id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf7 | Antarctica | Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of th... | What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"ozone layer"
]
} |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf9 | Antarctica | Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of th... | When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"1985"
]
} |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf8 | Antarctica | Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of th... | Where in Antarctica is Halley Station? | {
"answer_start": [
199
],
"text": [
"Brunt Ice Shelf"
]
} |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cfa | Antarctica | Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of th... | What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"chlorofluorocarbons"
]
} |
570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cfb | Antarctica | Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of th... | What agreement banned the use of CFC s? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"Montreal Protocol"
]
} |
570de84b0b85d914000d7ba7 | Antarctica | During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. B... | What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"mild"
]
} |
570de84b0b85d914000d7ba8 | Antarctica | During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. B... | In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"Northern"
]
} |
570de84b0b85d914000d7ba9 | Antarctica | During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. B... | Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"equator"
]
} |
570de84b0b85d914000d7baa | Antarctica | During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. B... | What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period? | {
"answer_start": [
425
],
"text": [
"cooler"
]
} |
570de84b0b85d914000d7bab | Antarctica | During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. B... | Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period? | {
"answer_start": [
678
],
"text": [
"South Pole"
]
} |
570de9330b85d914000d7bb7 | Antarctica | Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Sou... | What is the Earth's most southern continent? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Antarctica"
]
} |
570de9330b85d914000d7bb8 | Antarctica | Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Sou... | Which pole is located in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"South Pole"
]
} |
570de9330b85d914000d7bb9 | Antarctica | Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Sou... | What ocean surrounds Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"Southern Ocean"
]
} |
570de9330b85d914000d7bba | Antarctica | Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Sou... | What is the size of Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"14,000,000 square kilometres"
]
} |
570de9330b85d914000d7bbb | Antarctica | Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Sou... | How much of Antarctica is ice covered? | {
"answer_start": [
559
],
"text": [
"98%"
]
} |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd3 | Antarctica | Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but sinc... | Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Antarctica"
]
} |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd4 | Antarctica | Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but sinc... | What was the coldest temperature ever recorded? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"−89.2 °C"
]
} |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd5 | Antarctica | Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but sinc... | On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"21 July 1983"
]
} |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd6 | Antarctica | Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but sinc... | What is Antarctica topographically ? | {
"answer_start": [
470
],
"text": [
"frozen desert"
]
} |
570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd7 | Antarctica | Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but sinc... | What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
783
],
"text": [
"Sunburn"
]
} |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0b | Antarctica | Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which deri... | Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aristotle"
]
} |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0d | Antarctica | Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which deri... | What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole? | {
"answer_start": [
286
],
"text": [
"polus antarcticus"
]
} |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0c | Antarctica | Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which deri... | What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"Marinus of Tyre"
]
} |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0e | Antarctica | Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which deri... | What did Chaucer call the area in 1391? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"pol antartik"
]
} |
570dec460dc6ce1900204d0f | Antarctica | Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which deri... | What was the old French words for the Antarctic? | {
"answer_start": [
339
],
"text": [
"pole antartike"
]
} |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1b | Antarctica | Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the loca... | In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"climatic change"
]
} |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1d | Antarctica | Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the loca... | How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"6 °C"
]
} |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1c | Antarctica | Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the loca... | What light does ozone absorb? | {
"answer_start": [
199
],
"text": [
"ultraviolet radiation"
]
} |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1e | Antarctica | Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the loca... | What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice? | {
"answer_start": [
736
],
"text": [
"accelerated melting"
]
} |
570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1f | Antarctica | Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the loca... | What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere? | {
"answer_start": [
802
],
"text": [
"enhanced polar vortex"
]
} |
570def870b85d914000d7c05 | Antarctica | Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 in... | Who has research stations in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Several governments"
]
} |
570def870b85d914000d7c06 | Antarctica | Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 in... | What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"between 70 and 350"
]
} |
570def870b85d914000d7c07 | Antarctica | Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 in... | About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
537
],
"text": [
"one-year"
]
} |
570def870b85d914000d7c08 | Antarctica | Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 in... | What station has an Orthodox church representative? | {
"answer_start": [
623
],
"text": [
"Bellingshausen Station"
]
} |
570def870b85d914000d7c09 | Antarctica | Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 in... | When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station? | {
"answer_start": [
603
],
"text": [
"2004"
]
} |
570df1970dc6ce1900204d2d | Antarctica | Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World O... | What is the southern most continent? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"Antarctica"
]
} |
570df1970dc6ce1900204d2f | Antarctica | Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World O... | What is the size of Antarctica in square miles? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"5,400,000"
]
} |
570df1970dc6ce1900204d30 | Antarctica | Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World O... | What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"fifth-largest"
]
} |
570df1970dc6ce1900204d31 | Antarctica | Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World O... | How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"11,165"
]
} |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d47 | Antarctica | Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than an... | What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"phytoplankton"
]
} |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d49 | Antarctica | Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than an... | During what season does the emperor penguin breed? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"winter"
]
} |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d48 | Antarctica | Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than an... | What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"emperor penguin"
]
} |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d4a | Antarctica | Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than an... | What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"feathers"
]
} |
570df3470dc6ce1900204d4b | Antarctica | Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than an... | Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"Adélie"
]
} |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d59 | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | What is the highest peak in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vinson Massif"
]
} |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5a | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"4,892 m"
]
} |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5b | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"Ellsworth Mountains"
]
} |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5d | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers? | {
"answer_start": [
541
],
"text": [
"underwater"
]
} |
570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5c | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | What is the Earth's most southern volcano? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"Mount Erebus"
]
} |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d73 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1983"
]
} |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d75 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon? | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"1988"
]
} |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d74 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"Greenpeace International,"
]
} |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d76 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
578
],
"text": [
"Australia and France"
]
} |
570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d77 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France? | {
"answer_start": [
886
],
"text": [
"Madrid Protocol"
]
} |
570df7950b85d914000d7c2d | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"desert"
]
} |
570df7950b85d914000d7c2e | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What plants were abundant during this time? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"pteridosperms"
]
} |
570df7950b85d914000d7c2f | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"Synapsids"
]
} |
570df7950b85d914000d7c30 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | When did the Antarctic peninsula form? | {
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"Jurassic period"
]
} |
570df7950b85d914000d7c31 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart? | {
"answer_start": [
674
],
"text": [
"Cretaceous"
]
} |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c57 | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Meteorites"
]
} |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c58 | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"asteroids"
]
} |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c59 | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"1912"
]
} |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5a | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"Japanese"
]
} |
570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5b | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places? | {
"answer_start": [
711
],
"text": [
"well-preserved."
]
} |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c69 | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"South Pole"
]
} |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c6a | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | In what condition is most water in the Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"ice"
]
} |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c6b | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"snow"
]
} |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c6c | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce? | {
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"giant ice sheet"
]
} |
570dfd080b85d914000d7c6d | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What are ice streams otherwise called? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"glaciers"
]
} |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d83 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"South Georgia"
]
} |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d85 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"1786"
]
} |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d84 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia? | {
"answer_start": [
142
],
"text": [
"sealers"
]
} |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d86 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What was the nationality of most whalers? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"Norwegian"
]
} |
570dffe80dc6ce1900204d87 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen? | {
"answer_start": [
874
],
"text": [
"1910"
]
} |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8d | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"Antarctic Peninsula"
]
} |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8f | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming? | {
"answer_start": [
630
],
"text": [
"carbon dioxide emissions"
]
} |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8e | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years? | {
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"0.1 °C"
]
} |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d90 | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow? | {
"answer_start": [
963
],
"text": [
"inflow of warm water"
]
} |
570e06f60dc6ce1900204d91 | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What is the thinking of the cause of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level. | {
"answer_start": [
1157
],
"text": [
"atmospheric warming"
]
} |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d97 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Antarctic fur seal"
]
} |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d99 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What did Sir James Weddell command? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"British sealing expeditions"
]
} |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d98 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | For whom is the Weddell seal named ? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"Sir James Weddell"
]
} |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d9a | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"Antarctic krill"
]
} |
570e08690dc6ce1900204d9b | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"important food"
]
} |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c87 | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | When did the Environmental Protocol become effective? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"1998"
]
} |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c88 | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What is the main concern of the Protocol? | {
"answer_start": [
194
],
"text": [
"conservation"
]
} |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c89 | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"non-native species"
]
} |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c8a | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting? | {
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"Committee for Environmental Protection"
]
} |
570e0a430b85d914000d7c8b | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage? | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"biodiversity"
]
} |
570e0bb30b85d914000d7c91 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"resources"
]
} |
570e0bb30b85d914000d7c92 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"1998"
]
} |
570e0bb30b85d914000d7c93 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | When will the mining ban be reviewed? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"2048"
]
} |
570e0bb30b85d914000d7c94 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | What is the major economic activity near Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
505
],
"text": [
"trading of fish"
]
} |
570e0bb30b85d914000d7c95 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01? | {
"answer_start": [
570
],
"text": [
"112,934 tonnes"
]
} |
570e0da70dc6ce1900204da1 | Antarctica | This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These spec... | How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"better understanding"
]
} |
570e0da70dc6ce1900204da3 | Antarctica | This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These spec... | From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come? | {
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"Moon"
]
} |
570e0da70dc6ce1900204da2 | Antarctica | This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These spec... | Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"New types"
]
} |
570e0da70dc6ce1900204da4 | Antarctica | This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These spec... | About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data? | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"Mars"
]
} |
570e0da70dc6ce1900204da5 | Antarctica | This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These spec... | What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is? | {
"answer_start": [
505
],
"text": [
"cosmic radiation"
]
} |
570e0f250dc6ce1900204dab | Antarctica | In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "t... | When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"2002"
]
} |
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