title stringlengths 4 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 9.63k | answers.text stringlengths 55 11.4k | answers.score int64 2 32.7k | title_urls.url list | selftext_urls.url list | answers_urls.url list | sent_vec list |
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biology - evolution: something my girlfriend doesn't quite agree with. any help explaining? | hello all, i just have some quick questions regarding natural selection and random mutation. i know the theories behind it, how it is said to work, but apparently my explanations aren't good enough to convince my girlfriend that the combination of natural selection and random mutations over the course of millions of ye... | talk origins, boy, doozy ====== oh boy, that's a doozy. i refer people to the website [talk origins](_url_0_) that goes into pretty good detail about the discussion over creation science and evolution. that should be a good place to start. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.talkorigins.org/",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mhX2Kas558",
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why is rapid altitude change noticeable by sensations in the lower abdomen (pit of your stomach) but not really the rest of your body? | room to move, move due thoracic, move ====== most organs are held down by various tissues but some are allowed to still "move" around. the stomach notices is the most because it is one of the only organs that actually expands=less rigorious structures to hold it down(its still anchored, but if it has room to expand it ... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there something like the "double dabble" algorithm, for trinary/base 3? | i want to use an algorithm to convert trinary (base 3) to trinary coded decimal. is there such a thing? what's it called? (maybe tripple trabble, idk). | modified pretty easily, pretty easily, modified pretty ====== it looks like it could be modified pretty easily. first off, instead of adding three to numbers that are at least five before the left shift, you add six to numbers that are at least ten (taking them to at least sixteen) after the left shift. the end result ... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why do the side effects for iv contrast happen? | why do i get that horrible taste in my mouth, feel like i'm going to piss myself and get terribly warm when i am given iv contrast for ct scans? | imaging scans, taste, feeling ====== there are several different types of contrast used for imaging scans. the most common type used during ct scans is a non-ionic, water soluble iodine mixture. the iodine is what causes the warm feeling and funny mouth taste. the warm feeling is caused by two main mechanisms. first, i... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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writing a persuasive speech in the favor of nuclear energy plants, what's the coolest, not well known, fact you know about nuclear plants that i can throw into my speech to spice it up? | coal fueled power, power plants release, fueled power plants ====== nuclear power plants release less radiation and radioactive particles into the environment than coal fueled power plants. radioactive materials exist all through various minerals, so standing next to a marble wall at the courthouse will expose you to m... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html",
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why does the human body not reject certain foreign substances/bodies? | i got a root canal today, so the dental pulp in my tooth was damaged and dying. i was told that my body was rejecting the damaged tissue after the trauma. they filled the canal with filling, and that is supposed to save my tooth. it is confusing to me, because i don't get why the body would reject injured tissue but ac... | root canal, longer technically, longer blood flow ====== after you get a root canal, your tooth is no longer technically "alive". the pulp is removed and, iirc, there is no longer blood flow into the tooth. the reason that our body rejects a lot of things (like foreign blood cells or bacteria from infected pulp tissue)... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/article/What-is-Root-Canal-Treatment.cvsp"
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in space, how does an accelerometer know up from down? | just queried in my head, as they are effected by gravity.. so if i was to turn a phone sideways in space, how would it know this? | nice clean, angular rates, report angular rates ====== it does not, at least not via the accelerometers giving it a nice clean down is that way. if the phone is in free-fall, the readings from linear accelerometers will be whatever they normally read for "no pull in the direction i'm looking" -- plus or minus noise. no... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_principle",
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can you multiply units of measurement at will to create new ones? | how much can you mix and match units? what are the rules? for example, my desk is 2.5 meters long. if i multiply 2.5 metres by 1000 candela, i get 2500 meter-candela's. if i divide this by the current light level in my room, 5000 candela, i get .5 meters. but what does that mean? is this against any rules, particularly... | conveyor belt carry, industrial conveyor belt, belt carry ====== kilograms per second has plenty of uses - how much rocket fuel am i using, how much product can an industrial conveyor belt carry, how fast can i eat sushi etc. it took me a minute to even picture candela-meters. that would be a power output of light of o... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-hour"
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what are some good books to read for an introduction to neurochemistry? | exploring the brain, brain by bears, connors and paradiso ====== any basic neuroscience textbook, such as neuroscience: exploring the brain by bears, connors and paradiso have a basic overview. this was my textbook for my first year of my neuroscience degree and i still find it useful. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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distance from a fixed-point outside of a half-circle to every point along that half circle? | i am building a mousetrap car for a university engineering class and really have the opportunity to outdo some unsuspecting freshman. one problem, the furthest i gotten in math is business and economics calculus (which mostly focused on derivatives), so i've hit a road block. easily enough i can figure out how variatio... | arm, distance, distance in terms ====== let's say that the position of the point on the gear is (x1, y1). for what you're doing, it seems best to describe the distance in terms of what angle the trap arm is at. so let's say the arm swings from θ=0° to θ=180°. in this case, the end of the arm where the string is connect... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what does it mean for something to be a semi-stochastic process as opposed to a stochastic process? | stochastic steps, involves both deterministic, deterministic and stochastic ====== a semi-stochastic process is simply a process that involves both deterministic and stochastic steps. a simple example would be estimating the average slope of a line by randomly picking points and taking the derivative at those points an... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does alcohol type has any affect on cloud chamber work? | hello everybody. i'm trying to make myself working cloud chamber (simple scheme: [_url_0_](_url_0_)). there are 3 wooden walls, front wall is glass. top is also wooden, with 2 large sponges attached. bottom is from thick sheet metal which is sealed with silicone to wooden and glass walls. i tried to experiment with thi... | water content begins, ethanol, cloud formation ====== what concentration is your ethanol? anything below 95% and the water content begins to interfere with the cloud formation. also, try using either one big sponge filling the entire "ceiling", or even better a fabric like felt. felt has a much higher surface area and ... | 3 | [] | [
"https://imgur.com/a/5mLtIyI"
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if i have three different blankets, does it matter what order they are in? | i have a sheet, a blanket and a comforter, does it matter what order they are in or with and combination of the three have the same effect at keeping me warm? | ultralight weight camping, weight camping manual, ultralight weight ====== i have an answer for you straight out of an ultralight weight camping manual. it agrees with many other camping and survival situation manuals and training programs i'm familiar with. this information is coming from a place of practical experime... | 17 | [] | [] | [] | [
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when camera crews visit ancient tribes, have any of them expressed interest or longing for the crews' lives or technology? | when i picture one of those solitary ancient african tribes being visited by planet earth producers or what have you, i always imagine that they find the technology scary, like some kind of cartoon i guess. have any of these tribesmen expressed interest or longing for 1st world technology? | pirahã were contacted, brazilian villages, started to learn ====== sure. after the pirahã were contacted, many of them started to learn portuguese and get jobs and homes in brazilian villages, for instance. i doubt any of them had any special *longing* for technology, because you have to sort of understand something to... | 74 | [] | [] | [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/White_mans_burden_the_journal_detroit.JPG",
"http://anthropologynet.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/gary-larson-1984-far-side-anthropologists.jpg?w=376",
"http://ethnoground.blogspot.com/2014/08/forget-colonial-myths-xatanawa-contact.html"
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why is optical interconnection faster? | main performance increase, fiber-optic interconnects compared, main performance ====== the main performance increase in fiber-optic interconnects compared to say copper, is the bandwidth that is permitted by the medium, ie; the amount of data that can be travelling the cable at any given moment. (comparable to the widt... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is a shock absorber of the type chell wears in portal possible? | basically, could some kind of footwear that makes landing from heights less painful be created? | joints and bones, limited by human, human joints ====== yes, however there are limits to the design, mostly limited by human joints and bones. i am of the opinion valve came across [poweriser stilts](_url_0_) and just integrated a similar shape onto chell. ps: for a more through explanation of the physics involved see ... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_PJHIv1bZE",
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is it possible for the pituitary gland to stop producing vasopressin? | i watched [this scishow video](_url_0_). i wanted to know if it is possible for the pituitary gland to stop secreting vasopressin. | disease called central, diabetes insipidus, called central ====== there is a disease called central [diabetes insipidus](_url_0_) which occurs due to the pituitary gland not secreting enough vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone - which makes more sense in this context). similar to people in an intoxicated st... | 5 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nN5j0j0Cibc&t=0m55s"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus"
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what causes the rejection of xenotransplanted organs? | so i know that the antibodies are responding to antigens, but is there anything else that's involved? are there any specific surface marker proteins on the cells of the xeno-organ that the body doesn't recognize? and if so could gene therapy be a possible solution to the issue? | organ, rejection, host immune system ====== there are actually several mechanisms of rejection. one is the one you're referencing -- the host's immune system recognizes the transplant as 'foreign', develops antibodies, and wipes it out after some time. it's tricky to hide antigens on a transplanted organ, which is why ... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does indeterminacy exist in the physical world? | i know that this is the case for quantum mechanics, but is there any micro to macro relationship in terms of quantum indeterminacy? and is there anything else that acts indeterminately? | depends how strict, quantum indeterminacy, indeterminacy ====== it depends how strict your definition of "indeterminacy" is, which at some point is likely to become more metaphysical than truly scientific. quantum indeterminacy appears by our observations to be fundamental. the following examples may not be - however, ... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148186"
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could you tell that camels have humps just by looking at their skeletons? | like, say you had some archaeology students who were raised in a bunker and were taught everything about how to discern external anatomy from skeletal structure, but never taught that camels existed. if they were given a camel skeleton, could they geuss that it had a hump? | device called inference, investigative device called, called inference ====== the short answer is "probably not." the long answer is more complicated, and involves a necessary investigative device called inference. we can look to animals with fatty humps and look at their bones to determine if there's a correlated hard... | 214 | [] | [] | [
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Camel_Skeleton_-_Richard_Owen_-_On_the_Anatomy_of_Vertebrates_%281866%29.jpg"
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how long is the jwst reasonably expected to last? | in the faq (_url_0_, #8), it states that: > > webb is designed to have a mission lifetime of not less than 5-1/2 years after launch, with the goal of having a lifetime greater than 10 years. the lifetime is ultimately limited by the amount of fuel used for maintaining the orbit, and by proper functioning in orbit of th... | politucal question, jwst, vibration ====== this is more of a politucal question than anything else. politics unfortunately decides budgets for big projects like jwst. in general, the lifetime numbers come from failure analysis. in this field of study engineers predict the environment of the spacecraft (gravity, any imp... | 2 | [] | [
"https://jwst.nasa.gov/faq.html"
] | [
"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12546"
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when particles behave differently because they are being observed, is it because our observation techniques change the behavior, or something beyond that? | from what i understand, the mere act of observation alters a particle's behavior, regardless of the method. if this is true, wouldn't it be that understand what a particle is doing changes what a particle is doing? | necessarily change behavior, observed, particle ====== a particle doesn't necessarily change behavior when it's observed. in fact, a particle isn't even a particle until it's observed. it's a wave. the best layman analogy that i've heard is from minute-physics: all particles are like specks of dust inside a raindrop. t... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem",
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chemists, does this make sense: | hey, i am writing a paper on the formation of stars. it is for a history course on the formation of the universe and i have very little knowledge of chemistry, or any science discipline. hydrogen atoms are converted into helium atoms by stripping electrons from the atom and forcing it to combine with a proton, forming ... | protons, nucleus, neutron ====== i think this is best left to a physicist. it seems right, but i think there is more to it. have you looked in any physics text books? the topic you are interested in is nuclear fusion: _url_0_ there is a bit more here: _url_1_ just re-read to see your not of a scientific background, so ... | 7 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-proton_chain"
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why is quadriplegia/paraplegia irreversible? | i know that some spinal cord injuries are reversible and some are not. for those who have spinal cord injuries that result in irreversible quadriplegia/paraplegia, what has gone wrong that medicine cannot fix yet/ever? | spinal cord, acute spinal cord, spinal cord injury ====== i was going to write a nice summary but then i found [this](_url_0_) website and it honestly gives a fantastic description of the processes that occur following acute spinal cord injury. in a nutshell though, your spinal cord is made up of the axons (think of th... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/sci/detail_sci.htm#186383233"
] | [
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why are particulates bad for you? | i currently live in china, where there are constant worries about the pollution in the air and its heath affects. in particular, there has been a lot of talk about pm 2.5 readings - which i believe registers particles in the air smaller than 2.5 microns. so this is my question: why are particulates bad, and why are sma... | partially correct, assumptions are partially, correct ====== your assumptions are partially correct. inhalation of particulate matter can cause a whole host of cardiovascular and respiratory problems. the pm 2.5 readings they are talking about refer to particles with a diameter around 2.5 microns. they also monitor lar... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/user/ChannelMonster",
"http://www.epa.gov/pmdesignations/basicinfo.htm",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946409",
"http://www.mindfully.org/Health/2004/Nonoparticles-On-Brain2004.htm"
] | [
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how quickly does our body identify nutritious intake of substances? | think of when you're a bit hungry, and you eat a pb-jelly sandwich. the (slight) hunger goes away quite quickly, but i imagine the digestion process takes quite some time. what if i ate indigestible food with the same texture that my body couldn't break down? could i fool my belly/brain? how does our body regulate hung... | feel part, feel, question ====== i feel part of this question can be answered with another question. does the feeling of hunger make us feel tired/weak etc. or does the lack of nutrition only make us feel that way. if hunger makes us tired/weak then that would partially explain why we immediately feel better upon eatin... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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high-output heart failure: why rvf before lvf? | why do the clinical signs of rvf appear before lvf in cases of hohf? let's take hyperthyroidism as an example. the bmr of the body is markedly increased so the nutrient demand is also markedly increased. shouldn't this make the lv more susceptible to failure? the entire peripheral circulation is supplied by the lv, whi... | low resistance circuit, work, resistance ====== it’s about the capacity of that muscle to do the work. the rv is thin walled and designed to pump against a low resistance circuit. usually these conditions (carcinoid, av fistula, hyperthyroid) are associated with tachycardia and some increase in pulmonary vascular resis... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can a eusocial animal survive on its own if it is separated from its colony? | for example, what would happen of you separate a single worker or soldier ant from its colony? will it continue on living up to its life expectancy given enough food and shelter? can it hunt for food and find shelter on its own? or will it die because literally has no idea what it supposed to do outside of working for ... | live long, completely isolated, species ====== that depends on the species, but if it is completely isolated from its family, they usually don't live long. unless you mean, say, a new queen looking to start her own colony. they always start out alone. that said, an ant colony could function for a while without its quee... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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could ligo use more than two beams? | why does the ligo only use two beams and not several or an array? could the beam splitter be made to rotate? what if they built the ligo in space? | gravitational wave observatories, wave observatories spread, gravitational wave ====== it could be built with more than two beams, but if your beams are in the plane of the earth's surface, you're not going to find out much more by using more than two beams in the same location. that's why there are gravitational wave ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna"
] | [
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gal4 in drosophila? | i've come upon some neuroscience research involving gal4 lines of drosophila. it says they work primarily with split lines. what is the gal4 gene? what do they mean by split lines? why is it so important? | promoter of interest, interest, gene of interest ====== you make a drosophila line that expresses the yeast gene gal4 under control of a promoter of interest (say actin for example). you make a separate cell line that expresses a gene of interest (say green fluorescent protein) under control of uas. when you cross the ... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how is it possible to use ridiculously strong bases in the lab if they react in the atmosphere? | so i'm curious and i want to know how you can be able to use obnoxiously strong bases in the lab. for example, butyl lithium would turn into a drop of fire if was used in one of those droppers. how would you add these to some reactions? | open container, react, container ====== for many of the super bases that react with the air you never do them in an open container. you have to seal the container and put the reaction under an atmosphere that doesn't react. this can be nitrogen for some compounds, but others require argon instead because nitrogen can s... | 12 | [] | [] | [
"http://web.ornl.gov/sci/ees/bsd/bst/resources/anaerobic%20chamber1.jpg"
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what is the theory behind "microsatellite enrichment"? how does it work? | dna, desired molecules, increase the concentration ====== in molecular biology, the term enrichment means to increase the concentration of your desired molecules in a sample. in the case of microsatellite enrichment, we want to increase the number of dna fragments that contain a microsatellite (a repeating sequence). g... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-62703-389-3_5",
"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236097961_Microsatellite_DNA_capture_from_enriched_libraries/file/5046351b9e5c99c054.pdf"
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how can you remove an entire hamate bone from the wrist and still be able to play baseball? | wilson ramos is the latest to have "wilson's wrist" surgery, where his hamate bone is removed. how does the hand compensate for the lack of what seems to be a fairly major bone? | reports commonly, hamate is removed, hamate ====== while the reports commonly say the whole hamate is removed, in reality it is only the hook of the hamate that is excised. people are still able to function quite well without the hook, though there is a slight decrease in grip strength. unfortunately the hamate is pron... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.eatonhand.com/img/img00056.htm"
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can one improve their reaction speed with effort and training or is it something that is more or less set in stone and can only degrade? | i'd really like to improve my reaction time but in several tests i have taken its averaging about ~320-350 milliseconds, is their any practice or exercise i can do to get better? | pretty easily, improve it pretty, developing reaction times ====== you can improve it pretty easily. table tennis is great for developing reaction times, and, if i'm not mistaken, stick fighting has the same effect, and you'd probably learn faster by way of the welts. basically, you need to find something you need to b... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential#Propagation"
] | [
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can we, given today's technological llmitations, passively refridgerate/cool something indefinitely? if not, how long can we make it last? | i think i'm phrasing it correctly, but if not, what i mean is: could we currently create a powerless cooler or thermos that would keep something cold indefinitely? | relative term, passively cool buildings, passively cool ====== cold is a relative term. for instance, we can passively cool buildings. westinghouse claims their new ap1000 nuclear reactor can passively cool the core for 72 hours; after which is just need a top up. if you can put something in a sufficient cold environme... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value_%28insulation%29"
] | [
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why is it common to give depo-provera to a male psych patient without an axis-i para/pedophila diagnosis or conviction? | i'm a medical student doing a rotation in a large state hospital and one thing i've noticed is that there are several men on depo-provera. when one of the other students asked why this was the staff psychiatrist stated that it was to reduce sexually acting out/inappropriate behavior in some patients. while this is prob... | link, save the day, url ====== i know there are a few psychiatrists who are panelists who can swoop in to save the day in a while. i had a look at my psychiatry book and hypersexuality and behaviors arn't covered in it. i looked around in pubmed and the consensus seems that there isnt any gold standard of treatment, bu... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12927003",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19243704",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12971182",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17555003",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19161930",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551452"
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what's the fundamental problem with lewis structures? | envelope calculation, electronic energy levels, energy levels ====== think of them like a back of the envelope calculation. they will give you a good approximation of the final answer and even a handwavy explanation why it works, but doesn't include everything (such as the electronic energy levels). if you want more de... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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could graphyne potentially serve as a carrier of electrical current over extreme distances? | considering that it transmits electrons in one direction, [as if they were massless](_url_0_), could this material be used to take advantage of consistent solar radiation. for example to transfer virtually lossless current from solar panels located along the equator to northern/southern regions, or from space to earth'... | effective mass, url, effective ====== 'as if they were massless' here is a very misleading if you don't know what it's referring to, which is [effective mass](_url_0_). which is something quite different from 'mass' in a proper sense. it's the 'mass' that they'd have defined by how they respond to an electrical field, ... | 6 | [] | [
"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/03/graphyne-could-be-better-than-gr.html"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_mass_%28solid-state_physics%29"
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is it possible to affect earth's natural movement? | is it possible for humans to affect earth's rotation in any way (significant or non-significant) or maybe do some large scale changes in earth's natural motion? | planet rotational inertia, conserve angular momentum, equator effectively increased ====== when the three gorges dam was built in china, raising all that water to a higher altitude relatively close to the equator effectively increased the planet's rotational inertia, lengthening the day to conserve angular momentum. th... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does your phone (or a pedometer) tell the difference between a step and random movement? | random movements, random, data ====== random movements are random and steps are very repetitive and almost identical. up and down in a specific rhythm that allows you to look for periodic movement. so you just check the accelerator data for sequences of accelerations that you would expect during walking or running. [th... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.02336.pdf"
] | [
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when the us presidential candidates talk about basic research (as they did in debate 3) what does that mean? what's considered basic, what's advanced? | comments such as this by the president: > if we’re not making investments in education and basic research, which is not something that the private sector is doing at a sufficient pace right now and has never done, then we will lose the [lead] in things like clean energy technology. | economic gain, generally considered, research ====== basic research is generally considered to be research that offer no immediate economic gain. the lhc is a prime example of this. it's mostly a big money pit from a business point of view. however, einstein's nobel prize in 1921 was awarded for his discovery of the ph... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do we have a brain parasite doctor in the house? | this is the organism i'm interested in: [_url_0_](_url_0_) now, this organism migrates to the brain of ungulates... i'm unable to discern a reason for this. they spend the majority of their life cycle in gastropods though, and in them i could understand migrating to the brain in an effort to have the host eaten. ok, so... | specific nematode, brain tissue, brain ====== this is my area of expertise, but unfortunately i am not familiar with this specific nematode. unfortunately, i doubt that this has anything to do with brain control. for one, many worms use gastropods as intermediate hosts, and they often infect their reproductive tissues,... | 3 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parelaphostrongylus_tenuis"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii"
] | [
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is it possible to guide and manipulate evolution to attain a desired result? for example, could we breed a chocobo out of an ostrich over time? | considerable number, easy answer, plants ====== considering the fact that we have done this with a considerable number of animals and plants, the easy answer is yes. [selective breeding](_url_0_) is what i'm assuming you're asking about here. not all animals are equally amenable to being forced into mating with particu... | 55 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding",
"http://scienceblogs.com/thoughtfulanimal/2010/06/14/monday-pets-the-russian-fox-st/",
"http://gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/ib0KJnIw5S-8G1RS8EqnPg/2.3.3.sherlock.pdf"
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why do narwhals have horns (tusks)? what do they use them for? | from my searching it seems the consensus is that no one knows. are there any theories? | males grow tusks, generally speaking, sexual display ====== it has been suggested that narwhals use their tusks for sexual display, much like a deer's antlers or a lion's mane (generally speaking, only males grow tusks). the tusk is also a sensory organ that narwhals may use to detect changes in the seawater. narwhals ... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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statistics: data in the natural sciences is often really noisy. how do you determine which samples to keep and which to throw out? | endocrinology and behavior, standard deviations, sample size ====== in my field (endocrinology and behavior) you are "allowed" to throw out outliers that are beyond 2 standard deviations from the mean. in actual practice though we almost never throw them out, because as my graduate advisor taught me, "sometimes the out... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANSAC",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook's_distance"
] | [
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is there evidence of precognition? | the claim is that a subject's emotional response, either negative or neutral, will precede the test stimulus of a random picture shown. there's a fancy graph in this video which explains the claim better than i have: _url_0_ my question is whether anyone else has repeated the results? it seems like a standard clinical ... | published numerous papers, dean radin, believer in parapsychology ====== dean radin is well known as a believer in parapsychology and has published numerous papers in the field. the one dealing with this experiment can be found here: (pdf file) [electrodermal presentiments of future emotions](_url_0_) in it he details ... | 6 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=cVqVJ0IXi_M#t=2537s"
] | [
"http://scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_18_2_radin.pdf"
] | [
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why would you need to distill a spirit multiple times? | russian standard vodka claims it is distilled over 200 times, why would this be necessary? surely even two or three distillation stages should make the alcohol about as pure as it would get? interested to hear your thoughts. | makes russian standard, makes russian, adding spirit ====== whoever makes russian standard probably has a reflux still, where they will just keep adding spirit to the run and never actually empty the still. therefore you could say spirit has been distilled 200 times because it just keeps going over and over the neck an... | 88 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i can make my eyes shake very quickly from side to side (it looks like my eyes are vibrating). i showed my optician and he had no idea what caused it. do you know? | explain shortly, nystagmus, voluntary nystagmus ====== you are demonstrating what is called "voluntary nystagmus" (though it is actually a misnomer, as i will explain shortly. basically, you have a degree of control over moving your eyes that most people do not. you are making fast eye movements, known as "saccades", w... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what would happen if you frayed the ends of hundreds of small wires connected to two ends of a battery, and brushed them together? | battery, consequences possibly including, wire ====== you'd be creating a short circuit, with consequences possibly including a damaged battery, melting insulation / vaporized or molten wire / fire, and a chemical hazard, depending on the battery chemistry and the exact nature of your setup. to start with, let's say th... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge#Tables_of_AWG_wire_sizes",
"https://youtu.be/HjWSV1LY_so?t=1m8s",
"http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/522.pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm's_law"
] | [
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how/what are the processes behind semi-conductors? | i have been looking into thermoelectric generators and i understand that the use of thermopiles uses difference in temperature to produce electricity. however my concern is on n and p type semi-conductors, what materials are they generally made of(different combination of materials better)? what gives them the properti... | dopant atoms, minute amounts, amounts of dopant ====== the most common semiconductor devices are made of si (plus very minute amounts of dopant atoms, and things like ge to strain the lattice in particular areas for performance reasons). for high performance devices, gaas are used a lot. for some high temperature appli... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can anyone please explain these formulas by mittag-leffler? x-post from r/mathematics | _url_0_ _url_2_ _url_1_ _url_3_ | give a bit, bit more detail, give ====== you're going to have to give a bit more detail about what you want. for example, why do you want them explained? what's your level of mathematical ability? also, i'm not sure that this is really an askscience kind of question. try here: /r/cheatatmathhomework . | 4 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/mathematics/comments/ua7cj/can_anyone_please_explain_these_formulas_by/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittag-Leffler_theorem",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittag-Leffler_function",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittag-Leffler_star"
] | [] | [
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can capillary action be used to generate electricity? | could you use it to transport water to a height where it could fall and power a turbine? | perpetual motion machine, motion machine, perpetual motion ====== nope, because then you'd have a perpetual motion machine. water naturally wants to climb into capillaries due to attractive forces, and to then remove that water you need to work to counter it. remember, you can't get something from nothing, and all ener... | 7 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=capillary&restrict_sr=on"
] | [
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is this a true statement? "consciousness collapses waves of potential" | conscious observation, quantum mechanics, double slit experiment ====== no. conscious observation is not what quantum mechanics means by "observation". in the double slit experiment (the classic example), it doesn't matter if a human looks at the experiment. what matters is that a detector interacts with the electrons.... | 14 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does my contact solution work? | i pour hydrogen peroxide up to a given line, and put my contacts in the jar overnight, and the jar has a big metal thing in it, and when i get back, the hydrogen peroxide has become water and my contacts are sterile. why? edit: this also raises the question "how do catlaysts work?" anybody willing to help us out? | hydrogen peroxide accelerating, hydrogen peroxide, platinum embedded ====== the gray ring in the bottom has platinum embedded in it, platinum is a catalyst for hydrogen peroxide accelerating it's transformation to h2o and o2. bacteria and things don't like hydrogen peroxide, so it kills them, but by the time you put th... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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hypothetically, assume we were to fly to alpha centauri, or another possibly life sustaining planet... | this is slightly complicated to explain. if we were to fly to a life sustaining planet, at the same speed we currently are able to get to the moon, or the space station if that is faster, how long would it take to travel 1 light year? assuming it is this [planet](_url_0_): which is 20 light years away, how long would i... | sun fizzle, sun, fizzle ====== would the new sun fizzle out? no. for a very ballpark sort of number, consider this. voyager 1 is travelling at about 17 km/s and has exited what some might call the border of the solar system (this is really ambiguous). at that speed it would take 350,000 years to travel 20 lightyears, w... | 10 | [] | [
"http://www.thetechherald.com/articles/Astronomers-discover-potentially-life-sustaining-planet"
] | [] | [
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what is it about methamphetamine that makes people look like shit? | following [this](_url_0_) front page post and sources like faces of meth campaign; excluding "meth mouth", what is it about methamphetamine in comparison to other psychoactive drugs that causes such drastic changes to physical appearance? is it mostly lifestyle or is there any drug mechanism of action that affects appe... | lack of hygiene, lack of sleep, vast majority ====== the vast majority of damage done to the body by methamphetamine users is malnutrition followed by lack of sleep and then lack of hygiene. for people who smoke it the acid eats away at tooth enamel, which exacerbates the problems caused by the other problems. a very l... | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/WTF/comments/zqpbb/meth_not_even_once_people/"
] | [] | [
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can anyone elaborate on the iron-sulfur world theory? | i am a curriculum writer currently revising a lesson on biomolecules for high school biology. part of this lesson requires students to analyze and evaluate various theories of how complex biomolecules could have formed on our planet. students are to examine 3 theories: the oparin-haldane hypothesis, the rna world theor... | high school kids, school kids, year into phd ====== this is a great question and it truly blows my mind that you're teaching this to high school kids, because i just heard about it my 2nd year into phd study. essentially, you won't find a biologist who will say that iron-sulfur chemistry doesn't partially define life o... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703705007635",
"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/358/1429/59",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory#References"
] | [
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during the oscars, how did they make ted appear on stage? | was it anything like the tupac hologram used at coachella? or was it just added in post production. if it was edited in, what did everyone who was at the oscars see? | fairly simple image, simple image overlay, fairly simple ====== it looks like a fairly simple image overlay. the cameras were steady, so they likely used an empty podium as the mark point for the overlays. the other presenter (whose name escapes me at the moment) never really directly looks at the image, so there was l... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the 3d orientation of pennate muscle? | [wiki](_url_0_) i can only seem to find 2d representations and i'm trying to understand the 3d orientation of the muscle fibres and subsequently calculate fibre length and physiological cross sectional area. if they are arranged radially it would seem that density would be higher or diameter smaller at the centre of th... | imagine them contracting, arranged radially, radially ====== they would never be arranged radially - imagine them contracting. pennate muscles are essentially 2d for all intents and purposes. the fibres all run in the same direction in a given chunk of muscle, ie. unipennate, bipennate and multipennate. measuring fibre... | 2 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennate_muscle"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_muscle_structure.jpg"
] | [
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if an event has a 4% chance of occurring everyday. what is the chance of said event occurring after 30 days? | hi askscience, long time lurker. anyways, i've been in a little math discussion with a friend about this tonight. if something has a 4% chance of occurring everyday, what is the chance the event happens after 30 days? our gut instinct was 120% but that doesn't really make sense to me. i have an m.s. in a non-technical ... | chance, calculate the chance, times ====== presumably you mean what's the chance of it occurring one or more times in 30 days? you really need to calculate the chance of it *not* happening. that's 0.96 every day. the chance of it not happening on all 30 days consecutively is 0.96^30 = 0.294..., so the chance of it happ... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how exactly do lagrange-4 and lagrange-5 work? | i feel like i understand l-1 through l-3 pretty well. l-1 is just where gravitational "forces" subtract perfectly to slow down orbits to geosynchronous, l-2 is where they add perfectly to speed up orbits to geosynchronous, and l-3 is on the opposite side of the sun as l-2 but has the same effect. however, no matter how... | moon system, earth, moon ====== using l4 and the earth/ moon system to be specific. at l4, the distances to earth and moon are equal. so the gravitation force from them adds up to point toward the barycenter of the system, and also has the correct magnitude for stability. the barycenter is the center of mass and the ce... | 17 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point#/media/File:Lagrangian_points_equipotential.jpg"
] | [
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they say when grass is cut by lawn mowers, they release a distress chemical (signal) but the question is to whom? (i have a guess but it would be nice to confirm) | i think that the scenario relates to large packs of grassing animals. the distress chemical (signal) is picked up by carnivores that would come to the area primarily to get food. the process scares of the grazing animals which helps/protects the grass. no? | green leaf volatiles, called green leaf, insects ====== the chemicals that are being released and that you smell are also called green leaf volatiles. they are released upon mechanical damage to the plant and indeed are attractive to predators. however, not the predators you are thinking of; for a plant the most common... | 12 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794753/",
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12177/abstract",
"https://student.societyforscience.org/article/plant-enemy%E2%80%99s-enemy",
"http://faperta.ugm.ac.id/newbie/download/pak_tar/biochemistry/plantherbivoreinteraction3.pdf"
] | [
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why do amputees feel a part of the body even though it is physically not present? | phantom limb syndrom, somatosensory system, neuronal system ====== it's called 'phantom limb syndrom' and is thought to be related to the the somatosensory system (the neuronal system that senses pain, amongst other things). it's currently thought that this system does not readjust appropriately when a limb is amputate... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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uhhh am i a magician? | so my fridge is extremely cold, i don't know what temperature it's set at because i have no clue how to set it. but if i leave things in there too long, they sometimes freeze. not always, but i have had a couple frozen water bottles. anyway, i have one of those brita filter pitchers. i filled it up with water this morn... | water, supercooled, ice ====== your water was probably supercooled. it's possible to lower the temperature somewhat below the melting temperature without water freezing. ice is a crystal that first forms around some foreign substance in the water (dust or dirt perhaps). if there's nowhere for ice crystals to start form... | 32 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how do meteorologists calculate an objective value for windchill, when windchill is a subjective feeling? | what feels like -20° might not feel like -20° to me. temperature is an empirical measurement, but i feel like windchill is just some made up number. how do scientists and meteorologists come up with a windchill value? | plastic playground slide, metal transfers heat, scalding rivets ====== you don't directly feel temperature but instead feel heat transfer, which is why a plastic playground slide may not feel as hot as the scalding rivets—they are likely the same temperature (or very nearly so), but the metal transfers heat much better... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how do video game controllers compare to each other in terms of hand health? | since hand and wrist problems are becoming a problem in gaming, i've become interested in the controllers we use. in articles covering the topic i normally only see exercises being mentioned as a treatment, while my intuition tells me switching from gamepad to keyboard would help significantly when possible. the only e... | occupational therapist, biomechanics vs. design, matter of individual ====== as an occupational therapist, i’d suggest that it’s a matter of individual biomechanics vs. design. the size, shape, and existing physiological differences of individuals affect which controller i’d recommend for different gamers as far as red... | 9 | [] | [
"https://youtu.be/tCOISFOWswc"
] | [] | [
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can anyone explain capacity in the brain? | i am aware that the neuronal membrane acts like a capacitor in the sense that positive and negative ions move to the walls of the lipid bilayer to oppose ions of the opposite charge inside and outside of the cell. i just don't understand exactly what a capacitor is for. neurons have capacity, i just don't understand it... | lipid bilayer walls, reaching oppositely charged, oppositely charged ions ====== if the lipid bilayer walls couldn't prevent ions on one side from reaching oppositely charged ions on the other, then it would be impossible for neurons to 'spike'. spiking is the result of the imbalance in charge (highly positive on one s... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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ir spectroscopy, what is the relation between the normal coordinate q of a vibration and the translation components ty, tx and tz? | i was basically wondering if the normal coordinate q is not simply the vectorial sum of tx, ty, tz (components of translation). (at least in very simple molecules) | center of mass, translations, molecule ====== if by tx, ty, and tz you are referring to the translations of the molecule, then the answer is no \- vibrations do not change the center of mass. however, if you are referring to the translations of the individual atoms in the molecule, the answer is yes. q can be expressed... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how is a voronoi diagram drawn around irregular shapes? | like countries, for example. | question, regions, voronoi diagrams form ====== i'm not sure i get the question. voronoi diagrams form regions around points. there are no regions to start with. do you have an example? | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is their a way to measure how slippery something is? in units? | coefficient of friction, called coefficient, surface exerts ====== yes, it's called coefficient of friction. definition: a measure of the amount of resistance that a surface exerts on or substances moving over it, equal to the ratio between the maximal frictional force that the surface exerts and the force pushing the ... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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history of science: why was 'c' was chosen as the name for the value of light speed in vacuum? | my suspicion is 'c for constant' ? | meaning swiftness, celeritas, url ====== it wasn't always. "c" is generally said to be the speed of a wave in any wave equation, for the latin "celeritas," meaning swiftness. [more information can be found on wikipedia at this article.](_url_0_) | 10 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light#Numerical_value.2C_notation.2C_and_units",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeritas"
] | [
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how did okazaki discover the lagging strand? what was the experiment? | so i understand during replication there is a leading and lagging strand. but how did he discover the lagging strand, what was his experiment and discovery? | dna, labeled dna, replicated ====== before okazaki did these experiments in the 1960s, everyone assumed that both strands were replicated in a continuous fashion (one strand is replicated 3' to 5', the other is replicated 5' to 3'). however, the only dna polymerases anyone was able to find worked in the 5' to 3' direct... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC224714/pdf/pnas00116-0296.pdf",
"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.002225",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC224926/pdf/pnas00122-0304.pdf"
] | [
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confusion about umbilical veins and arteries (anatomy & physiology) | (_url_0_) i was watching khan academy on blood flow through the placenta. i'm confused though. i know that bloodflow through arteries are led away from the heart and have passed through the lungs so they are rich in oxygen while veins are typically leading away from distal processes from the heart where their oxygen an... | unoxygenated blood supply, adult pulmonary arteries, umbilical vein ====== you got it! the umbilical vein is filled with the nutrients and o2 from the placenta (and mother's circulation)-it then travels to the fetal heart where it mixes with the rest of the unoxygenated blood supply. it's a vein because its going to th... | 6 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=XDF2QyQtd_Q"
] | [] | [
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does the holographic principle literally imply that if i give you all the information about the walls in my room, you would be able to deduce what's inside my room? | area proportional, area, room ====== no, it means that the information in your room *could* be encoded in a 2d area proportional to the area of your walls. if your room is a cube, you could double all its dimensions which would make its volume 8x bigger, but you would only need 4x the area to encode its possible conten... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there a quantitative way of measuring tiredness? | i was about to go to sleep last night and was thinking "i don't have to get up as early as usual tomorrow morning, so i can put my alarm clock back a bit. i wonder; would i feel better-rested if i kept my clock at its normal alarm time, and just snoozed it, or would i feel more rested if i pushed the alarm back a bit? ... | objective clinical scales, clinical scales, specific conditions. ====== there are many different objective clinical scales that can be used to measure sleepiness, fatigue, tiredness, and drowsiness (based on many possible definitions of these words), but most are very specific tests that are only useful for very specif... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why does water do this? | _url_0_ | part of attraction, consists in part, part of gravity ====== droplets of water will follow a path determined by the net force on them, which consists in part of gravity and in part of attraction/repulsion between the molecules of water and the surface the water is on. if there is any variation in the surface (texture, ... | 43 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/NvTmMRH,YTdZpQV,rmLxW9C"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander#Formation"
] | [
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can someone explain what recombinant technology is in reference to oxytocin in a nasal spray. text from product included | though oxytocin accelerator contains oxytocin from recombinant technology (expressed oxytocin) virtually identical to human oxytocin from plant culture of pharmaceutical quality. that's what the product says. can you explain it in simple terms? :) | amino acids, amino, oxytocin ====== oxytocin is produced in humans, in the hypothalamus to be precise. oxytocin is made up of nine amino acids. there will be a gene in the human genome that codes for these amino acids. genes are made of dna and dna is made of 4 "bases" which are labelled a, t, c and g and a genome is t... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology"
] | [
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what are some good science-based (and not old wive's tale-based) tricks for purchasing fresh food? | for example, i've heard that if mussels are open and don't close when you tap them, they're bad and can potentially make you sick. is this true? i've also heard that you can tell if a fish is fresh by how cloudy its eyes are. is this true? what other fresh food tricks do you know? | thing is untrue, universally believed, muscles thing ====== i know that the muscles thing is untrue, it turned up in a cookbook in the 1970s and from there just started to appear in every cookbook until it became universally believed. if anything it's the ones that are completely closed that should be thrown away, beca... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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conceptually, why is the quantum lagrangian of the form e^i*theta? | i'm trying to figure out where the wave-like properties of quantum systems arise, and the lagrangian / action appears to be the source for the path integral interpretation (??) i looked at the math on _url_0_ but didn't really follow it and wonder if there is a more conceptual explanation. | complements existing answers., paths, quantum mechanics ====== (this is a more conceptual take rather than a mathematical one, hopefully it complements existing answers.) feynman was the first(ish) to reformulate quantum mechanics as a 'sum over paths.' this was a logical extension of the usual explanation of the doubl... | 9 | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation#Quantum_action_principle"
] | [] | [
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is a distributed magnet torrent system possible? | hi all, so this is a question inspired by recent events. so i'm a little fuzzy on the fundamentals of the bittorrent protocol but it has come to my attention that essentially the entire site of the tpb fits in about 17 mb if you're counting just the magnet links. obviously with metadata it's a little larger, but still ... | dht, distributed hash tables, distributed hash ====== yes. what you're asking for is _[distributed hash tables](_url_0_)_ (dht). a dht provides at least a lookup service, which you can use to ask nodes in the dht for a specific _key_ (like a magnet link). depending on the algorithm employed by the dht, you will then ge... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table"
] | [
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we flow electrons through power lines to give us electricity. where did all those electrons come from, and what happened to the cations they were once bonded with? | i understand the mechanism of charge flow in power lines (conduction electrons), but where do the electrons flowing through originate from? i know a lot of our electricity comes originally from turbines...what exactly are these turbines ionizing to allow electron flow to occur, and what happens to the cations left behi... | power station, power, significantly positively charged ====== electrons are being returned to the power station at the same rate they are being sent out of the power station to the consumers. as a result, no wires become significantly positively charged. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why does carbonation go down quicker when i put my finger in? | beverage introduces oil, carbonated beverage introduces, putting your finger ====== putting your finger in a carbonated beverage introduces oil, which breaks up the protein layer that surrounds each bubble. you are not actually affecting the carbonation, just breaking up the head. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what determines the anthropogenic radiative forcing of a chemical? | i am supposed to use this to answer: _url_0_ i am very confused :/ | earth energy balance, question is worded, radiative forcing ====== the question is worded in a confusing way but i will try to answer. radiative forcing is the capacity for external factors, such a greenhouse gases, to alter the earth's energy balance. think of greenhouse gases (ghgs) such as co*_2_*, ch*_4_*, and n*_2... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf"
] | [] | [
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is the schwarzschild solution slightly inaccurate because of the static assumption? | i was reading the [wikipedia article on deriving the schwarzschild solution](_url_0_), and i noticed that in the diagonalising the metric step they use the static assumption to show that there is no time component in any of the spacial metric components because the geometry of the space does not change with time. isn't... | metric, schwarzschild metric, time ====== yes, the universe as a whole is not static. but remember that the goal is to describe spacetime in the vicinity of a black hole, i.e., *not* on the large scales at which expansion is relevant. so we can safely ignore that in the derivation of the schwarzschild metric. this is s... | 7 | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deriving_the_Schwarzschild_solution"
] | [] | [
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does anyone know what happened to the "eureka machine" that discovered newton's laws of motion in a few hours? | _url_0_ the way i see it, it should have made a scientific revolution, however i can't find anything recent about it, just the articles from 3 years ago. did it fail? what happened ? | phd thesis, months ago, eureqa program ====== i used the eureqa program in my phd thesis, submitted a few months ago. i used it to fit an equation to some simulated data. and that's all that program does; it applies a huge variety of equations to data and identifies the best fit. although the resulting equation can pos... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/apr/02/eureka-laws-nature-artificial-intelligence-ai"
] | [
"http://creativemachines.cornell.edu/eureqa"
] | [
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how does the arecibo observatory account for all the water and debris that might accumulate on it? | _url_0_ as you can see this radio telescope is located on the ground where (i think) water and debris may easily enter. do the observatory personnel somehow clean all the water and dirt up even after a heavy rainfall? | excess water, debris are drained, drained ====== they have a hole in the center through which excess water and debris are drained. more importantly, the radio waves which they observe are largely unaffected by any debris or water on the dish that may still be there after the rain has stopped. | 3 | [] | [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Arecibo_Observatory_Aerial_View.jpg"
] | [] | [
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one time i was boiling water in a pot and after a little while it bubbled out a foot from the pot like a geyser really fast, why did that happen? | before it began "boiling" the water looked like it was moving/swirling slowly like almost colorless oil, but there was no oil because it had just been washed and rinsed | water, chemists call, result of superheating ====== this may be what chemists call "bumping," which is a rapid and sudden boiling that is the result of superheating the water (or another liquid). if you have a perfectly smooth container that is devoid of places for water vapor bubbles to nucleate you can heat water ove... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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would your body clock still know generally what time it is in space? | would your internal clock still be able to know that it's close to 3am where you're from if you were in outer space far away from our sun with absolutely 0 environmental clues to guide it? | brought forward depending, circadian rhythm lasting, brought forward ====== the short answer is no. the body runs on a circadian rhythm lasting a little longer than 24hours which can be delayed/brought forward depending on environmental cues. if there are no environmental cues the rhythm will slowly fall out of synch w... | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
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on running a gel electrophoresis... | so my group and i performed one last week and it came out terrible. we could see the bands in the actual gel, but when we took a photo of it there was almost nothing. when loading the gel, my partners added the buffer first (into the contraption thing where the voltage goes through) and then loaded the gel. should we d... | type of question, add, gel ====== this type of question would go better in r/askscitech but i'll see if i can help... you want to pour the gel, allow it to polymerize, add the buffer and then add the sample with the loading dye. you are running an agarose gel with dna? or no? how did you obtain this dna and what was do... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what are the two red spots that are missing from the planck cmwb map? what could cause the difference? | _url_0_ you can see that the two red spots near the centre are not present on the planck image. what is the reason for this? | properly subtracted, lot of foreground, foreground emission ====== that region is right in the midplane of the galaxy, where there is a lot of foreground emission which must be properly subtracted. it is possible that the subtraction was less good in wmap than for planck. also, the higher angular resolution of planck m... | 7 | [] | [
"http://www.pictureshack.us/images/21323_wmap-planck.gif"
] | [] | [
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can someone explain sacred geometry and why it's said to be sacred? | i've heard of this recently at my community college and googled it. golden ratio and all that is cool, but what is the deep understanding behind it? just looking for some clarification i suppose. thanks | scientific answer., geometric forms, ratios and geometric ====== unless i'm missing something - the answer is really "there is no scientific answer." some group finds certain ratios and geometric forms to be important, and so uses them in various ways. while there are certain ratios and geometries we find in nature and... | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what exactly does "fine tuning" in physics mean? | the way i'm thinking of it is that fine tuning refers to how the newer constants we discover seem more arbitrary relative to the *earlier* constants we discovered. based on classical scientific models, we have some fine tuning issues because those classical models predicted different results. the problem that people ha... | cosmological constant, constant, vacuum energy ====== fine tuning means that some constant needs to be tuned to just the right, usually very small, value in order for a theory to agree with observation. i said nothing about "older" constants because we don't usually compare to those. why should those matter? ideally we... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_units"
] | [
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qualitative question about observers at relativistic velocities | let's say you have two planets, earth and zebulon, which are many lightyears apart, but are at rest respective to each other. there is also a space ship that starts near earth and is flying towards zebulon. the space ship emits a constant force backwards to propel itself forward as a simple application of newton's 2nd ... | modern physics concept, relativistic momentum, physics concept ====== first, relativistic mass is not a modern physics concept, but rather relativistic momentum. but regardless moving on: whenever relativistic effects take place, you have to look at all three of them at the same time, length contraction, time dilation ... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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... |
if i captured a cicada and kept it burrowed in a terrarium for 17 years, would it survive and emerge? | well? | longest living insects, worlds longest living, time counted ====== although cicada's are amongst the worlds longest living insects, by the time they emerge their life cycle is almost over and their time counted. so freshly emerged adults you'll pick wont do for that purpose. what you need are larvae, which are a challe... | 19 | [] | [] | [] | [
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... |
helping endangered sea turtles question. | so we have all seen the documentaries that show a long stretch of beach somewhere in the tropics with thousands of baby sea turtles climbing up out of the sand and dashing for the ocean. the vast majority of them are eaten by predators before they get to the water. if the population of sea turtles were to drop to dange... | hydropower plants, destroyed a lot, fish ====== humans have destroyed a lot of rivers with hydropower plants. to compensate for the loss of fish production, we have a lot of fish hatcheries where the eggs are protected from predation and juvenile fish are released into the river at 0+, 1+, or 2+ years (they hatch in th... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.conserveturtles.org/sea-turtle-information.php?page=lighting",
"http://www.conserveturtles.org/"
] | [
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what would happen if you tried to manipulate a rod of material that was a lightyear in length? | say you had a lightyear long pole, and you wanted to poke something a lightyear away, if you tried to pome it with the pole, what would happen? would any other interactions/ manipulations produce interesting effects? | light years long, achieving ftl communication, opposing end pull ====== just _some_ of the times the same question has been asked before: [if i pushed a button 10 light years away with a stick that was 10 light years long, how long would it take for the button to be pushed?](_url_3_) [if i have a theoretical rod that i... | 7 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/iffn3/if_you_had_a_pole_2_light_years_long_on_supports/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s7xat/if_i_had_a_pencil_that_was_2_light_years_long_and/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/11o07k/if_i_have_a_theoretical_rod_that_is_1_lightyear/",
... | [
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a question regarding aqua regia | _url_0_ in this video people try to destroy an iphone 5 by putting it it in aqua regia, however it reacts very slowly. however they then dipped it in hydrofluric (to which it did not appear to react any better with) and returned it to the aqua regia and it then reacted very vigorously. why is this? | handle dangerous chemicals, wrong respirator, wrong gloves ====== if there is ever an example of how _not_ to handle dangerous chemicals, this would be it. short sleeves and shorts, wrong respirator, wrong gloves, they're just asking for trouble. i notice that they didn't dip it in hydrofluoric acid; they dipped it in ... | 7 | [] | [
"http://youtu.be/5uZwYg4W7JE?t=9m24s"
] | [] | [
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... |
synergy of aqua regia? | as i understand chemistry both nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are used to a 1:3 volume ratio to make aqua regia. both nitric acid and hydrochloric acid don't dissolve noble metals like gold. it seems to me that aqua regia is better at dissolving substrate than the sum of the individual acids and thus has a synergist... | ions, equilibrium, gold ====== it's all based on chemical equilibrium. what happens is nitric acid does oxidize a tiniest bit of the gold to produce au+3 ions and they're in a state of equilibrium; although this amount of dissolution would be negligible just by nitric acid itself, the hydrochloric acid serves as a sour... | 13 | [] | [] | [] | [
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could cryopreservation replace pasteurization? | could cryopreservation do the job of extending shelf life better than pasteurization? i know that some of the benefits of pasteurization is that it kills off harmful things, but it also kills off positive enzymes. if you were to cryogenically freeze a fruit or vegetable juice, would that preserve more nutrients than if... | liquid helium temperatures, url, bacteria can recover ====== many bacteria can recover after being [flash-frozen](_url_0_) to liquid helium temperatures. killing them with cold alone will not work. [freezing plus another method](_url_1_) is better. | 7 | [] | [] | [
"https://books.google.com/books?id=pFe6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=liquid+helium+e.+coli&source=bl&ots=M7g1luRLfh&sig=-JVzcWXC5s0ZHTewWS6R7ZaaoZg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OPNUVfmxKcG_sAXSzoGYBA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=liquid%20helium%20e.%20coli&f=false",
"http://www.ncbi.n... | [
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how are overtones produced in a closed circuit? | we are making a synthesizer and seemed stumped at what seems like a fairly fundamental question. in a basic oscillator, we produce a square wave, being on and off at a particular frequency. we're putting in a low pass filter in order to filter out the higher frequencies, but the question is, without any acoustics for o... | sinusoidal waves overlaid, square wave, wave ====== broadly speaking, all waves are sinusoidal. from an acoustic perspective, the square wave that you're producing with your oscillator is a complicated arrangement of lots of different sinusoidal waves overlaid with each other. you can see the basic idea in [this image]... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/eps-gif/FourierSeriesSquareWave_800.gif"
] | [
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... |
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