ids stringlengths 36 36 | texts stringlengths 1 1.43k |
|---|---|
3ca23363-ea5d-43fc-a529-7a34bd67e79a | Of these witnesses examined whose evidence was directly adverse to the reservoir and storage schemes put forward by the Companies, that of Mr. A. R. Binnie, M. Inst., C.E., Chief 53 Engineer to the London County Council, was the most important. Mr. Binnie's evidence was to the effect that the supply that could be drawn from the Thames and the Lea was wholly insufficient to meet the future wants of Greater London; and he stated that, in his opinion, deeper storage reservoirs in the Thames Valley were impractible, and, further, that any large increase in quantity pumped from the chalk formations would only ultimately diminish the amount of surface water in the various contributory streams, and therefore could not be reckoned on for increasing the supply. |
6bc33ed4-73fa-420d-bbbb-6637dd6bfd38 | The Water Committee of the London County Council issued a memorandum by its Chairman and a series of reports by the principal officers of the Council on the report of the Royal Commission on the Metropolitan Water Supply by which it will be seen that the conclusions of the Royal Commission are controverted to a certain extent. An admirable synopsis of the views of the London County Council and its chief officials appeared in the British Medical Journal, which is here closely followed. The Want of Finality in the Commission's Recommendations. Mr. Basset Hopkins, the Chairman of Committee, in his memorandum, insists strongly on the narrowness of the scope of the inquiry by the Royal Commission, and points out that mischievous consequences may follow, and the Council may be grievously hampered in its action if people accept the idea that the report was the result of an all-embracing investigation of the general subject. The real question which is of most interest to Londoners is what is the best course for London to pursue under the circumstances? |
340de40b-ccac-4826-aeef-9a9cab4cba3a | But this never entered into the reference to the Commission, and in considering their report it has constantly to be borne in mind that whatever they say in support of the prospective sufficiency (for forty years only) of the watersheds of the Thames and Lea has no bearing on the 54 real question whether new gathering grounds ought not to be sought for outside that area altogether. Considerable stress is laid on the shortness of the term of forty years to which the Commission have limited their forecast. The capacity of the Thames and Lea watersheds as sources of supply may be expected to have reached, or nearly reached, their limit about the year 1931, and then it will be impossible any further to delay turning to some outside source. By that time, however, the best gathering grounds in the country, which "are already being rapidly taken possession of by other municipalities," may be lost to us. |
c8532748-f9d6-4ec3-8c0f-9a8f09d3253c | In regard to this, one has to bear in mind the long time which is required for the execution of the vast works necessary in large water schemes, and Mr. Binnie, the Council's chief engineer, says plainly that the people of London, "will, at some not very distant date (probably twenty years hence) have to contemplate the exhaustion of the supplies which can be obtained in the Thames Valley" and the necessity of looking elsewhere for an increased supply. "One of the greatest blots upon the finding of the Royal Commission" is that "it can in no way be considered a final settlement of case." This limitation of forecast to forty years is all the more curious in view of the fact that two members of the Royal Commission, giving evidence before the House of Lords on the Birmingham water scheme, gave much longer periods as the time for which estimates should be made, Mr. G. H. Hill stating that provision for a large town should be for a period of not less than 50 years, and Mr. |
7ef6b3ae-8268-43cb-910a-58f11cc4f6fa | James Mansergh, the engineer to the scheme, indicating that he calculated his supply for some sixty-four years, and on that basis laid out the works which the Corporation of Birmingham are now carrying out. The Effect of Dry Seasons. Mr. Binnie shows in a striking way the difference between averages and actualities in regard to the flow of water down a 55 river bed. The Royal Commissioners contemplating taking 300 million gallons from the Thames daily, trusting to the fact that the average daily flow at Teddington weir is about 1,350 million gallons ; but Mr. Binnie shows that during certain dry months the total average flow would often only slightly exceed the amount of water required by the Companies, and in such a case as that of September, 1893, the total flow would not come up to the requirements. If the extreme minimum flow per twenty-four hours is taken, the difficulty of providing a supply both for the River and the Metropolis is still more apparent. |
ed066a16-924b-4d16-ba86-c4c1df0e1d68 | Tests Not to be Relied on. There is a good deal of common sense in some of the remarks in the reports about the safety, or otherwise, of polluted waters. Mr. Binnie draws attention to the fact that "the Royal Commissioners received, although they do not quote it, some very strong evidence from one of the highest authorities, namely, Sir G. Buchanan, M.D., F.R.S., late Chief Medical Officer to the Local Government Board." This evidence was to the effect that neither chemical nor bacteriological tests were to be relied on as to the purity of water, that we did not know how small an amount of morbific material, if it gained access to the water, might set up disease, and that the way to gain information as to purity and safety was to search out the conditions surrounding water courses and water services. |
79f9e920-33b2-4fdb-b6e1-02ae46598bec | Asked what would be his treatment of the water if it were found to be polluted, he could only answer that "there was nothing for it but either to boil the polluted water, or else to leave it alone." In face of such evidence from such an authority we turn with interest to the paragraphs in Mr. Binnie's report summarising the pollutions of the Thames water, which the Commission thinks good enough for London. It seems that at the census of 1891 there was a population of 1,056,415 persons draining into the river above the intakes, and that in the last 56 thirty years this population had increased from 816,814 to its present number. That, however, gives but a poor idea of the increase which is going on in the urban population living on the banks of the Thames and its Tributaries, many of these towns having more than doubled their size in thirty years. "Besides this human population there are probably 1,600,000 animals inhabiting the above area." |
f382a79b-dd16-4b32-89dd-a949dca4e887 | Consequently it is clear that if the Thames is to be retained as a source of water supply, the people of London must drink the more or less clarified excreta of this vast population. To show what is likely to happen in the future, it is mentioned that in the present session of Parliament "the authorities of Swindon and Ticehurst, Pangbourne and district are applying for further water powers. What must be the result? They will either pump from wells or the River comparatively clean water which now flows down to supply London, and after defiling it by passing it through their bodies and water closets will return it directly or indirectly into the Thames to flow down and be drunk by the people of London." Impossible to Keep Out Sewage. Now about the purification of this water. Dr. Frankland is quoted as saying "That it is practically impossible to keep sewage or sewage effluents out of the River." |
f2b321ad-6a98-4d3a-b9f7-90020ace6dd2 | "There is no positive evidence that the filtered water is unwholesome, but the lives of a large community ought not to be dependent on the efficient filtering plant of commercial companies. Under present circumstances, a serious epidemic of typhoid or cholera in the Thames basin above the intakes, would be attended with great risk to the water drinkers of London. Such experiments should not be tried upon large communities." It would appear, then, that while Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham find it necessary "to 57 go to great distances to secure undoubtedly pure and uncontaminated water, even to the extent of excluding the flow from cultivated land, yet it is quite sufficient for the people of London to supply them with the effluent water of their neighbours' water closets." The Quality of Present Sources of Supply. Mr. Shirley Murphy, Medical Officer to the London County Council, confines his observations to that portion of the report of the Royal Commission which relate to the quality of the present sources of supply. |
ea0f7372-4ad1-4cd1-8bc9-e0d4e9deb0e6 | The Royal Commission had before it evidence, he says, which showed that the rivers from which the Water Companies draw their supplies receive from the towns, situated on their banks at varying distances above the intakes sewage effluents, which, after treatment of the sewage, either by filtration through land or by chemical processes, enter smaller rivers. In addition to these numerous pollutions from smaller populations discharging into cesspools and ditches reach, untreated, the streams at times of heavy rainfall. Such sewage must not infrequently contain the excremental matter of persons suffering from typhoid fever and may not improbably in the future contain from time to time the excreta of persons suffering from cholera. The virus of both these diseases has been found by past experience to have been disseminated by water and to have produced fatal results in persons drinking such water. |
8657cdfa-ac65-49ff-8c32-5d5ee3fe7d63 | "Not only are these diseases known to be waterborne, but experience has shown that a very small amount of the excremental matter of persons suffering from them is capable under favourable circumstances of infecting vast volumes of water." Insufficiency of Natural Purification. After describing the various circumstances which are shown by the Commission to contribute to the purification of the rivers, Mr. Murphy says: "The fact may be accepted that 58 these powers exist and are operating in the Thames and Lea to an extent which contributes in no small degree to the safety of the London water consumer." Yet the Commission evidently does not look upon these natural processes as in themselves sufficient to render the water fit for domestic purposes, but is only satisfied that agencies and the operations of the water companies combined, suffice to ensure that wholesome water is supplied to the consumer. |
b7649f99-6fce-4086-9706-b6bf663161e9 | As it is probable that the completeness of the future operations of the water companies may depend upon the necessity which can be shown for efficient filtration, it is a matter of great importance that the natural processes of purification should not be held to be more deserving of confidence than they really are. After a careful study of the statements in the Commission's report, Mr. Murphy is led to think that some of the reasons given for assuming that the London population is not exposed to risk are less deserving of acceptance than appears at first sight. The very full information afforded in the report of the Royal Commission is of the utmost possible value as assisting to give definite form to a general comprehension of the real condition of the water supply of the Metropolis, present and future. It has always been a cherished article of faith in this country that the water of the River Thames is of unsurpassable quality for all domestic purposes. |
0f2f467f-28c4-45ad-9eb2-aa644019282b | Nothing can be found in the report which in any way disturbs this conviction, and it may be assumed, as has always been urged in these reports, that the water supplied to London, if properly treated by the avoidance of pollution, ample storage (in order to avoid the necessity of taking in water from the river when in flood, as the organic pollution is then at the maximum), and efficient filtration, is all that can be desired. The second point as to how long the quantity will suffice for the needs of ever-growing London is also fully gone into, and half-a-century is defined as the probable period. Of 59 course there is much to be said on the other side, and that is lucidly given in the objections to the report of the Royal Commission urged by the London County Council and its officers. |
7541b68c-8591-47af-bc3c-4953ec311ba7 | Although very little is definitely said on the subject, the impression which the perusal of the report leaves upon the mind is that the whole control of the water supply, from the sources to the final delivery to the consumer, should be in the hands of one authority, and that the time has arrived when competing companies, the result of private enterprise, should no longer be left in possession of a monopoly of the primary necessity of existence. The information on the whole subject of the Metropolitan Water Supply given above will enable it to be clearly understood, and to place in a permanent form for future reference the necessary data, and will, it is to be hoped, justify this somewhat condensed statement of the views held by both parties in the controversy which has now to be finally decided by Parliament. At the time of writing, owing to severe frost, the supply of water to whole districts of the Metropolis has been almost entirely cut off from the inhabitants of this and other localities. |
f120931c-ae1b-44c4-a693-2e475927b5d7 | The cause is undoubtedly that the mains and service pipes are laid too near the surface, and obviously the depth of the service pipe will depend upon that of the main where the latter is laid at an insufficient depth. This will strengthen the case for municipalisation of the water supply to which reference has been made above. Factories and Workshops Bill. The Home Secretary has introduced a Bill to amend and extend the law relating to Factories and Workshops. In the journal of the Incorporated Society of Medical Officers of Health, Public Health, the matter has been somewhat fully gone into and a revised and condensed epitome is here given. 60 It comprises fifty-two clauses in three principal divisions, of which the first (clauses 1—18) is on "General Law relating to Factories and Workshops"; the second (clauses 19—31) refers to "Special Rules and Requirements"; and the third consists of "Miscellaneous Amendments." |
42cc0e94-64bc-458d-b35f-5146e439caea | From a point of view totally different from that of mere arrangements of clauses, viz., that of administration, the Bill may be regarded as consisting of two parts, not structurally divided, yet distinct from each other. One of these parts concerns Sanitary Authorities and their executive officers on whom it casts new duties and responsibilities; the other is principally to be dealt with by the Government Inspectors of Factories and Workshops. It may be convenient to consider the Bill on this basis. It should be premised that the provisions relating specially to the hygiene of certain trades (clauses 25—31) do not, for the purposes of the Bill, come within the province of the Sanitary Authority. Recent legislation in respect of Factories and Workshops affords abundant illustration of mischievous overlapping of duties of distinct authorities in matters relating to health, and the consequent reduplication of the work of the respective officers of these authorities. |
5b469cf5-a48e-4af5-8150-a48b870da1eb | The administration of the statutes in question involves greatly increased inspection on the part of Inspectors of the Sanitary Authority. The Bill, whilst on this point not differing from its predecessors, goes a great deal further than any of them in proposing, so to speak, to place Sanitary Authorities under Government Inspectors of Factories, as will presently appear (clause 3). The clauses of the Bill, directly affecting Sanitary Authorities, are the following :— Clause I defines overcrowding in Factories and Workshops, which hitherto has been undefined. The limit is placed at 250 cubic feet, or during overtime 400 cubic feet per person. These amounts are subject to modification by the Secretary of State during the use of artificial light, and to increase in particular processes or handicrafts. |
7a0eae62-4bb2-4d0c-a99c-5797b71cfee0 | 61 The clause omits to specify (a) the minimum of floor space or the maximum of height, in the stated amount of cubic space to be provided for each person; (b) the minimum of height of any room to be used as a workshop; and (c) the precise quantity of gas, oil, candle, or other illuminant which shall count as one person in regard of vitiation of air. It has been stated that whilst man exhales from 0•56 to 0•67 cubic feet of carbonic acid per hour, one cubic foot of coal gas burnt will produce two cubic feet of carbonic acid; that an "ordinary gas-burner" burns from three to five cubic feet of gas per hour (producing from six to ten cubic feet of carbonic acid); an "ordinary oil-lamp" burns 150 grains of oil per hour producing 0•5 cubic feet of carbonic acid; and a candle burning 320 grains per hour produces 0.4 cubic foot of carbonic acid. |
c0dab1b6-35a5-426b-8914-38da4acb7d11 | Therefore the vitiation of the air, by the burning of half a cubic foot of gas (or about one-sixth the amount burnt in "an ordinary gas burner"), or "an ordinary oil-lamp," or a candle of 230 grains, is about equal to that of one person. It has generally been accepted that one "ordinary gas burner" is equivalent to three persons in respect of air pollution—a holding which should be revised forthwith. In workshops it is usual to have large gas-burners. In such cases Inspectors not duly put on their guard by the above information, will be likely to underestimate very greatly the vitiation of air by consumed gas. The foregoing observations show the need of an accurate legal standard for artificial lighting in Factories and Workshops, and especially the latter, which are often very close and stuffy, and more particularly during cold weather when the opening of windows, even if not objectionable on hygienic grounds, is always objected to by the workers themselves. |
50adc509-32a0-4a96-afa8-b64772e05dbe | This standard should be based on actual amount of illuminant burnt and not, as has hitherto been the custom, on rule-of-thumb estimate of size of flame. Clause 3 makes it "the duty of the Sanitary Authority to inform the Inspector" of Factories "of the proceedings taken" in consequence of neglect or default under section 4 of the Act 62 of 1878 (as regards effluvia from drains, closets, &c., or other nuisances, and whitewashing or cleansing), reported by the Inspector of Factories. Hitherto, Sanitary Authorities have never been required to make a report of this kind. Doubtless, in most cases, they have approved of their Medical Officers or Health giving information freely to the Government Inspectors as to the sanitary improvements carried out in Factories and Workshops. But that they shall be themselves compelled to report their action to an official is, we believe, an entirely new departure in legislation. |
32642241-afc3-4709-be57-b845319b8b7d | Clause 5 fixes the penalty for employment of persons in places injurious to health at a maximum of £20. Under clause 6, a similar penalty is imposed for permitting the making of wearing apparel in a building any inmate of which is suffering from scarlet fever or smallpox. No reference is made in respect of workshops, &c., infected with diseases other than those named, although, as is well known, they are not the only ones the infection of which is communicable by means of clothing. Clause 10 gives power to a court of summary jurisdiction on complaint by the Inspector of Factories to require the occupier of a factory or workshop to provide a sufficiency of moveable fire-escapes for his employes. The Act of 1891 provides for "such means of escape in case of fire . . . . as can be reasonably required" to the satisfaction of the Sanitary Authority (whose duty it is made to see to the execution of that portion of the Act). |
e6bd4391-814d-45bc-bdd2-1401a88712e6 | This provision refers only to factories of over forty workers. It seems reasonable to expect that in any workshop where this number of hands are engaged the same protection should be afforded. This may be secured by amending Section VII. of the Act of 1891 (Provision against Fire) by adding the words "or workshop" after the word "factory," and making the operation of the section retrospective. Laundries.—Under Clause 19, the Factory Acts are applied to public laundries, those in which "steam, water, or other 63 mechanical power" is used being classed as non-textile factories, and the others as workshops. In the former class provision is to be made of fans for regulating temperature and carrying off steam, also for the separation of stoves for heating irons from ironing rooms, and for the good condition and drainage of the flooring. Small laundries worked only by resident members of the same family are exempt from the operation of this section. |
61e9c1fb-dd36-4a70-99a3-3cd075793201 | Bakehouses.—Section 24(1) extends to every bakehouse the previous provision as to bakehouses in the larger towns (of over 5,000 inhabitants). The definition of "retail bakehouse" in the Act of 1883(s.18) is unsatisfactory, inasmuch as it limits the term to the retail shop occupied together with a bakehouse, and consequently precludes its application to other small shops to which it ought properly to apply. A great many bakehouses are owned by persons who sell elsewhere by retail the bread baked in them. If steam power is not used in these they are not "factories" under the Acts. They therefore do not come within the meaning of the Factory Acts at all. It is desirable that this omission should be met. Clause 3 of the same section extends to every bakehouse the operation of the Regulations under the Act of 1883, which dealt only with bakehouses not let or occupied before that year. |
6d84e24c-1552-47a3-9fb5-9281e08201a9 | Dangerous or Unhealthy Trades.—Special Provisions for Health are dealt with in clauses 25—31; but as these clauses appear to be placed within the sphere of the Inspector of Factories rather than of the Sanitary Authority, they will be described later. Under the heading "Miscellaneous Amendments'' the only clause directly concerning Sanitary Authorities is the 33rd, which secures the due provision of closet accommodation, &c., for factories or workshops in places which have not adopted section 22 of the Public Health Acts Amendment Act, 1890. The clauses of the Bill not mentioned in the above account come within the sphere of duty of the Inspector of Factories. 64 Thus under the division of "General Law" (Safety), clauses 2 and 4 provide power to make orders prohibiting the use of dangerous factories or workshops or machines, under a penalty of forty shillings a day during contravention. |
4051613f-e2a3-4366-b659-9d042ad26425 | Clauses 7 and 8 are amendments, and clause 12 is an extension of the Act of 1878 as regards the fencing of machinery, the cleansing of machinery in motion, and penal compensation for death or bodily injury through neglect of fencing. Clause 9 is a regulation for the protection of persons liable to pass near self-acting machinery. Clause 11 provides for the representation of workmen on matters in difference referred to arbitration under the act of 1891. Then lollow clauses 13 and 14 (Employment), prohibiting the overtime employment of young persons and of persons generally on Saturdays, and restricting the overtime of women and young persons and the employment of children, young persons and women inside and outside of a factory or workshop on the same day. Clause 15 relates to Holidays. |
64a1e0c3-f3ac-41bc-9f2d-7646388b96bf | Clauses 16 to 18 (the first of these being an amendment of section 31 of the principal Act) treat of Notice as to Accidents; the watching of Inquests on Accidents by the Factory Inspector or other representative of the Secretary of State; the registration, under penalty, of Accidents; and the granting of power to the Secretary of State to direct formal investigation into Accidents in factories or workshops. Under the Division of "Special Rules and Requirements," clause 20 extends to docks, &c., certain provisions of the Factory Acts relating to the fencing of machinery, notice of register of accidents, and powers of inspectors—as if such dock were a factory, the machinery a manufacturing process, and the occupier the occupier of a factory. Clauses 21 to 23 treat of "Tenement Factories" (i.e., different parts of the same building supplied with mechanical power and sub-let to different persons, all buildings within the same curtilage being treated as one building.) |
d2675bc0-3679-4eb5-b321-19ac9551ecdb | The owner of a tenement factory is made liable instead of the cccupier for (a) the sanitary condition of the 65 premises, (b) the fencing of machinery, (c) the affixing of notices, (d) limewashing of premises of tenants in common, (e) the removal of dust by fans, &c. Certain sections of the Act of 1891 may, and the power to make orders shall, apply as if the owner were the occupier; summonses, &c., to be served on occupiers under the Factory Acts may, under clause 21 of the Bill, be served on owners. The owner is made responsible for the observance of regulations as to grinding (fencing, &c.) under Schedule I of the Bill, where this is carried on, and (with or without the occupier) for other provisions in respect of the protection of the workers against accidents. |
c1798ef1-2819-48a7-82f9-178b27ddfd94 | "A certificate of the fitness of any young person or child for employment in a tenement factory shall be valid for his similar employment in any part of the same factory." Under clauses 25 and 26 (Special Restrictions as to Employment) (Dangerous or Unhealthy Trades) the use of lead and arsenic in tinning or enamelling cooking utensils is prohibited; and by an extension of the Act of 1891 the making of special rules prohibiting or restricting employment in processes certified by the Secretary of State to be dangerous or unhealthy is authorized. The heading Special Provisions for Health (clauses 27 to 31) covers the compulsory notification to the Chief Inspector of Factories by medical practitioners of cases of poisoning in factories and workshops from lead, phosphorus, or arsenic, and of anthrax. Other diseases may be included by the Secretary of State. The fee and penalty for neglect to notify are the same as in the Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act. |
e60a531c-de3b-4757-b76a-5e4b159bfd68 | Written notice of the cases are also to be sent to the Inspector and the factory Surgeon. Provision is to be made for suitable washing conveniences in factories and workshops where poisonous substances, such as those above named, are used. The Cotton Cloth Factories Act, 1889, is made to apply to textile factories with artificially humid atmospheres, with such modification as to maximum limits of humidity as the Secretary of State may direct. The temperature of factories and workshops for the 66 manufacture of wearing apparel is to be kept up to not less than 60 deg. Fahrenheit. Section 36 of the principal Act, which provides for fans for dust-causing processes, is to be extended to processes by which gas, vapour, or other impurity is generated and inhaled by the workers to an injurious extent. |
a99a4ff1-1083-41d2-99bd-78ca74b5bbf5 | The remaining clauses (Miscellaneous Amendments) deal with returns of persons employed, time of employment, overtime in Turkey red dyeing, employment in shifts, particulars respecting the computation of wages in certain cases, notice to Inspector of occupation of workshops, and lists of workers whether in the factory or workshop or outside of it, evidence as to failure to limewash, powers of the Inspector, re-examination of young persons and children by Certifying Surgeons, service of documents on owners, payment of costs by actual offender in lieu of occupier under Section 87 of the principal Act, right of Inspector to prosecute, &c., the application of the Factory Acts to Ireland, interpretations, the repeal of certain sections of the Acts of 1878 and 1891, etc. The amendment of greatest interest and importance to Sanitary Authorities and their officers is perhaps that in clause 47, authorising the Factory Inspector to conduct any proceedings under the Factory Acts before the magistrates. |
0b3c8af9-aa11-4647-a75c-eed2d9c383e6 | This clause goes further than section 1 of the Act of 1891, which gives the Inspector power to prosecute for breach of sanitary provisions in respect of workshops. For such procedure it is proposed that the Inspector need not be a counsel or solicitor. In the section in question and its intended extension we have both a striking example of centralization and a probable cause of friction from duplication of officers under different authorities to do the same duty. The schedules, three in number, specify the protective regulations proposed for adoption in certain factories, scales of fees for Certifying Surgeons, and certain enactments repealed. 67 There can be no doubt that many of these provisions are urgently called for in the interests of the health and well-being of our workers and it is to be hoped that the Committee stage will mould it into a workable measure. |
93a0836f-8230-4e94-854c-4b7f4b335bac | The weakest point in it is the divided authority; indeed so apparent was this that another measure proposed to take the matter out of the hands of the Local Authorities and to vest the whole control of the subject in the Factory Inspectors, it is, however, not probable that the latter view will prevail. Public Health (London) Act, 1891. The procedure of the Sanitary Department is almost entirely based upon the provisions of the Public Health (London) Act, 1891, which consolidated and amended the various Acts under which the Sanitation of London had been previously carried out. It contained also many valuable provisions which had hitherto only been extra Metropolitan and contained in the Public Health Act, 1875, under which provincial Sanitary Authorities had effected great improvement in the Sanitation of their districts. A condensed synopsis of its provisions here will be useful for reference. Sec. |
06ecd5ea-aa83-49e5-80d8-ab74f34da600 | 1 provides for house to house inspection by the Sanitary Authority, for which additional Inspectors with separate and smaller districts have been appointed within the last two years. Sec. 2.—A nuisance must be abated that is dangerous or likely to be dangerous to health. Under the Metropolis Management and other Acts it was neceesary to prove actual injury to health. Sec. 3 provides that information of a nuisance may be made to the Sanitary Authority, who shall serve intimation to parties responsible. Sec. 4.—The most essential difference between the procedure under the Public Health (London) Act, 1891, and the various other preceding Acts, is that formerly if a notice to abate a 68 nuisance from the Sanitary Authority was not complied with, proceedings had to be commenced before a justice and evidence produced to satisfy him that a nuisance injurious to health existed, when, if satisfied that such nuisance existed and was injurious to health an order would be made for the abatement of the same. |
6ec3b227-2ad9-4c38-a785-e25362430910 | If this order was disregarded and the necessary works not executed it was necessary to commence fresh proceedings to recover penalties. The Sanitary Authority under this section itself considers the matter and makes orders, if necessary suing for penalties for non-compliance therewith. Absence of proper water-fittings is constituted a nuisance under section 4, and by Sec. 5 a house may be closed for this reason. The Authority can specify works and insist upon the carrying out of the same under the latter section and now does so in a large proportion of cases. Secs. 5, 6 and 7 contain provisions for orders, penalties and appeals, and enables the Sanitary Authority itself to carry out necessary works in default of responsible owner, &c. Sec. 11 provides for recovery of expenses and costs consequent thereon, and Sec. 13 enables the Authority to take action in the first instance in the higher Courts should it think fit. Under Sec. |
54b97faf-aab3-4329-aa74-5e9a269c1591 | 14 an important proviso is introduced as a Sanitary Authority has power to take proceedings for the abatement of nuisances arising in the district of another authority should the nuisance injuriously affect the inhabitants of their own district. Sec. 15 renders liable to a penalty of £5 any person wilfully injuring or destroying any closet or sanitary apparatus, and will probably be useful in restraining persons from wantonly damaging fittings. Bye-laws are to be made by the Authority for the prevention of nuisances or keeping of animals so as to be a nuisance or injurious to health, and as to paving yards. 69 The London County Council has made Bye-laws under the following sections which are now operative:— Sec. 16-1.—Removal of fœcal matter. „ Removal and disposal of refuse. „ Cleansing and filling up of cesspools and privies. Sec. 39-1.— Water closets and soil pipes. ,, Ashpits. |
3578b3e5-9416-4725-acb1-6644a580a467 | „ Receptacles for dung, cesspools, &c. The Vestry has made Bye-laws under the Act:— Sec. 94.—Houses let in lodgings. „ 39.—Keeping of water closets. ,, 50.—Cleansing of cisterns. „ 16.—Prevention of nuisances. These are in active operation, and can be obtained at the office of the Sanitary Department by any ratepayer desiring a copy. There are other bye-laws which may be made by the Sanitary Authority, and which are now under consideration. They are:— Sec. 66. Removal to hospital of infected persons. This is now effected under the provisions of the various acts and regulations of the Metropolitan Asylums Board. Sec. 88. Bye-laws for the Mortuary. Regulations are in existence for the control of the Mortuary-keeper under which the Mortuary has hitherto been regulated. Sec. |
564c62eb-e0e1-4c0d-a591-eb35da86f817 | 95. Tents and vans. Bye-laws were made by the District Board some years since, which have been acted on until the present time. By Secs. 23 and 24 the control of smoke nuisances other than in private dwellings is placed under the Sanitary Authority 70 instead of the Police, and will probably considerably increase the work of the Sanitary Department in the near future. Work-shops, Work-places and Factories are also placed under the supervision of the Sanitary Authority with certain duties as to giving notice to the Factory Inspector when children, young persons, or women are employed. It is also the duty of the Authority to see that proper and separate accommodation is provided for each sex. Sec. 47 provides that a medical officer of health or sanitary inspector shall examine all articles intended for the food of man if unsound, and shall sieze the same and obtain an order from a Justice for its destruction. |
d7546b30-cdb8-4085-ad53-72a1ab2600ea | The fine is raised to a maximum of £50 for every animal or parcel of food condemned, and should a person be so convicted twice in twelve months the Court may order a notice of the facts to be affixed to his premises for a period not exceeding twenty-one days. Should a person find himself in the possession of unsound food he himself may give notice to the Vestry, who must remove the same as trade refuse and this procedure would seem to relieve him of the penalties mentioned. Sec. 48 contains the important provision that a newlyerected dwelling-house must not be occupied until a certificate has been obtained of the Sanitary Authority to the effect that a proper and sufficient supply of water exists. This section seems to be now more generally understood and imposes much work on the Sanitary Department. The following sections 49,50,51,52, 53 and 54, apply inter alia to water supply generally. Secs. |
7916cd9a-f764-45d0-a5a5-49bfb4a94c98 | 55, 56 and 57 re-enact, as elsewhere stated, the provisions of the Infectious Disease (Notification) Act. Secs. 59, 60 and 61 require the authority to make provisions for the disinfection of clothing, &c., which provision has been duly made by the Vestry. The subsequent sections provide 71 that infectious refuse shall not be treated so as to be dangerous to the public health, and prescribes penalties on persons letting houses or apartments in which infectious disease has occurred without having the same properly disinfected and obtaining a certificate thereof, which certificate is given to applicants free of charge on application to the Sanitary Department. Other important provisions for the prevention of the spread of infectious disease follow in subsequent sections; but they have long been in operation in this parish. Provision is made for Mortuaries and post-mortem examinations, such has existed in Battersea for many years. |
9e848843-2cdb-4210-8fc2-9d8b1481a535 | In fact, it may be said generally that the methods of Sanitary procedure which may have gradually evolved in this parish during the last twenty years, have been adopted by the framers of the Act as its basis. Customs This Act, which is simply an extension of the and Inland Revenue provisions of the Customs and Inland Revenue Act, Acts, 1891. 1890, exempting houses structurally fitted in the opinion of the Medical Officer of Health for occupation as separate tenements at an annual rental not exceeding £20 from the liability to house duty. The 1891 Act raises the amount to £40 annual rental. These Acts have added much to the duties of the Medical Officer, as personal inspection is imperative and certain forms of certificate have to be sent by him to the Surveyor of Taxes. |
7106dd55-37f8-4e0f-b28e-5512f3fa21c4 | Some hundreds of tenements have been inspected and certified since the Act came into force in January, 1891, and many flats are now being built and converted in the parish in order to obtain exemption or abatement of the house duty. Table XIV is a Return of sickness and causes of death among the Parish poor during the year 1894 under the treatment of the District Medical Officers, compiled from the Medical Relief books. 72 TABLE XIV. ZYMOTIC OR EPIDEMIC DISEASES. Grand Totals of Cases and Deaths from all Diseases. Battersea. Poor Law Medical Districts. Small-Pox. Measles. Scarlatina. Diphtheria. Whooping Cough. Enteric & other Fevers. Erysipelas. Puerperal Fever or Metria Diarrhoea, Dysentery, or Cholera. J nfluenza. Other Zymotic Diseases. Total. No. |
4c2042b6-864c-4d2d-a6ae-7ef74cfa504d | 1 7 9 4 4 - 2 - 31 37 5 100 Cases No. 2 - 103 9 18 17 2 13 _ 49 28 4 243 No. 3 — 54 14 5 6 — 10 1 27 3 2 122 Whole Parish — 164 32 27 27 2 25 2 107 68 11 465 No. 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 2 Deaths No, 2 1 1 1 - - - 3 No. 3 — 3 — — — — 1 - 1 — — 5 Whole Parish — 4 - — 1 1 1 - 2 1 — 10 OTHER DISEASES. Battersea. Poor Law Medical Districts. Diseases of the Tubercular Class. |
befe0644-b1af-463c-b97a-a8c5e18a9458 | Of Brain, Nerves, &c. Of Heart. Of Respiratory Organs. Of Digestive Organs. Of Kidneys. Premature Birth, Low Vitality, Malformation,&c. Age. Violence. All other Diseases. Total. No. 1 48 59 18 397 41 7 1 201 49 1005 1,,826 1, 926 Cases No. 2 110 64 98 480 116 1 - 249 51 197? 2,371 2, 614 No. 3 30 37 5 242 39 1 9 5 134 42 778 1,313 1,435 Whole Parish 188 160 51 1119 196 6 584 142 3055 5,510 5,975 No. |
0507dd53-4d30-4113-9f2e-cdbbaba6fa65 | 1 1 2 1 1 2 6 13 15 Deaths No. 2 3 1 3 10 1 1 - 1 4 24 27 No. 3 3 2 1 4 - - 4 2 1 4 21 26 Whole Parish 7 3 4 16 2 1 5 4 2 14 58 68 73 The proportion of deaths to cases treated is 1•2 per cent., which is very small and perhaps due to a certain extent to the fact that the most severe cases are removed to the Union Infirmary where one hundred and fifty-three Battersea parishioners died during 1894, addition to eight in the Workhouse as shewn on pages 4 and 5. TABLE XV. Supplemental Return, 1895.] VACCINATION. Registration Sub-District. |
0e2ce533-39ec-46d9-9b6a-ef1b49764458 | Number of Births returned in the Birth List Sheets—1893. Nos. of those births duly entered by the 31st January, 1894, in Cols 10, 11, and 13, of the Vaccination Register, (Birth List Sheets), viz:— No. of Births which on the 31st Jan. 1895, remained unentered in the Vaccination Register on account. Number of those Births remaining on 31st January neither duly entered in Vaccination Register (Col. 3, 4, 5, and 6 of this Return) nor accounted in the Report Bk. Col. 10, successfully vaccinated. Col. Insusceptible of vaccination. Had small-pox. Col. 13, Dead unvaccinated. Postponement by Medical Certificate. Removed to Districts their vaccination officers of which have been apprised. Removed to places unknown. |
3382934f-9003-4b1f-90dd-80a5c1386435 | (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) East Battkersea 2839 2187 25 ... 313 ... 58 32 209 15 West Battersea 2399 1847 11 ... 270 ... 46 33 187 5 Totals 5238 4034 36 ... 583 ... 104 65 396 20 This is the return made by the Vaccination Officer yearly to the Guardians and under the various headings. All the information necessary can be readily found therein. 74 Summary The great amount of work done by the Sanitary ofSanitary Operations staff is shewn in Table XVI. The work done was of during 1894 a very thorough character and reflects great credit on the Chief and District Sanitary Inspectors. |
c3f8cad1-c9b1-4780-86f3-a16f47393710 | The house to house inspections, the means by which most sanitary defects are detected were up to the average number and would if other duties did not make more urgent calls upon the staff, enable them to inspect every house in the parish during the year, a result which it has been aimed at for some years. The great number of complaints received from the public, intimations of the existence of infectious disease, with removal to hospital in many cases and inspection and disinfection in all, together with the more systematic testing and reorganisation of defective drains and other urgent matters render the inspectors unable to give more than a comparatively small portion of their time to this important work. Some premises require and obtain several inspections during the year from the constantly recurring defects found therein. |
cf0bcad4-579b-4049-9a5a-a00908bacf1d | It will be seen that the total number of houses inspected is almost as great as in former years, the difference being that such inspections formerly were in the majority of cases from house to house, when of course a much larger number can be inspected than when from the prevalence of infectious disease or other causes each sanitary inspector has to traverse the whole area of his district daily. On the opposite Table is given in detail the sanitary operations for the years 1888 to 1894. 75 TABLE XVI. SUMMARY OF SANITARY OPERATIONS, 1894, IN THE WHOLE PARISH. |
84b7e6e4-9067-4fd0-b623-e3313a140a7f | 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 Total Sanitary operations ... ... ... ... 38,779 54,577 53,791 Number of House Inspections 25,115 25,386 25,100 23,213 23,587 25,091 24,747 Bakehouses Inspections ... ... ... ... 215 296 313 Bakehouses Nuisances abated ... ... ... ... 18 19 Urinals—Inspections ... 7 ... 46 251 260 318 Do. altered, repaired, or water laid on 11 ... ... ... ... 120 119 Intimations Served, 54 & 55 Vic. cap. 76 (Sec. 3) 1,994 3,083 2,564 2,774 3,691 4,420 4,289 Notices Served under Sec. |
f234621f-ed12-4c55-8571-378a4bdf4c29 | 4 324 298 323 119 921 1,211 1,076 Notices Served under Sec. 62 and 65 . . . . 1,588 2,572 1,605 Complaints Received and attended to . . . . 4,089 3,253 Number of Houses Disinfected 361 227 594 940 1,227 2,069 1,449 Houses Supplied with Disinfectants Overcrowding Abated 2.338 1,011 2,354 2.423 3,026 5,275 3,175 20 35 30 20 34 38 56 Premises Cleansed and Repaired 265 210 188 174 189 280 328 Drains Tested By Smoke . . . . 700 1,491 1,272 , Water . . . . 178 491 794 Drains Cleansed and Repaired 820 1,061 1, |
f0697ce7-92ab-470a-8d34-f3e50ef0c9da | 493 1,048 1,107 1,564 1,106 Drains Relaid . . 220 917 742 Soil Pipes ventilated . . . . . . 135 Sink & Rain Water Pipes disconnected 1,021 2,017 1,764 972 1,360 562 1,012 Water Closets Cleansed and Repaired 91 179 113 246 237 314 426 Cesspools Abolished 17 4 . . 1 4 6 Mews and Stables Drained and Paved 25 7 . 26 86 30 11 Yards Drained and Paved 7 272 344 139 161 253 938 Accumulations of Manure Removed or proper receptacles provided 24 33 58 43 41 70 56 Dust Receptacles Provided 329 554 517 452 738 772 1,221 Dust Complaints forwarded to the Surveyor . . . . |
e1cbc3ec-df69-42f8-a78d-8f46623e4a53 | . 271 214 Leaky House-roofs and Gutters Repaired 72 164 198 198 185 84 240 Houses Supplied with Water 28 15 40 138 151 130 93 Water Closets Supplied with Water, or supply disconnected from drinking water cistern 920 1.749 884 1,106 860 731 1,113 Cisterns Covered, Cleansed and Repaired 402 452 299 308 409 469 624 Keeping of Animals in unfit state . . 5 2 5 l6 11 Smoke Nuisances dealt with . . . . 10 26 21 Certificates of Disinfection Granted . . . . 1,044 1.659 1,551 Water Supply Certificate Granted (Sec. |
a4745602-3188-4c36-8f51-9da60b14295f | 48) ... ... ... ... 16 118 141 Proceedings Ordered by Vestry and Sanitary Committee 97 374 413 345 444 1,211 1,100 Summonses Issued 23 36 29 12 '4 73 52 Magisterial Orders Obtained and Enforced 23 36 29 12 •4 70 42 Sanitary Conveniences provided to Factories and Workshop , Sec. 38 ... ... ... ... 4 8 19 76 As the result of the inspections made by the Sanitary staff 4,289 intimations under Sec. 3 of the Public Health Act (London) 1891 were served for the purpose of warning those liable of the existence of Sanitary defects. Under Sec. 4 1,076 notices were served under order of the Sanitary Committee as well as 1,608 under Secs. 62 and 65. Three thousand two hundred and fifty-three complaints were received and attended to. |
1b61a3ef-7156-4750-abaf-5e2fa2191346 | The other sanitary operations will be found in the table. As the result of neglect to comply with notices proceedings were ordered to be taken by the Sanitary Committee in eleven hundred instances. The actual number of summonses issued were fifty-two, magisterial orders were obtained and enforced in forty-two of these cases. Of the fifty-two Summonses issued twenty-five were under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, twenty-six under the Public Health Act and one under the Corrupt Practices Act. The ten cases in which Magisterial orders were not obtained are as follows:— SALE OF FOOD & DRUGS ACT. 1 case Warranty proved (Milk). 1 ,, Summons withdrawn (Milk) conviction being obtained against proprietor. 1 „ Dismissed (Olive Oil) not shown to have been purchased as an article of food. 1 ,, Dismissed (Olive Oil) want of corroborative evidence. 3 cases Milk. |
0ac2bc23-d63a-42e7-a404-79ecc00194b4 | Summons not issued, defendants having removed from the locality, and their present address being unknown to the police officers. PUBLIC HEALTH (LONDON) ACT, 1891. 1 case Summons adjourned sine die, defendant in liquidation. 1 „ Soil Pipe, open head, nuisance not proved. CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT. 1 case Dismissed. It being the Magistrate's opinion that the defendant had no intention to bribe the Inspector by offering him 5/-. 77 Public The attention of the Sanitary Committee was Schools and their directed early in the year to the alleged insanitary condition. condition of many of the public elementary schools in the parish, more especially where zymotic diseases had been reported to be unusually prevalent in the houses and families of children attending such schools. A general inspection of these schools was ordered and the results of such inspection of some of the largest elementary schools are here given. |
96498226-5e22-4536-8782-030c4357c6a3 | In January the Chief Sanitary Inspector upon instructions submitted a report relative to flooding of the drains of Gideon Road Board School, owing to surcharge of Heathwall sewer, which passes through the grounds of this school. He subsequently reported upon the same matter upon the occurrence of several cases of scarlet fever in children attending this school and found that the offensive smells experienced from the drains during heavy rains were due to the fact that the pressure of sewer gas was so great as to force the water seals of the traps in connection with the sanitary appliances. The necessary works were executed to prevent repetition of the nuisance. The Holden Street Board School was also specially reported upon in January as being in a bad sanitary condition, the attention of the School Board for London was drawn to the fact and the drains and sanitary fittings have since been entirely reconstructed upon plans approved by the Sanitary Committee. The St. John's Training College, Vicarage Road.—These drains were found to be in a most defective and insanitary condition. |
26c8d672-c395-49fa-a318-81263bf5cdf3 | The Governors of the College have reconstructed the entire system, except the latrines, these they have decided to do a little later on. The drains and sanitary conveniences at the Grammar School, St. John's Hill, were found upon inspection to be in a 78 very bad condition. The attention of the Governors was directed to the matter, the result being entire reconstruction of soil drains and new w.c.'s and urinals provided. factories A very general inspection of the Factories and and Work- . shops. Workshops in the parish has been made during the year. Special inspections were made by the Chief Sanitary Inspector in addition to the ordinary inspections and the following reported upon and the necessary works ordered to be done. At Prices' Factory, York Road, inspection shewed that the sanitary offices were in a cleanly and efficient condition with the exception of a few minor defects which were subsequently remedied. |
0f5ccd67-4333-43ae-8e0e-78f2fa587096 | The London Chatham and Dover Railway Works, Queen's Road were inspected and reported to the Sanitary Committee in May as to the defective and insanitary condition of the w.c.'s, &c. The Company subsequently reconstructed the arrangements and buildings thereby providing good and sufficient conveniences for the employes, some 650 in number. The London County Council drew the Vestry's attention to the want of proper water closet accommodation at the Dust Yard and Coal Depots of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway Company at Wandsworth Common Goods Yard. A Sub-Committee of the Sanitary Committee and the Chief Inspector visited the wharf with the result that new drains were provided into Chivalry Road sewer and proper w.c. accommodation for the workmen, the old cesspool and privy arrangement to the cottage were abolished, and an earth-closet substituted at some distance from the cottage. |
ca3b54da-c73e-4c8f-a3f2-e9e03a2ab40a | In accordance with the Sanitary Committee's instructions the sanitary conveniences for the workmen at the Dust Depot were inspected and found to be in an unsatisfactory condition, they have since been re-constructed upon improved principles. 79 At 40a, Northcote Road, the London County Council drew attention to inadequate w.c. accommodation at this yard which is used as Stabling and Carpenter's Shops. It was found that about 20 men were engaged here for whom one w.c. was provided. This, however, being defective, notice was served upon the owner and the w.c. re-constructed. The sorting and sifting of house refuse being carried on at Hudson's Dust Yard (Wandsworth Common Goods Yard, London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Company), was reported upon on several occasions. The Sanitary Committee directed that Mr. |
5240a37b-2495-452c-8914-4d883d3a8994 | Hudson's attention should be called to the fact that he was liable to heavy penalties for carrying on the sorting and sifting, and that unless it was discontinued the Vestry would have no alternative but to press for penalties. Since this communication was sent no recurrence of the nuisance has been detected. Effluvium Complaints were made of nuisance from Beaufoy's Nuisances. works where the manufacture is chiefly Acetic Acid and Glaubers Salts, the processes being by distillation of the Acetic Acid from Oil ot Vitriol and Acetate of Soda, also from Muriatic Acid and Acetate of Lime. Most of the stills were found to be steam jacketed from which very little effuvium is given off. One still was not steam jacketed this had been seldom used but would appear to have been the cause of complaint. The use of this still has now been discontinued and the tanks of Acetic Acid covered, since which no nuisance has been detected. |
9fff1f67-3f70-44c3-933d-3754b638f1a7 | The sanitary conveniences of these Works were also inspected at the same time and found defective, and as a consequence the same have been re-constructed. At the following premises, as the result of inspection, great improvement has been effected in the provision of proper and separate sanitary conveniences for the different sexes employed, and also in the cleanliness of the buildings, &c., which are now in good sanitary condition:— 80 Auborn & Heavyside, Manufacturing Confectioners, Falcon Terrace. Draper's Wood Chopping Yard Shops, Este Road. Woolf & Sons, Pencil Factory, York Road. Garton Hill & Co., Saccharine Works, York Road. The Midland Railway Co's. Goods Yard, Wandsworth Road Station. The Projectile Works, New Road. The London Steam Stone Saw Mills, Stewart's Road. Messrs. Sears, Stone Works, 26, Stewart's Road. Messrs. |
5f7f4065-0e02-4036-a7ad-b60ed5c21cf5 | Featherstonhaugh, Brewery, Battersea Park Road. In many of these premises the sanitary conveniences were entirely re-constructed. Complaints were made respecting effluvium nuisances from factories in the York Road, in July. The factories were kept under constant observation by day and night but no nuisance was discovered. Common Lodging House, 142 & 144, High Street. Upon the premises being visited insufficient water closet accommodation for the lodgers was found to exist, the registered number of the latter being 50, in addition to which the premises in question were occupied for business purposes. The Sanitary Committee in February, directed notices to be served for the provision of extra sanitary conveniences, the consequence being the premises have been closed for the purpose of a common lodging house, a very beneficial result. Public House Urinals. |
ad670def-337e-4b31-b3db-d8f2410d51f5 | The Chief Sanitary Inspector reports to the Sanitary Committee in January of each year, as to the condition and sufficiency of the urinal accommodation at every public-house in the parish. These were inspected as usual, there being some 159 attached to licensed premises throughout the parish, by a 81 Sub-Committee of the Sanitary Committee and the Chief Sanitary Inspector, who subsequently reported to the Sanitary Committee the result of their inspection, and recommended that in no less than 119 cases did they consider it necessary to make improvement in the existing accommodation. The Sanitary Committee therefore directed the necessary notices to be served, and that in the event of the same not being complied with, the Vestry decided to bring the matter before the Licensing Justices and oppose the renewal of the licenses upon the ground that the Licensee had failed to comply with the Vestry's requirements. These notices were all complied with, with but eight exceptions. |
1f02ae77-db40-46fe-b9eb-46bb0f9c066b | The Chief Inspector therefore attended before the Licensing Justices on the 28th February, 1894, in respect to the following premises, and stated the ground of the Vestry's opposition:— 1. Black Swan, York Road. No accommodation. 2. Britannia Arms, Plough Want of water supply to Road. urinal. 3. General Havelock, Batter- Insufficient accommodation sea Park Road. and not accessible from all the bars of the house. 4. The Northcote Hotel,North- Urinal required to be pro- cote Road. perly screened off. 5. The Original Woodman, No water supply to urinal. High Street. 6. The Collingwood, Plough Insufficient water supply Road. and dirty condition. 7. The Unity, York Road. Insufficient urinal modation. 8. Nine Elms Tavern, Nine Ditto. Elms Lane. |
0ad9b85e-f19f-4e49-8fad-62d6d6a7899e | The Bench after hearing the evidence decided to adjourn cases 1, 4, and 5, for the purpose of viewing the premises. In case No. 2, Licensee not appearing, he case was adjourned until 30th March, 1894. In case No. 3, Counsel appeared for the Licensee, and pointed out that this house was licensed prior to 1866. The 82 Chairman of the Licensing Justices stated under such circumstances the Bench had not the same control over the house as they had over those licensed since that date, they therefore renewed the license. In No. 6 case there was an application to transfer the license, Counsel appearing for the new Licensee gave an undertaking to the Bench to carry out the Vestry's requirements. In No. 7 case Counsel appeared for Licensee and pleaded there was sufficient accommodation. The Bench renewed the license having expressed themselves satisfied with the accommodation already provided. In No. |
185cf454-5a6d-4d5c-b64e-250c59bf4dc3 | 8 case Counsel appeared for Licensee, and drew the attention of the Bench to the fact that some two years previously the Vestry had called upon the then Licensee to make certain alterations to the sanitary conveniences, at which time the Vestry's requirements were satisfactorily carried out, and moreover, that good public urinal accommodation existed immediately opposite the premises in question. The Bench therefore decided to renew the license. On the 30th March, 1894, the adjourned sessions of the Licensing Justices was attended with respect to cases Nos. 1,2, 4,5 and 6. In cases Nos. 2 and 6 the opposition of the Vestry was withdrawn as the necessary works had been carried out. With reference to case No. 1 the Justices expressed the opinion that the house ought never to have been licensed, but they considered that to construct an urinal upon the premises would create a nuisance, they therefore decided to renew the license. With respect to No. |
ee8a37b8-cabe-44fc-932a-474f58184e41 | 4 they decided to renew the license, being of opinion that sufficient urinal accommodation existed for the use of the customers of the house. 83 With regard to No. 5, the Bench renewed the license subject to the Vestry's requirements to provide water supply to the urinal being complied with. The Bench expressed themselves anxious to afford every assistance to the Vestry in enforcing reasonable urinal accommodation, but at the same time did not see how to withhold the licenses in respect to premises where alterations had been previously carried out to the Vestry's satisfaction and further pointed out that a Licensed Victualler is not governed by the same laws as the keeper of a Wayside Inn. Fish Curing. Improvements have been effected in several of the fishmongers premises who carry on the smoking of fish. In one instance the smoking of fish was carried on in an undrained and unpaved stable, notice was served and the practice discontinued. |
3bf7a93e-4403-425d-b25f-68c80355d80f | Legislation is, however, desirable to restrict the manufacture, storing and preparation of food for human consumption to premises properly constructed for the purpose. Water Supply Certificates, Sec. 48. One hundred and forty-one Certificates of Water Supply for new houses have been issued during the year. In spite of the warning printed on the building notices obtained by builders from the Vestry, many permit houses to be occupied before obtaining such certificate. The owner of nine houses in Fontarabia Road for allowing certain houses to be occupied without first obtaining a certificate as to the water supply was fined £10 and 2/- costs, and in eight other cases the summonses were withdrawn on payment of 2/- costs respectively. Another person permitting Overstrand Mansions, Battersea Park, to be occupied without such certificate of water supply was also fined 40/- and costs in one case and 20/- and costs on two other summonses taken out. |
7fb24610-787a-4bbd-b754-fc5e8773bf8e | 84 Bakehouses were regularly inspected and improvements are gradually being made with regard to ventilation, cleanliness, &c. Several persons were cautioned during the year against conveying offensive matter through the streets of the Parish during the hours prohibited by the Bye-laws of the London County Council under Section 16 (2) of the Public Health (London) Act with good effect. Well Water. A private dwelling-house at 20, St. John's Hill, for which water for drinking purposes was derived from a well at the rear of the premises was inspected and a sample taken, the same upon analysis was found to be unfit for the purpose, notice was served and a supply from the Water Company's mains provided. Long's Yard, Stewart's Road. This yard has been the subject of complaint and consideration by the Sanitary Committee upon several occasions a Mr. |
f2fe860d-3c24-449a-8c28-e55ca4d29027 | Hiller using it for the purpose of temporarily depositing road slop, manure, &c. A Contractor of the London County Council was also discovered depositing sewage sludge upon these premises, and the attention of the Council and the Lambeth Vestry has twice been directed to the fact that road slop and sweepings from the latter parish are deposited there. The condition of the premises has greatly improved and the Byelaws of the London County Council under section 16 (2) Public Health (London) Act fairly complied with in so far that the matter is generally removed within 24 hours of its deposit. Quarterly Samples of Water were taken regularly and submitted to the Public Analyst in accordance with the Standing Orders. |
69260c02-ff63-492d-bb3d-cbcdbdc8bf62 | On Sunday, nth February, a quantity of veal and mutton was exposed for sale upon a stall in Battersea Park Road belonging to C. L., 6, Beaufort Mews, North End, 85 Fulham, the meat being unfit for human food and probably derived from animals slaughtered whilst in a dying condition. It was taken before the Magistrate on the following morning and he gave an order to destroy the same. The Sanitary Committee directed proceedings to be taken, the Magistrate at the hearing of the case inflicted a nominal penalty of £5 and 6/costs. G. C., of 26, Atherton Street, was detected selling cheese unfit for human consumption, the Magistrate condemned the cheese and ordered its destruction. The Sanitary Committee directed proceedings to be taken. Defendant was ordered to pay the costs of the summons, viz., 2/- only, the Magistrate observing there was a degree of decomposition allowable in cheese. |
8eb50beb-82d5-4ec4-bb1a-dcfe18013a4a | In this case the cheese was as rotten as it possibly could be and could be smelt some 200 yards away. The price it was being sold at was 2d. and 2½d. per lb. He afterwards brought a large quantity to the office to be condemned, similar to that seized and acknowledged that it had been frequently flooded with Thames water in the cellars of an wholesale house in the city, which accounted for its highly decomposed condition. It was all conveyed to the Destructor and there cremated. The following articles of food were condemned and destroyed as being unfit for human consumption by decomposition at various times during the year:— Haddocks 4 cwts. Kippers 8 boxes. Herrings 12 cwts. Mackerel 10 „ Ling 4 „ Mixed Fish 1 ½ „ Sprats 3 bushels. Cockles 19 lbs. Mussels 2½ bushels. Rabbits 58. |
76be41b5-390a-4add-ad5d-f210e1ec2b20 | Cheese 5½ cwts. Tomatoes 32 boxes. Cherries 5½ cwts. 86 I have before expressed approval of the manner in which the Sanitary Staff have carried out their duties during the year, the Chief Sanitary Inspector, Mr. Isaac Young, by his zeal and energy, keeping the work up to the high standard which has always characterised the department. The District Inspectors have, as was reported last year, got through their numerous and sometimes disagreeable duties with great efficiency and with creditable regard for the feelings of those amongst whom it is their duty to act. The Vestry Clerk, Mr. Wilkins, has upon every occasion given me all the assistance possible, assistance which from his great experience, I have found invaluable, and for which I beg to tender my sincere thanks as well as to my colleagues, Mr. J. T. Pilditch, the Surveyor; Mr. C. E. Cassal, the Public Analyst; Mr. |
7af15dfa-6310-4564-ae6b-17b8a849f602 | W. W. Young, the Solicitor; and the whole staff of the Vestry. The support which has always been extended to me by the Sanitary Committee and the whole of the members of the Vestry I hope to still obtain, as such support can alone render a Medical Officer able to carry out his responsible duties in so large and important a Parish as Battersea, and place him in a position to be able to present a report upon the public health of so favourable a character as that given above. W. H. KEMPSTER, M.D., Medical Officer of Health for Battersea. |
541c585e-3965-4b0c-9671-c3958be5c4aa | With the Compliments of the Medical Officers of Health. BAT 3 London 1895 The Vestry of the Paris of St. Mary, Battersea.. B.P. REPORT UPON THE PUBLIC HEALTH & SANITARY CONDITION OF The Parish of St. Mary, Battersea, DURING THE YEAR 1895, BY W. H. KEMPSTER M.D., MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH. Treasurer of the Incorporated Society of Medical Officers of Health and Vice-President of the Metropolitan Branch. Fellow and Member of Council of the British Institute of Public Health. Fellow of the Obstetrical Society. Member of the Society of Arts and the Sanitary Institute. 1896. BAT 3 The Vestry of the Parish of St. Mary, Battersea. REPORT UPON THE PUBLIC HEALTH & SANITARY CONDITION OF The Parish of St. |
fb25aba5-84d4-44ce-8a8f-2a2a1cc90e35 | Mary, Battersea, DURING THE YEAR 1895, BY W. H. KEMPSTER, M.D., MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH. Treasurer of the Incorporated Society of Medical Officers of Health and Vice-President of the Metropolitan Branch. Fellow and Member of Council of the British Institute of Public Health. Fellow of the Obstetrical Society. Member of the Society of Arts and the Sanitary Institute. 1896. The Vestry of the Parish of St. Mary, Battersea. Chart indicating number of Births and Deaths registered weekly as occurring within the Parish during the year 1895 To the Vestry of the Parish of St. Mary, Battersea. Gentlemen, The following report for the year 1895 on the Public Health and Sanitary condition of the inhabitants of this populous and important parish shews a continued favourable state of the public health, which will afford satisfaction to those charged with the care of the health and lives of the residents therein. |
7f264597-47bc-475e-9ef4-d22ceba3cece | The birth, death and other rates are estimated on the assumption that the same rate of increase of population has gone on, as occurred during the ten years of the decade 1881-91. The census of March 29th, 1896, will probably shew some disturbance of that rate, but the excess or diminution thereof will but disturb the rates to a fractional extent. The mean population of the year 1894, for this parish, was 164,494. To this must be added the annual increase of population which has hitherto been found to exist, and for this purpose the known rate of increase between the two last census enumerations is employed. This increase was at the average rate of 4,319 persons each year, so that if this number be added to the population for 1894, an estimated mean population of 168,813 will be deduced for 1895. On this population the following calculations are based. |
74f47702-f601-4dc6-926d-db110ef67083 | As a preliminary it will be desirable to mention a few facts relating to the Metropolis at large during 1895, as a basis of comparison. 4 The estimated mean population of the Metropolis, arrived at in a similar manner to that described above, as employed for this parish, was 4,392,346 for the year 1895. The births registered in London during 1894, as given by the Registrar General in his weekly returns, numbered 133,715, and calculated on the estimated mean population the birth rate would be equal to 30.5 per thousand per annum. The following pages will show that the birth rate for Battersea during 1895, was 31.1 per thousand, against 30.5 per thousand for London. The total number of deaths recorded in all London during 1895, was 86,937 which, calculated upon the same population, would give 19.8 per thousand per annum as the death rate for the Metropolis during 1895. |
110673ae-3672-40b5-8f6d-6f25ce03cf56 | The Battersea death rate was 17.1 per thousand, including all persons dying in the parish, whether belonging thereto or not, the death rate for London was therefore 37 per thousand higher than that of Battersea. Subsequent corrections, by eliminating non-parishioners dying in the parish and adding parishioners dying elsewhere, will reduce this difference to 2.3 per thousand in favour of Battersea. The two thousand nine hundred and one persons, including non-parishioners, who died in the parish during 1895, would give a gross death rate of 17.1 per thousand per annum, viz.:- East Battersea 1,115 West Battersea (excluding public institutions) 1,305 Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary- (a) Parishioners 232 . 460 (b) Non-Parishioners 228 Bolingbroke Hospital- (a) Parishioners 7) . |
3a8771a8-ea0d-4ffe-a2dc-49aef863f252 | 17 (b) Non-Parishioners 10 Carried forward 2,897 5 Brought forward 2,897 Westminster Schools- (a) Parishioners - (6) Non-Parishioners 2 . 2 Southlands College— (a) Parishioners 1 . 1 (6) Non-Parishioners - Broomwood College— (a) Parishioners 1 . 1 (b) Non-Parishioners - Total . 2,901 being four hundred and ninety-seven more than in 1894, that being a year of unusually low mortality and 1895 including a very cold and prolonged winter and spring, causing an increased mortality during the earlier months of the year as shewn in Table II. |
2a90ebdd-a8e2-4beb-bcb2-da3cbcd6df67 | Deaths occurring within the parish, of persons not belonging thereto: In the Union Infirmary 228 In the Bolingbroke Hospital 10 In the Westminster Schools 2 Elsewhere 7 Total 247 Two hundred and four was the number of non-parishioners registered as dying in the parish during 1894. In order, however, to arrive at a corrected death rate, it is necessary to eliminate the two hundred and forty-seven persons, shewn in the above table as not belonging to the parish who died therein, and to include the deaths of the three hundred and seven parishioners who died in the various public institutions of the Metropolis and elsewhere, by which method a total corrected mortality of two thousand nine hundred and sixty one would be arrived at; equal to a death rate of 17.5 per thousand per annum. |
b099b6aa-2bb7-4cd0-b359-6fc22e183832 | This may be contrasted with the Metropolitan death rate of 19.8 per thousand during the year 1895, the deaths which took place within the boundaries of the 6 parish, including all non-parishioners dying in the Union Infirmary and elsewhere, are shewn in Table A. of mortality, and may be thus summarised. Deaths occurring outside the parish, of persons belonging thereto: Union Workhouse, Wandsworth 2 General and Special Hospitals 208 Metropolitan Asylums Board Hospitals 50 County and other Lunatic Asylums 38 Elsewhere (including River Thames) 9 Total 307 Three hundred and forty-two was the number of Battersea parishioners dying elsewhere during the preceding year, 1894. Since writing the above a fresh enumeration of the inhabitants of the Metropolis has been made for purely fiscal purposes. |
dfea3bc4-4260-4b71-b4d4-a7e2c06ea4f5 | It shows that the population of Battersea on the night of March 29-30, 1896, amounted to 165,115, about three thousand less than the estimated population. This small difference of numbers in so large a population does not affect any of the rates given in this report, the only alteration would be in the second or third places of decimals which are not given. Table A. This table is compiled in all sanitary districts under the express direction of the Local Government Board, for the purpose of securing uniformity of tabulation in all parts of the country, of the important particulars contained therein. It is at the same time expressly stated that the Medical Officer of Health of any district is at liberty, in addition, to continue to use any other form of tabulation which, in his opinion, illustrates more fully the sanitary condition of the district for which he acts. |
2dff2ade-4ce7-4de2-9502-6f31aca6e3f2 | For purposes of comparison with the vital statistics of the past forty years, since the year 1856, other tables which have been employed in this parish are also given herewith, and will be found denoted by numbers, those of the Local Government Board being denoted by the letters A. and B. Table A of Deaths during the Year 1895 in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Battersea, classified according to Diseases, Ages and localities. Names of localities adopted for the purpose of these Statistics, Public Institutions being shewn as separate localities. [a] Mortality from all causes, at subjoined Ages. [1] Mortality from subjoined causes distinguishing Deaths of Children under 5 Years. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 fevers. At all ages [b] Under 1 year. |
99889ad0-dd23-4361-9f14-742b69589f94 | [c] 1 and under 5 [d] 5 and under 15 [e] 15 and under 25 [f] 25 and under 65 [g] 65 and up wards [h] Small Pox. Scarlatina. Diphtheria. Membraneous Croup. Cholera. Erysipelas. Measles. Whooping Cough. Diarrhcea and Dysentery. Rheumatic Fever. Phthisis. Bronchitis, Pneu| tnonis & Pleurisy. Heart Disease. Influenza. Injuries. All other Diseases. Total. Typhus. Enteric or Typhoid. Continued. | Relapsing. Puerperal. |
efe47584-b312-45cd-b044-a375892cfd5c | | East Battersea 1115 418 238 33 29 265 132 Under 5 2 14 12 62 20 70 6 119 4 6 21 320 656 5 upwards 2 1 3 6 2 1 6 1 6 3 6 83 62 28 20 157 459 West Battersa (excluding Public Institutions) 1305 465 172 35 46 367 220 Under 5 4 15 5 27 30 59 3 144 3 5 22 320 637 5 upwards 2 10 9 2 3 2 1 5 10 77 170 71 53 18 255 668 Wandsworth & Clapham Union Infirmary St. |
ef054bba-a575-4c2e-8d18-7440e18014cb | John's Hill 460 24 15 5 31 213 172 Under 5 2 9 12 16 39 5 upwards 2 2 1 4 65 95 73 9 13 157 421 Bolingbroke Hospital, Bolingbroke Grove 17 .. .. 2 2 10 3 Under 5 5 upwards 1 8 8 17 Westminster Union School, St. |
eff2edc4-3c2f-47a6-8497-05d97d887004 | James' Road 2 .. ... .. 1 1 .. Under 5 5 upwards 1 1 2 Southlands College 1 .. .. .. .. 1 ... Under 5 5 upwards 1 1 Broomwood College 1 ... .. .. .. .. 1 Under 5 5 upwards 1 1 Totals 2901 907 425 75 109 857 528 Under 5 6 29 17 91 50 138 9 275 7 11 43 656 1332 5 upwards 4 11 3 15 6 6 8 2 13 17 211 348 206 81 59 579 1569 The subjoined numbers have also to be taken into account in judging of the above Records of Mortality. |
0060a944-b0f3-4588-99c4-cd5dda723334 | Deaths occurring outside the district among persons belonging thereto 307 32 72 41 28 114 20 Under 5 11 25 1 1 4 2 20 4 5 31 104 5 upwards 1 7 9 7 3 26 15 16 20 99 203 Deaths occurring within the district among persons not belonging to 247 7 10 4 17 105 104 Under 5 1 4 6 6 17 5 upwards 1 2 1 4 26 43 36 6 24 87 230 8 In Table A. will be found particulars of mortality in the various Registrar's districts and public institutions which are also treated as separate districts. They comprise the Registrar's districts of East and West Battersea, and the following public institutions, situated within the parish, viz. |
ee7fe28c-2bd4-431f-a8d3-d7e0a56e16b3 | :-Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary, Bolingbroke Hospital, Westminster Union Schools, Emmanuel School, and the Masonic School for Girls. The broad grouping of ages is under and above five years of age, so as to clearly define the mortality of each of these periods of life, more especially the infantile ages under five, as the greatest waste of life has occurred in the past at the early years, and although great improvement has taken place in this respect during the last few years, still much remains to be done in this direction. For instance, 342 Zymotic deaths, out of a total of 1,332 occurred under five years, a proportion which ought to be largely diminished. This, however, shews a great diminution compared with former years. Particulars of the other ages at death are also given in this table. Table I. This table contains details of the deaths of Battersea parishioners in public institutions both within and without the parish. |
007a1ceb-0574-472c-aa89-1cda993e98d1 | The disease from which death ensued, the sex, age, and particular class of institution are herein indicated, as well as the localities in which other parishioners lost their lives or were found dead, which latter require no comment, the causes of death being set out in the table. .9 TABLE I. Deaths of Battersea Parishioners in Public Institutions of the metropolis. DISEASE. Totals Sex. Age. Institutions. Elsewhere Males Females Under 1 year | 1 to 5 years All under 5 5 to 15 years 15 to 25 years 25 to 65 years | 65 and upwards 1 Union Infirmary and Workhouse. General and Special Hospitals Asylums' Board Hospitals County and other Lunatic Asylums Small-Pox 1 . 1 . . . . 1 . . . . 1 . . Scarlatina 18 8 10 1 10 11 7 . . . . . |
7219f76e-ed59-4a4b-a77b-84d769649490 | 18 . . Diphtheria & Mem branous Croup 34 17 17 2 23 25 9 . . . . 10 24 . . Typhus Fever 8 6 2 . 1 1 1 2 4 . . 2 6 . . Enteric & Typhoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continued Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relapsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerperal „ 1 . 1 . . . . 1 . . 1 . . . . Cholera 12 6 6 8 1 9 . 1 2 . 5 5 . 2 . Erysipelas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles 1 . 1 1 1 . . . . 1 . . |
f3196dd5-ca60-4d5b-aebb-fc85e586722c | . . Whooping Cough 1 . 1 1 1 . . . . . 1 . . . Diarrhœa 3 1 2 . . . . 2 1 . 3 . . . . Other Zymotics 2 1 1 . . . . 1 1 . . 2 . . . Rheumatic Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ague . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phthisis 68 38 30 ] 1 2 3 14 47 2 40 24 . 4 . Tubercular 21 10 11 3 8 11 4 2 4 . 2 19 1 . . Respiratory 84 42 42 10 16 26 4 6 27 22 49 29 . 5 . |
655997d2-cc05-45da-bb66-595b4ad32882 | Heart Disease 66 32 34 1 3 4 1 5 37 19 46 17 1 2 1 Brain and Nerves 55 27 28 . 2 2 4 4 37 8 24 14 . 17 . Cancer 38 19 19 . 1 1 1 . 28 8 16 21 . 1 . Violence 37 27 10 . 5 5 6 6 14 6 4 26 . . 7 Other Diseases 106 54 52 23 4 27 4 5 42 26 43 55 . 7 1 Totals 556 288 268 49 77 126 44 49 244 93 234 225 50 38 9 10 The nine deaths recorded as having occurred "elsewhere" are here definitely located: Male Lower Sloane Street, Chelsea. ,, Wandsworth Creek. |
93760029-8bcf-4220-860c-d2a600232001 | ,, On way to St. George's Hospital. „ Wandsworth Road. ,, River Thames. ,, ,, ,, ,, „ River Lea. Female Omnibus—London Bridge. In all five hundred and fifty-six deaths, twenty-six more than in 1894, occurred in public institutions and "elsewhere," of whom a large majority were adults. Of these two hundred and thirty-four took place in the Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary and the Workhouse, two hundred and twentyfive in the General and Special Hospitals of the Metropolis, fifty in the Metropolitan Asylums Board Hospitals for infectious diseases, thirty-eight in the various Lunatic Asylums, and nine "elsewhere " as detailed above. Tables 11., III., and IV., give in tabular form the weekly returns of the District Registrars of Births and Deaths for East and West Battersea respectively, and include the deaths of all persons within the parish and in public institutions, whether parishioners or not. |
e94698e4-d571-4f7d-b4b5-9c66254175ae | They shew the incidence of births and deaths at the various periods of the year, being grouped in quarters for that purpose, with additional particulars as to causes of death to be found in Table IV. 11 TABLE II. BIRTHS AND DEATHS, EAST BATTERSEA, 1895. Week ending:— M. BIRTHS. M. DEATHS. F. Total. F. Total. 5th January 28 32 60 10 8 18 12th , 34 28 62 6 14 20 19th , |
67f5fae8-6ce2-482e-875e-6e5c34229d0e | 25 17 42 8 11 19 26th „ 19 25 44 9 10 19 2nd February 23 20 43 7 15 22 9th „ 15 26 41 9 13 22 16th „ 18 24 42 23 17 40 23rd 23 28 51 21 23 44 2nd March 26 20 46 23 30 53 9th „ 36 23 59 21 31 52 16th , |
a09b6664-559d-4f06-8f7f-29eb8f338b2d | 25 20 45 17 20 37 23rd 22 26 48 14 9 23 30th „ 25 16 41 15 10 25 1st Quarter 319 305 624 183 211 394 6th April 18 35 53 16 8 24 13th 22 19 41 11 14 25 20th „ 29 23 52 7 11 18 27th 29 26 55 12 8 20 4th May 32 21 53 12 6 18 11th , |
d8e950e3-41ee-4089-a5f7-9761f81a67ef | 19 28 47 5 7 12 18th „ 22 13 35 8 11 19 25th „ 19 27 46 9 14 23 1st June 28 19 47 7 4 11 8th „ 30 20 50 13 13 26 15th 15 20 35 7 8 15 22nd „ 39 24 63 1 9 10 29th „ 24 17 41 11 7 18 2nd Quarter 326 292 618 119 120 239 12 Births and Deaths, East Battersea, 1895, continued— Week ending:— BIRTHS. DEATHS. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. |
63f9bfdb-cd01-4948-b3d3-1ad66965444c | 6th July 29 26 55 8 11 19 13th 24 23 47 11 4 15 20th „ 25 16 41 17 13 30 27th , 21 27 48 14 16 30 3rd August 33 23 56 19 18 37 10th „ 22 19 41 16 9 25 17th „ 22 34 56 9 11 20 24th „ 25 30 55 8 14 22 31st 24 22 46 9 9 18 7th September 18 19 37 9 9 18 14th 30 27 57 9 8 17 21 st „ 28 13 41 10 6 16 28th „ 35 18 53 11 8 19 3rd Quarter 336 297 633 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.