id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
571079ada58dae1900cd69d5 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to... | What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences"
]
} |
571079ada58dae1900cd69d6 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to... | Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"science and technology"
]
} |
571079ada58dae1900cd69d7 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to... | What year was the Lexicon Technicum published? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"1704"
]
} |
571079ada58dae1900cd69d8 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to... | In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"English"
]
} |
57107cc7b654c5140001f913 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific wr... | What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds"
]
} |
57107cc7b654c5140001f914 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific wr... | Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"Bernard de Fontenelle"
]
} |
57107cc7b654c5140001f915 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific wr... | Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)? | {
"answer_start": [
1686
],
"text": [
"Sarah Trimmer"
]
} |
57107cc7b654c5140001f916 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific wr... | How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children? | {
"answer_start": [
1865
],
"text": [
"eleven"
]
} |
57107cc7b654c5140001f917 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific wr... | Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756? | {
"answer_start": [
900
],
"text": [
"Principia"
]
} |
571080dbb654c5140001f92f | Age_of_Enlightenment | The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back ... | The practice of contests dates back to what time period? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"Middle Ages"
]
} |
571080dbb654c5140001f930 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back ... | Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques? | {
"answer_start": [
420
],
"text": [
"generally religious and/or monarchical"
]
} |
571080dbb654c5140001f931 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back ... | Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725? | {
"answer_start": [
785
],
"text": [
"theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice"
]
} |
571080dbb654c5140001f932 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back ... | Were the concours academiques public or private matters? | {
"answer_start": [
734
],
"text": [
"public"
]
} |
5710831cb654c5140001f941 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into "penny universities", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life, as they were frequented... | Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Oxford"
]
} |
5710831cb654c5140001f942 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into "penny universities", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life, as they were frequented... | According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"less"
]
} |
5710831cb654c5140001f943 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into "penny universities", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life, as they were frequented... | What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"penny universities"
]
} |
5710840fa58dae1900cd69fc | Age_of_Enlightenment | Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin, and Ge... | Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"Freemasonry"
]
} |
5710840fa58dae1900cd69fd | Age_of_Enlightenment | Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin, and Ge... | To whom was Freemasonry most attractive? | {
"answer_start": [
602
],
"text": [
"powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists"
]
} |
5710840fa58dae1900cd69fe | Age_of_Enlightenment | Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin, and Ge... | Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent? | {
"answer_start": [
421
],
"text": [
"Europe"
]
} |
571084dcb654c5140001f947 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rouss... | Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
570
],
"text": [
"enlightened absolutism"
]
} |
571084dcb654c5140001f948 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rouss... | Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate? | {
"answer_start": [
608
],
"text": [
"Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson"
]
} |
571084dcb654c5140001f949 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rouss... | The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents? | {
"answer_start": [
822
],
"text": [
"Declaration of Independence and the Constitution"
]
} |
571084dcb654c5140001f94a | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rouss... | Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"preceded"
]
} |
57108592b654c5140001f94f | Age_of_Enlightenment | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. M... | Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"20th"
]
} |
57108592b654c5140001f950 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. M... | In what year was Immanuel Kant born? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"1724"
]
} |
57108592b654c5140001f951 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. M... | For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known? | {
"answer_start": [
535
],
"text": [
"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)"
]
} |
57108592b654c5140001f952 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. M... | In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published? | {
"answer_start": [
573
],
"text": [
"1791"
]
} |
57108592b654c5140001f953 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. M... | Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea? | {
"answer_start": [
426
],
"text": [
"reason"
]
} |
57108677a58dae1900cd6a02 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awaren... | The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"Hume"
]
} |
57108677a58dae1900cd6a03 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awaren... | Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"Hume"
]
} |
57108677a58dae1900cd6a04 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awaren... | Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts? | {
"answer_start": [
548
],
"text": [
"Dugald Stewart"
]
} |
571087b8b654c5140001f959 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to li... | What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"social contract"
]
} |
571087b8b654c5140001f95b | Age_of_Enlightenment | Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to li... | Who wrote Discourse on Inequality? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Rousseau"
]
} |
571087b8b654c5140001f95a | Age_of_Enlightenment | Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to li... | Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government? | {
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"Locke"
]
} |
571087b8b654c5140001f95d | Age_of_Enlightenment | Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to li... | For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society? | {
"answer_start": [
1214
],
"text": [
"to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom"
]
} |
571087b8b654c5140001f95c | Age_of_Enlightenment | Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to li... | From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free? | {
"answer_start": [
627
],
"text": [
"state of war"
]
} |
5710889ba58dae1900cd6a08 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called "enlightened despots" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of R... | Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"enlightened despots"
]
} |
5710889ba58dae1900cd6a09 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called "enlightened despots" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of R... | Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"Joseph II of Austria"
]
} |
5710889ba58dae1900cd6a0a | Age_of_Enlightenment | In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called "enlightened despots" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of R... | In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year? | {
"answer_start": [
680
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
} |
5710889ba58dae1900cd6a0b | Age_of_Enlightenment | In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called "enlightened despots" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of R... | From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"Russia"
]
} |
5710898bb654c5140001f963 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any o... | Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology?? | {
"answer_start": [
612
],
"text": [
"moral fruits"
]
} |
5710898bb654c5140001f964 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any o... | What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"organized religion"
]
} |
5710898bb654c5140001f965 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any o... | Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"politics"
]
} |
5710898bb654c5140001f966 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any o... | Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion, or to whatever one found most convincing? | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"what they found most convincing"
]
} |
57108a13b654c5140001f96b | Age_of_Enlightenment | In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in ch... | Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization? | {
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"Scotland"
]
} |
57108a13b654c5140001f96c | Age_of_Enlightenment | In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in ch... | What was the profession of James Anderson? | {
"answer_start": [
693
],
"text": [
"agronomist"
]
} |
57108a13b654c5140001f96d | Age_of_Enlightenment | In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in ch... | Who was the first modern geologist? | {
"answer_start": [
746
],
"text": [
"James Hutton"
]
} |
57108a13b654c5140001f96e | Age_of_Enlightenment | In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in ch... | William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations? | {
"answer_start": [
719
],
"text": [
"physicist and chemist"
]
} |
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a10 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The term "Enlightenment" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufkläru... | In what year was the French term Lumieres first used? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"1733"
]
} |
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a11 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The term "Enlightenment" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufkläru... | What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"Aufklärung"
]
} |
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a12 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The term "Enlightenment" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufkläru... | In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"19th"
]
} |
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a13 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The term "Enlightenment" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufkläru... | What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres? | {
"answer_start": [
630
],
"text": [
"illuminismo"
]
} |
57108b74a58dae1900cd6a14 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The term "Enlightenment" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufkläru... | Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements? | {
"answer_start": [
723
],
"text": [
"overlapping"
]
} |
57108c38b654c5140001f973 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: "economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century"." Rising efficiency in production tec... | Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"lowered"
]
} |
57108c38b654c5140001f974 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: "economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century"." Rising efficiency in production tec... | Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution? | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"increased"
]
} |
57108c38b654c5140001f975 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: "economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century"." Rising efficiency in production tec... | The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"Industrial Revolution"
]
} |
57108d9ab654c5140001f98d | Age_of_Enlightenment | As the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in the amateur performers' scene, ... | A the economy and middle class expanded, what artistic profession had an increasing number of members? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"musicians"
]
} |
57108d9ab654c5140001f98e | Age_of_Enlightenment | As the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in the amateur performers' scene, ... | Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"middle"
]
} |
57108d9ab654c5140001f98f | Age_of_Enlightenment | As the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in the amateur performers' scene, ... | Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument, especially? | {
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"keyboard"
]
} |
57108d9ab654c5140001f990 | Age_of_Enlightenment | As the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in the amateur performers' scene, ... | Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for? | {
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble"
]
} |
57108f32a58dae1900cd6a24 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be authors". These men came to London to become autho... | By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"mid-18th century"
]
} |
57108f32a58dae1900cd6a25 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be authors". These men came to London to become autho... | What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors"? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"Grub Street"
]
} |
57108f32a58dae1900cd6a26 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be authors". These men came to London to become autho... | Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging? | {
"answer_start": [
379
],
"text": [
"not"
]
} |
57108f32a58dae1900cd6a27 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be authors". These men came to London to become autho... | Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"very poorly"
]
} |
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2c | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a... | During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"the Enlightenment"
]
} |
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2d | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a... | What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"the Parisian Journal des Sçavans"
]
} |
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2e | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a... | In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"1665"
]
} |
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2f | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a... | Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"French and Latin"
]
} |
57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a30 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a... | Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced? | {
"answer_start": [
860
],
"text": [
"Holland"
]
} |
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a36 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721... | Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon"
]
} |
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a37 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721... | In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) how many colums of text were dedicated to wine? | {
"answer_start": [
446
],
"text": [
"over five"
]
} |
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a38 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721... | Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory? | {
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"technical subjects"
]
} |
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a39 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721... | In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published? | {
"answer_start": [
637
],
"text": [
"1771"
]
} |
571090e2a58dae1900cd6a3a | Age_of_Enlightenment | In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721... | The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"Germany"
]
} |
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4a | Age_of_Enlightenment | More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the "vast majority" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society ("the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and t... | What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"anonymity"
]
} |
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4b | Age_of_Enlightenment | More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the "vast majority" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society ("the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and t... | Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"wealthier strata of society"
]
} |
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4d | Age_of_Enlightenment | More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the "vast majority" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society ("the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and t... | Women's education common stressed which literary genre? | {
"answer_start": [
767
],
"text": [
"poetry"
]
} |
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4c | Age_of_Enlightenment | More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the "vast majority" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society ("the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and t... | How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France? | {
"answer_start": [
578
],
"text": [
"49"
]
} |
571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4e | Age_of_Enlightenment | More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the "vast majority" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society ("the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and t... | What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries? | {
"answer_start": [
767
],
"text": [
"poetry"
]
} |
57109269a58dae1900cd6a54 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclopédie. The cafés w... | Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Paris"
]
} |
57109269a58dae1900cd6a55 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclopédie. The cafés w... | By the 1720s. how many cafes were in Paris? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"around 400"
]
} |
57109269a58dae1900cd6a56 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclopédie. The cafés w... | In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"The Café Procope"
]
} |
57109269a58dae1900cd6a57 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclopédie. The cafés w... | Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"bruits"
]
} |
5710947eb654c5140001f9a9 | Age_of_Enlightenment | During the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Freemasonry as a systematic creed... | Where did Freemasonry originate? | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"Scotland"
]
} |
5710947eb654c5140001f9aa | Age_of_Enlightenment | During the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Freemasonry as a systematic creed... | Where did Freemasonry first spread? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"England"
]
} |
5710947eb654c5140001f9ab | Age_of_Enlightenment | During the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Freemasonry as a systematic creed... | In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent? | {
"answer_start": [
932
],
"text": [
"France"
]
} |
5710947eb654c5140001f9ac | Age_of_Enlightenment | During the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Freemasonry as a systematic creed... | What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations? | {
"answer_start": [
890
],
"text": [
"Freemasonry"
]
} |
5710947eb654c5140001f9ad | Age_of_Enlightenment | During the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Freemasonry as a systematic creed... | Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776? | {
"answer_start": [
1281
],
"text": [
"Illuminati"
]
} |
57109529a58dae1900cd6a70 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: "There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especial... | Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property"? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Locke"
]
} |
57109529a58dae1900cd6a71 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: "There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especial... | Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"labor"
]
} |
57109529a58dae1900cd6a72 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: "There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especial... | Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document? | {
"answer_start": [
552
],
"text": [
"French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
]
} |
571095d9a58dae1900cd6a80 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederi... | Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Frederick the Great"
]
} |
571095d9a58dae1900cd6a81 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederi... | Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"Voltaire"
]
} |
571095d9a58dae1900cd6a82 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederi... | Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Frederick the Great,"
]
} |
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a8e | Age_of_Enlightenment | Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlighte... | Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"Benjamin Franklin"
]
} |
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a8f | Age_of_Enlightenment | Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlighte... | Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"both directions"
]
} |
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a90 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlighte... | As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers? | {
"answer_start": [
656
],
"text": [
"John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733)"
]
} |
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a92 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlighte... | All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work? | {
"answer_start": [
1005
],
"text": [
"The Age of Reason"
]
} |
571096f2a58dae1900cd6a91 | Age_of_Enlightenment | Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlighte... | Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy? | {
"answer_start": [
850
],
"text": [
"science and religion"
]
} |
571097dca58dae1900cd6aa2 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies... | What term was given to the writers of Grub Street? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"the Grub Street Hacks"
]
} |
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