources and by the methods we have mentioned, a daily supply of 424,000,000 gallons can, in our opinion, be obtained. This is a sufficient quantity to supply 35 gallons per head to a population of 12,000,000 persons, which is about three-quarters of a a million in excess of what the total population of Greater London, together with the outlying parts of Water London, will have become in 1931 even if the ratio of increase in the last decennial period from 1881 to 1931 is fully maintained. We are further of opinion that a large supply of water might be obtained from the chalk area east of the Kent Companies' district in the basis of the Medway, and in the district further east, without any risk whatever of damage to that area. THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AND ITS VIEWS UPON THE WATER SUPPLY. |
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