id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5727e84f2ca10214002d9941 | Gramophone_record | Tonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz in the audio signal are dom... | What is a feature many stereos contain to fight back against unwanted noises? | {
"answer_start": [
1067
],
"text": [
"subsonic filter"
]
} |
5727e84f2ca10214002d9942 | Gramophone_record | Tonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz in the audio signal are dom... | What is a sounds commonly heard when listening to a vinyl that is unintentional. | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Tonearm skating"
]
} |
5727e84f2ca10214002d9943 | Gramophone_record | Tonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz in the audio signal are dom... | Which frequencies are you most likely to hear tonearm skating? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"frequencies below about 20 Hz"
]
} |
5727e84f2ca10214002d9944 | Gramophone_record | Tonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz in the audio signal are dom... | Are there any visual signs of tracking when listening to a record? | {
"answer_start": [
593
],
"text": [
"cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking"
]
} |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9952 | Gramophone_record | Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the r... | What is a limitation of low frequency recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
286
],
"text": [
"limiting the playing time"
]
} |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9953 | Gramophone_record | Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the r... | What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"hiss, pops, and ticks"
]
} |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9954 | Gramophone_record | Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the r... | What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds? | {
"answer_start": [
483
],
"text": [
"amplitude of low frequencies is reduced"
]
} |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9955 | Gramophone_record | Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the r... | What is a benefit of using equalization devices? | {
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"problems can be reduced"
]
} |
5727e92d2ca10214002d9956 | Gramophone_record | Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the r... | What is done to high frequency sounds to lessen sound issues? | {
"answer_start": [
573
],
"text": [
"amplitude at high frequencies is increased"
]
} |
5727ea572ca10214002d999e | Gramophone_record | In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric "rubber line" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the... | Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point? | {
"answer_start": [
825
],
"text": [
"G. H. Miller"
]
} |
5727ea572ca10214002d999f | Gramophone_record | In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric "rubber line" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the... | What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point? | {
"answer_start": [
952
],
"text": [
"reproduction was more realistic"
]
} |
5727ea572ca10214002d99a0 | Gramophone_record | In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric "rubber line" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the... | When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"recording amplitude decreased"
]
} |
5727ea572ca10214002d99a1 | Gramophone_record | In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric "rubber line" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the... | What happens when frequency decreases in the bass? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"recording amplitude increased"
]
} |
5727eb443acd2414000defe5 | Gramophone_record | West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talkin... | Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"P. G. A. H. Voigt"
]
} |
5727eb443acd2414000defe6 | Gramophone_record | West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talkin... | How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"pre-emphasis in the recording"
]
} |
5727eb443acd2414000defe7 | Gramophone_record | West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talkin... | When was a pre-emphasis most useful? | {
"answer_start": [
604
],
"text": [
"above 1,000 Hz"
]
} |
5727eb443acd2414000defe8 | Gramophone_record | West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talkin... | On which recording types were pre-emphasis used most in the 1920s? | {
"answer_start": [
622
],
"text": [
"78 rpm and 33 1⁄3 rpm"
]
} |
5727eb443acd2414000defe9 | Gramophone_record | West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talkin... | In which Era was this finding most significant? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"1925 era"
]
} |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d988e | Gramophone_record | Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices an... | What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"there was no industry standard"
]
} |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d988f | Gramophone_record | Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices an... | In which country was the treble roll off greater? | {
"answer_start": [
282
],
"text": [
"US"
]
} |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d9890 | Gramophone_record | Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices an... | Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"Europe"
]
} |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d9891 | Gramophone_record | Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices an... | What was the industry standard on equalization practices? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"there was no industry standard"
]
} |
5727ec41ff5b5019007d9892 | Gramophone_record | Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices an... | Which country used the most varied equalization practices? | {
"answer_start": [
282
],
"text": [
"US"
]
} |
5727ee154b864d190016403e | Gramophone_record | Evidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942–1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary ar... | How far back did records show the art of sound recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"1925"
]
} |
5727ee154b864d190016403f | Gramophone_record | Evidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942–1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary ar... | How was standardization prior to 1942? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"considered a proprietary art"
]
} |
5727ee154b864d1900164040 | Gramophone_record | Evidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942–1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary ar... | Around what time period was there an attempt made to standardize recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"1942–1949"
]
} |
5727eef54b864d1900164056 | Gramophone_record | Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the Nation... | Who made the move to standardize recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"National Association of Broadcasters"
]
} |
5727eef54b864d1900164057 | Gramophone_record | Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the Nation... | When were recording standards officially released? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"1949"
]
} |
5727eef54b864d1900164058 | Gramophone_record | Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the Nation... | Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards? | {
"answer_start": [
511
],
"text": [
"laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions."
]
} |
5727eef54b864d1900164059 | Gramophone_record | Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the Nation... | What was one issue of a lack of industry standards? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording"
]
} |
5727eef54b864d190016405a | Gramophone_record | Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the Nation... | What is the NAB? | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"National Association of Broadcasters"
]
} |
5727f18cff5b5019007d98fe | Gramophone_record | The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system h... | What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum? | {
"answer_start": [
261
],
"text": [
"below 100 Hz"
]
} |
5727f18cff5b5019007d98ff | Gramophone_record | The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system h... | What helped cause the most life like sound? | {
"answer_start": [
663
],
"text": [
"using a complementary inverse curve"
]
} |
5727f18cff5b5019007d98fd | Gramophone_record | The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system h... | How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"remarkably similar"
]
} |
5727f18cff5b5019007d98fc | Gramophone_record | The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system h... | What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards? | {
"answer_start": [
743
],
"text": [
"programming sounded more lifelike."
]
} |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990a | Gramophone_record | Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric "rubber line" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening ... | How far back could these recording practices be traced? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"1925"
]
} |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990b | Gramophone_record | Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric "rubber line" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening ... | What were the recording standards based off from? | {
"answer_start": [
241
],
"text": [
"long-held recording practices"
]
} |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990c | Gramophone_record | Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric "rubber line" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening ... | What became the predecessor to the RIAA curve? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"New Orthophonic curve"
]
} |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990d | Gramophone_record | Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric "rubber line" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening ... | Who developed the New Orthophonic curve? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"RCA Victor"
]
} |
5727f310ff5b5019007d990e | Gramophone_record | Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric "rubber line" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening ... | Whom wrote the publication outlining the New Orthophonic curve? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"R.C. Moyer"
]
} |
5727f4704b864d19001640a0 | Gramophone_record | Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrappe... | What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era? | {
"answer_start": [
600
],
"text": [
"many fine examples"
]
} |
5727f4704b864d19001640a1 | Gramophone_record | Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrappe... | What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"acoustic limitations"
]
} |
5727f4704b864d19001640a2 | Gramophone_record | Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrappe... | Why do photos show take on horns? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"help mute these resonances"
]
} |
5727f4704b864d19001640a4 | Gramophone_record | Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrappe... | What was the cause of delicate and fine sound loss? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"took a lot of sound energy"
]
} |
5727f4704b864d19001640a3 | Gramophone_record | Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrappe... | How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"like it was recorded through a horn"
]
} |
5727f56fff5b5019007d993e | Gramophone_record | Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds an... | What technique offered realistic sounds during playback? | {
"answer_start": [
609
],
"text": [
"Western Electric licensed recording method"
]
} |
5727f56fff5b5019007d993f | Gramophone_record | Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds an... | At at time was radio gaining popularity? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"1925"
]
} |
5727f56fff5b5019007d9940 | Gramophone_record | Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds an... | What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"carbon microphones used,"
]
} |
5727f56fff5b5019007d9941 | Gramophone_record | Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds an... | What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer? | {
"answer_start": [
658
],
"text": [
"brilliant midrange"
]
} |
5727f56fff5b5019007d9942 | Gramophone_record | Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds an... | What was a benefit of early radio recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"microphones and amplifiers"
]
} |
5727f6c94b864d19001640bc | Gramophone_record | It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional m... | What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"Victor Orthophonic phonograph"
]
} |
5727f6c94b864d19001640bd | Gramophone_record | It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional m... | What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"folded horn with an exponential taper"
]
} |
5727f6c94b864d19001640be | Gramophone_record | It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional m... | What adjustments were made to the orthophonic to accommodate electric recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type"
]
} |
5727f6c94b864d19001640bf | Gramophone_record | It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional m... | Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs? | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"not unusual"
]
} |
5727f6c94b864d19001640c0 | Gramophone_record | It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional m... | How similar was the sound of a orthodontic record to a radio? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"sounded like"
]
} |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640c6 | Gramophone_record | Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonance... | What are two examples of high quality microphones? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone"
]
} |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640c7 | Gramophone_record | Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonance... | What was used to dampen resonances in recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"Magnetic pickups"
]
} |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640c8 | Gramophone_record | Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonance... | When would you have first found the moving coil microphone? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"around 1930"
]
} |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640c9 | Gramophone_record | Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonance... | What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"Crystal pickups"
]
} |
5727f7ee4b864d19001640ca | Gramophone_record | Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonance... | In what years would you find electronic recordings played electronically? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"1930s and 1940s"
]
} |
5727f8d7ff5b5019007d998e | Gramophone_record | Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high qu... | What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"high quality cuts"
]
} |
5727f8d7ff5b5019007d998f | Gramophone_record | Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high qu... | In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"1940s"
]
} |
5727f8d7ff5b5019007d9990 | Gramophone_record | Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high qu... | What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers"
]
} |
5727f8d7ff5b5019007d9991 | Gramophone_record | Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high qu... | How similar were live and recorded versions? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"harder to tell the difference"
]
} |
5727f9a14b864d190016410c | Gramophone_record | There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, "The New Voice of Action". The intent of the new Western Electric syst... | When was the Western Electric System introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"early 1930s"
]
} |
5727f9a14b864d190016410d | Gramophone_record | There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, "The New Voice of Action". The intent of the new Western Electric syst... | What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric"
]
} |
5727f9a14b864d190016410e | Gramophone_record | There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, "The New Voice of Action". The intent of the new Western Electric syst... | What system was used by Warner Brothers? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"Western Electric system"
]
} |
5727f9a14b864d190016410f | Gramophone_record | There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, "The New Voice of Action". The intent of the new Western Electric syst... | What speed was used in the Western Electric System? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"33 1⁄3 rpm"
]
} |
5727f9a14b864d1900164110 | Gramophone_record | There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, "The New Voice of Action". The intent of the new Western Electric syst... | What was the Western Electric System believed to do? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"improve the overall quality"
]
} |
5727fb064b864d1900164134 | Gramophone_record | The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to... | What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts? | {
"answer_start": [
537
],
"text": [
"longer playback time"
]
} |
5727fb064b864d1900164135 | Gramophone_record | The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to... | What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"inner groove distortion"
]
} |
5727fb064b864d1900164136 | Gramophone_record | The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to... | How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing"
]
} |
5727fb064b864d1900164137 | Gramophone_record | The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to... | How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"override noise in playback"
]
} |
5727fb064b864d1900164138 | Gramophone_record | The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to... | How was wax used to improve recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
759
],
"text": [
"avoiding the microscopic irregularities"
]
} |
5727fbd42ca10214002d9aac | Gramophone_record | Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the ... | What were used to make vinyl pressings? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"master cuts"
]
} |
5727fbd42ca10214002d9aad | Gramophone_record | Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the ... | What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers"
]
} |
5727fbd42ca10214002d9aae | Gramophone_record | Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the ... | Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers"
]
} |
5727fbd42ca10214002d9aaf | Gramophone_record | Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the ... | How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering"
]
} |
5727fc802ca10214002d9abe | Gramophone_record | The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it... | When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics? | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"1949"
]
} |
5727fc802ca10214002d9abf | Gramophone_record | The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it... | What kind of recordings worked best for pop music? | {
"answer_start": [
463
],
"text": [
"45 rpm"
]
} |
5727fc802ca10214002d9ac0 | Gramophone_record | The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it... | What was used for longer recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"LP record"
]
} |
5727fc802ca10214002d9ac1 | Gramophone_record | The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it... | What opened doors for long recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman"
]
} |
5727fc802ca10214002d9ac2 | Gramophone_record | The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it... | What aided in records sales in the 1950s? | {
"answer_start": [
546
],
"text": [
"Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast"
]
} |
5727fd484b864d1900164174 | Gramophone_record | There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turnta... | What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear? | {
"answer_start": [
658
],
"text": [
"20 Hz"
]
} |
5727fd484b864d1900164175 | Gramophone_record | There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turnta... | What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"vinyl records"
]
} |
5727fd484b864d1900164176 | Gramophone_record | There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turnta... | What is the higher end of typical human hearing? | {
"answer_start": [
687
],
"text": [
"20,000 Hz"
]
} |
5727fd484b864d1900164177 | Gramophone_record | There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turnta... | Does the hearing range of the human vary? | {
"answer_start": [
698
],
"text": [
"The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person"
]
} |
5727fdec4b864d1900164186 | Gramophone_record | For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the "master disc" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be proce... | Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record? | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"record cutter"
]
} |
5727fdec4b864d1900164187 | Gramophone_record | For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the "master disc" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be proce... | What was used in first recordings of vinyl records? | {
"answer_start": [
485
],
"text": [
"soft wax"
]
} |
5727fdec4b864d1900164188 | Gramophone_record | For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the "master disc" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be proce... | What was used in final recordings of vinyl records? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"harder lacquer"
]
} |
5727fdec4b864d1900164189 | Gramophone_record | For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the "master disc" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be proce... | After the 1950s what was a typical recording process? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc"
]
} |
5727fdec4b864d190016418a | Gramophone_record | For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the "master disc" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be proce... | Where were sound recordings originally made to? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"master disc"
]
} |
5727fe954b864d19001641aa | Gramophone_record | As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium ne... | Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media"
]
} |
5727fe954b864d19001641ab | Gramophone_record | As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium ne... | Is gramophone equipment readily available? | {
"answer_start": [
499
],
"text": [
"manufactured only in small quantities"
]
} |
5727fe954b864d19001641ac | Gramophone_record | As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium ne... | What is the recommendation of gramophone recordings to preserve integrity? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"transferring them onto other media"
]
} |
5727fe954b864d19001641ad | Gramophone_record | As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium ne... | What is a drawback of gramophone use? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"gradual degradation"
]
} |
5727fe954b864d19001641ae | Gramophone_record | As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium ne... | How are gramophones best stored? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"on edge"
]
} |
5727ff933acd2414000df1bd | Gramophone_record | Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any ... | Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies? | {
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"Anyone can do this"
]
} |
5727ff933acd2414000df1be | Gramophone_record | Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any ... | What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest? | {
"answer_start": [
617
],
"text": [
"professional archivists"
]
} |
5727ff933acd2414000df1bf | Gramophone_record | Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any ... | What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer"
]
} |
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