id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570e47250dc6ce1900204f0a | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one da... | What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"Trapelia involuta"
]
} |
570e47250dc6ce1900204f0c | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one da... | What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"Geobacter"
]
} |
570e47250dc6ce1900204f0d | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one da... | What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase? | {
"answer_start": [
650
],
"text": [
"Glomus intraradices"
]
} |
570e48100b85d914000d7de5 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide c... | At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"482 to 572"
]
} |
570e48100b85d914000d7de6 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide c... | What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"hydrogen"
]
} |
570e48100b85d914000d7de7 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide c... | Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created? | {
"answer_start": [
498
],
"text": [
"250 °C"
]
} |
570e48100b85d914000d7de8 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide c... | Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"nitride"
]
} |
570e48100b85d914000d7de9 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide c... | How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"Two"
]
} |
570e489e0b85d914000d7df0 | Uranium | Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U
3O
8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC
2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
3). Both UC and UC
2 are form... | Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"diuranium tricarbide"
]
} |
570e489e0b85d914000d7df2 | Uranium | Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U
3O
8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC
2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
3). Both UC and UC
2 are form... | Below what temperature is U2C3 stable? | {
"answer_start": [
437
],
"text": [
"1800 °C"
]
} |
570e491b0dc6ce1900204f13 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"3% and 5%"
]
} |
570e491b0dc6ce1900204f15 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"2001"
]
} |
570e491b0dc6ce1900204f14 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"0.3%"
]
} |
570e491b0dc6ce1900204f16 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001? | {
"answer_start": [
593
],
"text": [
"$5"
]
} |
570e491b0dc6ce1900204f17 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"$130"
]
} |
570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f1d | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, ha... | Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"kidney"
]
} |
570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f1e | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, ha... | What is the main form of 238U decay? | {
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"alpha radiation"
]
} |
570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f20 | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, ha... | What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate? | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"hexavalent"
]
} |
570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f21 | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, ha... | At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air? | {
"answer_start": [
1403
],
"text": [
"room"
]
} |
570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f27 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Ma... | What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"gas centrifuge"
]
} |
570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f28 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Ma... | What compound is UF6? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"uranium hexafluoride"
]
} |
570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f29 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Ma... | What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"gaseous diffusion"
]
} |
570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f2a | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Ma... | In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"uranium hexafluoride"
]
} |
570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f2b | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Ma... | How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235? | {
"answer_start": [
522
],
"text": [
"heavier"
]
} |
570e4e090dc6ce1900204f31 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six na... | What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"U"
]
} |
570e4e090dc6ce1900204f32 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six na... | What is the atomic number of uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"92"
]
} |
570e4e090dc6ce1900204f33 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six na... | What color is uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"silvery-white"
]
} |
570e4e090dc6ce1900204f35 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six na... | How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"6"
]
} |
570e4e090dc6ce1900204f34 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six na... | Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"actinide"
]
} |
570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3b | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it ca... | What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"noble gases"
]
} |
570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3d | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it ca... | What coats uranium metal in air? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"uranium oxide"
]
} |
570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3c | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it ca... | Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"Hydrochloric"
]
} |
570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3e | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it ca... | What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction? | {
"answer_start": [
477
],
"text": [
"uranium dioxide"
]
} |
570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3f | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it ca... | What reacts with finely divided uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"cold water"
]
} |
570e4f430dc6ce1900204f4f | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechani... | During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"World War II"
]
} |
570e4f430dc6ce1900204f50 | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechani... | From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived? | {
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"238"
]
} |
570e4f430dc6ce1900204f51 | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechani... | What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"deuterium"
]
} |
570e4f430dc6ce1900204f52 | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechani... | What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb? | {
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"thermonuclear weapon"
]
} |
570e4f430dc6ce1900204f53 | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechani... | What does non-fissile mean? | {
"answer_start": [
636
],
"text": [
"unenriched"
]
} |
570e4fe50b85d914000d7e03 | Uranium | Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used a... | What product of uranium was used as toner? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"nitrate"
]
} |
570e4fe50b85d914000d7e04 | Uranium | Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used a... | Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"Uranyl acetate"
]
} |
570e4fe50b85d914000d7e05 | Uranium | Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used a... | What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"stage"
]
} |
570e4fe50b85d914000d7e06 | Uranium | Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used a... | Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"wood"
]
} |
570e4fe50b85d914000d7e07 | Uranium | Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used a... | In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"silk"
]
} |
570e51b50b85d914000d7e21 | Uranium | In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted abo... | Of what nationality was Perrin? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"French"
]
} |
570e51b50b85d914000d7e22 | Uranium | In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted abo... | In what county was the Oklo mine located? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"Gabon"
]
} |
570e51b50b85d914000d7e23 | Uranium | In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted abo... | How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"1.7 billion years"
]
} |
570e51b50b85d914000d7e24 | Uranium | In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted abo... | When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"3%"
]
} |
570e51b50b85d914000d7e25 | Uranium | In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted abo... | Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository? | {
"answer_start": [
687
],
"text": [
"Yucca Mountain"
]
} |
570e52840b85d914000d7e2b | Uranium | Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The c... | How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"40"
]
} |
570e52840b85d914000d7e2c | Uranium | Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The c... | How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"1013"
]
} |
570e52840b85d914000d7e2d | Uranium | Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The c... | Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high? | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"phosphate fertilizers"
]
} |
570e52840b85d914000d7e2e | Uranium | Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The c... | What is the concentration of uranium in sea water? | {
"answer_start": [
513
],
"text": [
"3 parts per billion"
]
} |
570e53ae0b85d914000d7e43 | Uranium | Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and... | What isotope of uranium has the most stability? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Uranium-238"
]
} |
570e53ae0b85d914000d7e44 | Uranium | Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and... | About how old is the Earth? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"4.468×109 years"
]
} |
570e53ae0b85d914000d7e45 | Uranium | Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and... | What is the half-life of uranium-234? | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"2.48×105 years"
]
} |
570e53ae0b85d914000d7e46 | Uranium | Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and... | What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth? | {
"answer_start": [
460
],
"text": [
"one-fifth"
]
} |
570e53ae0b85d914000d7e47 | Uranium | Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and... | What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"49%"
]
} |
570e54c20b85d914000d7e4d | Uranium | Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, es... | What happens to a majority of ingested uranium? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"excreted"
]
} |
570e54c20b85d914000d7e4e | Uranium | Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, es... | Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"5%"
]
} |
570e54c20b85d914000d7e4f | Uranium | Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, es... | About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"0.5%"
]
} |
570e54c20b85d914000d7e50 | Uranium | Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, es... | What does uranium have an affinity for? | {
"answer_start": [
559
],
"text": [
"phosphates"
]
} |
570e54c20b85d914000d7e51 | Uranium | Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, es... | Where does uranium accumulate in the body? | {
"answer_start": [
513
],
"text": [
"bone tissue"
]
} |
570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb5 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from ... | How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors"
]
} |
570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb7 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from ... | What remained the head of state of the British Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"the monarch"
]
} |
570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb6 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from ... | What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued? | {
"answer_start": [
247
],
"text": [
"Empire"
]
} |
570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb8 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from ... | Why did the oversea nominations discontinue? | {
"answer_start": [
460
],
"text": [
"established their own Orders"
]
} |
570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb9 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from ... | What countries established new orders? | {
"answer_start": [
501
],
"text": [
"Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit"
]
} |
570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd1 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for G... | Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry"
]
} |
570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd3 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for G... | What year was it replaced? | {
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"1974"
]
} |
570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd2 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for G... | What was the emblem? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge"
]
} |
570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd4 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for G... | What kind of medal was replaced in 1974? | {
"answer_start": [
241
],
"text": [
"Queen's Gallantry Medal"
]
} |
570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd5 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for G... | They continued to wear what the insignia of what? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"lower grade with the oak leaves"
]
} |
570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe5 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees... | Who are appointed to citizens of nations? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Honorary knighthoods"
]
} |
570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe6 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees... | Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"citizens of nations"
]
} |
570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe7 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees... | What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"Sir or Dame"
]
} |
570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe8 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees... | Who are examples of Sir of Dame? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"Bill Gates or Bob Geldof"
]
} |
570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe9 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees... | What is an example of irish broadcaster? | {
"answer_start": [
599
],
"text": [
"Terry Wogan"
]
} |
570e63590dc6ce1900204fef | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the Col... | Who are the six officials of The Order? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher"
]
} |
570e63590dc6ce1900204ff1 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the Col... | Who was The Dean of St. Paul? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"ex officio the Dean of the Order"
]
} |
570e63590dc6ce1900204ff0 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the Col... | Who serves as the Order's Prelate? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England"
]
} |
570e63590dc6ce1900204ff2 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the Col... | Who is not a member of the College of Arms? | {
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"The Order's King of Arms"
]
} |
570e63590dc6ce1900204ff3 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the Col... | What is the Usher of the Order? | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod"
]
} |
570e669f0dc6ce1900205015 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the ... | Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Appointments to the Order of the British Empire"
]
} |
570e669f0dc6ce1900205016 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the ... | Who established a national system of honours and awards? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit"
]
} |
570e669f0dc6ce1900205017 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the ... | How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"Canada, Australia, and New Zealand"
]
} |
570e669f0dc6ce1900205018 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the ... | What were the highest class? | {
"answer_start": [
570
],
"text": [
"Knights and Dames"
]
} |
570e67880dc6ce1900205027 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertain... | Who were MBE'S? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The members of The Beatles"
]
} |
570e67880dc6ce1900205028 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertain... | In what year was the Beatles made MBE's? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"1965"
]
} |
570e67880dc6ce1900205029 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertain... | Who compared military membership in the Order? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"John Lennon"
]
} |
570e67880dc6ce190020502a | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertain... | Who said "lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war. | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"John Lennon"
]
} |
570e67880dc6ce190020502b | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertain... | When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia? | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"25 November 1969"
]
} |
570e68670dc6ce1900205031 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises f... | Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy"
]
} |
570e68670dc6ce1900205033 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises f... | When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"4 June 1917"
]
} |
570e68670dc6ce1900205032 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises f... | Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"\"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy"
]
} |
570e68670dc6ce1900205034 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises f... | Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"King George V"
]
} |
570e68670dc6ce1900205035 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises f... | Who is the recipient? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"knight if male, or dame if female"
]
} |
570e69cb0dc6ce1900205045 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours sys... | What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"Medal of the Order of the British Empire"
]
} |
570e69cb0dc6ce1900205047 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours sys... | What was the medal renamed as? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"British Empire Medal"
]
} |
570e69cb0dc6ce1900205046 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours sys... | In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"1922"
]
} |
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