id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringclasses 442
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stringlengths 151
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| question
stringlengths 12
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| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e4878a39bdeb1400347978
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What were the most important buildings of the time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"abbeys and cathedrals"
]
}
|
56e4878a39bdeb1400347979
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
|
{
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"clerics and tradesmen"
]
}
|
56e4878a39bdeb140034797a
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What style is Gothic?
|
{
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"pan-European"
]
}
|
56e4878a39bdeb140034797b
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What is another pan-European style?
|
{
"answer_start": [
237
],
"text": [
"Romanesque"
]
}
|
56e4878a39bdeb140034797c
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
|
{
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"900 CE onwards"
]
}
|
5acfae5477cf76001a685824
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What type of buildings were took the least effort to build?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfae5477cf76001a685825
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What were the least important buildings of the time?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfae5477cf76001a685826
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What three groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfae5477cf76001a685827
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What style is pre-Gothic?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfae5477cf76001a685828
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What is another pre-European style?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3fd84396321400ee2702
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
When was Renaissance Humanism developed?
|
{
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"1400"
]
}
|
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347982
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
When did the Classical learning revival begin?
|
{
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"1400 onwards"
]
}
|
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347983
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
What continent did this revival take place on?
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Europe"
]
}
|
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347984
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
What was the name for the time period?
|
{
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"Renaissance"
]
}
|
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347985
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
|
{
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"role of the individual"
]
}
|
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347986
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"artist, architect and engineer"
]
}
|
5acfaf0977cf76001a685842
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
What was developed before 1400?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfaf0977cf76001a685843
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
When did the Classical learning revival ed?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfaf0977cf76001a685844
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
What state did this revival take place in?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfaf0977cf76001a685845
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
What was the name for the time period before this?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfaf0977cf76001a685846
|
Architecture
|
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
|
What didn't Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e461c28c00841900fbaf69
|
Architecture
|
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
|
What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account?
|
{
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic"
]
}
|
56e461c28c00841900fbaf6a
|
Architecture
|
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
|
In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"form, space and ambience"
]
}
|
56e461c28c00841900fbaf6b
|
Architecture
|
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
|
Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
|
{
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"pragmatic aspects"
]
}
|
5acf954877cf76001a685366
|
Architecture
|
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
|
What sort of considerations does architectural design never take into account?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf954877cf76001a685367
|
Architecture
|
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
|
In architecture what aspects are never planned and designed?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf954877cf76001a685368
|
Architecture
|
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
|
Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture never involve?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e476b139bdeb1400347944
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Nunzia Rondanini"
]
}
|
56e476b139bdeb1400347945
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
|
{
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"Through its aesthetic dimension"
]
}
|
56e476b139bdeb1400347946
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
|
{
"answer_start": [
249
],
"text": [
"social life"
]
}
|
56e476b139bdeb1400347947
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
|
{
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"social development"
]
}
|
56e476b139bdeb1400347948
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
What does architecture share with other sciences?
|
{
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"functional aspects"
]
}
|
5acf9e6477cf76001a685568
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
Who said that architecture wasn't able extend beyond function?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9e6477cf76001a685569
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
In what way did Nunzia Rondanini not believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9e6477cf76001a68556a
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
What couldn't, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9e6477cf76001a68556b
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
What should architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9e6477cf76001a68556c
|
Architecture
|
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
|
How does architecture differ from other sciences?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e477998c00841900fbafa1
|
Architecture
|
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
|
What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"art for art's sake"
]
}
|
56e477998c00841900fbafa2
|
Architecture
|
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
|
What sort of quest lacks purpose?
|
{
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"quest for perfection or originality"
]
}
|
56e477998c00841900fbafa3
|
Architecture
|
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
|
What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
|
{
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"form"
]
}
|
5acf9e8d77cf76001a68557c
|
Architecture
|
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
|
What is a reactionary thing to expand formalism's meaning to?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9e8d77cf76001a68557d
|
Architecture
|
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
|
What sort of quest defines purpose?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9e8d77cf76001a68557e
|
Architecture
|
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
|
What ends up being maximized in quality by this quest?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e482018c00841900fbafc9
|
Architecture
|
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
|
From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?
|
{
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"civic ideals"
]
}
|
56e482018c00841900fbafcb
|
Architecture
|
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
|
These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
|
{
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"new building types"
]
}
|
56e482018c00841900fbafcc
|
Architecture
|
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
|
What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
|
{
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"religious or empirical ones"
]
}
|
56e482018c00841900fbafcd
|
Architecture
|
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
|
What owes its development to the Classical orders?
|
{
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"Architectural \"style\""
]
}
|
5acfa22477cf76001a685626
|
Architecture
|
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
|
From what ideals did Classical architecture not come from?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa22477cf76001a685627
|
Architecture
|
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
|
These civic ideas allowed what to not come into being?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa22477cf76001a685628
|
Architecture
|
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
|
What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture based on?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa22477cf76001a685629
|
Architecture
|
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
|
What doesn't owe its development to the Classical orders?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e4831739bdeb140034795e
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
When were architectural writings first made?
|
{
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"ancient time"
]
}
|
56e4831739bdeb140034795f
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
|
{
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"specific formal prescriptions"
]
}
|
56e4831739bdeb1400347960
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
|
{
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"canons"
]
}
|
56e4831739bdeb1400347961
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
When did Vitruvius write his canons?
|
{
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"1st-century BCE"
]
}
|
56e4831739bdeb1400347962
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
|
{
"answer_start": [
316
],
"text": [
"religious"
]
}
|
5acfa27f77cf76001a68565c
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
When were architectural writings last made?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa27f77cf76001a68565d
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
Aside from general advice what did the texts not contain?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa27f77cf76001a68565e
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
What is another term for specific informal prescriptions?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa27f77cf76001a68565f
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
Who wrote canons in 2nd century BCE?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa27f77cf76001a685660
|
Architecture
|
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
|
What is an insignificant early architectural canonical type?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e486e739bdeb1400347970
|
Architecture
|
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
|
What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?
|
{
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"guilds"
]
}
|
56e486e739bdeb1400347971
|
Architecture
|
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
|
What records of the guilds are still in existence?
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"written contracts"
]
}
|
56e486e739bdeb1400347972
|
Architecture
|
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
|
What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
|
{
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"ecclesiastical buildings"
]
}
|
56e486e739bdeb1400347973
|
Architecture
|
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
|
What is another term for master mason?
|
{
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"Magister lathomorum"
]
}
|
5acfae2b77cf76001a68581c
|
Architecture
|
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
|
What organizations were not created by Medieval craftsmen?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfae2b77cf76001a68581d
|
Architecture
|
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
|
What records of the guilds are no longer in existence?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfae2b77cf76001a68581e
|
Architecture
|
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
|
What was the least important thing the contracts were had to do with?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfae2b77cf76001a68581f
|
Architecture
|
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
|
What is another term for trainer mason?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe6
|
Architecture
|
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
|
What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?
|
{
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"proportions and structure"
]
}
|
56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe7
|
Architecture
|
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
|
Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"generalist"
]
}
|
5acfafd677cf76001a68586a
|
Architecture
|
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
|
What aspects of buildings did engineering not have an effect on?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfafd677cf76001a68586b
|
Architecture
|
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
|
What aspects of buildings did science not have an effect on?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfafd677cf76001a68586c
|
Architecture
|
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
|
Who still couldn't handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e48e3239bdeb140034798c
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What two fields began to grow apart?
|
{
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"architecture and engineering"
]
}
|
56e48e3239bdeb140034798d
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?
|
{
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"technical aspects of building design"
]
}
|
56e48e3239bdeb140034798e
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?
|
{
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"\"gentleman architect\""
]
}
|
56e48e3239bdeb140034798f
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?
|
{
"answer_start": [
760
],
"text": [
"context and feasibility"
]
}
|
56e48e3239bdeb1400347990
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
Where did most architects learn their trade?
|
{
"answer_start": [
840
],
"text": [
"in the offices of other architects"
]
}
|
5acfb00a77cf76001a68587a
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What two fields got closer?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfb00a77cf76001a68587b
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What three fields began to grow apart?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfb00a77cf76001a68587c
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What did architects often favor in their pursuit of aesthetics?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfb00a77cf76001a68587d
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What was a term for an architect who catered to the poor?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfb00a77cf76001a68587e
|
Architecture
|
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
|
What did 18th century formal architectural training neglect?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e48edf39bdeb1400347996
|
Architecture
|
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
|
What started with the Industrial Revolution?
|
{
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"mass production and consumption"
]
}
|
56e48edf39bdeb1400347997
|
Architecture
|
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
|
What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
|
{
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"ornamented products"
]
}
|
56e48edf39bdeb1400347998
|
Architecture
|
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
|
As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
|
{
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Aesthetics"
]
}
|
5acfb03577cf76001a685884
|
Architecture
|
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
|
What ended with the Industrial Revolution?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfb03577cf76001a685885
|
Architecture
|
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
|
What became cheap enough for the lower class to buy?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfb03577cf76001a685886
|
Architecture
|
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
|
As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the upper class?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfb03577cf76001a685887
|
Architecture
|
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
|
As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the lower class?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e48f5d39bdeb140034799d
|
Architecture
|
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
|
What kind of books did housebuilders use?
|
{
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"pattern books and architectural journals"
]
}
|
56e48f5d39bdeb140034799e
|
Architecture
|
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
|
What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"current architectural design"
]
}
|
5acfb06777cf76001a68588c
|
Architecture
|
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
|
What kind of books did housebuilders reject?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfb06777cf76001a68588d
|
Architecture
|
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
|
What type of design did these texts allow the builders to reject?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a2
|
Architecture
|
Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.
|
At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor?
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"20th"
]
}
|
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a3
|
Architecture
|
Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.
|
What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"Modern Architecture"
]
}
|
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4
|
Architecture
|
Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.
|
When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?
|
{
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"1907"
]
}
|
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a5
|
Architecture
|
Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.
|
What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?
|
{
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"to produce better quality machine made objects"
]
}
|
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a6
|
Architecture
|
Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.
|
In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?
|
{
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"the Bauhaus school"
]
}
|
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