id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57098e54ed30961900e84305 | Orthodox_Judaism | Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism,... | What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as? | {
"answer_start": [
633
],
"text": [
"Zionist"
]
} |
57098e54ed30961900e84306 | Orthodox_Judaism | Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism,... | What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism? | {
"answer_start": [
716
],
"text": [
"nationalism"
]
} |
57098e54ed30961900e84307 | Orthodox_Judaism | Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism,... | What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism? | {
"answer_start": [
701
],
"text": [
"militarism"
]
} |
57098e54ed30961900e84308 | Orthodox_Judaism | Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism,... | what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life? | {
"answer_start": [
732
],
"text": [
"destructive"
]
} |
57098f5ced30961900e84318 | Orthodox_Judaism | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | Tamudic schools are known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
475
],
"text": [
"yeshivot"
]
} |
57098f5ced30961900e84319 | Orthodox_Judaism | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | what are the colleges married men study in called? | {
"answer_start": [
531
],
"text": [
"Talmudical colleges"
]
} |
57098f5ced30961900e8431a | Orthodox_Judaism | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"interact"
]
} |
57098f5ced30961900e8431b | Orthodox_Judaism | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"doctrines"
]
} |
57098fc7ed30961900e84320 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Orthodox Judaism"
]
} |
57098fc7ed30961900e84321 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments? | {
"answer_start": [
170
],
"text": [
"unacceptable"
]
} |
57098fc7ed30961900e84322 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"heretical"
]
} |
57098fc7ed30961900e84323 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent? | {
"answer_start": [
355
],
"text": [
"Halakhic"
]
} |
57099000200fba1400368192 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what? | {
"answer_start": [
515
],
"text": [
"American Orthodox Jews"
]
} |
57099000200fba1400368193 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State? | {
"answer_start": [
752
],
"text": [
"New Jersey"
]
} |
57099000200fba1400368194 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located? | {
"answer_start": [
552
],
"text": [
"Rockland County"
]
} |
57099000200fba1400368191 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Where do many American Orthodox Jews live? | {
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"New York State"
]
} |
5709909ded30961900e84332 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Western European Jewry"
]
} |
5709909ded30961900e84333 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"traditional"
]
} |
5709909ded30961900e84334 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"Hirsch's"
]
} |
570990a2200fba14003681a3 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"Shulchan Aruch"
]
} |
570990a2200fba14003681a4 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews? | {
"answer_start": [
282
],
"text": [
"uniformity"
]
} |
570990a2200fba14003681a5 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | What is the differences among regions in practices known as? | {
"answer_start": [
868
],
"text": [
"minhag"
]
} |
570990a2200fba14003681a6 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details? | {
"answer_start": [
629
],
"text": [
"philosophical differences"
]
} |
57099130ed30961900e84342 | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Hirsch"
]
} |
57099130ed30961900e84343 | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | What was Hirsch's approach called? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"Torah im Derech Eretz"
]
} |
57099130ed30961900e84344 | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"neo-Orthodoxy"
]
} |
57099130ed30961900e84345 | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"modern world"
]
} |
570980be200fba14003680b7 | Animal | The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals ... | Where does the word animal come from? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"Latin animalis"
]
} |
570980be200fba14003680b8 | Animal | The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals ... | What does the Latin word animalis mean? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"having breath, having soul or living being"
]
} |
570980be200fba14003680b9 | Animal | The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals ... | The word animal is usually only used to refer to what? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"non-human members of the kingdom Animalia"
]
} |
570980be200fba14003680ba | Animal | The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals ... | The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom? | {
"answer_start": [
429
],
"text": [
"Animalia"
]
} |
570980be200fba14003680bb | Animal | The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals ... | What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans"
]
} |
57098721ed30961900e84286 | Animal | All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganize... | What type of cells do all animals have? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"eukaryotic"
]
} |
57098721ed30961900e84287 | Animal | All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganize... | What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"collagen and elastic glycoproteins"
]
} |
57098721ed30961900e84288 | Animal | All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganize... | What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"shells, bones, and spicules"
]
} |
57098721ed30961900e8428a | Animal | All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganize... | What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells? | {
"answer_start": [
576
],
"text": [
"tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes"
]
} |
57098721ed30961900e84289 | Animal | All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganize... | How are cells held in place in plants and fungi? | {
"answer_start": [
454
],
"text": [
"cell walls"
]
} |
5709917b200fba14003681ab | Animal | Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is ... | What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Predation"
]
} |
5709917b200fba14003681ac | Animal | Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is ... | The act of predation typically results in what for the prey? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"death"
]
} |
5709917b200fba14003681ad | Animal | Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is ... | What is the consumption of dead organic matter called? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"detritivory"
]
} |
5709917b200fba14003681ae | Animal | Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is ... | Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey? | {
"answer_start": [
537
],
"text": [
"their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse"
]
} |
5709917b200fba14003681af | Animal | Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is ... | The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what? | {
"answer_start": [
705
],
"text": [
"various antipredator adaptations"
]
} |
570993c9ed30961900e84354 | Animal | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"anemones, corals, and jellyfish"
]
} |
570993c9ed30961900e84355 | Animal | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"both the mouth and the anus"
]
} |
570993c9ed30961900e84356 | Animal | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called? | {
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"ectoderm and endoderm"
]
} |
570993c9ed30961900e84357 | Animal | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called? | {
"answer_start": [
443
],
"text": [
"diploblastic"
]
} |
570993c9ed30961900e84358 | Animal | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main g... | What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"they do not have a permanent digestive chamber"
]
} |
57099526ed30961900e8435e | Animal | Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguis... | What sets animals apart from bacteria and most protists? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular"
]
} |
57099526ed30961900e8435f | Animal | Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguis... | What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"heterotrophic"
]
} |
57099526ed30961900e84360 | Animal | Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguis... | What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae? | {
"answer_start": [
357
],
"text": [
"lacking rigid cell walls"
]
} |
57099526ed30961900e84361 | Animal | Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguis... | The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism? | {
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"animals"
]
} |
57099732200fba14003681b5 | Animal | A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula w... | What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"blastula"
]
} |
57099732200fba14003681b6 | Animal | A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula w... | In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"swim to a new location"
]
} |
57099732200fba14003681b7 | Animal | A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula w... | What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm"
]
} |
57099732200fba14003681b8 | Animal | A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula w... | What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"mesoderm"
]
} |
57099732200fba14003681b9 | Animal | A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula w... | What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into? | {
"answer_start": [
522
],
"text": [
"tissues and organs"
]
} |
57099a75200fba14003681c9 | Animal | Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earth... | How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"1 billion years"
]
} |
57099a75200fba14003681ca | Animal | Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earth... | Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"triploblastic worms"
]
} |
57099a75200fba14003681cb | Animal | Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earth... | Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"earthworms"
]
} |
57099a75200fba14003681cc | Animal | Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earth... | When was the beginning of the Tonian period? | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"around 1 billion years ago"
]
} |
57099a75200fba14003681cd | Animal | Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earth... | What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists? | {
"answer_start": [
821
],
"text": [
"Gromia sphaerica"
]
} |
57099b92200fba14003681d3 | Animal | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | It is believed that animals evolved from what? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"a flagellated eukaryote"
]
} |
57099b92200fba14003681d4 | Animal | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | What are the closest known living relatives of animals? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"choanoflagellates"
]
} |
57099b92200fba14003681d5 | Animal | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"opisthokonts"
]
} |
57099b92200fba14003681d6 | Animal | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | The opisthokonts also include what other organisms? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists"
]
} |
57099b92200fba14003681d7 | Animal | Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also in... | Where does the name opisthokonts come from? | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells"
]
} |
57099f78200fba14003681ef | Animal | The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber ha... | What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Bilateria"
]
} |
57099f78200fba14003681f0 | Animal | The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber ha... | How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
57099f78200fba14003681f1 | Animal | The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber ha... | What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"mouth and an anus"
]
} |
57099f78200fba14003681f2 | Animal | The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber ha... | What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called? | {
"answer_start": [
408
],
"text": [
"coelom or pseudocoelom"
]
} |
5709a2feed30961900e843a2 | Animal | Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from "non-bilaterian" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display b... | What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa"
]
} |
5709a2feed30961900e843a3 | Animal | Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from "non-bilaterian" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display b... | What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"bilaterian"
]
} |
5709a2feed30961900e843a4 | Animal | Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from "non-bilaterian" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display b... | Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"bilaterian"
]
} |
5709a434ed30961900e843b2 | Animal | The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, th... | What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Ecdysozoa"
]
} |
5709a434ed30961900e843b3 | Animal | The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, th... | What are some animals in the Arthropoda group? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"insects, spiders, crabs"
]
} |
5709a434ed30961900e843b4 | Animal | The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, th... | Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"repeating segments"
]
} |
5709a434ed30961900e843b5 | Animal | The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, th... | What groups are relatives of the arthropods? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"Onychophora and Tardigrada"
]
} |
5709a434ed30961900e843b6 | Animal | The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, th... | What is another name for roundworms? | {
"answer_start": [
445
],
"text": [
"Nematoda"
]
} |
5709b099200fba140036826d | Animal | Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogas... | Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"the great diversity found in animals"
]
} |
5709b099200fba140036826e | Animal | Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogas... | Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"
]
} |
5709b099200fba140036826f | Animal | Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogas... | Why are the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"they are easy to keep and breed"
]
} |
5709b099200fba1400368270 | Animal | Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogas... | Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa? | {
"answer_start": [
868
],
"text": [
"starlet sea anemone"
]
} |
5709c643ed30961900e8448a | Animal | The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as eart... | What are two of the most successful animal phyla? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"Mollusca and Annelida"
]
} |
5709c643ed30961900e8448b | Animal | The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as eart... | What are some of the animals in Mollusca? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"snails, clams, and squids"
]
} |
5709c643ed30961900e8448c | Animal | The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as eart... | What are some of the animals in Annelida? | {
"answer_start": [
316
],
"text": [
"earthworms and leeches"
]
} |
5709c643ed30961900e8448d | Animal | The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as eart... | Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"common presence of trochophore larvae"
]
} |
5709c643ed30961900e8448e | Animal | The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as eart... | What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called? | {
"answer_start": [
836
],
"text": [
"lophophore"
]
} |
5709c9c4ed30961900e844a8 | Animal | Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other ph... | Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"other animals early in evolution"
]
} |
5709c9c4ed30961900e844a9 | Animal | Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other ph... | Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"sponges"
]
} |
5709c9c4ed30961900e844aa | Animal | Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other ph... | How do sponges typically feed? | {
"answer_start": [
438
],
"text": [
"drawing in water through pores"
]
} |
5709c9c4ed30961900e844ab | Animal | Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other ph... | During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals? | {
"answer_start": [
517
],
"text": [
"2008-2015"
]
} |
5709cfcc4103511400d59450 | Animal | Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms f... | What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"both groups possess a complete digestive tract"
]
} |
5709cfcc4103511400d59451 | Animal | Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms f... | In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"deuterostomes"
]
} |
5709cfcc4103511400d59452 | Animal | Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms f... | What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called? | {
"answer_start": [
465
],
"text": [
"schizocoelous development"
]
} |
5709cfcc4103511400d59453 | Animal | Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms f... | What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called? | {
"answer_start": [
568
],
"text": [
"enterocoelic pouching"
]
} |
5709cfcc4103511400d59454 | Animal | Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms f... | What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division? | {
"answer_start": [
620
],
"text": [
"radial cleavage"
]
} |
5709d15f4103511400d59464 | Animal | The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a b... | What is another name for flatworm? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Platyhelminthes"
]
} |
5709d15f4103511400d59465 | Animal | The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a b... | What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"flukes and tapeworms"
]
} |
5709d15f4103511400d59466 | Animal | The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a b... | What does acoelomates mean? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"lacking a body cavity"
]
} |
5709d15f4103511400d59467 | Animal | The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a b... | What are the flatworms closest relative? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"Gastrotricha"
]
} |
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