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9df5804c-3ca8-4ce8-aa78-9b63716620c0 | It seems to us scarcely possible to deny that, speaking generally of the British Isles, a more vaccinated population has exhibited a diminished mortality from small-pox. It was not, of course, to be expected that this should be seen year by year, or that the correspondence should be exact, even assuming vaccination to ... |
9e1c6495-8815-486f-a886-6acd13f7f0ab | All that we should anticipate then would be a general correspondence over a long series of years between a vaccinated condition of the people and a diminished mortality from small-pox. In considering whether vaccination has been the principal cause of the decline, we must inquire whether the other causes suggested by t... |
27a84162-2395-45ba-83ae-b90fd1c35f1d | It is beyond doubt than an infectious disease like small-pox is, other things being equal, more likely to spread in towns than in country districts, and more likely to spread in crowded town districts than in others not so densely populated; so that we should expect a lessened proportion of over-crowded dwellings, by d... |
e7f3c456-8e4c-4f06-bd8a-7930c84d09fc | This growth of the proportion of the population living in towns has been a condition tending to an increased prevalence of, and mortality from, small-pox. There has also been, during the period of the decline, another change in the conditions of life, affecting all three countries, which would seem, at all events on a ... |
bd3a32e9-029d-4719-b3a8-cbfec87c1bb0 | We have seen, then, that if some changes have occurred tending to diminish mortality from Small-Pox, other changes have been simultaneously in progress tending in the contrary direction. We do not think it possible to strike the balance between the two, and assert that it would tell in favour of a smaller mortality. In... |
24864d51-41e0-439f-bd35-b7338b8457ff | Why should they not lead to these diseases also prevailing less, and to those attacked by them being better able to combat the disease ? We have had put before us no satisfactory answer to these questions. It has, indeed, been urged that whilst the diseases we have just mentioned almost exclusively affect children, Sma... |
c8414b45-b2b5-4b1b-8023-7587d8a7dae5 | The following table shows the mortality from Measles in England and Wales during each of the years 1838-1842 and 1847-1894. The figures for the years 1843-1846 are not available:— Year. Deaths from Measles to every 100,000 living. Year. Deaths from Measles to every 100,000 living. 1838 43 1867 30 1839 71 1868 53 1840 5... |
c00fb4c4-2bc3-4497-863d-80b13d5351f7 | 1879 36 1880 48 1851 52 1852 32 1881 28 1853 27 1882 48 1854 50 1883 35 1855 39 1884 42 1856 37 1885 53 1857 31 1886 43 1858 48 1887 59 1859 49 1888 35 1860 48 1889 52 1890 44 1861 45 1862 48 1891 44 1863 55 1892 46 1864 40 1893 37 1865 41 1894 39 1866 51 103 We find, indeed, as regards England and Wales, that though t... |
8abb0861-ca20-4b16-82f7-2079270ff75b | than it has been in any three consecutive years since, there has been no material decline in that death-rate during the years 1838-94. The following table shows the mortality from Scarlet Fever and from Diphtheria in England and Wales during each of the years 1838-1842 and 1847-1894. We are unable, for the earlier year... |
975324d7-1245-4b58-aecc-3b2b50d4aa87 | not abstracted by Register-General 1872 52 9 1844 1873 56 11 1845 1874 105 15 1846 1875 85 14 1847 86 1876 69 13 1848 118 1877 59 11 1849 75 1878 75 14 1850 75 1879 69 12 1851 76 1880 68 11 1852 104 1881 55 12 1853 85 1882 52 15 1854 100 1883 47 16 1884 40 19 1855 89 2 1885 23 16 1856 71 3 1886 22 15 1857 65 8 1887 28 ... |
1bf6d22f-c712-48ab-bc3c-febe32500d56 | 1889 24 19 1860 49 26 1890 24 18 1861 45 23 1891 17 17 1862 73 24 1892 19 22 1863 148 32 1893 24 32 1864 142 26 1894 17 29 1865 84 20 1866 55 14 104 We do not think it necessary to burden our report with similar details in reference to the mortality from Whooping Cough during the period under discussion. It will be suf... |
350a3e6d-ed82-4b03-bb35-de1188ac0779 | But it is notorious that in comparatively recent years the nomenclature and classification of diseases where fever is present have undergone great changes, owing to improved diagnosis. In the case of many such diseases where the cause of death was formerly returned merely as " fever," it is now attributed to some other... |
f0a14c3e-ae4e-4e6c-9140-24647b272e99 | They may be broadly classed as follows :—(a) Drainage, including in the term the removal of moisture from damp and swampy places, and the adequately rapid and effectual removal of the excreta of the bowels and the kidneys. (b) Ventilation of dwellings or the rapid and effective renewal of the air surrounding the inhabi... |
b7737a92-9ea5-42ac-81be-00e477594262 | (f) The increased general recognition, during the last 10 or 20 years especially, of contagion as the source of certain diseases, and increased knowledge of the means of avoiding its spread, may be recognised as a sanitary improvement of no slight value. It is obvious that these sanitary changes are not calculated to e... |
0ae7a1bd-518c-429e-bcee-1b53eb61ebd0 | Typhus Fever, which seems to have furnished the largest share of "fevers" in the last and in the beginning of this century, is found to prevail in connection with overcrowding in dark ill-ventilated dwellings, combined with deficient nutrition. When these conditions cease, the fever disappears, and Typhus has thus beco... |
201949d2-52dd-459f-bdb2-2d7815eea70a | There is no evidence in the history of Small-Pox, either before or during the nineteenth century, to connect outbreaks of that disease in a special way either with imperfect removal of excreta, or with lack of air and light, or with deficient food, or with lack of personal cleanliness. Moreover, the general tendency of... |
5f577e60-1f21-4d69-a7a2-41a920de6363 | Whilst, then, there is ample reason to regard the decrease in the case of Typhus and Typhoid Fever (and it may, perhaps, be said of fever generally) as the result of improved sanitary conditions, since each of these is specially dependent on conditions which sanitary improvements have removed, there is no adequate reas... |
0ba46c79-e803-422f-afaf-eecabedf9522 | We think an answer to this contention is to be found in the fact that, as we shall presently show, it is only in quite recent years that there has been any systematic practice of isolating Small-Pox patients, and that it has been confined even then to a very limited number of localities. The fact to which we are about ... |
b04cb5d1-7d42-4e53-a74a-e18e77f11205 | At the same time we are far from thinking, as will appear when we come to deal with that subject, that the efforts at isolation which have characterised recent years have been without a beneficial effect on Small-Pox mortality. A study of the age incidence of Small-Pox mortality is very 107 instructive. In connexion wi... |
2c017d85-15e4-4d94-9970-59cf6d2c173e | The experience upon which this view is founded is derived almost exclusively from the case of infantile vaccination. It has been supposed by some that the transitory character of the protection results from changes connected with the growth from infancy to adult years. Whether this be so or not, we have no means of det... |
f229f792-d5bb-439e-9de3-03119307ce1d | The extent of the protection afforded (assuming that there is some protective influence) could only be determined by experience. It soon became apparent that Jenner had, in the first instance, over-rated the effect of vaccination. That he should thus have over-estimated it is not to be wondered at, when the tendency to... |
09505625-682a-4edc-a81b-eea9748c512d | During the present century this cause of protection has largely diminished ; it is now only a very small section of the community which enjoys protection thus acquired. If, then, vaccination be most potent in its effect during the first few years after the inoculation of the vaccine matter, we should expect to find the... |
28d197dd-ef78-4135-9442-28b615abe4fb | From 1855 onwards Chicken-Pox has been uniformly excluded, so that from that date there is nothing to affect it. England and Wales: Deaths from Small-Pox at certain age periods to 1,000 deaths from Small-Pox at all ages. - Under 1. 1-5 5-10 10-15 15-25 25-45 45 and upwards. |
c8a8ac92-1bb3-4b1c-913c-b1a5567c044e | 1848-54 251 426 130 33 75 67 18 1855-59 231 328 144 37 117 112 31 1860-64 237 313 108 42 123 133 44 1865-69 231 314 103 33 126 145 48 1870-74 143 169 140 58 200 224 66 1875-79 112 129 113 72 218 266 90 1880-84 113 122 98 68 216 286 97 1885-89 112 81 54 51 229 344 129 1890-94 166 117 52 26 131 338 172 109 The first poin... |
aaf5c149-706f-487d-ae16-0c4f77a6bd8d | there was a considerable diminution in the share of Small-Pox mortality borne by those between one and five years of age. In the earlier period it was 426, in the latter 328. As regards those under one year of age, the share fell from 251 to 231. It must, of course, be remembered that whatever the prevalence of vaccina... |
c7ffc2e7-4fca-4b31-9d23-d4bd4cd26fd7 | The proportion of Small-Pox mortality borne by those under one year of age decreased from 231 to 143, and of those between one and five years of age from 314 to 169. We have already called attention to the fact that in 1867 power was given to the Guardians to appoint Vaccination Officers, and that advantage was taken o... |
94252baf-2222-4a92-87ed-86996bc11479 | We have already pointed out the marked change in the incidence below five years of age in the quinquennim 1870-74, and it will be seen that in subsequent quinquennia there was a diminished incidence in the age-periods 5-10 and 10-15, and later still in the period 15-25. During the last quinquennium there 110 has been s... |
dc123a60-151a-4f32-a5e8-3402f2b4ed64 | 15-25 25-45. 45 and upwards. 1848-54 1,514 323 91 110 69 24 1855-64 788.8 209.5 68.7 118.9 87.8 36.2 1865-74 782.5 333.2 142.3 267.2 220.7 87.5 1875-84 127.8 62.9 46.4 82.4 76.6 33.9 1885-94 50.2 14.9 1l.l 24.0 31.6 19.0 It is right to observe that there must have been among those whose age exceeded 10 a certain number... |
376bca12-ae49-4728-8bb2-8251ae0af345 | The effect of this operation would be to restore protection, if protection there be, and to place the re-vaccinated in a somewhat similar relation to those of the same age who had been once vaccinated, as vaccinated children bear to unvaccinated. It is not possible to ascertain the number of re-vaccinated persons in th... |
67e8a21c-002a-4287-abce-b39d6015e8b4 | We may observe, however, that in discussing the effect of vaccination the question of re-vaccination will have to be considered, and that any phenomena exhibited by the class of re-vaccinated persons, when compared with those of a similar age who have only been vaccinated in infancy, have a similar relevancy to the con... |
23c0fec4-c851-4b43-86d2-e2c8a990dbc0 | ; in 1890 to 13.9 per cent,; and in 1891 to 16.4 per cent. Taking these years together, the per centage left unaccounted for is 9.9. The per centages we have given are derived, of course, from a very large number of births, so that the increase in the number appearing thus to be left unvaccinated is very considerable. ... |
8c10bb60-3c56-40fb-87d7-c36ca2d4cb7b | It has been suggested that Small-Pox is specially amenable to improved sanitary conditions, and that this appears from the influence which they have in diminishing the proportion in which those under five years of age die of Small-Pox in healthy districts as compared with towns, where the sanitary conditions are inferi... |
0a500fed-9c21-4b78-af1e-40af68be40f1 | It is quite true that it appears from these tables that whilst in Liverpool the per centage of deaths from Small-Pox expected under five years of age was 63.5, in "healthy districts" it was only 25.5. But in order to judge whether this difference (so far as it really represents a different 112 incidence of fatal Small-... |
981fb8b1-1e8d-46aa-af78-67cb137e846c | But in relation to diseases of this class, there are other respects in which a great town differs from rural districts. In the former, a large population is collected in close proximity, whilst in rural districts the population is scattered over a wide area, and the people collected in close proximity are comparatively... |
291cfd53-d275-497f-8440-e6cbb2b42fe2 | Of the vaccinated over 10 years of age, 1,643 were attacked, of whom 39 died, or 2.3 per cent. Whilst of 181 unvaccinated of a similar age who were attacked, 38 died, or 20.9 per cent. Mr. Marson's observations, made during 32 years in respect of 19,467 cases at the Small-Pox Hospital, showed a fatality among the unvac... |
13bc89c6-c313-480e-83c4-479829d69bec | The deaths amongst the vaccinated (in which class are included those said to be vaccinated, but who had no marks) were 869 out of 8,234, or 10.5 per cent.; the deaths amongst the unvaccinated 43.4 per cent., the numbers being 938 out of 2,169. So far, we have made no discrimination as regards the age of the persons att... |
4f86c1b8-f34a-4d9b-874d-bbe1b9e85734 | If the cases of children under one year of age be excluded, the figures are as follows :—In the vaccinated class, 1,286 cases with 130 deaths, or a fatality of 10.1 per cent. ; in the unvaccinated class, 1,032 cases with 465 deaths, or a fatality of 45 per cent. Over the age of 10, the fatality of the vaccinated was 10... |
bf2eb45d-3ed7-4a52-8924-0c0e3366091e | Gayton's tables, those said to be vaccinated, but who bore no marks) were 263 out of 2,226, or 11.4 per cent. The deaths amongst the unvaccinated were 165 out of 358, or 46 per cent. Discriminating again with reference to the age of the persons attacked. Of 202 under 10 years of age in the vaccinated class 16 died, or ... |
61f30761-89d4-4345-8463-85a69ad3d025 | It has been urged against these statistics that, even though every effort were made to classify the cases correctly, the classification was still open to error, inasmuch as persons might be brought to the hospital with the eruption of confluent Small-Pox upon them, which would prevent the marks even of efficient vaccin... |
6b78b370-6d63-41f4-99c6-1373464483d2 | It contained in all probability a certain proportion of unvaccinated persons. The fatality in this doubtful class in Dr. Gayton's table was 27.1 per cent., being 352 out of 1,295. Eliminating these cases from the total number hitherto treated as vaccinated, the result shown is a fatality of 7.4 per cent., being 517 out... |
1f883a3f-6369-422b-8d73-18d2dbe9f20d | It will thus be seen that there is a somewhat striking correspondence in the death-rate shown by this doubtful class in the two cases, and that in each case that death-rate was considerably higher than the fatality in the vaccinated, but considerably lower than that in the unvaccinated class. We proceed to consider the... |
d6781912-6ec3-46ed-b8e7-acc3bffdd9d5 | There are facts stated in the reports we have so often quoted, especially those relating to Warrington, Dewsbury, Leicester, and Sheffield, and in the evidence with reference to the last-named town, which seem to show that the explanation suggested cannot be the correct one. In the report on the Warrington epidemic, as... |
2237e75e-933c-4080-9689-841c37c80aee | It is further to be observed that, taking the statistics of the six towns, in the case of the vaccinated aged 1.10 the fatality was 2.8 per cent., in the case of the unvaccinated of a similar age it was 30.3 per cent., whereas in the case of those over 10 years the fatality in the case of the vaccinated was 5.4 per cen... |
5e62469f-673b-44b1-a453-d9337d33428d | The difference of fatality in the two classes is, in our opinion, far too great to be thus accounted for, and the suggested explanation does not explain all the phenomena. We should think it much more reasonable to conclude that the remarkable difference of fatality was due to vaccination, even if it were only in that ... |
d99617eb-21fb-4311-a2fa-2a0157857286 | Another explanation given of the greater fatality which characterises the unvaccinated class has been that, inasmuch as the unvaccinated class includes those whose vaccination has been postponed for medical reasons, there would be amongst its number a larger proportion of children of delicate constitution who would on ... |
fecb9c4b-483b-4ae1-848b-f7d20491f182 | Giving due weight to these considerations, we find it impossible to believe that the cause suggested can account to any material extent for the difference to which we have been adverting between the fatality among chijdren under 10, observed in the classes of vaccinated and unvaccinated. It must always be borne in mind... |
efb1d1bd-9ecd-48d6-8580-ab2fe5c52304 | When an epidemic of Small-Pox visits a town, the liability to infection of the inhabitants of different parts of the town may differ widely. Those who are residing in a house where a person is suffering from Small-Pox are subject to a risk which does not attach to persons living in a house not so invaded. On the other ... |
38d5d9e2-acd1-42d3-af37-f71c03b6e1f1 | Luff has not entered into the question of the rate of attack among the unvaccinated as compared with the vaccinated. His report, nevertheless, affords some data for such a comparison. Of a total number of 2,353 cases as to which he obtained information there were 409 unvaccinated persons, or 17.3 per cent. It is not li... |
96186354-0300-47b9-a3fe-877a1f6ce13d | Sweeting, we find that the percentage of unvaccinated persons treated in the Homerton Hospital was 20.8; the numbers being 2,169, out of 10,403. Of children under 10 years of age the number of unvaccinated admitted was 1,187, out of 2493, or 47.6 percent. At the Fulham Hospital 358 was the number of admissions of unvac... |
48589c97-9324-4636-a843-95f65226ad36 | When these figures are examined they show a proportion of unvaccinated persons, especially children, admitted to the hospital which it is impossible to believe corresponded with the proportion of unvaccinated persons existing in the population of London or of any district of it. It has been suggested that the inmates o... |
eaef7a97-599f-4bde-b127-574450abf612 | Our attention has been called to the fact that the proportion of vaccinated patients admitted to the Highgate Small-Pox Hospital has often been as high as 94 or 95 per cent. And it has been suggested that this indicates an attack-rate in London in the class of vaccinated persons quite as high as that prevailing in the ... |
58352d23-de21-4b92-ab54-282f4ac1e8d0 | It will not do, therefore, to estimate what was the proportion of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons in the population of London when considering whether the unvaccinated contributed more than their share of the Inmates of the Highgate Hospital. We think, taking it all together, that the evidence bearing upon the ques... |
46b1fa16-e82c-4ad7-9af9-8cddba07f336 | Small-pox differs greatly in the degree of its severity. It may be an illness of a very serious character, entailing grave after consequences, or it may be a comparatively trifling ailment. The most severe forms of the disease have been termed malignant or haemorrhagic. Next in severity comes the confluent type, which ... |
cf230dea-b33c-468a-ba9d-6da6c8e5fe87 | Quite apart from the danger of a fatal termination to the illness, it is obviously a matter of great importance to those who suffer from the disease that its type should in their case be of a mild rather than of a severe character, not merely because the illness is in the one case trifling and in the other painful and ... |
382e129e-6ed9-423a-967e-69e391412c65 | He divides the cases into "very mild," "discrete," " "severe discrete," "confluent," and "haemorrhagic." The cases in the latter class are very few in number, and it will be more convenient to class them with the confluent cases. The number of cases in which the type of disease was discriminated was 2,353, of whom 1,94... |
96e6af7d-b00e-49cd-8624-1a4926ccf568 | 201 ,, 49.1 ,, ,, confluent. Separating now children under 10 years of age:— Of the 130 vaccinated cases— 30, or 23.1 per cent., were very mild. 83 ,, 63.8 „ „ discrete. 4 ,, 3.1 „ „ severe discrete. 13 ,, 10.0 „ ,, confluent. Of the 228 unvaccinated cases— 1, or 0.4 per cent., was very mild. 84 „ 36.8 „ were discrete.... |
7979ae89-6a41-48eb-bce6-cf6d58829adf | London Vaccinated 89.0 11.0 Unvaccinated 35.2 64.8 If the proportion which the mild bear to the severe cases in those under 10 years of age be examined, it will be seen that in the vaccinated class the ratio of the milder type is much greater 122 than at all ages; indeed, the proportion of severer cases is in all the t... |
4fef8f14-43ac-4212-8f77-fd8ee3697829 | In each of these cases we have had to deal with the same classes of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons—indeed, we may say with the very same persons—we have already pointed out that it is more than improbable that on a division of the persons who suffered from Small-Pox, into two such classes the fatality should be so... |
babdb55f-67d9-4e20-b753-ae52b413a7fe | That this should be a mere chance coincidence is incredible when it is observed that the phenomenon is uniform not only in the case of epidemics in five different towns, but in the case of the same epidemic in different parts of the same town. The facts surely afford strong corroboration of two propositions; first, tha... |
e54de0dc-2cbc-4334-8016-fbcecb0b65f9 | So far as can be ascertained, there was nothing materially to distinguish the two classes, except that the one contained, with some possible exceptions, unvaccinated persons only, whilst the other consisted, certainly for the most part, of vaccinated persons; unless it be, as suggested, that the unvaccinated class comp... |
f3164b4f-1951-4be0-9424-e07a5f0d17a0 | We believe that confluent cases are frequently found in those whose constitution is strong, and mild cases in those who are not of robust health. Nor, again, is there any ground for asserting that if both came equally within the reach of contagion a person of good physique would escape its influence, while another less... |
b6e4a10f-098f-4898-adc9-4ac8d82a3d61 | If vaccinia did not result from the operation, it could, of course, have no more effect than if it had never been performed. Amongst those whose bodies showed by the marks they bore that vaccination had undoubtedly been successful, the 124 number of cicatrices varied from one to four and upwards. The cicatrices differe... |
d28b95a4-898e-413a-8b61-baeb3b2eda38 | „ 649 „ 2 „ marks, 22 „ 3.3 „ ,, 518 ,, ,, ,, 3 ,, ,, 12 2.3 ,, „ 389 „ „ 4 or more good marks, 6 died, or 1.5 per cent. The following table gives the results derived from Mr. Sweeting's observations at the Fulham Hospital, divided according to the age periods 0 to 10, and over 10 years of age:— - One Mark. Two Marks. ... |
e110fc83-fae4-4f7c-bc7e-4571f72b6e0c | 0—10 21 1 4.76 29 1 3.45 37 0 0 53 0 0 Over 10 years of age 384 41 10.68 509 46 9.04 459 37 8.06 396 19 4.80 At all ages 405 42 10.37 538 47 8.73 496 37 7.45 449 19 4.23 With regard to the area of the marks, Mr. Sweeting gives the following information:— 125 - More than ½ square inch Total Area. Less than ½ square inch... |
3e63bfa0-5f04-4f4d-8cdb-49a4c76a258a | Thorne Thome handed us a table founded (a) on information given in the 36th volume of the Medico-Chirurgical Society's Transactions by Mr. Marson, as the result of his observations made during the years 1836 to 1851 on 3,094 cases of post-vaccinal Small-Pox, and (b) on data derived from Mr. Marson's evidence before the... |
6593bc88-ef26-471c-a32b-39ea484df083 | Stated to have been vaccinated, but having no cicatrix .25-5 40. 3 21.7 39. 4 2. Having one vaccine cicatrix 9. 2 14. 8 7. 6 13. 8 3. Having two vaccine cicatrices 6. 0 8. 7 4..3 7.7 4. Having three vaccine cicatrices 3. 6 3. 7 1.8 3. 0 5. Having four or more vaccine cicatrices 1.1 1. 9 0.7 0. 9 Unvaccinated 37.5 35.7 ... |
c8a45e56-2706-46ee-addb-b8399a7298a3 | Marson's cases the number is 6,839. Dealing with this number, they being all cases in which the observations were made in very recent years, and dividing into classes according to the number of marks, we obtain the following result:— 126 1 mark, 1,357 cases with 85 deaths, or 6.2 per cent. 2 marks, 1,971 „ 115 „ 5.8 „ ... |
a30b2b2b-b5a6-4299-b8b1-9d7e521e315b | As the basis of his calculations was not precisely the same as that adopted in the other cases, it may be well to see how the figures would stand if Dr. Gayton's cases be eliminated. We should then have 4,754 cases, distributed as follows:— 1 mark, 828 cases, with 63 deaths, or 7.6 per cent. 2 marks, 1,322 „ 93 „ 7.0 „... |
d4cd93e8-8f02-4161-954f-d88a127ff87a | Upon the whole, then, the evidence appears to point to the conclusion that the greater the number of marks the greater is the protection in relation to Small-Pox enjoyed by the vaccinated person. This further indication also seems to be afforded, that whilst the distinction in this respect between those with one and th... |
6f79a295-8f9e-4160-88b1-c6627178f5b1 | Moreover, if it should be found that re-vaccinated persons are more favourably situated with reference to an attack of Small-Pox than unvaccinated persons or than persons vaccinated only in infancy, this would obviously have a direct bearing on the disputed question whether vaccination has a protective influence. Unfor... |
c889eb4b-a3d7-49ca-8ae4-f396f0507fe1 | It is only when the vaccine virus has induced vaccinia that a person can properly be called re-vaccinated. The term is, however, often applied where the attempt to re-vaccinate has failed. In that case the subject of the operation has acquired no more protection by the process than if re-vaccination had never been atte... |
e83e0552-8152-4ed3-ae34-784d338d1377 | A single unsuccessful attempt at re-vaccination cannot therefore be 128 regarded as an indication of insusceptibility unless of the most transient nature. Where re-vaccination is not successful, this may be due on the one hand to insusceptibility produced by the previous vaccination, or, on the other hand, to impotency... |
0781ee62-c9ad-4d62-8227-0fe08de36cf1 | Luff reported the number of attacks of revaccinated persons to have been 108, with four deaths, showing a fatality of 3.7. The fatality shown amongst vaccinated persons above the age of 10 in the same epidemic was 4.2. The fatality amongst the unvaccinated of a similar age was 20.9. The character of the disease in the ... |
2e98e65f-1d9d-44a9-90e5-8069d2f51b01 | Gayton's notice for some reason until after she had been in the wards. This woman in a fortnight was down with the Small-Pox, and passed through a severe attack, but recovered. Dr. Gayton was unable to give the exact number employed in the years subsequent to 1877, but he thought it might be fairly estimated that an eq... |
a43cb4c3-ed27-4d69-bcc6-b9f1a8b9e3bc | In the Small-Pox Ship-Hospitals of the Asylums Board during the 12 years, 1884-95, among the attendants (doctors, nurses and servants), varying in numbers from below 50 during the year to a little over 300, cases of Small-Pox have occurred in three years only, in 1884, in 1892, and in 1893 ; in all the other years ther... |
bad555d4-068d-42d1-bc4c-0cdaa344550c | It is to be observed that in one of these cases the disease appeared within three days of her entering the Hospital; in another nine days, in four others ten days, and in four others twelve to fifteen days after they joined the staff. None of the recorded cases appear to have been re-vaccinated successfully prior to th... |
8fa3f963-7aba-4fa3-881f-3985a3d377f1 | Two of these seven had not been revaccinated on entering the Hospital, owing to some oversight. 1 130 Two were unsuccessfully re-vaccinated, one of these being a case of second Small-Pox; another was not re-vaccinated early enough, as the operation was not performed until the fifth day; and in the other two cases there... |
27952749-028c-49b2-85d6-cff7884bb8f9 | Since then, up to the present time, one case only, that of a gardener, has occurred, so that there is now a record of nearly sixty years with one case only. Of the 137 nurses and attendants who have been taken on since May, 1883, 30 had had Small-Pox previous to their entering the service. (Some of these were patients ... |
55b9bd48-9e10-46b5-af69-fbf7da69b345 | But if the cases of ordinary contagious diseases, such as Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria, be taken together, and even if Typhoid Fever be included, a striking contrast is afforded by the returns of the Metropolitan Asylums Board between the attendants in the hospitals treating these diseases, and those in the Small-Pox a... |
37957449-f593-40d8-a592-9c45a1baa290 | 1885 Figures not available. 240 0 0 „ 1886 110 0 0 „ 1887 1,103 37 3.4 per cent. 55 0 0 „ 1888 Figures not available. 35 — 46 0 0 ,, 1889 42 — 53 0 0 „ 1890 1,312 53 4.0 per cent. |
0673d8b5-3aae-48d9-9cf7-37b0d60514b5 | 64 0 0 „ 1891 1,160 68 5.9 „ 64 0 0 „ 1892 1,652 121 7.3 „ 138 2 1.4 „ 1893 2,175 121 5.6 „ 320 6 1.9 „ 1894 2,182 111 5.1 ,, 289 0 0 „ 1895 2,514 116 4.6 „ 274 0 „ Making every allowance on the one hand for the mixed character of the cases in the Fever Hospitals, and on the other hand for doubts about the re-vaccinati... |
300ce14f-0b96-486f-ab65-0d76b0530495 | Sir Charles Dilke, speaking in June 1883, made the following statement about those employed in that service in London:— " In the case of persons permanently employed in the postal service in London, averaging 10,504, who are required to undergo vaccination on admission, unless it has been performed within seven years, ... |
ecabad55-635d-402d-825c-5e8232f2497d | When it is remembered how many of the persons so employed become subject in a degree exceeding 132 that of the population at large to the risk of contagion, and that the period referred to included that of the epidemic in London of 1870.2, when there were so many attacks of and deaths from Small-Pox, the statement is c... |
02a00bf8-f7bb-42d7-8bd5-7176a3571b7d | 1894 60,490 11 1 It is noteworthy that, in the year 1892, 12 officers were absent from duty on account of the presence of small-pox in their houses ; in 1893, 44 ; and in 1894 as many as 53. It should be mentioned that a study of the facts observed by the medical men who have investigated recent epidemics tends to the ... |
28151e49-0e9f-4fd2-b38f-c9836b128f91 | Summing up, then, the evidence on the subject of re-vaccination so far as regards this country, we find that particular classes within the community amongst whom re-vaccination has prevailed to an exceptional degree have exhibited a position of quite exceptional advantage in relation to Small-Pox, although these classe... |
0f908ef1-ef1c-4bf4-88b8-e886343ea597 | There were very few cases where a short period only had elapsed between the re-vaccination and the attack of Small-Pox. This seems to show that it is of importance in the case of any persons specially exposed to the risk of contagion that they should be re-vaccinated, and that in the case even of those who have been tw... |
73ece8f3-418e-481f-85a8-680198991f1d | We have now in our possession the experience of more than half a century, during which facts relating to the effect of vaccination upon Small-Pox have been carefully recorded. If a study of this experience taught us that vaccination had not exercised any beneficial influence as a protection against Small-Pox, that the ... |
aaac73b3-0c6d-403a-b86f-4c1b27899db5 | If, on the other hand, the reasonable conclusion, from an experience of more than half a century of the practice of vaccination, be that the vaccinated show less liability to attack by the disease of Small-Pox, or when attacked, suffer less fatally or severely, these facts cannot be displaced by showing Jenner and his ... |
b273a2f0-2209-44e6-b800-559b45c43369 | We think it would be as little reasonable to reject the conclusion to which the experience of vaccination led us, because Jenner and other early advocates of the practice made mistakes, as it would be to believe in its protective influence on account of the credit which seemed due to their judgement or observations, in... |
41310917-b0ce-45dd-bc1d-ac439b4d54a4 | We find that the period which immediately followed the introduction of the practice of vaccination was characterised in all countries in which the practice prevailed by a marked though irregular diminution of Small-Pox mortality, and that this diminution of mortality, when compared with the century 135 preceding vaccin... |
5423aeee-6e7c-48af-855c-b96753d04eb9 | Moreover, if it be true that experience has taught that the protective effect of vaccination diminishes in force, or for some purposes may even disappear, after the lapse of, say, ten years from the date of the operation, there will be many of the vaccinated class liable to be attacked, and to suffer more or less from ... |
5f150924-8534-42ec-972f-af3665a57cd7 | The change does not appear to have been confined to this country, but we limit our remarks to it, because we have not as precise information on the point in the case of other countries. This change in the age-incidence appears, on the whole to have become increasingly marked as the infantile population came to be more ... |
290130da-c4bd-4ac6-85e8-0040898492d8 | We are indeed quite unable to appreciate the bearing of some of the circumstances which have been put forward as explaining it. As to others, such as improved sanitation, we have already pointed out that they do not really afford any explanation of the phenomenon when viewed, as it must be, in connection with the age-i... |
bf9bef09-e9ad-450f-aedf-d9cfdc8ec837 | We quite admit that absolute accuracy may not have been obtained in any of the instances in which this discrimination has taken place, but looking at the matter fairly as a whole, we cannot but believe that the division may for all practical purposes be regarded as substantially accurate. Indeed, for the most part it w... |
ae6c6f33-e646-4bdb-ba43-84e010bc0c1b | We think the improbability extreme, indeed it seems to us to reach the point of incredibility, that the fatality in classes of persons discriminated on different occasions by so many different observers, only on the ground that vaccination was 137 believed to be present in the one and absent in the other, should always... |
cb4e616d-e94b-4c4e-96d4-ef3f0f65b0b0 | We notice further that the same classes of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons, which display when attacked by Small-Pox so marked a contrast in the fatality of the disease, manifest a contrast no less marked in the type of the disease from which they suffer, viewed in relation to its severity or mildness. Here again, ... |
74db704a-c307-43e2-b282-62ccf37b524f | It is possible, too, that the inhabitants of the invaded houses included in the two classes were not all equally within the reach of contagion, but any error in this respect is just as likely to have affected the vaccinated as the unvaccinated class. When the numbers dealt with are considered, and it is remembered that... |
b41d0101-2f6a-41f0-9a62-b3e485910bbe | We see no reason for hesitating to adopt the conclusions to which we should otherwise be led, or to doubt the accuracy of the facts to which we have been adverting, on account of the objection, even if it be well founded in fact, that the fatality among the unvaccinated at the present day exceeds that experienced befor... |
ee26f50e-f469-4651-81f9-81b8090d88da | It may be that on this point the force of the evidence is less than on some of those just alluded to; nevertheless, it cannot be left out of sight, or regarded as of no importance, when we are seeking an answer to the question whether vaccination has a protective influence, or is altogether ineffectual. The fact that t... |
81aab719-7a50-4ce8-ae0c-5fcdeb24d6cf | We have found that in each case the result of the test has been to suggest an affirmative answer to the question. In order to estimate the value of the evidence aright, it is necessary to consider in conjunction all the tests which have been adopted, and the results which they exhibit. They are, it is true, independent... |
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