id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d66 | Adolescence | Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitt... | In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors? | {
"answer_start": [
572
],
"text": [
"no"
]
} |
570df4f00dc6ce1900204d67 | Adolescence | Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitt... | Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"decline"
]
} |
570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6d | Adolescence | The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain ... | Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others? | {
"answer_start": [
699
],
"text": [
"positive"
]
} |
570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6f | Adolescence | The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain ... | How are household chores frequently divided? | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"self-care tasks and family-care tasks"
]
} |
570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6e | Adolescence | The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain ... | What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities"
]
} |
570df6e20b85d914000d7c25 | Adolescence | Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or ... | Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system? | {
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments"
]
} |
570df6e20b85d914000d7c26 | Adolescence | Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or ... | The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Adolescence"
]
} |
570df6e20b85d914000d7c27 | Adolescence | Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or ... | What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
544
],
"text": [
"themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in"
]
} |
570df6e20b85d914000d7c28 | Adolescence | Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or ... | Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what? | {
"answer_start": [
684
],
"text": [
"cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood"
]
} |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c37 | Adolescence | Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' hom... | What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet? | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"more than three-quarters"
]
} |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c38 | Adolescence | Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' hom... | What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"90%"
]
} |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c39 | Adolescence | Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' hom... | In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased? | {
"answer_start": [
625
],
"text": [
"greatly increased"
]
} |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3a | Adolescence | Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' hom... | What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites? | {
"answer_start": [
810
],
"text": [
"(65%)"
]
} |
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3b | Adolescence | Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' hom... | What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation? | {
"answer_start": [
714
],
"text": [
"video games"
]
} |
570df8950b85d914000d7c41 | Adolescence | At the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth intervent... | What is DIS? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences"
]
} |
570df8950b85d914000d7c42 | Adolescence | At the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth intervent... | What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities"
]
} |
570df8950b85d914000d7c43 | Adolescence | At the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth intervent... | What does the DIS focus on in adolescents? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"risky and inappropriate behaviors"
]
} |
570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7d | Adolescence | Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug no... | What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"the substance use of friends and other classmates"
]
} |
570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7e | Adolescence | Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug no... | What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
934
],
"text": [
"addictive nature of cigarettes"
]
} |
570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7f | Adolescence | Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug no... | Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"significantly greater"
]
} |
570dfa320b85d914000d7c47 | Adolescence | The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with paren... | What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"12 to 20 years"
]
} |
570dfa320b85d914000d7c48 | Adolescence | The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with paren... | Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon? | {
"answer_start": [
593
],
"text": [
"No"
]
} |
570dfa320b85d914000d7c49 | Adolescence | The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with paren... | What are other areas in which legal societal age varies? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels"
]
} |
570c2257ec8fbc190045bc62 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | What type of land is Antarctica considered to be? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"desert"
]
} |
570c2257ec8fbc190045bc63 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | What is Antarctica's annual precipitation along the coast? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"200 mm (8 in)"
]
} |
570c2257ec8fbc190045bc64 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | What is Antarctica's average temperature during the coldest part of the year? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"−63 °C (−81 °F)"
]
} |
570c2257ec8fbc190045bc65 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | Approximately how many people live throughout the year at research stations across Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000"
]
} |
570c2257ec8fbc190045bc66 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | What are some animals native to Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
697
],
"text": [
"mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades"
]
} |
570d9260b3d812140066da51 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | Which continent is the highest in elevation? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Antarctica"
]
} |
570d9260b3d812140066da52 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"200 mm"
]
} |
570d9260b3d812140066da53 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | What is the average coldest temperature? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"−63 °C"
]
} |
570d9260b3d812140066da54 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | What is the coldest recorded temperature? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"−89.2 °C"
]
} |
570d9260b3d812140066da55 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
780
],
"text": [
"tundra"
]
} |
570c23e26b8089140040fb54 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | What does West Antarctica most resemble geologically? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"the Andes mountain range of South America"
]
} |
570c23e26b8089140040fb55 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | How was the Antarctic Peninsula formed? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments"
]
} |
570c23e26b8089140040fb56 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | During what eras was the Antarctic Peninsula formed? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic"
]
} |
570c23e26b8089140040fb57 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | What are the most common rocks found in West Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"andesite and rhyolite volcanics"
]
} |
570c23e26b8089140040fb58 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | Where has evidence of volcanic activity been discovered in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island"
]
} |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46243 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Andes"
]
} |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46244 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | An uplift of what formed Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"sea bed sediments"
]
} |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46245 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"early Mesozoic"
]
} |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46246 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"andesite and rhyolite"
]
} |
570d94c3fed7b91900d46247 | Antarctica | Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common r... | What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"volcanic"
]
} |
570c2595ec8fbc190045bc9c | Antarctica | Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular,... | What country was given the name Terra Australis instead of Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
} |
570c2595ec8fbc190045bc9d | Antarctica | Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular,... | Who was credited with popularizing the use of name Terra Australis to Australia? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"Explorer Matthew Flinders"
]
} |
570c2595ec8fbc190045bc9e | Antarctica | Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular,... | In what year did Matthew Flinders write his book A Voyage to Terra Australis? | {
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"1814"
]
} |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff0 | Antarctica | Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular,... | What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"significant landmass"
]
} |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff1 | Antarctica | Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular,... | What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"Matthew Flinders"
]
} |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff2 | Antarctica | Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular,... | What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia? | {
"answer_start": [
449
],
"text": [
"A Voyage to Terra Australis"
]
} |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff3 | Antarctica | Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular,... | When did Flinders write his book of discovery? | {
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"1814"
]
} |
570d9730df2f5219002ecff4 | Antarctica | Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular,... | What event caused people to misname Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"mistake"
]
} |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed018 | Antarctica | A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap... | Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"Census of Marine Life"
]
} |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed019 | Antarctica | A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap... | When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"International Polar Year"
]
} |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01a | Antarctica | A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap... | How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions? | {
"answer_start": [
249
],
"text": [
"235"
]
} |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01b | Antarctica | A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap... | Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other? | {
"answer_start": [
373
],
"text": [
"cetaceans"
]
} |
570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01c | Antarctica | A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap... | What is the amount of difference in temperature in the deep ocean? | {
"answer_start": [
700
],
"text": [
"5 °C"
]
} |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed02c | Antarctica | During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in... | What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Ernest Shackleton"
]
} |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed02d | Antarctica | During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in... | Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Edgeworth David"
]
} |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed02e | Antarctica | During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in... | Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"Douglas Mawson"
]
} |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed02f | Antarctica | During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in... | When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions? | {
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"1931"
]
} |
570d9c48df2f5219002ed030 | Antarctica | During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in... | When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole? | {
"answer_start": [
783
],
"text": [
"14 December 1911"
]
} |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed078 | Antarctica | The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic eco... | When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"1978"
]
} |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed079 | Antarctica | The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic eco... | What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring? | {
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"criminal"
]
} |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed07b | Antarctica | The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic eco... | How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000? | {
"answer_start": [
860
],
"text": [
"32,000"
]
} |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed07c | Antarctica | The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic eco... | When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources come into force? | {
"answer_start": [
491
],
"text": [
"1980"
]
} |
570da18bdf2f5219002ed07a | Antarctica | The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic eco... | Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"krill"
]
} |
570da377df2f5219002ed08a | Antarctica | Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAAT... | Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"1957"
]
} |
570da377df2f5219002ed08b | Antarctica | Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAAT... | What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol"
]
} |
570da377df2f5219002ed08c | Antarctica | Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAAT... | How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"95%"
]
} |
570da377df2f5219002ed08d | Antarctica | Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAAT... | What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"small or medium ship"
]
} |
570da377df2f5219002ed08e | Antarctica | Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAAT... | How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season? | {
"answer_start": [
514
],
"text": [
"37,506"
]
} |
570da494df2f5219002ed09e | Antarctica | The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable r... | What is the main mineral found on Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"coal"
]
} |
570da494df2f5219002ed09f | Antarctica | The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable r... | Where was coal first found on Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"Beardmore Glacier"
]
} |
570da494df2f5219002ed0a0 | Antarctica | The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable r... | What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"Nimrod Expedition"
]
} |
570da494df2f5219002ed0a1 | Antarctica | The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable r... | Where is iron ore found on Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"Prince Charles Mountains"
]
} |
570da494df2f5219002ed0a2 | Antarctica | The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable r... | Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
408
],
"text": [
"Ross Sea"
]
} |
570da68e16d0071400510c4b | Antarctica | On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the ... | What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"climate change"
]
} |
570da68e16d0071400510c4c | Antarctica | On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the ... | How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"$16.3 million"
]
} |
570da68e16d0071400510c4d | Antarctica | On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the ... | What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"zero-emissions"
]
} |
570da68e16d0071400510c4e | Antarctica | On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the ... | From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped? | {
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"Belgium"
]
} |
570da68e16d0071400510c4f | Antarctica | On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the ... | Who is the leader of the station design team? | {
"answer_start": [
592
],
"text": [
"Johan Berte"
]
} |
570da87816d0071400510c5d | Antarctica | Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow fal... | What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"floating ice shelves"
]
} |
570da87816d0071400510c5e | Antarctica | Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow fal... | What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"collapses"
]
} |
570da87816d0071400510c5f | Antarctica | Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow fal... | Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves? | {
"answer_start": [
481
],
"text": [
"Antarctic Peninsula"
]
} |
570da87816d0071400510c60 | Antarctica | Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow fal... | What could the displacement of ice cause? | {
"answer_start": [
583
],
"text": [
"glacial outflow"
]
} |
570da87816d0071400510c61 | Antarctica | Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow fal... | What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves? | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"snow falling"
]
} |
570dc8720b85d914000d7b53 | Antarctica | The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of ... | What can not grow extensively in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"vegetation"
]
} |
570dc8720b85d914000d7b54 | Antarctica | The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of ... | What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"plant growth"
]
} |
570dc8720b85d914000d7b55 | Antarctica | The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of ... | hat is low and limited in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"diversity of plant life"
]
} |
570dc8720b85d914000d7b56 | Antarctica | The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of ... | How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"100"
]
} |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6b | Antarctica | New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Ant... | Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"1959"
]
} |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6c | Antarctica | New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Ant... | What document regulates Antarctica's status? | {
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"Antarctic Treaty System"
]
} |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6d | Antarctica | New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Ant... | What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border? | {
"answer_start": [
367
],
"text": [
"south of 60° S"
]
} |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6e | Antarctica | New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Ant... | How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims? | {
"answer_start": [
446
],
"text": [
"twelve"
]
} |
570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6f | Antarctica | New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Ant... | What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as? | {
"answer_start": [
611
],
"text": [
"scientific preserve"
]
} |
570dce860b85d914000d7b7d | Antarctica | European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in J... | When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"17 January 1773"
]
} |
570dce860b85d914000d7b7e | Antarctica | European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in J... | What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
306
],
"text": [
"field ice"
]
} |
570dce860b85d914000d7b7f | Antarctica | European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in J... | How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820? | {
"answer_start": [
606
],
"text": [
"three"
]
} |
570dce860b85d914000d7b80 | Antarctica | European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in J... | How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
941
],
"text": [
"32 km"
]
} |
570dce860b85d914000d7b81 | Antarctica | European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in J... | When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica? | {
"answer_start": [
1518
],
"text": [
"1895"
]
} |
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