Split (3)

train · 87.6k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
570e69cb0dc6ce1900205048	Order_of_the_British_Empire	At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours sys...	When was it stopped being rewarded?	{ "answer_start": [ 289 ], "text": [ "1993" ] }
570e69cb0dc6ce1900205049	Order_of_the_British_Empire	At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours sys...	How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?	{ "answer_start": [ 380 ], "text": [ "293" ] }
570e6d560dc6ce190020504f	Order_of_the_British_Empire	From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (...	From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 5 ], "text": [ "1940" ] }
570e6d560dc6ce1900205050	Order_of_the_British_Empire	From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (...	Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?	{ "answer_start": [ 182 ], "text": [ "below the level required for the George Medal" ] }
570e6d560dc6ce1900205052	Order_of_the_British_Empire	From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (...	When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?	{ "answer_start": [ 572 ], "text": [ "14 January 1958" ] }
570e6d560dc6ce1900205051	Order_of_the_British_Empire	From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (...	What grade was determined?	{ "answer_start": [ 261 ], "text": [ "same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry" ] }
570e6eac0b85d914000d7eef	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except whe...	Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander" ] }
570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef0	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except whe...	Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?	{ "answer_start": [ 58 ], "text": [ "Dames Grand Cross" ] }
570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef1	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except whe...	Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?	{ "answer_start": [ 132 ], "text": [ "Wives of Knights" ] }
570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef2	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except whe...	Such forms are not used by whom?	{ "answer_start": [ 291 ], "text": [ "peers and princes" ] }
570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef3	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except whe...	Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?	{ "answer_start": [ 386 ], "text": [ "Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland" ] }
570e6ff20dc6ce190020506b	Order_of_the_British_Empire	India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhusha...	Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "India" ] }
570e6ff20dc6ce190020506d	Order_of_the_British_Empire	India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhusha...	What is referred to as the Padma Awards?	{ "answer_start": [ 132 ], "text": [ "President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain" ] }
570e6ff20dc6ce190020506c	Order_of_the_British_Empire	India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhusha...	Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?	{ "answer_start": [ 132 ], "text": [ "President of India" ] }
570e6ff20dc6ce190020506e	Order_of_the_British_Empire	India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhusha...	What does the Padma Awards consist of?	{ "answer_start": [ 306 ], "text": [ "Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri" ] }
570e6ff20dc6ce190020506f	Order_of_the_British_Empire	India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhusha...	What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?	{ "answer_start": [ 306 ], "text": [ "Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri" ] }
570e718c0dc6ce1900205075	Order_of_the_British_Empire	The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members...	How many Knights are in The Order?	{ "answer_start": [ 24 ], "text": [ "300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross" ] }
570e718c0dc6ce1900205077	Order_of_the_British_Empire	The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members...	How many commanders are in The Order?	{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "8,960" ] }
570e718c0dc6ce1900205076	Order_of_the_British_Empire	The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members...	How many Knights and Dames Commander?	{ "answer_start": [ 59 ], "text": [ "845" ] }
570e718c0dc6ce1900205078	Order_of_the_British_Empire	The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members...	How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?	{ "answer_start": [ 223 ], "text": [ "858 Officers and 1,464 Members" ] }
570e718c0dc6ce1900205079	Order_of_the_British_Empire	The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members...	Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?	{ "answer_start": [ 412 ], "text": [ "Order of the British Empire" ] }
570e727b0dc6ce1900205085	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any sp...	What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?	{ "answer_start": [ 49 ], "text": [ "positions in the order of precedence" ] }
570e727b0dc6ce1900205086	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any sp...	Who of the male members feature on the order?	{ "answer_start": [ 87 ], "text": [ "Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law" ] }
570e727b0dc6ce1900205087	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any sp...	Who are not assigned any special precedence?	{ "answer_start": [ 254 ], "text": [ "relatives of Ladies of the Order" ] }
570e727b0dc6ce1900205088	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any sp...	Who can individuals derive precedence from?	{ "answer_start": [ 402 ], "text": [ "fathers or husbands" ] }
570e727b0dc6ce1900205089	Order_of_the_British_Empire	Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any sp...	Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?	{ "answer_start": [ 442 ], "text": [ "mothers or wives" ] }
570ec9a70b85d914000d7f9f	Age_of_Enlightenment	French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, wi...	What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?	{ "answer_start": [ 64 ], "text": [ "1715" ] }
570ec9a70b85d914000d7fa0	Age_of_Enlightenment	French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, wi...	Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?	{ "answer_start": [ 226 ], "text": [ "scientific revolution" ] }
570ec9a70b85d914000d7fa1	Age_of_Enlightenment	French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, wi...	A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?	{ "answer_start": [ 760 ], "text": [ "the Enlightenment." ] }
570ec9a70b85d914000d7fa2	Age_of_Enlightenment	French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, wi...	What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 249 ], "text": [ "The Philosophes" ] }
57103d79b654c5140001f8bb	Age_of_Enlightenment	French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, wi...	In what year did Louis XIV die?	{ "answer_start": [ 64 ], "text": [ "1715" ] }
57103d79b654c5140001f8bc	Age_of_Enlightenment	French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, wi...	In what year did the French Revolution begin?	{ "answer_start": [ 104 ], "text": [ "1789" ] }
57103d79b654c5140001f8bd	Age_of_Enlightenment	French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, wi...	In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?	{ "answer_start": [ 197 ], "text": [ "1620s" ] }
570ecafc0b85d914000d7fa7	Age_of_Enlightenment	Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and s...	Who said that virtue provides "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Francis Hutcheson" ] }
570ecafc0b85d914000d7fa8	Age_of_Enlightenment	Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and s...	Who was a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy?	{ "answer_start": [ 426 ], "text": [ "David Hume" ] }
570ecafc0b85d914000d7fa9	Age_of_Enlightenment	Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and s...	Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by David Hume and what other philosopher?	{ "answer_start": [ 441 ], "text": [ "Adam Smith" ] }
57103e53a58dae1900cd697a	Age_of_Enlightenment	Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and s...	Which moral philosopher said "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Francis Hutcheson" ] }
57103e53a58dae1900cd697b	Age_of_Enlightenment	Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and s...	Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?	{ "answer_start": [ 426 ], "text": [ "David Hume and Adam Smith" ] }
57103e53a58dae1900cd697c	Age_of_Enlightenment	Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and s...	The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?	{ "answer_start": [ 230 ], "text": [ "the scientific method" ] }
57103e53a58dae1900cd697d	Age_of_Enlightenment	Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and s...	What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?	{ "answer_start": [ 21 ], "text": [ "moral" ] }
57103e53a58dae1900cd697e	Age_of_Enlightenment	Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and s...	In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?	{ "answer_start": [ 487 ], "text": [ "skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions" ] }
570ed0690dc6ce1900205105	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	What kind of topics began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 222 ], "text": [ "scientific topics" ] }
570ed0690dc6ce1900205106	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	Who penned a poem called "Poem to the Memory of Newton" to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton?	{ "answer_start": [ 437 ], "text": [ "James Thomson" ] }
570ed0690dc6ce1900205107	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	Sir Richard Blackmore committed what system to verse in Creation?	{ "answer_start": [ 277 ], "text": [ "Newtonian system" ] }
570ed0690dc6ce1900205108	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	What year was Newton's death?	{ "answer_start": [ 384 ], "text": [ "1727" ] }
571040eca58dae1900cd6984	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	Who wrote "Poem to the Memory of Newton?"	{ "answer_start": [ 437 ], "text": [ "James Thomson" ] }
571040eca58dae1900cd6985	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	In what year did Newton die?	{ "answer_start": [ 384 ], "text": [ "1727" ] }
571040eca58dae1900cd6986	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?	{ "answer_start": [ 366 ], "text": [ "Newton" ] }
571040eca58dae1900cd6987	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?	{ "answer_start": [ 241 ], "text": [ "Sir Richard Blackmore" ] }
571040eca58dae1900cd6988	Age_of_Enlightenment	The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Ph...	In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?	{ "answer_start": [ 353 ], "text": [ "1712" ] }
570ed1840b85d914000d7fae	Age_of_Enlightenment	John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundame...	Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought?	{ "answer_start": [ 205 ], "text": [ "Thomas Hobbes" ] }
570ed1840b85d914000d7faf	Age_of_Enlightenment	John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundame...	Thomas Hobbes ushered in the new debate of social contract theory through which work of his?	{ "answer_start": [ 260 ], "text": [ "Leviathan" ] }
570ed1840b85d914000d7fad	Age_of_Enlightenment	John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundame...	What did John Locke base his governance philosophy on?	{ "answer_start": [ 99 ], "text": [ "social contract theory" ] }
571043a1a58dae1900cd698e	Age_of_Enlightenment	John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundame...	What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?	{ "answer_start": [ 99 ], "text": [ "social contract theory" ] }
571043a1a58dae1900cd698f	Age_of_Enlightenment	John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundame...	Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?	{ "answer_start": [ 205 ], "text": [ "Thomas Hobbes" ] }
571043a1a58dae1900cd6990	Age_of_Enlightenment	John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundame...	Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative?"	{ "answer_start": [ 205 ], "text": [ "Thomas Hobbes" ] }
571043a1a58dae1900cd6991	Age_of_Enlightenment	John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundame...	Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?	{ "answer_start": [ 417 ], "text": [ "the artificial character of the political order" ] }
57104598b654c5140001f8c1	Age_of_Enlightenment	Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Secon...	How does John Locke define mutual security?	{ "answer_start": [ 435 ], "text": [ "the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights" ] }
57104598b654c5140001f8c2	Age_of_Enlightenment	Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Secon...	What do Locke's idea of natural rights include?	{ "answer_start": [ 586 ], "text": [ "perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property" ] }
57104598b654c5140001f8c3	Age_of_Enlightenment	Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Secon...	Why did John Locke believe that one person cannot enslave another?	{ "answer_start": [ 926 ], "text": [ "because it is morally reprehensible" ] }
57104598b654c5140001f8c4	Age_of_Enlightenment	Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Secon...	What was John Locke's one exception to denouncing slavery?	{ "answer_start": [ 1010 ], "text": [ "enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights" ] }
57104598b654c5140001f8c5	Age_of_Enlightenment	Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Secon...	In which of John Locke's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed?	{ "answer_start": [ 315 ], "text": [ "Second Treatise" ] }
571047cea58dae1900cd6996	Age_of_Enlightenment	Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over int...	Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?	{ "answer_start": [ 707 ], "text": [ "Thomas Jefferson" ] }
571047cea58dae1900cd6997	Age_of_Enlightenment	Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over int...	The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?	{ "answer_start": [ 127 ], "text": [ "Thirty Years' War" ] }
571047cea58dae1900cd6998	Age_of_Enlightenment	Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over int...	What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?	{ "answer_start": [ 424 ], "text": [ "a return to simple Scripture" ] }
571047cea58dae1900cd6999	Age_of_Enlightenment	Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over int...	Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?	{ "answer_start": [ 676 ], "text": [ "avoid" ] }
57105362b654c5140001f8cb	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threat...	In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?	{ "answer_start": [ 110 ], "text": [ "France" ] }
57105362b654c5140001f8cc	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threat...	Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?	{ "answer_start": [ 662 ], "text": [ "Isaac Newton" ] }
57105362b654c5140001f8cd	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threat...	In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?	{ "answer_start": [ 402 ], "text": [ "France" ] }
57105362b654c5140001f8ce	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threat...	Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?	{ "answer_start": [ 384 ], "text": [ "varied" ] }
57105362b654c5140001f8cf	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threat...	In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?	{ "answer_start": [ 228 ], "text": [ "middle" ] }
57105ed3b654c5140001f8d6	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters "hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness...	By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?	{ "answer_start": [ 696 ], "text": [ "Terror during the French Revolution" ] }
57105ed3b654c5140001f8d7	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters "hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness...	Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 803 ], "text": [ "Romantic" ] }
57105ed3b654c5140001f8d5	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters "hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness...	What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?	{ "answer_start": [ 597 ], "text": [ "materialism and skepticism" ] }
5710655aa58dae1900cd69a8	Age_of_Enlightenment	There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from ...	Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 925 ], "text": [ "French Revolution" ] }
5710655aa58dae1900cd69a9	Age_of_Enlightenment	There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from ...	French historians generally use the beginning of which King's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 350 ], "text": [ "Louis XV" ] }
5710655aa58dae1900cd69aa	Age_of_Enlightenment	There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from ...	What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 243 ], "text": [ "Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments)" ] }
5710655aa58dae1900cd69ab	Age_of_Enlightenment	There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from ...	In what year was Descartes' Discourse on Method published?	{ "answer_start": [ 517 ], "text": [ "1637" ] }
5710655aa58dae1900cd69ac	Age_of_Enlightenment	There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from ...	In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?	{ "answer_start": [ 604 ], "text": [ "1687" ] }
57106dc3b654c5140001f8f9	Age_of_Enlightenment	The creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the state, which allowed for the pu...	The creation of the public sphere is associated with the rise of capitalism and which other historical trend?	{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "rise of the modern nation state" ] }
57106dc3b654c5140001f8fa	Age_of_Enlightenment	The creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the state, which allowed for the pu...	What increased society's autonomy, self-awareness, and need for exchange of information?	{ "answer_start": [ 333 ], "text": [ "Capitalism" ] }
57106dc3b654c5140001f8fb	Age_of_Enlightenment	The creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the state, which allowed for the pu...	In what year did the aristocracy move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris?	{ "answer_start": [ 819 ], "text": [ "1720" ] }
57107355b654c5140001f8ff	Age_of_Enlightenment	The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius an...	The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication?	{ "answer_start": [ 83 ], "text": [ "music" ] }
57107355b654c5140001f900	Age_of_Enlightenment	The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius an...	What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris?	{ "answer_start": [ 127 ], "text": [ "Dictionnaire de musique" ] }
57107355b654c5140001f901	Age_of_Enlightenment	The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius an...	In what year was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published?	{ "answer_start": [ 530 ], "text": [ "1776" ] }
57107355b654c5140001f902	Age_of_Enlightenment	The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius an...	What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is "an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment"?	{ "answer_start": [ 876 ], "text": [ "Die Zauberflöte (1791)" ] }
57107355b654c5140001f903	Age_of_Enlightenment	The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius an...	Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?	{ "answer_start": [ 909 ], "text": [ "Enlightenment and Romantic" ] }
57107516a58dae1900cd69b2	Age_of_Enlightenment	Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and "became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment." Women, as salonn...	What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 173 ], "text": [ "salon" ] }
57107516a58dae1900cd69b3	Age_of_Enlightenment	Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and "became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment." Women, as salonn...	Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 607 ], "text": [ "open" ] }
57107516a58dae1900cd69b4	Age_of_Enlightenment	Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and "became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment." Women, as salonn...	What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "salonnières" ] }
57107516a58dae1900cd69b5	Age_of_Enlightenment	Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and "became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment." Women, as salonn...	Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?	{ "answer_start": [ 499 ], "text": [ "French Revolution" ] }
571076d2a58dae1900cd69ba	Age_of_Enlightenment	The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection ...	Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?	{ "answer_start": [ 359 ], "text": [ "Troyes, France" ] }
571076d2a58dae1900cd69bb	Age_of_Enlightenment	The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection ...	For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?	{ "answer_start": [ 390 ], "text": [ "largely rural and semi-literate" ] }
571076d2a58dae1900cd69bc	Age_of_Enlightenment	The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection ...	Which two influential periodicals were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714?	{ "answer_start": [ 1127 ], "text": [ "The Tatler and The Spectator" ] }
571076d2a58dae1900cd69bd	Age_of_Enlightenment	The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection ...	What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 658 ], "text": [ "Bibliothèque Bleue" ] }
571078d1a58dae1900cd69c2	Age_of_Enlightenment	The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a poli...	Who was the target audience of natural history?	{ "answer_start": [ 43 ], "text": [ "French polite society" ] }
571078d1a58dae1900cd69c3	Age_of_Enlightenment	The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a poli...	Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?	{ "answer_start": [ 219 ], "text": [ "erudition" ] }
571078d1a58dae1900cd69c4	Age_of_Enlightenment	The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a poli...	The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?	{ "answer_start": [ 592 ], "text": [ "taste (le goût)" ] }
571078d1a58dae1900cd69c5	Age_of_Enlightenment	The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a poli...	Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?	{ "answer_start": [ 88 ], "text": [ "specific discourse of the genre" ] }
571079ada58dae1900cd69d4	Age_of_Enlightenment	The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to...	Who drafted the first technical dictionary?	{ "answer_start": [ 46 ], "text": [ "John Harris" ] }

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