id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572edf1e03f9891900756aa1 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
142
],
"text": [
"Compagnie des Freins et Signaux"
]
} |
572edf1e03f9891900756aa0 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | Who invented the point-contact transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker"
]
} |
572edf1e03f9891900756aa2 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
788
],
"text": [
"transistron"
]
} |
572edf1e03f9891900756aa3 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | What was the transistron used for? | {
"answer_start": [
821
],
"text": [
"amplified use in France's telephone network"
]
} |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab3 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | How many transistors make up a logic gate? | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"up to about twenty transistors"
]
} |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab4 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | How many transistors make up a microprocessor? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"as many as 3 billion transistors"
]
} |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab5 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | How many transistors were made in 2002? | {
"answer_start": [
525
],
"text": [
"60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child"
]
} |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab6 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"over a billion"
]
} |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab7 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"IC, microchips or simply chips"
]
} |
572ee21dc246551400ce476c | Transistor | The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker inp... | Why is a transistor so useful? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"gain"
]
} |
572ee21dc246551400ce476d | Transistor | The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker inp... | What is gain? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"it can act as an amplifier"
]
} |
572ee21dc246551400ce476e | Transistor | The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker inp... | What is an additional use of the transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
413
],
"text": [
"turn current on or off in a circuit"
]
} |
572ee21dc246551400ce476f | Transistor | The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker inp... | What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch? | {
"answer_start": [
532
],
"text": [
"other circuit elements"
]
} |
572ee3c7c246551400ce4788 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the c... | How many types of transistors are there? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
572ee3c7c246551400ce478a | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the c... | What controls the large current between the collector and emitter? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"A small current at the base terminal"
]
} |
572ee3c7c246551400ce478b | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the c... | What are the components of a field-effect transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"gate, source, and drain"
]
} |
572ee3c7c246551400ce478c | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the c... | In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain? | {
"answer_start": [
438
],
"text": [
"a voltage at the gate"
]
} |
572ee3c7c246551400ce4789 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the c... | What are the components of a bipolar transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"base, collector, and emitter"
]
} |
572ee52903f9891900756ac7 | Transistor | In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (... | Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"reduced resistance from collector to emitter"
]
} |
572ee52903f9891900756ac8 | Transistor | In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (... | What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage"
]
} |
572ee52903f9891900756ac9 | Transistor | In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (... | What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter? | {
"answer_start": [
454
],
"text": [
"saturation"
]
} |
572ee52903f9891900756aca | Transistor | In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (... | Why is the term saturation named as such? | {
"answer_start": [
473
],
"text": [
"current is flowing from collector to emitter freely"
]
} |
572ee52903f9891900756acb | Transistor | In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (... | What position is the switch in when saturated? | {
"answer_start": [
567
],
"text": [
"on"
]
} |
572ee71203f9891900756adb | Transistor | Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of ... | What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Providing sufficient base drive current"
]
} |
572ee71203f9891900756adc | Transistor | Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of ... | What does the transistor provide? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"current gain"
]
} |
572ee71203f9891900756add | Transistor | Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of ... | What determines the current ratio in transistors? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"the type of transistor"
]
} |
572ee71203f9891900756ade | Transistor | Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of ... | If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio? | {
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"collector current"
]
} |
572f4fb704bcaa1900d76839 | Transistor | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry"
]
} |
572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683a | Transistor | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"short circuit"
]
} |
572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683b | Transistor | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"open circuit"
]
} |
572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683c | Transistor | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"instantaneous"
]
} |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568001 | Transistor | Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semic... | What gives bipolar transistors their name? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers"
]
} |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568002 | Transistor | Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semic... | What was the first mass-produced transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"bipolar junction transistor"
]
} |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568003 | Transistor | Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semic... | What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"two junction diodes"
]
} |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568004 | Transistor | Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semic... | What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors? | {
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"n–p–n transistor"
]
} |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568005 | Transistor | Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semic... | What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"p–n–p transistor"
]
} |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76853 | Transistor | BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base ... | How many terminals do BJTs have? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"three"
]
} |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76854 | Transistor | BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base ... | How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"three"
]
} |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76855 | Transistor | BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base ... | What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"an emitter, a base, and a collector"
]
} |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76856 | Transistor | BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base ... | How can one find the amount of collector current? | {
"answer_start": [
945
],
"text": [
"β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current"
]
} |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76857 | Transistor | BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base ... | What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors? | {
"answer_start": [
1017
],
"text": [
"greater than 100"
]
} |
572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689b | Transistor | In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlle... | What determines the conductivity in a FET? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals"
]
} |
572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689c | Transistor | In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlle... | What controls the current between the drain and source? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"the voltage applied between the gate and source"
]
} |
572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689d | Transistor | In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlle... | At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased? | {
"answer_start": [
513
],
"text": [
"a roughly quadratic rate"
]
} |
572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689e | Transistor | In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlle... | Where is a quadratic behavior not observed? | {
"answer_start": [
715
],
"text": [
"in modern devices"
]
} |
572f8c1fa23a5019007fc721 | Transistor | FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n ... | How many groups are FETs split into? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
572f8c1fa23a5019007fc724 | Transistor | FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n ... | How is a JFET different from an IGFET? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel"
]
} |
572f8c1fa23a5019007fc722 | Transistor | FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n ... | What are the names of the groups of FETs | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)"
]
} |
572f8c1fa23a5019007fc725 | Transistor | FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n ... | What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in? | {
"answer_start": [
577
],
"text": [
"depletion mode"
]
} |
572f8c1fa23a5019007fc723 | Transistor | FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n ... | What is the common term for an IFGET? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET)"
]
} |
572f9165a23a5019007fc771 | Transistor | FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias... | How are FET's separated? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types"
]
} |
572f9165a23a5019007fc772 | Transistor | FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias... | At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"at zero bias"
]
} |
572f9165a23a5019007fc773 | Transistor | FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias... | At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"at zero bias"
]
} |
572f9165a23a5019007fc774 | Transistor | FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias... | What channel corresponds with high current? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"n-channel devices"
]
} |
572f9165a23a5019007fc775 | Transistor | FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias... | What channel corresponds with low current? | {
"answer_start": [
542
],
"text": [
"p-channel devices"
]
} |
572f958ca23a5019007fc7b7 | Transistor | The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desi... | What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"bipolar junction transistor"
]
} |
572f958ca23a5019007fc7b8 | Transistor | The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desi... | Why were BJTs so popular? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"their greater linearity and ease of manufacture"
]
} |
572f958ca23a5019007fc7b9 | Transistor | The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desi... | What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs? | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers"
]
} |
572f958ca23a5019007fc7ba | Transistor | The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desi... | What were the most popular digital circuits of the time? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"MOSFETs"
]
} |
572f97a804bcaa1900d76abf | Transistor | The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose tr... | What is the Pro Electron standard? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme"
]
} |
572f97a804bcaa1900d76ac0 | Transistor | The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose tr... | How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"two letters"
]
} |
572f97a804bcaa1900d76ac1 | Transistor | The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose tr... | What is the first letter in the part numbering scheme? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"the semiconductor type"
]
} |
572f97a804bcaa1900d76ac2 | Transistor | The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose tr... | What is the second letter in the part numbering scheme? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"the intended use"
]
} |
572f97a804bcaa1900d76ac3 | Transistor | The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose tr... | What follows the 2 letters in the part numbering scheme? | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"A 3-digit sequence number"
]
} |
572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d3 | Transistor | The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to ... | What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"2N"
]
} |
572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d4 | Transistor | The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to ... | what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"a three-terminal device"
]
} |
572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d5 | Transistor | The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to ... | What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties"
]
} |
572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d6 | Transistor | The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to ... | What does a letter at the end of a device number mean? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"a newer variant"
]
} |
572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d7 | Transistor | The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to ... | What does the number 2N1301 indicate? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"a p–n–p germanium switching transistor"
]
} |
572fab9fb2c2fd14005682fb | Transistor | Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like "MPF" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts o... | What was once an indicator of the devices creator? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"a manufacturer's prefix"
]
} |
572fab9fb2c2fd14005682fc | Transistor | Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like "MPF" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts o... | What makes a manufacturer's prefix less reliable? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"devices are second-sourced"
]
} |
572fab9fb2c2fd14005682fd | Transistor | Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like "MPF" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts o... | What is the marking for a 2N2222A in a plastic case? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"PN2222A"
]
} |
572fab9fb2c2fd14005682fe | Transistor | Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like "MPF" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts o... | What is a plastic version of a BC108? | {
"answer_start": [
439
],
"text": [
"PN108"
]
} |
572faff7b2c2fd1400568351 | Transistor | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | What is the junction forward voltage? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT"
]
} |
572faff7b2c2fd1400568352 | Transistor | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"to make the base conduct a specified current"
]
} |
572faff7b2c2fd1400568353 | Transistor | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | What is the ideal junction forward voltage? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"lower"
]
} |
572faff7b2c2fd1400568354 | Transistor | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower? | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"less power is required to \"drive\" the transistor"
]
} |
572faff7b2c2fd1400568355 | Transistor | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised? | {
"answer_start": [
509
],
"text": [
"decreases"
]
} |
572fb38ea23a5019007fc8c8 | Transistor | Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applicat... | What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"GaAs"
]
} |
572fb38ea23a5019007fc8c7 | Transistor | Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applicat... | What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"a given bipolar n–p–n transistor"
]
} |
572fb38ea23a5019007fc8c9 | Transistor | Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applicat... | What is the common application of GaAs? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"high-frequency applications"
]
} |
572fb38ea23a5019007fc8ca | Transistor | Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applicat... | What does HEMT stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
367
],
"text": [
"high-electron-mobility transistor"
]
} |
572fb38ea23a5019007fc8cb | Transistor | Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applicat... | What are common applications of HEMT? | {
"answer_start": [
680
],
"text": [
"satellite receivers"
]
} |
572fb569947a6a140053cbca | Transistor | Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently o... | What is a discrete transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"individually packaged transistors"
]
} |
572fb569947a6a140053cbcb | Transistor | Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently o... | What are the two most common types of transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount"
]
} |
572fb569947a6a140053cbcd | Transistor | Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently o... | What is the newest surface-mount transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
250
],
"text": [
"ball grid array (BGA)"
]
} |
572fb569947a6a140053cbcc | Transistor | Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently o... | What is another name for the surface-mount transistor? | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"surface-mount device (SMD)"
]
} |
572fb569947a6a140053cbce | Transistor | Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently o... | What is a ball grid array composed of? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"solder \"balls\" on the underside in place of leads"
]
} |
572eda4a03f9891900756a79 | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"via a faith in some form of deity"
]
} |
572eda4a03f9891900756a7a | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era? | {
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"spiritual intermediaries"
]
} |
572eda4a03f9891900756a7b | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine? | {
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"Religious officials"
]
} |
572eda4a03f9891900756a7c | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"Tradition"
]
} |
572eda4a03f9891900756a7d | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced? | {
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"strictly"
]
} |
572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4e8 | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | Who were spiritual intermediates? | {
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"Religious officials"
]
} |
572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4e7 | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"via a faith in some form of deity"
]
} |
572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4e9 | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | Through who did the masses have access to the divine? | {
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"spiritual intermediaries"
]
} |
572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4eb | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | What did social order mandate be strictly enforced? | {
"answer_start": [
543
],
"text": [
"ceremony and morals"
]
} |
572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4ea | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"Tradition"
]
} |
572edcc8cb0c0d14000f162c | Modern_history | The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part b... | What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"modern"
]
} |
572edcc8cb0c0d14000f162d | Modern_history | The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part b... | The term "modern" was derived from what Latin adverb? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"modo"
]
} |
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