id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cd8 | Adolescence | Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes ex... | Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty? | {
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"boys"
]
} |
570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cda | Adolescence | Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes ex... | What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys? | {
"answer_start": [
625
],
"text": [
"three to one"
]
} |
570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cdb | Adolescence | Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes ex... | What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls? | {
"answer_start": [
667
],
"text": [
"five to four"
]
} |
570ddf530b85d914000d7b87 | Adolescence | Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. I... | What is a secondary sex characteristic change? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction"
]
} |
570ddf530b85d914000d7b88 | Adolescence | Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. I... | How many Tanner stages are there? | {
"answer_start": [
614
],
"text": [
"five"
]
} |
570ddf530b85d914000d7b89 | Adolescence | Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. I... | What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system? | {
"answer_start": [
658
],
"text": [
"pediatrician"
]
} |
570ddf530b85d914000d7b8a | Adolescence | Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. I... | Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Changes in secondary sex characteristics"
]
} |
570ddf530b85d914000d7b8b | Adolescence | Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. I... | Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"secondary"
]
} |
570de0480dc6ce1900204ce1 | Adolescence | Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of com... | Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"adolescents"
]
} |
570de0480dc6ce1900204ce3 | Adolescence | Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of com... | Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard? | {
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"common sense"
]
} |
570de0480dc6ce1900204ce2 | Adolescence | Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of com... | Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard? | {
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"culturally-relative"
]
} |
570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce7 | Adolescence | The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based o... | Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"G. Stanley Hall"
]
} |
570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce9 | Adolescence | The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based o... | From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them? | {
"answer_start": [
1305
],
"text": [
"describing"
]
} |
570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce8 | Adolescence | The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based o... | What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"Adolescence in 1904"
]
} |
570de1cb0dc6ce1900204cea | Adolescence | The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based o... | Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
373
],
"text": [
"Darwin"
]
} |
570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf0 | Adolescence | The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract,... | Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions? | {
"answer_start": [
609
],
"text": [
"adolescents"
]
} |
570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf1 | Adolescence | The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract,... | Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"self-concept"
]
} |
570de31a0dc6ce1900204cef | Adolescence | The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract,... | How do children tend to define themselves? | {
"answer_start": [
579
],
"text": [
"by physical traits"
]
} |
570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf2 | Adolescence | The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract,... | Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"cognitive"
]
} |
570de4770b85d914000d7b91 | Adolescence | An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial ... | Which adolescent ethninticy is most often studied? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"white"
]
} |
570de4770b85d914000d7b92 | Adolescence | An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial ... | What social class of adolescents is most often studied? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"middle class"
]
} |
570de4770b85d914000d7b93 | Adolescence | An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial ... | The period of one's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
549
],
"text": [
"youth"
]
} |
570de4770b85d914000d7b94 | Adolescence | An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial ... | Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one's development? | {
"answer_start": [
1142
],
"text": [
"more likely"
]
} |
570de4770b85d914000d7b95 | Adolescence | An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial ... | Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity? | {
"answer_start": [
1011
],
"text": [
"exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general"
]
} |
570de5f70b85d914000d7b9b | Adolescence | The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally inv... | What has the largest affect over one's social development? | {
"answer_start": [
2120
],
"text": [
"relationships"
]
} |
570de5f70b85d914000d7b9c | Adolescence | The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally inv... | Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development? | {
"answer_start": [
2143
],
"text": [
"large"
]
} |
570de5f70b85d914000d7b9d | Adolescence | The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally inv... | Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"heavily emotionally invested in friends"
]
} |
570de6db0b85d914000d7ba1 | Adolescence | Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance ch... | Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"increases"
]
} |
570de6db0b85d914000d7ba2 | Adolescence | Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance ch... | Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more? | {
"answer_start": [
747
],
"text": [
"Adolescents"
]
} |
570de6db0b85d914000d7ba3 | Adolescence | Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance ch... | How is adolescence defined socially? | {
"answer_start": [
624
],
"text": [
"a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision"
]
} |
570de8a70b85d914000d7bb1 | Adolescence | Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality.[why?] College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there weren't any... | Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers? | {
"answer_start": [
865
],
"text": [
"social events"
]
} |
570de8a70b85d914000d7bb2 | Adolescence | Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality.[why?] College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there weren't any... | Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important? | {
"answer_start": [
1001
],
"text": [
"focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents"
]
} |
570de8a70b85d914000d7bb3 | Adolescence | Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality.[why?] College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there weren't any... | Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event? | {
"answer_start": [
829
],
"text": [
"romantic"
]
} |
570de9870b85d914000d7bc1 | Adolescence | The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms ... | What are the three main types of autonomy? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy"
]
} |
570de9870b85d914000d7bc2 | Adolescence | The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms ... | How is behavioral autonomy defined? | {
"answer_start": [
481
],
"text": [
"encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern"
]
} |
570de9870b85d914000d7bc3 | Adolescence | The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms ... | Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"Behavioral"
]
} |
570de9870b85d914000d7bc4 | Adolescence | The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms ... | How is cognitive autonomy defined? | {
"answer_start": [
798
],
"text": [
"the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation"
]
} |
570de9870b85d914000d7bc5 | Adolescence | The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms ... | Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds? | {
"answer_start": [
1468
],
"text": [
"match closely"
]
} |
570dea310b85d914000d7bcb | Adolescence | Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities—which include playing sports, s... | Do American teenagers spend more or less time in shool than adolescents in other countires? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"less"
]
} |
570dea310b85d914000d7bcc | Adolescence | Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities—which include playing sports, s... | Do American teenagers spend more or less time on leisure activities than adolescents in other countries? | {
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"more"
]
} |
570dea310b85d914000d7bcd | Adolescence | Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities—which include playing sports, s... | Does the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure vary from culture to culture or reman relatively constant? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"varies greatly"
]
} |
570dea310b85d914000d7bce | Adolescence | Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities—which include playing sports, s... | What are two potential reasons that adolescents in different cultures spend varying time on work and leisure activities? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors"
]
} |
570deb1f0b85d914000d7bdd | Adolescence | Teenage alcohol drug use is currently at an all-time low. Out of a polled body of students, 4.4% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion been drunk within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 13.7%, and for 12th graders, 25%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less... | Is teenage alcohol drug use at al all-time high or low? | {
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"low"
]
} |
570deb1f0b85d914000d7bde | Adolescence | Teenage alcohol drug use is currently at an all-time low. Out of a polled body of students, 4.4% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion been drunk within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 13.7%, and for 12th graders, 25%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less... | Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"marijuana"
]
} |
570deb1f0b85d914000d7bdf | Adolescence | Teenage alcohol drug use is currently at an all-time low. Out of a polled body of students, 4.4% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion been drunk within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 13.7%, and for 12th graders, 25%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less... | Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes? | {
"answer_start": [
582
],
"text": [
"male"
]
} |
570deb1f0b85d914000d7be0 | Adolescence | Teenage alcohol drug use is currently at an all-time low. Out of a polled body of students, 4.4% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion been drunk within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 13.7%, and for 12th graders, 25%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less... | What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes? | {
"answer_start": [
979
],
"text": [
"recent changing social and political views towards marijuana"
]
} |
570debd40dc6ce1900204d01 | Adolescence | Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canad... | Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"uniform"
]
} |
570debd40dc6ce1900204d02 | Adolescence | Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canad... | What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"Social engagement and personal enjoyment"
]
} |
570debd40dc6ce1900204d04 | Adolescence | Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canad... | What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"7%"
]
} |
570debd40dc6ce1900204d03 | Adolescence | Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canad... | What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"pleasure and recreation"
]
} |
570debd40dc6ce1900204d05 | Adolescence | Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canad... | In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol? | {
"answer_start": [
773
],
"text": [
"males"
]
} |
570dec870b85d914000d7be5 | Adolescence | A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this ... | The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"adolescence"
]
} |
570dec870b85d914000d7be6 | Adolescence | A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this ... | How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts? | {
"answer_start": [
429
],
"text": [
"nearly a decade"
]
} |
570dec870b85d914000d7be7 | Adolescence | A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this ... | Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon? | {
"answer_start": [
331
],
"text": [
"varies drastically by culture"
]
} |
570dec870b85d914000d7be8 | Adolescence | A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this ... | Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"adolescence"
]
} |
570ded450dc6ce1900204d15 | Adolescence | The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsi... | Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence? | {
"answer_start": [
616
],
"text": [
"independence"
]
} |
570ded450dc6ce1900204d17 | Adolescence | The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsi... | Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"different ages"
]
} |
570ded450dc6ce1900204d16 | Adolescence | The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsi... | Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"varies by country"
]
} |
570dedf10b85d914000d7bed | Adolescence | Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 to 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of... | When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"between 14 to 17 years of age"
]
} |
570dedf10b85d914000d7bee | Adolescence | Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 to 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of... | For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker? | {
"answer_start": [
842
],
"text": [
"2–4 years after puberty"
]
} |
570dedf10b85d914000d7bef | Adolescence | Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 to 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of... | Where does facial hair first present during puberty? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"corners of the upper lip"
]
} |
570dee850b85d914000d7bf3 | Adolescence | The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the ti... | Do males or females experience growth spurts first? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"females"
]
} |
570dee850b85d914000d7bf4 | Adolescence | The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the ti... | How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"two years later"
]
} |
570dee850b85d914000d7bf5 | Adolescence | The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the ti... | What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"4 inches (10.3 cm) a year"
]
} |
570dee850b85d914000d7bf6 | Adolescence | The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the ti... | What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"3.5 inches (9 cm)"
]
} |
570dee850b85d914000d7bf7 | Adolescence | The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the ti... | Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage? | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"toddler"
]
} |
570def080b85d914000d7bfd | Adolescence | Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. How... | Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"increases"
]
} |
570def080b85d914000d7bfe | Adolescence | Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. How... | Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"inverted-U pattern"
]
} |
570def080b85d914000d7bff | Adolescence | Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. How... | During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"synaptic pruning"
]
} |
570def080b85d914000d7c00 | Adolescence | Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. How... | Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"more efficient"
]
} |
570defaa0b85d914000d7c0f | Adolescence | Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural... | Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Piaget"
]
} |
570defaa0b85d914000d7c10 | Adolescence | Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural... | What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior? | {
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"executive functions"
]
} |
570defaa0b85d914000d7c11 | Adolescence | Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural... | Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior? | {
"answer_start": [
526
],
"text": [
"prefrontal cortex"
]
} |
570defaa0b85d914000d7c12 | Adolescence | Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural... | Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
211
],
"text": [
"decrease"
]
} |
570df0740b85d914000d7c17 | Adolescence | The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits ... | Do adolescents or children understand puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies most effectively? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"adolescents"
]
} |
570df0740b85d914000d7c18 | Adolescence | The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits ... | Children under what age often cannot comprehend sarcasm? | {
"answer_start": [
473
],
"text": [
"nine"
]
} |
570df0740b85d914000d7c19 | Adolescence | The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits ... | Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"higher-order"
]
} |
570df0740b85d914000d7c1a | Adolescence | The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits ... | The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"cognitive"
]
} |
570df13e0dc6ce1900204d25 | Adolescence | Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are mor... | Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"risky behavior"
]
} |
570df13e0dc6ce1900204d27 | Adolescence | Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are mor... | Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action? | {
"answer_start": [
669
],
"text": [
"both"
]
} |
570df13e0dc6ce1900204d26 | Adolescence | Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are mor... | Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards? | {
"answer_start": [
766
],
"text": [
"adolescents"
]
} |
570df13e0dc6ce1900204d28 | Adolescence | Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are mor... | Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action? | {
"answer_start": [
598
],
"text": [
"behavioral decision-making theory"
]
} |
570df2080dc6ce1900204d37 | Adolescence | Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in th... | When does differentiation appear fully developed? | {
"answer_start": [
287
],
"text": [
"by mid-adolescence"
]
} |
570df2080dc6ce1900204d39 | Adolescence | Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in th... | Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent? | {
"answer_start": [
552
],
"text": [
"distress"
]
} |
570df2080dc6ce1900204d38 | Adolescence | Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in th... | When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"differentiation"
]
} |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3d | Adolescence | In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage... | In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1989"
]
} |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3e | Adolescence | In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage... | What is Troiden's first stage of development known as? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"sensitization"
]
} |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3f | Adolescence | In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage... | When does sensitization usually start? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"childhood"
]
} |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d41 | Adolescence | In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage... | In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"identity confusion"
]
} |
570df27f0dc6ce1900204d40 | Adolescence | In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage... | Troiden's second stage is referred to as what? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"identity confusion"
]
} |
570df36e0b85d914000d7c1f | Adolescence | During childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; sibli... | Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"increases"
]
} |
570df36e0b85d914000d7c20 | Adolescence | During childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; sibli... | When siblings act as peers, what positive effects are possible? | {
"answer_start": [
695
],
"text": [
"increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth"
]
} |
570df36e0b85d914000d7c21 | Adolescence | During childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; sibli... | At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"middle adolescence"
]
} |
570df3f10dc6ce1900204d51 | Adolescence | Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they m... | Do adolescents associate with "cliques" on a large or small scale? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"small"
]
} |
570df3f10dc6ce1900204d53 | Adolescence | Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they m... | What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity"
]
} |
570df3f10dc6ce1900204d52 | Adolescence | Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they m... | How are cliques defined? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close"
]
} |
570df3f10dc6ce1900204d54 | Adolescence | Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they m... | Do adolescents associate with "crowds" on a large or small scale? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"larger"
]
} |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d63 | Adolescence | Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitt... | What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"10-45%"
]
} |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d64 | Adolescence | Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitt... | What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"a quarter to a third"
]
} |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d65 | Adolescence | Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitt... | Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression? | {
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"Physical"
]
} |
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