id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"The numeric size"
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what? | {
"answer_start": [
391
],
"text": [
"absolute terms"
]
} |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"prominence within the group"
]
} |
5a696d455ce1a5001a969606 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | What is determined after several individuals are involved in meeting the requirement? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a696d455ce1a5001a969607 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the absolute term? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a696d455ce1a5001a969608 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | What should the number of people targeted in Article 4 not be solely evaluated by? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a696d455ce1a5001a969609 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | What other consideration was useful to the Article 4 in addition to the numeric size of a targeted group? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a696d455ce1a5001a96960a | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | What is the necessary emblematic? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f4 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"perpetrators' access to the victims"
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f5 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"historical examples of genocide"
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f6 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"possible extent of their reach"
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f7 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"the opportunity presented to him"
]
} |
5733c6224776f419006611f8 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what? | {
"answer_start": [
511
],
"text": [
"inform the analysis"
]
} |
5a696f885ce1a5001a969610 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What issue is raised by other factors in Paragraph 13? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a696f885ce1a5001a969611 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the victims be considered? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a696f885ce1a5001a969612 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their analysis? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a696f885ce1a5001a969613 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What will always be restricted in terms of a victim's intent to destroy? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a696f885ce1a5001a969614 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What can historical examples do, even though they cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5733ce494776f41900661298 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"12 January 1951"
]
} |
5733ce494776f41900661299 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"20"
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129a | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"only two"
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129b | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What member ratified in 1970? | {
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"the United Kingdom"
]
} |
5733ce494776f4190066129c | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades? | {
"answer_start": [
601
],
"text": [
"four"
]
} |
5a6970845ce1a5001a96961a | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | On which date did China become effective? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a6970845ce1a5001a96961b | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form laws? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a6970845ce1a5001a96961c | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | How many of the five permanent member s of China were parties to the treaty? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a6970845ce1a5001a96961d | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What member enforced in 1970? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a6970845ce1a5001a96961e | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What member enforced in 1983? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a2 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"a diplomatic compromise"
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a3 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"a research tool"
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a4 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | What does the treaty possess that others lack? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"international legal credibility"
]
} |
5733cf6a4776f419006612a5 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what? | {
"answer_start": [
438
],
"text": [
"alternative definitions"
]
} |
5a6973aa5ce1a5001a969624 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | What caused was written Jonassohn and Bjornson to become a legal instrument? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a6973aa5ce1a5001a969625 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | What type of tool is the definition considered rather than a definition? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a6973aa5ce1a5001a969626 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | What does the definition possess that others lack? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a6973aa5ce1a5001a969627 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | What has not gaind widespread support according to the CPPCG? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a6973aa5ce1a5001a969628 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | Who stated that the CPPCG was a research tool? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e3 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jonassohn and Björnson"
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e4 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"their focus"
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e5 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"Frank Chalk"
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e6 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"R. J. Rummel"
]
} |
5733f7b64776f419006615e7 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"Ted Gurr"
]
} |
5a69a4ed5ce1a5001a96964e | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for academics? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a4ed5ce1a5001a96964f | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting paradigms? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a4ed5ce1a5001a969650 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of definitions? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a4ed5ce1a5001a969651 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on definitions? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a4ed5ce1a5001a969652 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | Two women and what man concentrated on academic paradigms? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661615 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"social and political groups"
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661616 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response"
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661617 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"political groups"
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661618 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"Genocide"
]
} |
5733f9c64776f41900661619 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? | {
"answer_start": [
523
],
"text": [
"intends to destroy a group"
]
} |
5a69a7115ce1a5001a969658 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | what exclusion were some historians critical of in the definition of victims of authority? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a7115ce1a5001a969659 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of perpetrator was too narrow? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a7115ce1a5001a96965a | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | Which other group besides the perpetrator did Kakar argue the definition of criterion should include any group defined by? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a7115ce1a5001a96965b | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | What is stated to be a form of physical destruction in the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a7115ce1a5001a96965c | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | How did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the sociologists? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5733fb934776f41900661637 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"policies"
]
} |
5733fb934776f41900661638 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"victimized groups"
]
} |
5733fb934776f41900661639 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides? | {
"answer_start": [
373
],
"text": [
"politicides"
]
} |
5733fb934776f4190066163a | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"nationality"
]
} |
5733fb934776f4190066163b | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?" | {
"answer_start": [
871
],
"text": [
"pogroms"
]
} |
5a69a8665ce1a5001a969662 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Haff and Gurr's definition of opposition included the promotion and execution of what by a state or its agents? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a8665ce1a5001a969663 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What did Harff and Gurr further define in terms of outbursts? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a8665ce1a5001a969664 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish between opposition? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a8665ce1a5001a969665 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What other characteristic defined a member of a regime along with ethnicity and religion? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69a8665ce1a5001a969666 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by the state?" | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b6717 | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"murder by government"
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b6718 | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"religious group"
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b6719 | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b671a | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end? | {
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"eliminate the group"
]
} |
5733fcd5d058e614000b671b | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor? | {
"answer_start": [
404
],
"text": [
"preventing births"
]
} |
5a69aad35ce1a5001a96966c | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of opponentsl? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69aad35ce1a5001a96966d | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | Which other membership besides national, ethnic, and racial does Rommul postulate that murder of people by government is due to? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69aad35ce1a5001a96966e | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | In which international treaty is the legal meaning of opponents contained? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69aad35ce1a5001a96966f | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | What end is achieved by non-killings included in the democide? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69aad35ce1a5001a969670 | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | What other factor along with the forceful relocation of political opponents does the the CPPCG cite in the interpretation of non-killings? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
57340136d058e614000b6783 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"Adrian Gallagher"
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6784 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"collective power"
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6785 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what? | {
"answer_start": [
522
],
"text": [
"intent"
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6786 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one? | {
"answer_start": [
604
],
"text": [
"group identity"
]
} |
57340136d058e614000b6787 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what? | {
"answer_start": [
710
],
"text": [
"destroyed"
]
} |
5a69adac5ce1a5001a969676 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | Which writer examined the possession of identity? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69adac5ce1a5001a969677 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | A source of what uses its power to implement destruction in Gallagher's definition of process? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69adac5ce1a5001a969678 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | The centrality of what does Gallagher's definition uphold? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69adac5ce1a5001a969679 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | The centrality of intent broadens what definition beyond the Gallagher one? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69adac5ce1a5001a96967a | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | A major part of a group has to be what in order for the centrality of intent classification to happen? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
573402a3d058e614000b6797 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"acts of genocide"
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b6798 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"both in peace and wartime"
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b6799 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"no claim of genocide could be brought against them"
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b679a | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"the United States"
]
} |
573402a3d058e614000b679b | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
543
],
"text": [
"Norway"
]
} |
5a69aed95ce1a5001a969680 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | What are Signatories to the Kosovo War are required to prevent and punish what? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69aed95ce1a5001a969681 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | During which times can a perpetrator of reservations be charged? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69aed95ce1a5001a969682 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | what loophole do many of the courts possess in enforcing a charge of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69aed95ce1a5001a969683 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of reservation against itself? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a69aed95ce1a5001a969684 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the immunity of others from the prosecution of reservation? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
573404abd058e614000b67c9 | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
]
} |
573404abd058e614000b67ca | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"humanity"
]
} |
573404abd058e614000b67cb | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what? | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"crimes like murder"
]
} |
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