id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572f63fc04bcaa1900d768cb | Compact_disc | The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopti... | How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985? | {
"answer_start": [
790
],
"text": [
"15"
]
} |
572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d439 | Compact_disc | The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasabl... | What does ROM stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
412
],
"text": [
"read-only memory"
]
} |
572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43a | Compact_disc | The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasabl... | What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable? | {
"answer_start": [
438
],
"text": [
"1990"
]
} |
572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43b | Compact_disc | The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasabl... | What was the original intended format for CDs? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"musical format"
]
} |
572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43c | Compact_disc | The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasabl... | What year was the 73rd AES Convention? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"1983"
]
} |
572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43d | Compact_disc | The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasabl... | What was the CDs predecessor? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"the gramophone record"
]
} |
572f6486b2c2fd14005680af | Compact_disc | The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasabl... | What was the CDs predecessor? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"gramophone record"
]
} |
572eda3ec246551400ce4726 | Compact_disc | Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall... | When did CD sales experience their original decline? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"the 2000s"
]
} |
572eda3ec246551400ce4727 | Compact_disc | Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall... | What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012? | {
"answer_start": [
516
],
"text": [
"34 percent"
]
} |
572eda3ec246551400ce4728 | Compact_disc | Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall... | Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats? | {
"answer_start": [
567
],
"text": [
"Japan"
]
} |
572eda3ec246551400ce4729 | Compact_disc | Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall... | How are MP3s compressed? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"lossily-compressed"
]
} |
572f657cb2c2fd14005680c4 | Compact_disc | Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall... | When did CD sales experience their original decline? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"2000s"
]
} |
572f657cb2c2fd14005680c5 | Compact_disc | Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall... | What has caused a decrease in CD sales? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Internet-based distribution of files"
]
} |
572f6665a23a5019007fc5d7 | Compact_disc | Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once... | How are CDs mass produced? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"hydraulic press"
]
} |
572f6665a23a5019007fc5d8 | Compact_disc | Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once... | What type of material is used to make CDs? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"raw polycarbonate plastic"
]
} |
572f6665a23a5019007fc5d9 | Compact_disc | Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once... | What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"15 mm"
]
} |
572f6665a23a5019007fc5da | Compact_disc | Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once... | How long does it take to stamp out one CD? | {
"answer_start": [
508
],
"text": [
"two to three seconds"
]
} |
572f6665a23a5019007fc5db | Compact_disc | Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once... | What is the term for the center hole in a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"stacking ring"
]
} |
572f671cb2c2fd14005680dd | Compact_disc | This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, usi... | What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal"
]
} |
572f671cb2c2fd14005680de | Compact_disc | This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, usi... | What type of light is used to cure CDs? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"UV"
]
} |
572f671cb2c2fd14005680df | Compact_disc | This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, usi... | What is a glass master? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"positive image of the desired CD surface"
]
} |
572f671cb2c2fd14005680e0 | Compact_disc | This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, usi... | How are glass masters created? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"high-powered laser"
]
} |
572f67c704bcaa1900d768e5 | Compact_disc | The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ri... | What is the term for a negative image of the glass master? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"die"
]
} |
572f67c704bcaa1900d768e6 | Compact_disc | The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ri... | How is the positive image on a CD protected? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"lacquer"
]
} |
572f67c704bcaa1900d768e7 | Compact_disc | The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ri... | How is lacquer distrubted on a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"rapid spinning"
]
} |
572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e1 | Compact_disc | The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 perc... | What is the priciest component of a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"jewel case"
]
} |
572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e2 | Compact_disc | The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 perc... | Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased? | {
"answer_start": [
604
],
"text": [
"value increased"
]
} |
572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e3 | Compact_disc | The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 perc... | What did CDs retail for in 1995? | {
"answer_start": [
200
],
"text": [
"$16.98"
]
} |
572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e4 | Compact_disc | The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 perc... | Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"the store"
]
} |
572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e5 | Compact_disc | The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 perc... | How much did a jewel case cost in 1995? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"30 cents"
]
} |
572f696704bcaa1900d768fd | Compact_disc | CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive... | How long are CDs expected to last? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"20 to 100 years"
]
} |
572f696704bcaa1900d768fe | Compact_disc | CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive... | What can cause sudden disc degradation? | {
"answer_start": [
495
],
"text": [
"disc rot"
]
} |
572f696704bcaa1900d768ff | Compact_disc | CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive... | Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"permanent"
]
} |
572f6a6504bcaa1900d76903 | Compact_disc | The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home... | What does SCMS stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"Serial Copy Management System"
]
} |
572f6a6504bcaa1900d76904 | Compact_disc | The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home... | What does DRM stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"digital rights management"
]
} |
572f6a6504bcaa1900d76905 | Compact_disc | The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home... | What does AHRA stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"Audio Home Recording Act"
]
} |
572f6a6504bcaa1900d76906 | Compact_disc | The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home... | What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"ReWritable Audio CD"
]
} |
572f6a6504bcaa1900d76907 | Compact_disc | The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home... | Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"CD-RW"
]
} |
572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f3 | Compact_disc | Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both... | How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"4x speed"
]
} |
572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f4 | Compact_disc | Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both... | Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"High Speed ReWritable CD"
]
} |
572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f5 | Compact_disc | Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both... | How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write? | {
"answer_start": [
514
],
"text": [
"32x"
]
} |
572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f6 | Compact_disc | Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both... | How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write? | {
"answer_start": [
472
],
"text": [
"16x to 24x"
]
} |
572f6eacb2c2fd1400568109 | Compact_disc | A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the dat... | Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"on a swing arm"
]
} |
572f6eacb2c2fd140056810a | Compact_disc | A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the dat... | What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"780 nm"
]
} |
572f6eacb2c2fd140056810c | Compact_disc | A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the dat... | What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"photodiode"
]
} |
572f6eacb2c2fd140056810b | Compact_disc | A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the dat... | In what pattern is data stored on a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
377
],
"text": [
"spiral"
]
} |
572f6eacb2c2fd140056810d | Compact_disc | A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the dat... | What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"change in height between pits and lands"
]
} |
572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568115 | Compact_disc | The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one... | What type of result from a CD will return a one? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"change from pit to land or land to pit"
]
} |
572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568114 | Compact_disc | The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one... | Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs? | {
"answer_start": [
618
],
"text": [
"Red Book"
]
} |
572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568113 | Compact_disc | The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one... | What type of encoding do CDs implement? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"non-return-to-zero"
]
} |
572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568116 | Compact_disc | The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one... | What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered? | {
"answer_start": [
406
],
"text": [
"eight-to-fourteen"
]
} |
572f7039947a6a140053c95e | Compact_disc | CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clea... | Where can one expect to find damage on a disc? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"label side of the disc"
]
} |
572f7039947a6a140053c95f | Compact_disc | CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clea... | How are scratches on a CD fixed? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing"
]
} |
572f7039947a6a140053c960 | Compact_disc | CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clea... | What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs? | {
"answer_start": [
597
],
"text": [
"fungus Geotrichum candidum"
]
} |
572f7039947a6a140053c961 | Compact_disc | CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clea... | Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"Belize"
]
} |
572f7102a23a5019007fc631 | Compact_disc | The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (... | Where is the start of data on a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"the center"
]
} |
572f7102a23a5019007fc632 | Compact_disc | The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (... | What size CD is most frequently used? | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"120 millimetres (4.7 in)"
]
} |
572f7102a23a5019007fc633 | Compact_disc | The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (... | What is the size of a Mini CD? | {
"answer_start": [
930
],
"text": [
"Eighty-millimeter"
]
} |
572f7102a23a5019007fc634 | Compact_disc | The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (... | What is the size of a Maxi Single? | {
"answer_start": [
1152
],
"text": [
"120 mm"
]
} |
572f7102a23a5019007fc635 | Compact_disc | The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (... | Who was the Sony Executive in 1980? | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"Norio Ohga"
]
} |
572f71df04bcaa1900d76965 | Compact_disc | The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44... | Where does the Red Book get it's name from? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"the colour of its cover"
]
} |
572f71df04bcaa1900d76966 | Compact_disc | The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44... | What is the formal name for a CD? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Compact Disc Digital Audio"
]
} |
572f71df04bcaa1900d76967 | Compact_disc | The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44... | Do CDs have a two or four channel format? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"two-channel"
]
} |
572f71df04bcaa1900d76968 | Compact_disc | The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44... | What format has never been implemented on CDs? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"Four-channel sound"
]
} |
572f72d8a23a5019007fc63c | Compact_disc | Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a ... | How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics? | {
"answer_start": [
300
],
"text": [
"television set or a computer monitor"
]
} |
572f72d8a23a5019007fc63b | Compact_disc | Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a ... | What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke"
]
} |
572f72d8a23a5019007fc63d | Compact_disc | Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a ... | Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"channels R through W"
]
} |
572f73b704bcaa1900d7696d | Compact_disc | SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very... | How much video can a CD-R contain? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"60 minutes"
]
} |
572f73b704bcaa1900d7696e | Compact_disc | SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very... | Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"SVCD"
]
} |
572f73b704bcaa1900d7696f | Compact_disc | SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very... | How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"lower the video bit rate"
]
} |
572f73b704bcaa1900d76970 | Compact_disc | SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very... | What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"100 minutes"
]
} |
572f748904bcaa1900d76981 | Compact_disc | Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifica... | How many images could Photo CDs initially contain? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"100"
]
} |
572f748904bcaa1900d76980 | Compact_disc | Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifica... | When were Photo CDs initially released? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"1992"
]
} |
572f748904bcaa1900d7697f | Compact_disc | Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifica... | Who created Photo CDs? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"Kodak"
]
} |
572f748904bcaa1900d76982 | Compact_disc | Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifica... | What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on? | {
"answer_start": [
515
],
"text": [
"photographic paper"
]
} |
572f748904bcaa1900d76983 | Compact_disc | Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifica... | In what book are Photo CD standards defined? | {
"answer_start": [
255
],
"text": [
"Beige Book"
]
} |
572f757a04bcaa1900d76993 | Compact_disc | The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or ... | When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"2001"
]
} |
572f757a04bcaa1900d76994 | Compact_disc | The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or ... | Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo? | {
"answer_start": [
513
],
"text": [
"Philips"
]
} |
572f757a04bcaa1900d76995 | Compact_disc | The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or ... | Where does the Red Book mention copy protection? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"in the subcode"
]
} |
572ed956c246551400ce471c | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What is the use of a transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power"
]
} |
572ed956c246551400ce471d | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What is a transistor made of? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"semiconductor material"
]
} |
572ed956c246551400ce471f | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | Why does a transistor increase a signal? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power"
]
} |
572ed956c246551400ce471e | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"three"
]
} |
572ed956c246551400ce4720 | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | Where are most transistors found? | {
"answer_start": [
540
],
"text": [
"embedded in integrated circuits"
]
} |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46b | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | When was the first transistor created? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"1926"
]
} |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46c | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | Who invented the first transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"Julius Lilienfeld"
]
} |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46d | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | When was the first transistor implemented for practical use? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"1947"
]
} |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46e | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
550
],
"text": [
"1956"
]
} |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46f | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | What list is the transistor on? | {
"answer_start": [
463
],
"text": [
"list of IEEE milestones in electronics"
]
} |
572edbc103f9891900756a95 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | When was the thermionic triode invented? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"1907"
]
} |
572edbc103f9891900756a96 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | What was the purpose of the thermionic triode? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony"
]
} |
572edbc103f9891900756a97 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld"
]
} |
572edbc103f9891900756a98 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | Where did Lilienfeld file his patent? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
} |
572edbc103f9891900756a99 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | What year did Lilienfeld file his patent? | {
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"1925"
]
} |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1636 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output? | {
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947"
]
} |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1637 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"germanium"
]
} |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1638 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader? | {
"answer_start": [
329
],
"text": [
"William Shockley"
]
} |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1639 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | Who came up with the term transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"John R. Pierce"
]
} |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f163a | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | Why was the term transistor used? | {
"answer_start": [
512
],
"text": [
"a contraction of the term transresistance"
]
} |
572edf1e03f9891900756a9f | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | In what year was the point-contact transistor invented? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1948"
]
} |
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