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afdc4551-a788-4db7-af6e-dc329ddb3027 | We think those who have denied the efficacy of vaccination have often lost sight of the circumstance that investigations, which have followed so many different roads, have all led to the same end. We have not disregarded the arguments adduced for the purpose of showing that a belief in vaccination is unsupported by a j... |
eb12db56-8905-4d9d-98c7-aeff86cc4430 | Though not in all cases the same, if a period is to be fixed, it might, we think, fairly be said to cover in general a period of nine or ten years. 4 That after the lapse of the period of highest protective potency, the efficacy of vaccination to protect against attack rapidly diminishes, but that it is still considera... |
64827b1d-9123-4783-9a56-2d2158052c00 | That the beneficial effects of vaccination are most experienced by those in whose case it has been most thorough. We think it may fairly be concluded that where the vaccine matter is inserted in three or four places, it is more effectual than when introduced into one or two places only—and that if the vaccination marks... |
c8f9eb8e-0087-4661-bbdb-de25e404508b | Not only has the utility of vaccination been denied, but it has been asserted that mischievous effects have been due to it, resulting in personal injury and in the loss of life. If the practice has been productive of substantial benefit in limiting the ravages of Small-Pox, and mitigating the severity of the disease, t... |
e6f75bb9-e7a6-4fdc-8fd7-7d22767c8c0a | And to come within the region of therapeutics, it cannot be denied that a risk attaches in every case where chloroform is administered; it is nevertheless constantly resorted to, where the only object is to escape temporary pain. The admission, therefore, that some risk attaches to the operation of vaccination, an admi... |
199a6805-6029-47c5-be7c-e3b41c86aae1 | They have further insisted that evidence of the evil effects it produces is furnished by an examination of particular cases in which it has been found that injury or death has resulted from the operation. We shall examine in the first place the contention, that the records of mortality, show an increase in the deaths f... |
4a3a1102-2246-4b28-b935-7987f7adb5ac | The diseases were, Tabes Mesenterica, Diarrhoea, Bronchitis, Pyaemia, Skin Disease, Syphilis, Convulsions, Cholera, Diphtheria, Pneumonia, Atrophy and Debility, Whooping Cough, Erysipelas, Scrofula. The first six of theses diseases showed an increasing, the next four a decreasing, mortality, whilst the remaining four e... |
1dd1cd7f-a984-4d6f-a224-d2877fa6058e | There was no more reason for attributing to vaccination the increase of mortality in the case of those diseases where the mortality had grown, than there was for asserting that to its beneficent influence was due the decrease of mortality in those cases in which the mortality had become less. The hypothesis that it cau... |
76763654-459d-4e73-9d48-8980b1525dcd | Ogle, in statistics drawn from the Reports of the Registrar-General for England and Wales, points out that the line of reasoning which had been considered by some sufficient to show that vaccination has produced in those who have been subject to it, serious diseases, would equally serve to show that it has rendered the... |
70cc12bf-73ef-4f0b-99bf-11e74406ac06 | We will refer now specifically to the principal diseases, an 144 increase in the mortality from which is at the present day charged against vaccination. Before doing so, it will be well to enquire whether infant mortality has shown an increase during the period into which we are enquiring. Vaccination is, in the vast m... |
cc5cdd7f-3c23-4043-836e-c7593f3dee32 | The figures show that from 1838 to 1842 the annual infantile death-rate to one thousand births was 152; from 1847 to 1850 it was 154 ; in the million births in Leicester on the one hand, and in England and Wales on the other. The Registrar-General has supplied us with the means of comparing the deaths in the period 186... |
c30b83d9-84c5-4d33-a155-0c9758e2d748 | Yet we find that whereas in England and Wales there was as between the former period and the latter an increase in the infant mortality from syphilis in England and Wales of 24.7 per cent, only, the increase between the same periods in Leicester was no less than 69.3 per cent. This does not, of course, imply any connec... |
f25f95e8-2f24-456f-974b-d85c2549b29b | It does not appear to us materially to vitiate the comparison for the purpose of disproving the allegation that the great increase of syphilis during the last twenty years is due to vaccination. Even if it can be shown that in some instances syphilis has been inoculated by vaccination, the conclusion would still remain... |
843d3a0c-6115-47aa-9c2a-f3bdb1ad93a6 | It may well be that in some cases vaccinated children have suffered fatally from Erysipelas who, but for the operation of vaccination, would not have been attacked by the disease. This is a point we shall have to consider presently. But the evidence is, in our opinion, conclusive to show that there has not been during ... |
9209ebd3-5217-4213-9681-cdfe99a22675 | Some part, and it is impossible to say how much, of this increased mortality in the case of the two first-named diseases, and of the decrease in the two last-named, is apparent only and not real, and results no doubt from better diagnosis leading to a transfer of cases from one class to another. On this point again it ... |
0e22c12b-74d0-4bbb-aa1f-f63f8e77736a | Without encumbering our report with the details relating to Pyaemia, Bronchitis, Diarrhoea, and Skin Diseases, which are all said to have increased owing to the mischievous influence of vaccination, we may confidently say that there is no evidence to justify the statement. It is, however, worth while pointing out that ... |
e33213ca-10f5-48ee-b12a-dfc193943e5c | Whilst in England and Wales the mortality of children under one year of age had between the periods selected for comparison decreased 7.5 per cent., in Leicester the decrease was only 2.8 per cent. Upon the whole, then, we think that the evidence is overwhelming to show that, in the case of some of the diseases referre... |
df0bc5c4-983c-4e25-b1c1-c8dda454bec1 | We shall have to make further reference presently to the difficulties which must needs be encountered in the investigation upon which we are engaged. As we have already stated, it is not open to doubt that there have been cases in which injury and death have resulted from vaccination. In the years 1859-67 the deaths re... |
b5480616-375e-4853-815e-1f1792670d12 | Of course, the greater the number of the vaccinated amongst the children born in any given period the greater, cateris paribus, would be the number of cases of erysipelas after vaccination, without any necessary connection between the two. The same remark applies to the period between 1872 and 1880, when the cases retu... |
b5bdf25e-c6e3-4e17-8e99-f14bf1ca0f49 | We have had before us a summary of the reports made to the Board of the results of such inquiries, prepared for us by Dr. Acland and Dr. Coupland. The reports referred to cover the period from the 1st of November, 1888, to the 30th of November, 148 1891. We have ourselves, in many instances, instituted independent inqu... |
5cfcd2cc-d709-4a68-90d5-7bf855ccb204 | Whether these are sufficient in number to counterbalance, or more than counterbalance those in the other category, the evidence does not enable us to say. Taking for the moment the 279 deaths during the years 1886 to 1891, certified as connected with vaccination, to have been really so connected, how does this figure c... |
25222c12-3ac3-44c7-aa3f-f395c4a15069 | For the reasons stated in the preceding paragraph it is not possible to fix with absolute certainty the number of deaths connected with vaccination. Since the first of June, 1889, we have, from time to time, been informed from various sources of cases in which death or non-fatal injury has been alleged or suggested to ... |
51ba49ab-0517-4ca1-bce1-327bde3beb50 | From all sources 421 cases in which death or non-fatal injury has been alleged or suggested to have been connected with vaccination, have been brought to our notice, from 1st June, 1889, to 1st July, 1896. These 421 cases, however, include 19 groups of connected cases, each of which has only been counted as one in arri... |
4fbbe9ed-440e-4941-85c6-be70f96d5fe1 | In a considerable number we sought for further information, and after we had considered the further facts thus acquired there appeared to be no necessity for an investigation by the medical men who assisted us by personally inquiring into cases of alleged injury from vaccination. We have not any means of ascertaining i... |
f0204d06-7b90-4a0e-ba7f-d82c05520cc3 | But when we consider that the fact that we were engaged upon 150 this inquiry has been thoroughly well known, and that active organisations and zealous individuals were at work, searching out cases in which the results of vaccination have been abnormal, with a view to bring them under our notice, and that some of those... |
4e9ba733-7763-4814-9a9d-b9ed7a00d1ba | To these a considerable number is to be added, where inflamed arms occurred, but in which the disease did not receive the name of Erysipelas, though it was probably allied to it. Next in number comes the class, which includes Pyaemia, Septicaemia, and Blood Poisoning. If this class be added to cases of Erysipelas, and ... |
a78f0b64-6bd6-4dc8-b8ab-f79fa78b1f7a | If these results did not in some measure follow, the practice would probably fail in its protective influence. As a rule, the inflammation and illness are of a trifling character; in exceptional cases, however, they may exhibit more severity, and, 151 as certain facts submitted to us in evidence have shown, there are c... |
6f8173ea-9b86-4db1-89bf-3e5314273cb2 | It is, therefore, possible that some contagious material (the specific virus of erysipelas, for instance) may be conveyed at the time of vaccination, owing either to its presence in the lymph employed, or to its being conveyed by the vaccinator himself, or by those with whom the child comes in contact at the time of va... |
c20a162e-9ee3-4950-9f25-e6226df3bdfa | The scrupulous avoidance of inflamed arms in vaccinifers will do much to reduce the risk of conveying erysipelas, in the act of vaccination (a risk which, as we have seen, has been proved to be a very slight one), but it is possible it would not wholly remove it. Where the contagious matter which produces Erysipelas, o... |
eb5c95e3-59c6-4c31-ae80-27fb468c7592 | Quite apart, then, from vaccination there is nothing remarkable in the occurrence of Erysipelas in the case of an infant. The disease is obviously contracted in the majority of cases from some other source. Where a child has been in good health prior to vaccination, and is seized with any malady after it, it is not unn... |
8e5c2c04-2401-409b-81db-544a2820900e | It has sometimes happened that circumstances have led to the vaccination being, on the day appointed for the operation, postponed to a later date. A troublesome skin disease has shortly afterwards manifested itself, which would certainly have been believed to have been caused by the vaccination if it had taken place at... |
00aa3787-64c9-4370-8bae-3ec9be15ca8f | We do not intend to represent that the wound made in vaccination may not cause an attack of Erysipelas, where, if there were no lesion, there would be no such 153 attack, but only to suggest that caution is necessary, and that it would be an error to refer all cases of Erysipelas, or allied diseases, occurring after va... |
66e23ea9-83e3-4ad3-8002-5fdc77f045c3 | In a considerable number it was reported that the condition of the premises in which the child was living was extremely insanitary. In some it was manifest that there had been a lack of care and attention on the part' of the mother or other person in charge of the child. Not unfrequently the wound was in contact with a... |
1c52ef67-0a54-4c31-8437-e5d306801f51 | A priori, this would appear to be a source of danger by rendering an attack of erysipelas more probable if the child came within the reach of contagion. The evidence, however, is not conclusive that Erysipelas has, owing to this cause, appeared more often than it would have done if the vesicles had remained unopened. T... |
77a9e190-1d73-4b5d-ab6e-21635e6b84c5 | Scrofula is a disease chiefly of childhood; and, being very common, there is nothing to cause surprise in the fact that occasionally children may show its presence in a manner likely to excite suspicion that it was due to vaccination. It may, indeed, easily be the fact that, vaccination, in common with Chicken-Pox, Mea... |
cfc5bbd3-ffa6-44fb-a2b0-2b9a51e499b0 | It must be sufficient to say that after careful consideration of the whole evidence there appears to be no reason whatever to believe that the practice of vaccination tends in any material degree to increase the prevalence of this class of disorders. Precisely the same arguments as those just used are applicable to the... |
77fb5dc3-2031-46cc-9000-2fe6762f844e | Amongst the inconveniences connected with vaccination is the production of contagious forms of eruption, such as have been classed under the names of porrigo and impetigo contagiosa. These eruptions are not attended with any risk to life, nor by any permanent injury to health, and they are usually curable by simple mea... |
1bab6b29-8da8-459f-b6e7-8b12fccbf08f | Familiar as they, were with the horrors of Small-Pox itself, they thought very lightly of events which in the present day would cause much complaint and would excite opposition. The greater care now exercised in vaccination, and possibly above all, the much diminished risk of variolation at the same time, have reduced ... |
3ff94837-a4f9-44bc-8de5-eb78b2a78371 | These cases may be placed in two groups, one in which the vaccination sores proceed normally, but a general eruption, possibly gangrenous, occurs and a second in which the pocks 156 inflame, and are attended by satellites, and a more limited eruption, possibly due only to external contagion, is produced. Of the first, ... |
5732c127-81f5-4d20-96d8-086e38fe8a2d | No precaution had been neglected, and the event could only, as in other similar cases, be attributed to what is known as idiosyncrasy on the part of the child, a peculiarity of health attended by exceptional susceptibility to the specific virus of vaccinia. Nothing has produced so deep an impression hostile to vaccinat... |
86228572-c284-4848-8c2c-856ba022335a | In 1856, an extensive investigation undertaken by the Board of Health, under the direction of its Medical Adviser, resulted in the expression of an opinion that there was no proof that syphilis could be communicated in the practice of vaccination. Mr. Simon had issued circular letters of enquiry very widely, and althou... |
7df7d6a2-9eab-492e-8ebb-cd4bc026c05f | Simon's report, brought before the profession, and which were carefully investigated, made it certain that the negative conclusion which had been arrived at was a mistaken one, and from that time no doubt can have been entertained by any that it is possible to convey syphilis in the act of vaccination. In reference to ... |
a56ee40f-de97-4cc4-a0c6-668e76115bd3 | The phenomena of syphilis may be closely approached by those of other disorders, and even when the nature of the malady is evident beyond doubt, there remain numerous sources of fallacy which have to be cleared away before the conclusion can be accepted that the disease has been caused by vaccination. The very close re... |
9a9eb6d2-d0ac-42c6-91bc-727d7a62e048 | It must be sufficient to remark that, whatever may be the relationship alluded to, it exists, if it exists at all, equally between Small-Pox and syphilis as between vaccination and syphilis. For all practical purposes variola and vaccinia are both wholly distinct from syphilis, and their differences are, with the rares... |
a31b2fac-628b-4d82-9d76-b28be96e206d | Practically all the deaths referred to vaccination as a cause during the years 1889, 1890, and 1891, and some of those so referred during the last two months of the year 1888, have been investigated and reported upon by Medical Inspectors of the Local Government Board. It appears that all the five cases attributed to S... |
e86180f3-802a-4135-bc63-cfc495ddcf6b | But besides these five deaths, there were amongst those alleged or suggested to have been connected with vaccination, which were investigated and reported upon by Medical Inspectors of the Local Government Board, eight cases in which, in the course of the investigation, some suspicion of Syphilis was raised in connexio... |
d84c564e-c4c9-41c5-9747-e6538d4d7c22 | Witnesses who had been engaged through long series of years in the very extensive practice of vaccination, bore testimony to their never in their own sphere of observation having witnessed or heard of any case in which the suspicion of Vaccination-Syphilis had occurred. At the same time it is not to be forgotten that a... |
41f86100-8e58-4d9e-bd32-e337eb5e64ef | We have carefully investigated this case, and notwithstanding the opinion formed by the witnesses, there appears good reason to doubt whether it was one of Syphilis. The case was made the subject of careful inquiry by Dr. Barlow on our behalf, who shared the doubt we have expressed. The view taken by the Medical Inspec... |
a0f748b7-5fd7-42a5-92eb-85b68e18b260 | Coupled with the fact that it could not have been communicated by the vaccinator himself, they seem to render it practically impossible that Syphilis was the cause of death. If 160 the symptons exhibited had in all respects corresponded with those which are known to characterise Syphilis, the proper inference might hav... |
a6898698-86db-48c2-b182-cf80c62d9714 | Robert Lee and Dr. Coutts, the former, physician of the Ormond Street Hospital for Children, and the latter, formerly a resident medical officer to the same institution, may be taken as relating to one and the same case. Both these witnesses testify to the abundant occurrence of the ordinary forms of congenital Syphili... |
57c2fe09-d1b5-4c43-a917-1535747938ad | Whilst, however, Syphilis cannot by any means be said to have been proved, the case must stand as one of reasonable suspicion, and Dr. Coutts' statement that another infant (not seen) vaccinated from the same source was said to have suffered in a similar way gives some support to Dr. Lee's opinion. It is of much import... |
4c94b179-bbf2-4614-a082-69bad2c0dbf0 | Amongst the others investigated by medical men on our behalf were two cases in which death was apparently certified as from Vaccino-Syphilis. The first of these two deaths was registered, in 1892, as due to " Vaccinia Syphilitica; Marasmus," but it subsequently appeared that the medical man who certified the death had ... |
d8e585e0-6f0a-474a-a2ec-4b47efb5359d | A thorough investigation showed that the case was certainly not one of Syphilis caused by vaccination, and in all probability not one of Syphilis at all. Two other cases, both fatal, were reported to us in which children whose vaccination had undoubtedly been followed by serious illness were believed to have been subje... |
15d1f2aa-a43c-4a2c-a095-f1ff62418bd6 | In none of these ten cases, however, is there evidence of any value to show that Syphilis was communicated by vaccination; possibly five of them were cases of inherited syphilis. The other five were certainly not cases of Syphilis at all. Turning now to the non-fatal cases investigated by medical men on our behalf, we ... |
19f604a9-4a41-48ba-a4c0-f442afaf1b7e | The remaining twenty-five cases were, however, carefully investigated on our behalf, some by Dr. Barlow, some by Dr. Acland, and fifteen of them by those gentlemen jointly. In twenty-four of the twenty-five there is no evidence that Syphilis was communicated by vaccination ; indeed, none of the twenty-four were cases o... |
9ab09b92-e62d-434d-89c4-53546e77bbdb | The length of time which had elapsed, and the absence of any record, made it impossible to trace the source of lymph. The history of the boy's illness is extremely uncertain, but upon the whole, if it can be relied upon at all, it tends to render some support to the view that Syphilis was communicated by vaccination or... |
c917a872-fe87-418d-8f33-764246f267c3 | The evidence offered to us would lead to the belief that whilst with ordinary care the risk of communication of Syphilis in the practice of arm-to-arm vaccination can for the most part be avoided, no degree of caution can confer an absolute security. The rejection as vaccinifers of young infants, say below four months ... |
d6a55dcf-37e2-481d-9934-5ec90260cdce | It must, however, be admitted that neither the examination of the vaccinifer if taken alone, and without a knowledge also of the parents, nor the most scrupulous avoidance of any visible admixture of blood with the lymph, are in themselves, however valuable, sufficient absolutely to exclude risk. The evidence given by ... |
6d109a74-2982-45ce-b47c-6253a3a7f1ed | Respecting the latter disease, however, there appears to be reason to doubt whether any risk exists, and at any rate it does not concern the British population. Even in Leprosy districts the employment of English human lymph would be, so far as Leprosy is concerned, as safe as that from the calf. The risk of Syphilis, ... |
a0efe6dd-2f42-4f9c-b89a-a67ee4c3bb31 | Some of the best qualified witnesses who have afforded us their assistance have expressed a deliberate preference for arm-to-arm vaccination, believing that the advantages of calf-lymph are more imaginary than real. A careful examination of the facts which have been brought under our notice has enabled us to arrive at ... |
c4b124a6-2111-456a-b22c-9f28012bdcfe | Though we believe the risk of such communication to be extremely small where humanized lymph is employed, we cannot but recognise the fact that however slight the risk, the idea of encountering even such a risk is naturally 165 regarded by a parent with abhorrence. We think, therefore, that parents should not be requir... |
ee9def2f-f0eb-4cfd-95a1-d976faa54966 | Whether the duty of providing calf-lymph should be undertaken by the Local Goverment Boards in the several parts of the United Kingdom, or whether some other method would be more advantageous, can be better determined by those who have had practical acquaintance with the working of the vaccination laws. In connexion wi... |
d0ff0ed1-a0f9-4045-bcf3-635a67d61e3a | And it was at one time suggested that the introduction of glycerine was likely to be mischievous. The question is one a further investigation of which is obviously desirable. If lymph is to be preserved in glycerine, due care would be requisite to ensure its purity and the absence of contamination in its introduction. ... |
ca578a8a-b5b4-49af-a4eb-16d992de2ec6 | The means other than the inoculation of Small-Pox and CowPox, which have been referred to by witnesses as being capable of diminishing the prevalence of Small-Pox, are such means as have been employed against infectious diseases generally; they may be summarised as—i. Measures directed against infection, e.g., prompt n... |
bcb034c1-1f71-409a-8581-f2b838a99049 | Although reference to infection appears in some of the Arabian writers, the contagiousness of Small-Pox attracted little attention in this country and in Western Europe until the 18th century. Sydenham (1624-1689), though he refers to the contagiousness of Small-Pox, did not dwell upon the matter, and did not regard it... |
28c905c8-8cf4-4b1f-8a1f-6ecb9b3a4447 | This was in all probability largely due to the adoption of inoculation as the recognised defence against Small-Pox, and the acceptance of Sydenham's doctrine of epidemic causation may have exercised an influence in the same direction. Prior to the year 1866 there was no provision made by law for enabling sanitary autho... |
0e9fedbc-91a6-4f33-9e6b-58bfc167698e | There was further legislation on the subject by the Public Health Act, 1875; the Public Health (London) Act, 1891; the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1867; and the Public Health (Ireland) Act, 1878, into the details of which it is not necessary to enter. The most recent Act relating to the matter is the Isolation Hospit... |
0e26dec0-6fd1-4f6f-ad2d-6e292f18c990 | Some few of the metropolitan workhouses, however, had infectious wards attached in which cases of Small-Pox were treated, and the guardians of 168 some of the Unions sent cases by arrangement to the Small-Pox Hospital at Highgate. This institution, which had been established in 1746, was extended in 1850 so as to provi... |
120da4ca-9e8a-4b72-9e96-d77f1aa50b74 | Although the Metropolitan Asylums Board had power to provide hospital accommodation for paupers only, they found it practically impossible to confine the inmates of their hospital to this class, owing to the epidemic which prevailed at and after the time when their first hospital was opened in December, 1870. In 1879, ... |
57c7fa14-58a3-4ff3-ad29-16857fca871c | After the hospitals established by the Metropolitan Asylums Board had been employed for some time for the reception of 169 persons suffering from Small-Pox, attention was called to the fact that the number of cases of the disease in the neighbourhood of the hospitals was apparently in excess of the number found in stre... |
9db42a00-3d9d-4fdc-a2dd-f86dcb0e0f4a | In the result, he came to the conclusion that the Fulham Hospital, with all its advantages of site and construction, and with the many excellences of its administration, had, by dissemination of Small-Pox material through the atmosphere, given rise to an exceptional prevalence of Small-Pox in its neighbourhood. The mat... |
13870bc5-7bf0-4a71-a4a8-22cbb8337c70 | They accordingly recommended that these hospitals, which, in their judgement, should be no longer used to anything like the extent they then were for cases of Small-Pox, should become, in the main, Fever Hospitals, and that mild and convalescent cases of Small-Pox should be provided for in two or three more country hos... |
0f399319-8850-48cb-acfd-cf230870d4cd | in June of the same year a second hospital ship, the "Castalia," was opened alongside the "Atlas," and a second hospital camp opened at Darenth; and from February to October, 1884, the cases of SmallPox received by the Board were dealt with in the following manner:—Cases of Small-Pox were received at first at three, an... |
ae129825-db37-4aed-acb6-b0bd6082f9e3 | Complaints, however, again arose that some of the six intra-urban hospitals, and even that the hospital camps at Darenth, were spreading Small-Pox in their vicinity, legal proceedings being instituted with reference to the use of the latter; and from October, 1884, though the Board continued for a time to follow the sa... |
6bb3adaf-15df-49c2-82bd-e5d56965ecf7 | As a relief to the hospital ships in times of Small-Pox epidemics, the Board erected in 1888-9, and extended in 1893-94, at Darenth, on a site near that before used for the hospital camps, a hospital primarily intended for cases convalescent after Small-Pox, which was so used during the later part of the Small-Pox outb... |
c401cdbf-b5c1-45b0-beec-eb65cb83f6cc | We have already directed attention to the fact that it was, practically speaking, not until 1871 that hospital accommodation was provided in London, which rendered possible the removal from their home of persons suffering from Small-Pox, and we have detailed the measures adopted from time to time for that purpose. As t... |
bab27fa2-dad1-453a-88cb-decd31141f0f | 1871-2 9.643 3,020 31 1881 2,373 1.431 60 1893 206 180 87 172 The deaths shown by the table in the last of these years are not those which occurred in the hospitals during that year, but the deaths of patients who, during that year, were admitted to the hospitals. This does not, however, detract from the importance of ... |
3992befd-4aef-4240-96bb-03fc0ba51c87 | The following table affords a comparison between the mortality in London and that in England and Wales with the metropolis excluded, the deaths being those from Small-Pox to every 100,000 living. The figures are taken for the five years 1838-2, and from 1847 onwards in decennial periods, the figures for the years 1843-... |
2edbd375-85a1-4964-88d6-8d7c2ca5c215 | 1838-42 545 77.1 1847-56 236 34.6 1857-66 200 26.8 1867-76 22.5 41.9 1877-86 3.3 274 It will be seen that during the second and third periods, there was a great reduction of mortality both in England, excluding the metropolis, and in London; though it must be remembered that 1838-42 includes 1838, in which there was a ... |
fc8e13f7-6a1d-4324-8b94-6336fc20a3ce | The mortality there, though raised higher than in the previous decennium, did not reach the point at which it stood in the decennium before that. In London, on the other hand, the mortality largely exceeded that of the two previous decennia. Again it is to be observed that though in the next decennium the mortality fel... |
e84e9481-9b56-46b3-9161-b941a41274f1 | 1887-94 2.0 1.0 In the Report of the Royal Commission of 1881, already alluded to, suggestions were made with regard to notificatian and isolation which have since been largely carried into effect. As we have said, it was considered proved that the existing Small-Pox Hospitals had caused a spread of the disease in thei... |
85cbe5e9-11c1-42c3-9645-f84b82439e2d | This idea has been suggested to us, as the result of the inquiry, how it has come about that whilst the metropolis, in the decennium 1867-1876 and again down to 1885, compared so unfavourably with the rest of the country, the condition has since that date become so entirely changed? We think it is impossible to attribu... |
0257928d-eead-4ba8-99da-e1b68d20cf2b | We think that a complete system of notification of the disease, accompanied by an immediate hospital isolation of the persons attacked, together with a careful supervision, or, if possible, isolation for sixteen days of those who had been in immediate contact with them, could not but be of very high value in diminishin... |
df3745e8-62ec-4c40-8b3e-3c2755c07171 | Who can possibly say that if the disease once entered a town, the population of which was entirely or almost entirely unprotected, it would not spread with a rapidity of which we have in recent times had no experience, or who can 175 foretell what call might then be made on hospital accomodation if all those attacked b... |
9d21950e-ead6-420d-80b8-e8a563469bec | We have already dwelt upon its importance. But what it can accomplish as an auxiliary to vaccination is one thing, whether it can be relied on in its stead is quite another thing. Our attention has been drawn to the circumstance that outbreaks of Small-Pox have not unfrequently had their origin in the introduction of t... |
48847afe-e3cf-4e76-800d-77654951fda6 | That the local authority shall have power to order the keeper of a common lodging-house in which there has been Small-Pox to refuse fresh admissions for such time as may be required by the authority. 176 (iv.) That the local authority should be empowered to require the temporary closing of any common lodginghouse in wh... |
3c61ec0d-e158-4972-8ae4-87a0493b19bd | In connection with the subject with which we have been dealing we may advert to the suggestion that the vaccination and the Sanitary Authority should in all cases be identical. It has been pointed out that whilst the isolation of patients in hospitals and otherwise is provided for by the Sanitary Authority the extent o... |
d3070a07-a412-4cf9-9883-9beeebf93896 | 177 At the same time, we fully recognise the importance of achieving it as far as possible, and we should regard with favour such changes as would render the amalgamation of the vaccination and sanitary authorities feasible, or indeed any steps taken in that direction, even although they should only partially effect th... |
2b5515bc-f1a3-48f9-a442-dafbe0959723 | It will be well at the outset of our discussion of this subject to advert to the nature of the compulsion at present employed, to secure compliance with the law requiring that children should be vaccinated within a limited time after their birth. When vaccination is spoken of as "compulsory," it is only meant that, in ... |
6b13b76b-3090-40a7-8016-a783754f789e | It is necessary to bear this distinctly in mind in considering the modifications of the present law which have been proposed. There may be some who would consider it both justifiable and expedient for the State thus to take the matter into its own hands, and effectually ensure the vaccination of the entire population. ... |
6f2ee6b3-3e27-43f6-9c0e-68bc11ba808d | If, then, the only kind of compulsion available is to attach some pecuniary penalty to the neglect of vaccination, the question to be determined is what form of law, based on penal provisions of this description, will secure the largest number of vaccinated persons. That this is the question to be solved has, we think,... |
0b236f25-1a55-4ab5-af84-ebf1e00abf94 | To secure that vaccination should be as widespread as possible is, we think, the object to be kept primarily in view. When an answer has been found to the question, what scheme which is within practicable limits would best conduce to that end, the form which legislation should take will, in our opinion, have been ascer... |
0fadd2d4-660c-4233-a93c-3dd86c4ab9bc | The enactments under which the guardians are the authority to enforce the vaccination laws contain no provision dealing with the case in which they neglect or refuse to do so. By a Statutory Order, made by the Local Government Board, the duty of enforcing these laws has been cast upon the Guardians, and in the case of ... |
25a9c7a7-0f9f-41b9-bfd2-8d354b68c064 | The same course was pursued afterwards as before. There is no process open for constraining guardians to enforce the vaccination law except a mandamus resulting in their committal to prison in case they refuse to obey the command of the court. Experience has shown that when the guardians represent a local community opp... |
1fe38ac3-28d6-44fb-bd94-9b223d8b11a5 | We believe that it has largely arisen from the attempt to compel parents to vaccinate their children who conscientiously believe that vaccination is of little or no advantage as a protection against Small-Pox, and that it involves a serious risk of injury to the health of the vaccinated child. Symptoms of injury follow... |
e224cb10-ffec-4bd6-8523-575291741c35 | Such a parent has often become a focus of hostility to the vaccination laws; his neighbours and friends take his side; he is regarded as a martyr; and he and they frequently become active agitators against the vaccination laws. There are, indeed, a central association and local associations which advocate the abolition... |
35af08bf-a62c-4ffd-98a3-416308a8aeb0 | 181 "We are now in a position to state the reasons which led us to recommend that repeated penalties should no longer be enforced; indeed they will be apparent from what we have already said. "We do not doubt that the fact that penalties may be repeated secures in some cases the vaccination of children who would otherw... |
e4c8a2c2-27ce-4af8-b70c-e49d5b9c5535 | A law severe in its terms, and enforced with great stringency, may be less effectual for its purpose than one of less severity and which is put in force less uncompromisingly. When this is the case it cannot be doubted that the law which appears less severe is really the more effective. The ultimate object of the law m... |
dd90d5e6-12d6-4cfd-b3bf-3818cf86edae | If, then, we cannot look with any certainty to a change of the authority whose duty it is to enforce the law as a means of securing vaccination in those districts where it has already fallen into disuse, it obviously follows that every endeavour should be made so to frame and to administer the law that opposition to va... |
600fd19c-4887-40db-886e-59ac24a1109e | We stated in that report our reasons for this recommendation, to which we still adhere. If, however, the changes in the compulsory provisions of the vaccination laws which we have suggested were adopted, the matter would lose much of its importance. We have had the misfortune to lose by death several of our colleagues.... |
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