Split (3)

train · 87.6k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
57277a72708984140094deb2	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce...	In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?	{ "answer_start": [ 243 ], "text": [ "Romania" ] }
57277a72708984140094deb1	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce...	What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?	{ "answer_start": [ 39 ], "text": [ "nationalist movements and ethnic disputes" ] }
57277b69dd62a815002e9e28	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices on vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, and the introduction of rationing. Unlike most forms of ration...	When was Gorbachev's speech addressing alcohol abuse?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "May 1985" ] }
57277b69dd62a815002e9e29	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices on vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, and the introduction of rationing. Unlike most forms of ration...	Other than increasing pricing what was another measure that was introduced to decrease alcohol consumption?	{ "answer_start": [ 282 ], "text": [ "rationing" ] }
57277b69dd62a815002e9e2a	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices on vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, and the introduction of rationing. Unlike most forms of ration...	What was censored?	{ "answer_start": [ 558 ], "text": [ "drinking scenes from old movies" ] }
57277b69dd62a815002e9e2b	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices on vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, and the introduction of rationing. Unlike most forms of ration...	Whose anti-alcohol program did Gorbachev's remind people of?	{ "answer_start": [ 641 ], "text": [ "Tsar Nicholas II" ] }
57277b69dd62a815002e9e2c	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices on vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, and the introduction of rationing. Unlike most forms of ration...	When did Tsar Nicholas II ban alcohol?	{ "answer_start": [ 681 ], "text": [ "during World War I," ] }
57277c5ef1498d1400e8f976	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as "Mr Nyet" in the West, had served for ...	When did Eduard Shevardnadze gain full membership in the Politburo?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "July 1, 1985" ] }
57277c5ef1498d1400e8f977	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as "Mr Nyet" in the West, had served for ...	Who was responsible for Shevardnadze's membership?	{ "answer_start": [ 17 ], "text": [ "Gorbachev" ] }
57277c5ef1498d1400e8f978	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as "Mr Nyet" in the West, had served for ...	Who was minister of foreign affairs prior to Shevardnadze?	{ "answer_start": [ 240 ], "text": [ "Andrei Gromyko" ] }
57277c5ef1498d1400e8f979	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as "Mr Nyet" in the West, had served for ...	What was Gromyko's western nickname?	{ "answer_start": [ 282 ], "text": [ "\"Mr Nyet\"" ] }
57277c5ef1498d1400e8f97a	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as "Mr Nyet" in the West, had served for ...	Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July?	{ "answer_start": [ 631 ], "text": [ "Grigory Romanov" ] }
572786a8708984140094dff5	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairma...	Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?	{ "answer_start": [ 115 ], "text": [ "Nikolai Ryzhkov" ] }
572786a8708984140094dff6	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairma...	Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?	{ "answer_start": [ 152 ], "text": [ "Nikolai Tikhonov" ] }
572786a8708984140094dff7	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairma...	How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?	{ "answer_start": [ 140 ], "text": [ "79-year-old" ] }
572786a8708984140094dff9	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairma...	Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?	{ "answer_start": [ 268 ], "text": [ "Nikolai Talyzin" ] }
572786a8708984140094dff8	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairma...	What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?	{ "answer_start": [ 313 ], "text": [ "chairman of the State Planning Committee" ] }
57278722dd62a815002e9f92	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The CTAG (Latvian: Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the...	What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?	{ "answer_start": [ 339 ], "text": [ "Communist" ] }
57278722dd62a815002e9f91	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The CTAG (Latvian: Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the...	What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?	{ "answer_start": [ 301 ], "text": [ "Helsinki-86" ] }
57278722dd62a815002e9f90	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The CTAG (Latvian: Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the...	Who created the CTAG?	{ "answer_start": [ 171 ], "text": [ "Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss." ] }
57278815f1498d1400e8fb16	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The "Jeltoqsan" (Kazakh for "December") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in t...	What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?	{ "answer_start": [ 29 ], "text": [ "December" ] }
57278815f1498d1400e8fb17	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The "Jeltoqsan" (Kazakh for "December") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in t...	Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots?	{ "answer_start": [ 120 ], "text": [ "Dinmukhamed Konayev" ] }
57278815f1498d1400e8fb18	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The "Jeltoqsan" (Kazakh for "December") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in t...	What position did Konayev hold in Kazakhstan prior to his removal?	{ "answer_start": [ 145 ], "text": [ "First Secretary of the Communist Party" ] }
57278815f1498d1400e8fb19	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The "Jeltoqsan" (Kazakh for "December") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in t...	Who took the place of Konayev?	{ "answer_start": [ 242 ], "text": [ "Gennady Kolbin" ] }
57278815f1498d1400e8fb1a	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The "Jeltoqsan" (Kazakh for "December") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in t...	When were the first demonstrations in Kazakhstan to protest the removal and replacement of Konayev?	{ "answer_start": [ 334 ], "text": [ "December 17, 1986" ] }
5727891b708984140094e031	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pav...	Who was demonstrating?	{ "answer_start": [ 122 ], "text": [ "Kazakh students" ] }
5727891b708984140094e032	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pav...	How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?	{ "answer_start": [ 421 ], "text": [ "3,000" ] }
5727891b708984140094e034	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pav...	How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?	{ "answer_start": [ 796 ], "text": [ "blows to the head" ] }
5727891b708984140094e033	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pav...	What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?	{ "answer_start": [ 467 ], "text": [ "30,000 to 40,000" ] }
5727891b708984140094e035	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pav...	Who wrote about the KGB officer's testimony?	{ "answer_start": [ 1093 ], "text": [ "Mukhtar Shakhanov" ] }
57278b875951b619008f8d01	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed ov...	Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties?	{ "answer_start": [ 366 ], "text": [ "the people's" ] }
57278b875951b619008f8d02	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed ov...	What party was Gorbachev in charge of?	{ "answer_start": [ 282 ], "text": [ "Communist" ] }
57278b875951b619008f8d03	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed ov...	What group wanted to stop reforms?	{ "answer_start": [ 531 ], "text": [ "\"conservatives.\"" ] }
57278c7b5951b619008f8d21	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's "thaw" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demo...	When were the prisoners set free?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "February 7, 1987," ] }
57278c7b5951b619008f8d25	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's "thaw" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demo...	Who released the prisoners in the 1950s?	{ "answer_start": [ 95 ], "text": [ "Khrushchev's" ] }
57278c7b5951b619008f8d22	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's "thaw" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demo...	What sort of prisoners were released?	{ "answer_start": [ 31 ], "text": [ "political" ] }
57278c7b5951b619008f8d23	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's "thaw" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demo...	Who demonstrated close to the Kremlin in July of 1978?	{ "answer_start": [ 506 ], "text": [ "Crimean Tatars" ] }
57278c7b5951b619008f8d24	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's "thaw" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demo...	Prior to 1987 when was the last large release of prisoners?	{ "answer_start": [ 122 ], "text": [ "mid-1950s." ] }
572790d55951b619008f8dad	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned – no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Po...	Who disagreed vocally about the demonstrations being permitted?	{ "answer_start": [ 54 ], "text": [ "Yegor Ligachev" ] }
572790d55951b619008f8dae	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned – no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Po...	Who resigned in September of 1987?	{ "answer_start": [ 148 ], "text": [ "Boris Yeltsin" ] }
572790d55951b619008f8daf	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned – no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Po...	What was Gorbachev's reaction to Yeltsin's resignation?	{ "answer_start": [ 262 ], "text": [ "stunned" ] }
572790d55951b619008f8db0	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned – no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Po...	What did Yeltsin dislike about the reforms?	{ "answer_start": [ 518 ], "text": [ "slow pace" ] }
572790d55951b619008f8db1	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned – no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Po...	Who took Yeltsin's side?	{ "answer_start": [ 870 ], "text": [ "No one" ] }
572791e9dd62a815002ea0a8	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history...	Where did the demonstrators meet in June of 1987?	{ "answer_start": [ 55 ], "text": [ "Freedom Monument" ] }
572791e9dd62a815002ea0a9	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history...	Where is Freedom Monument?	{ "answer_start": [ 75 ], "text": [ "Riga" ] }
572791e9dd62a815002ea0aa	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history...	What did the protesters do?	{ "answer_start": [ 85 ], "text": [ "laid flowers" ] }
572791e9dd62a815002ea0ac	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history...	Where did further protests take place?	{ "answer_start": [ 438 ], "text": [ "Baltic States" ] }
572791e9dd62a815002ea0ab	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history...	Who were the protesters remembering?	{ "answer_start": [ 161 ], "text": [ "Latvians" ] }
572792e6dd62a815002ea0d0	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an officia...	What was being protested in Estonia?	{ "answer_start": [ 49 ], "text": [ "new phosphate mines" ] }
572792e6dd62a815002ea0d1	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an officia...	When did the phosphate mine protests begin?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "spring 1987" ] }
572792e6dd62a815002ea0d2	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an officia...	What group was started by ex-political prisoners?	{ "answer_start": [ 385 ], "text": [ "MRP-AEG group" ] }
572792e6dd62a815002ea0d3	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an officia...	Who was in charge of the MRP-AEG group?	{ "answer_start": [ 489 ], "text": [ "Tiit Madisson" ] }
572792e6dd62a815002ea0d4	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an officia...	What was requested for Estonia in the proposal printed by the Edasi newspaper in 1987?	{ "answer_start": [ 658 ], "text": [ "autonomy" ] }
572794d5dd62a815002ea110	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstrati...	When was the Yerevan demonstration?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "October 17, 1987" ] }
572794d5dd62a815002ea111	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstrati...	How many people demonstrated?	{ "answer_start": [ 21 ], "text": [ "about 3,000" ] }
572794d5dd62a815002ea112	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstrati...	What was the demonstrators' nationality?	{ "answer_start": [ 33 ], "text": [ "Armenians" ] }
572794d5dd62a815002ea113	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstrati...	The protesters were unhappy with the pollution in what body of water?	{ "answer_start": [ 102 ], "text": [ "Lake Sevan" ] }
572794d5dd62a815002ea114	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstrati...	Where did the protest march start?	{ "answer_start": [ 491 ], "text": [ "Opera Plaza" ] }
57279587708984140094e18d	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitu...	What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "July 1, 1988" ] }
57279587708984140094e18e	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitu...	What did Gorbachev hope to create?	{ "answer_start": [ 168 ], "text": [ "new supreme legislative body" ] }
57279587708984140094e18f	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitu...	What was Gorbachev trying to separate?	{ "answer_start": [ 354 ], "text": [ "party and state" ] }
57279587708984140094e190	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitu...	What was the proposed legislative body called?	{ "answer_start": [ 456 ], "text": [ "Congress of People's Deputies" ] }
57279587708984140094e191	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitu...	What was the ideology of Gorbachev's opponents?	{ "answer_start": [ 395 ], "text": [ "conservative" ] }
5727965bf1498d1400e8fce4	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On October 2, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. Väljas attended, gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On November 16, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian...	Whose laws would take precedence according to the declaration of national sovereignty?	{ "answer_start": [ 383 ], "text": [ "Estonian" ] }
5727965bf1498d1400e8fce5	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On October 2, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. Väljas attended, gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On November 16, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian...	Who claimed Estonia's national resources?	{ "answer_start": [ 451 ], "text": [ "Estonia's parliament" ] }
5727965bf1498d1400e8fce6	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On October 2, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. Väljas attended, gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On November 16, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian...	What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2?	{ "answer_start": [ 14 ], "text": [ "the Popular Front" ] }
572798b8708984140094e1c9	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small,...	How many Azerbaijanis died in the Askeran clash?	{ "answer_start": [ 524 ], "text": [ "two" ] }
572798b8708984140094e1ca	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small,...	When was the Askeran clash?	{ "answer_start": [ 460 ], "text": [ "February 22, 1988" ] }
572798b8708984140094e1cb	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small,...	Who killed the two Azerbaijanis?	{ "answer_start": [ 556 ], "text": [ "Karabakh police." ] }
572798b8708984140094e1cc	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small,...	What was triggered by the radio broadcast of the deaths?	{ "answer_start": [ 624 ], "text": [ "Sumgait Pogrom" ] }
572798b8708984140094e1cd	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small,...	How many were killed in the ensuing riots?	{ "answer_start": [ 753 ], "text": [ "32" ] }
57279998dd62a815002ea1a4	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics – on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to Septemb...	Who did Gorbachev make First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party in 1988?	{ "answer_start": [ 223 ], "text": [ "Abdulrahman Vezirov" ] }
57279998dd62a815002ea1a5	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics – on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to Septemb...	Who was First Secretary prior to Vezirov?	{ "answer_start": [ 191 ], "text": [ "Kamran Baghirov" ] }
57279998dd62a815002ea1a6	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics – on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to Septemb...	How many soldiers died on September 17?	{ "answer_start": [ 589 ], "text": [ "two" ] }
57279998dd62a815002ea1a7	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics – on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to Septemb...	People of what ethnicity were thrown out of Shusha?	{ "answer_start": [ 800 ], "text": [ "Armenian" ] }
57279998dd62a815002ea1a8	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics – on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to Septemb...	How long did the Lenin Square protest last?	{ "answer_start": [ 1013 ], "text": [ "18 days" ] }
57279a47708984140094e1fb	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled. On February 20, a ...	Where were the first demonstrations in Armenia?	{ "answer_start": [ 155 ], "text": [ "Yerevan" ] }
57279a47708984140094e1fc	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled. On February 20, a ...	What is the capitol of Armenia?	{ "answer_start": [ 155 ], "text": [ "Yerevan" ] }
57279a47708984140094e1fd	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled. On February 20, a ...	How many people protested on February 23?	{ "answer_start": [ 421 ], "text": [ "300,000," ] }
57279a47708984140094e1fe	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled. On February 20, a ...	What sort of strike was called?	{ "answer_start": [ 436 ], "text": [ "transport" ] }
57279a47708984140094e1ff	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled. On February 20, a ...	What percentage of Armenia's total population protested on February 25?	{ "answer_start": [ 529 ], "text": [ "about a quarter" ] }
57279dfb2ca10214002d922b	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quic...	Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia?	{ "answer_start": [ 1124 ], "text": [ "Nationalists" ] }
57279dfb2ca10214002d922a	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quic...	How many protesters died in the airport violence?	{ "answer_start": [ 891 ], "text": [ "one" ] }
57279dfb2ca10214002d922c	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quic...	Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan?	{ "answer_start": [ 1310 ], "text": [ "Armenians" ] }
57279dfb2ca10214002d922d	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quic...	Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988?	{ "answer_start": [ 1359 ], "text": [ "a military commandant" ] }
5727ccf12ca10214002d96b2	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harborin...	When did the Democratic Movement of Moldova start operating?	{ "answer_start": [ 13 ], "text": [ "February 1988" ] }
5727ccf12ca10214002d96b3	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harborin...	Which monument was a popular meeting place?	{ "answer_start": [ 250 ], "text": [ "Stephen the Great Monument" ] }
5727ccf12ca10214002d96b4	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harborin...	Where was the Stephen the Great Monument located?	{ "answer_start": [ 280 ], "text": [ "Chişinău" ] }
5727ccf12ca10214002d96b5	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harborin...	What did the movement seek to make the official language of Moldova?	{ "answer_start": [ 706 ], "text": [ "Romanian" ] }
5727ccf12ca10214002d96b6	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harborin...	What was Moldova's previous name?	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "Moldavia" ] }
5727ce414b864d1900163d90	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On April 26, 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like "Openness and Democracy to the End." Between May and June 1988, Ukrainian Catholics in w...	What group was responsible for the April 25, 1988 protest?	{ "answer_start": [ 77 ], "text": [ "Ukrainian Cultural Club" ] }
5727ce414b864d1900163d91	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On April 26, 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like "Openness and Democracy to the End." Between May and June 1988, Ukrainian Catholics in w...	Where did the march happen?	{ "answer_start": [ 104 ], "text": [ "Kiev's Khreschatyk Street" ] }
5727ce414b864d1900163d92	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On April 26, 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like "Openness and Democracy to the End." Between May and June 1988, Ukrainian Catholics in w...	What did the marchers wish to commemorate?	{ "answer_start": [ 168 ], "text": [ "Chernobyl nuclear disaster," ] }
5727ce414b864d1900163d93	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On April 26, 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like "Openness and Democracy to the End." Between May and June 1988, Ukrainian Catholics in w...	Which group held secret Milleneum of Christianity celebrations?	{ "answer_start": [ 296 ], "text": [ "Ukrainian Catholics" ] }
5727ce414b864d1900163d94	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On April 26, 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like "Openness and Democracy to the End." Between May and June 1988, Ukrainian Catholics in w...	In what city did the Ukrainian Cultural Club have its Millennium celebration?	{ "answer_start": [ 623 ], "text": [ "Kiev" ] }
5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b0	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse t...	How many people attended the Lviv rally?	{ "answer_start": [ 226 ], "text": [ "50,000" ] }
5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b1	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse t...	Where was the dispersal attempt made?	{ "answer_start": [ 329 ], "text": [ "in front of Druzhba Stadium" ] }
5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b2	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse t...	Who tried to stop the rally?	{ "answer_start": [ 285 ], "text": [ "Authorities" ] }
5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b3	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse t...	Who led the Millennium celebration in Zarvanytsia?	{ "answer_start": [ 598 ], "text": [ "Pavlo Vasylyk" ] }
5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b4	Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union	On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse t...	Who wanted to break up the celebration?	{ "answer_start": [ 617 ], "text": [ "militia" ] }

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