title stringlengths 4 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 9.63k | answers.text stringlengths 55 11.4k | answers.score int64 2 32.7k | title_urls.url list | selftext_urls.url list | answers_urls.url list | sent_vec list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
how standard solutions prepared in the industry? | concentration or amount, slap a label, lab ====== the same way you do in the lab - mix up some reagents, test for the concentration or amount, slap a label on it and seal it up for storage. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how are standard solution and titrations prepared in industry? | chemist and worked, worked closely, standards ====== i don't work for a standards manufacturer, but i was an analytical chemist and worked closely with the guy who made our standards. the analysis we did was measuring volatile organic compounds in blood. or standards had over 50 vocs at different concentrations ranging... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the consensus on the validity of the katamatsu and hirai 1999 "monks serotonin" study? | i understand that this is a non-standard question and fully understand if it is removed. & nbsp; moreso, is there proof that the study ever took place? the study is often cited in international baccalaureate psychology textbooks and learning resources, but all attempts by my teacher, classmates, and i to track down the... | kasamatsu and hirai, exist, meditating with eeg ====== it most likely doesn't exist. [kasamatsu and hirai](_url_0_) had an article published in 1966 where they studied the brains of monks meditating with eeg. it seems someone mismembered. i can find no reliable sources for this purported 1999 study. if it's included in... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://is.muni.cz/www/178816/EEG_and_Zazen.pdf"
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is it okay to leave aspirin in my car's glove box during the summer? | will the heat cause the medicine to become dangerous or ineffective in any way? | dangerous, acid, that. ineffective ====== dangerous? only if you need the aspirin to be effective and you're counting on that. ineffective? yes, but to what degree depends on the heat and humidity. it degrades from acetylsalicylic acid into salicylic acid and acetic acid. the salicylic acid from there can form a polyme... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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if i had an electric chain saw, and then accidentally sawed the electric cord, would i get shocked? | short answer, live, chainsaw ====== the short answer is yes, it is possible. in order to disable the chainsaw, you have to cut through either the live or neutral line. so there may be a brief or sustained period where the chainsaw housing becomes live. however, there are simply too many variables to be able to say whet... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do animals that use tools ever display some thought of "this tool *in particular* is the best of its kind" and keep them, or do they generally always just make a new one every time they need one? | like crows or primates that probe holes with sticks, for example. if they got a stick that was particularly well-suited for the task, do they recognize the difference and hold onto it for future use? if so, what does this say about their intelligence? | tools, url, source ====== yes they do! chimpanzees use different tools in different contexts and manufacture their own tools. they'll also use multiple tools in different sequences, and they show others how to use them ([source](_url_1_) - paywall). bonobos and orangutans will save them to use again later, which indica... | 82 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.eva.mpg.de/psycho/pdf/Mulcahy&Call2006SCI.pdf",
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how did ancient humans track the equinoxes and solstices? | sure they could see the gradual lengthening shortening of daylight, but were they able to nail down the exact longest day and longest night? if so how? | easiest method, method of figuring, sun rises ====== the easiest method of figuring out the solstices, is to establish a circle. within that circle you have an observation post. from this post, you observe the exact spot on the circle where the sun rises and sets each day. you will notice that it shifts north and south... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can someone decode this paper for me? how can an occupation of being a mathematician correlate to higher birth defects in the baby? | [here is the paper](_url_0_) is it just one of those correlation != causation things? | higher birth defects, birth defects, correlational factor ====== speculation: paternal age is a known correlational factor for higher birth defects (older is worse). perhaps some of those occupations relate to people becoming parents at older ages? | 5 | [] | [
"http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/8/534.abstract"
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"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248045.php"
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is it possible that everyone could be seeing different colors but using the same terms? | field called epistemology, askphilosophy in philosophy, study of knowledge ====== this is actually a question better suited to /r/neurophilosophy or /r/askphilosophy in philosophy there is a field called epistemology (the study of knowledge). so the question is 'how do we know the colors are the same subjective experie... | 17 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds",
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902920402/abstract;jsessionid=D886E45EFBDD4A497BEC8C552E92ACA1.d03t03",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachromacy#Possibility_of_human_tetrachromats",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell",
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is a scientific theory speculation? | someone keeps telling me a theory is just speculation. i don't believe that is the case. can askscience weigh in? maybe with some credible sources? | theory, scientific, scientific theories ====== in science, there is a really big difference between theory, as in scientific theory and theory which is what you'd use in everyday language. let me illustrate this: while the average joe, calls this his theory, it's what in science would be referred to has a hypothesis. t... | 11 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what actually happens when we "get used to something"? | say after you spend some time at the landfill, you stop smelling the foul odor, or you live next to a busy street and stop hearing the traffic, or you live in an area with higher metal contents in the water and stop tasting it. what is actually occurring when we stop smelling/hearing/tasting a frequent sensation? | neural adaptation, stimuli will result, result in neural ====== all changes in the stimuli will result in neural adaptation. the smells or sounds will wane with time due to fatigue. the nerves get 'tired' or fatigued from firing in the same way in response to a stimulus, and eventually modulate their response to this s... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can someone explain to me the purpose and function of plates and refluxing in a distillation column? | so, i understand that when you heat a binary mixture the vapor contains some mole fraction of each component and the purpose is to increase the mole fraction of the component with the lower boiling point at the top and that with the higher bp at the bottom. how does the inclusion of plates and reflux help achieve this?... | key components remain, heavy key components, original post ====== just a small correction to your original post (probably just an innocent mistake on your part): the more volatile lower bp component will be enriched at the top of the column, while the high bp heavy key components remain at the bottom. the plates provid... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why does this interesting water effect occur? | i just stumbled upon [this slow motion water droplet video](_url_0_) and my question is: is the next ball (water sphere), say *x* times smaller than the previous one? would the water consistency have any influence? why does this even happen (bouncing on surface)? | surface tension, water molecules, molecules ====== the property that is most meaningful here is the [surface tension](_url_0_) of the liquid. cohesion (attraction between water molecules) pulls them together, but some are "stuck" on the outside with less interaction with other water molecules--molecules on the outside ... | 9 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbGz1njqhxU"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"
] | [
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is there a usage of quantum physics in our body? | url, quantum effects, quantum ====== maybe. known quantum effects in biology include long-range coherence during photosynthesis and [the magnetic field detection that birds use to navigate](_url_1_). it's possible that [smell uses quantum effects](_url_0_) to identify individual molecules, but from what i've read this ... | 20 | [] | [] | [
"http://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4767067",
"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1204.6528.pdf",
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"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19480428",
"http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/groups/berne/papers/jacs_126_8501_2004.pdf"
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alright so i am a real noob, i am interested in astronomy and mostly black holes, but i have a few questions even after research and re-reading things. (questions inside) | well i have a slight understanding of spacetime and general relativity but when i hear some things i get really confused. how can spacetime "bend" and more importantly what does it really mean or what happens if spacetime is "bent"? what technically is a singularity? (this one i am really stumped on) btw i plan to read... | general relativity, path, spacetime ====== first off, general relativity is very confusing, so don't be disheartened if you don't understand it the first time around. i am a second year physics undergrad and i pretty much covered the basics of this a couple of months ago. the explanation i'm about to give you is probab... | 2 | [] | [] | [
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how do s-waves react upon non-newtonian substances? | if shear waves have a difficulty traveling through liquids, and non-newtonian fluids solidify upon application of pressure, what happens when the two meet? do the shear waves travel through undisturbed? does the wave make it some way without failing? or does it just not cause enough stress for the fluid to solidify in ... | fluid, non-newtonian, non-newtonian fluids solidify ====== just saying 'non-newtonian' is really too broad of a term, as there are many different behaviors that fluids can have in response to shear that are not newtonian. when you say 'non-newtonian fluids solidify on application of pressure', that actually doesn't rea... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zoTKXXNQIU",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-newtonian#Types_of_non-Newtonian_behaviour"
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how does codominance work? | in biology today, we learned about codominance in relation to genetics. the example my teacher used was that if you took a black chicken and a white chicken and you bred them together, you would get a speckled chicken with both black and white feathers. i was wondering, what determines a fathers color on an individual ... | black, chicken, black pigment ====== when discussing dominance in a genetics context, what we really mean is that the genotype (some variable allele encoded in dna) is phenotypic (something you can observe or measure, like chicken feather colour). as you probably learned, most animal species are diploid - meaning you c... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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hope this isn't in the wrong subreddit, but can anyone explain the chomsky hierarchy? | i'm a linguistics student, studying syntax within the framework of transformational grammar. i took a class on language and cognition and chomsky's hierarchy of formal grammars was discussed, but i didn't quite understand. the wikipedia articles seem to use a lot of undefined computer science terminology that i don't q... | languages, type, context ====== your question is a little open-ended. usually, compsci majors will spend a semester working with the math that defines these languages. in addition say "i don't quite understand" doesn't really give me a guide as to what you didn't understand. however, let me take a stab at the basics: c... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy"
] | [
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is there an equation predicting the hooke's law constant for a simple spiral spring based on: the material and the spring geometry? | i have been using my 3d printer to print simple springs \(the common spiral kind, not sure of the name\). and i can test them to work out the \[k constant\]\([_url_2_](_url_0_)\) \(k\*displacement = force\). is there a general equation where you just put in \(i assume\): a material property, the height, the width, the ... | spring constant calculator, spring constant, online search ====== have you tried doing an online search for a spring constant calculator? there are many of them online; [here](_url_0_), for example, | 9 | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke%27s_law#Formal_definition",
"https://www.reddit.com/user/nastienate15",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke%27s\\_law#Formal\\_definition"
] | [
"https://www.acxesspring.com/espanol/spring-constant-calculator.html"
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co-worker thinks that citric acid from limes react with copper mugs, exchanging electrons, and therefore improving the taste of a moscow mule. he's full of crap, right? | i can't find anything on the google that's concise enough to show him that he's clearly incorrect. can someone familiar with chemistry offer some insight? | citrate readily complexes, readily complexes copper, copper ====== the low ph of the citrus juice can help speed corrosion and citrate readily complexes copper. so putting lime juice on copper can definitely result in some copper going into solution. the copper will be oxidized which is a transfer of electrons. how tha... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950329311001765"
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with the advent of predictive statisticians like nate silver, have we achieved psychohistory? | for those who aren't familiar, psychohistory is a fictional science in isaac asimov's foundation universe which combines history, sociology, etc., and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people. [wikipedia](_url_0_ | predicting the future, single election, psychohistory ====== no. psychohistory was about predicting the future. nate silver just came up with a way to do better analysis of data for a single election. he didn't actually predict the future in a meaningful sense, like psychohistory, he predicted the results of a single e... | 6 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychohistory_(fictional)"
] | [
"http://election.princeton.edu",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_expansion"
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why does 16 psyche have such a low density? | i read that asteroid 16 psyche was composed mostly of pure iron and nickel. however, it only has a density of around 3.3 grams per cubic centimeter. how is this possible? if it's really pure iron/nickel shouldn't its density be way higher, like at least double? | porous, empty spaces inside, completely molten ====== it is very porous. it was probably never completely molten, and its gravitational attraction is not strong enough to get rid of those empty spaces inside either. ["macroporosity of 30-40%"](_url_0_) - meaning 30-40% is empty space. | 8 | [] | [] | [
"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS0038094606030051"
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[random thought] oxygen ventilators as performance enhancers? | hey guys, i'm a 22yr male runner. i was in the shower today and started thinking about oxygen intake. i know the air we breathe outside is saturated only with 30% oxygen or something like that. i was wondering (and i'm sure it has been wondered before) if they've come out with any sort of portable ventilator that relea... | elite amateur cyclists, neurological effects, elite amateur ====== we hooked a few elite amateur cyclists to oxygen tanks with nasal cannulas and had them go for different hard or long ride for a few weeks and saw that they had slight increases in power and endurance in some cases but we concluded that it was more due ... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the lowest/smallest unit of matter at which variances or imperfections are discernible? | i guess my question could go in a couple of different directions since i don't really know where to start. how distinguishable are multiple atoms and molecules from each other under the same/similar conditions (i.e. are they all made of the exact same 'stuff' (which i guess begs the same question for neutrons, protons,... | nutrons are identical, particles, electrons ====== as far as i'm aware electrons, protons and nutrons are identical. an electron is a fundemental particle it's self, protons consist of two up quarks and a single down quark, and a neutron has two down quarks with a single up quark. these particles always consist of the ... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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good (text)book(s) on introduction to neuroscience? | also, how does one approach the field? what are the common perspectives and what are the benefits/failings of each? edit: the text(s) would preferably be approachable by someone with a non-medical background but with a science background. | standard intro textbook, pretty standard intro, principles of neural ====== kandel, principles of neural science, is a pretty standard intro textbook, if that's what you're looking for. as far as perspectives, you would really have to narrow it down to a specific field/subfield depending on what you're interested in. i... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are there any error-correcting code that do better than hadamard encoding? | i was reading up on hadamard error correction and i was surprised to find that a 32x32 hadamard matrix can correct a 32 bit vector for up to 7 mistakes. can any other code do better than this? | code, channel capacity, yes. easily ====== yes. easily. error correction codes are usually specified by two degrees of freedom, the message length (k) and the block length (n). the rate of the code is then defined as the message length / block length. a hadamard code has a rate of k/2^(-k). the code you are describing ... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity",
"https://www.princeton.edu/~verdu/reprints/PolPooVerMay2010.pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Hartley_theorem"
] | [
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cmb, recombination, and red shifting | in pondering an article on the recent planck results, i stumbled upon an interesting idea/conclusion that i would like help verifying. after the big bang, the universe was opaque due to plasma, with to much energy for stable atoms to form. expansion led to the formation of stable atoms, "clarifying" the universe and tu... | peak wavelength, kelvin, peak ====== actually, the cmb was emitted when the universe was 3000 kelvin, so the peak wavelength would have been around 1 micron, which is in the near infrared. it is currently ~3 kelvin, so its current peak is out past the far ir and is in the millimeter-wave regime. at the time of emission... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck's_law"
] | [
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thermic exchange factor: does something like this exist ? | hello everyone, i did thermodynnamics a little time ago, and i kind of remember that there exists some sort of "thermic exchange" factor that controls the rate at which object a and object b would exchange thermic energy. i have got 3 questions about this factor: - does something like this exist ? or is it just me inve... | molecular kinetic energy, thermal, thermal conductivity ====== yes: two bodies in contact with each other at different temperatures will conduct "heat" (molecular kinetic energy) from the warmer body to the colder body. the rate of transfer depends on a few things, one is the thermal conductivity of the material, anoth... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what would it take for the theory of evolution to become a law? | exist in math, conjecture to theorem, word in science ====== there's no category of names for concepts where "theory" sits below "law" until something comes along that promotes it. it does exist in math, where things can go from conjecture to theorem (for example, that of poincare), but not in science. theory isn't a b... | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what sight problem might be causing me to see lines blurred on united airlines tail logo for a while before properly focus them? haven't really noticed this happen with anything else but that logo! | developing coping mechanisms, wild guess, vice versa ====== this is just a wild guess, but if you have uncorrected astigmatism you might be developing coping mechanisms for how to properly focus on vertical lines that look blurry next to horizontal lines that are sharp or vice versa. if you look at the swoops in the lo... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does wrapping a spliced wire create a solenoid effect? | when you splice two wires together, i know a lot of people will twist them around each other and solder the wires. when current hits the twisted wire, does it create a solenoid effect and change the amps/voltage? or can it have an effect on polarity? | force the current, current to flow, loop ====== no. there's no insulation between the two wires to force the current to flow in a loop. the whole idea is to increase the area of contact between the wires. when you see an inductive coil where it looks like the wire is touching from loop to loop, there's actually a very ... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are there any truly spontaneous events? | are there any events that can be considered to be truly without cause? if not, if every event in the past and future is causal, was there ever a "first" event? | physical laws, causal relationships stemming, universe ====== you're mixing up some terms here, something that is spontaneous doesn't mean it isn't caused by something. in our universe, as far as we can tell, all things have causal relationships stemming from the physical laws. perhaps things break down as you approach... | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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in a dye sensitized solar cell, why doesn't the redox shuttle "short out" the cell between the anode and the cathode? | anode dye absorbs, imagine this dye-sensitized, absorbs a photon ====== imagine this dye-sensitized solar cell: anode | dye a | ion a | ion c | dye c | cathode when the anode dye absorbs a photon, it gives an electron to the anode and becomes positively charged. the ion a steals that positive charge (reducing the dye) ... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge"
] | [
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r/science, how close are we to having jetpacks? | sustain flight, question, close ====== better question: how close are we to having jetpacks that can sustain flight for an hour or more? i'm going to go with: not very. | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://cassiechapman.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/downer.jpg"
] | [
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for a physics project i've experimented with a basic metal detector. can someone explain what's happening and help me make sense of my results? | the basic set-up is a function generator connected to a search coil and oscilloscope, with a few capacitors, resistors and a diode also in the circuit. when the search coil comes near metal, the voltage (measured by the oscilloscope) decreases. i got sheets of metal that were roughly identical apart from their increasi... | counter electromotive force, induced eddy currents, detected metal create ====== i believe that in a single-coil design, the field generated by the induced eddy currents in the detected metal create a back emf ("[counter electromotive force](_url_0_)") in the coil. not sure how to relate the area of the detected metal ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-electromotive_force"
] | [
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why do some of us put so much emotional investment in to people we barely know, i.e. celebrities? | i'm on my phone so i can't tag it but if i could i'd probably use biology or anthropology, maybe.... | humans are social, social creatures, paid to pay ====== [ humans are social creatures, psychologists say, and we evolved — and still live — in an environment where it paid to pay attention to the people at the top. celebrity fascination may be an outgrowth of this tendency, nourished by the media and technology.](_url_... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://m.livescience.com/18649-oscar-psychology-celebrity-worship.html"
] | [
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why is it we feel the need to share the success/good news with other people? | and why does it feel so much better than not sharing our success/good news? | purely evolutionary standpoint, purely evolutionary, desirable to mate ====== from a purely evolutionary standpoint, we share good news in order to become more desirable to mate with. let's say that i have recently gotten a job: within the context of our society, i am now financially more stable, which means i'd be abl... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-couch/201406/is-there-right-way-brag"
] | [
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why are 2 langrange points stable, and the other 3 meta-stable? | wikipedia article, force to dominate, quote the part ====== i am at work, so i'm just going to quote the part you are questioning straight from the [wikipedia article](_url_0_): "l2 and l3 are slightly unstable because small changes in position upset the balance between gravity and inertia, allowing one or the other fo... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point#Intuitive_explanation"
] | [
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is it in theory possible to 3d print a joint? | url, make, plastic ====== **short answer:** blunt objects are incredibly easy to 3d print. movable parts, such as joints and gear bearings, are a little more complicated, and occasionally require assembly after the fact. if you are specifically interested in printing replacement joints (such as a knee or shoulder), it'... | 925 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:19733",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-s_Y5GVGr3o",
"https://colourthecanvas.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/pa241751.jpg",
"http://www.medicaldaily.com/doctors-3d-print-knee-joints-regenerate-torn-meniscus-reduce-risk-arthritis-314594",
"http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/201306/... | [
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what happens if you send dc into a computer power supply or a wall adapter? | my guess is that the device would run just fine, and the ac adapter would actually be more energy efficient and produce less heat, since it wouldn't have to work to "smooth out" the waves of ac; it would just send the "line" of dc straight through. am i right, am i kinda wrong, or am i laughably wrong? any answers are ... | supply is put, power supply, input power hits ====== depends on how the power supply is put together. if the first thing the input power hits is a [diode bridge](_url_0_), that will accept a dc input with negligible losses. but some designs (especially older ones) pass the input ac through a transformer before converti... | 16 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_bridge"
] | [
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can you explain me the electroweak interaction in a simple way? | can one of you guys please explain me how does the electroweak interaction work and in which way do electromagnetic and weak force interact? | coherent description, weak force, force ====== the electroweak interaction is a theory that describes the weak force and the electromagnetic force in a coherent description. it "unifies" both theories in a way. (though, i dont like this definition of unification, i would rather speak of a "rotation" of those sectors in... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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physicists: what are the fundamental "free variables" that are set to arbitrary constants in our universe? | so a variable is a [free variable](_url_0_) if it is not defined internally as a function of the other variables within a system. so [there are a bunch of fundamental physical constants](_url_2_) in physics, but i also don't know nearly enough about physics to be sure how these things work. i'm pretty sure light speed,... | mass scale, mass, scale ====== ok, i will disagree with adamsolomon on his take on the role of "h,c,g". in fundamental theories, there are three proportionality constantes: "h, c and the boltzmann constant k" that are just related to the fact that we measure things with the wrong units. you can set them to 1 without ch... | 12 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_variables",
"http://boomeria.org/physicslectures/secondsemester/relativity/tompkins.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_constant#Table_of_universal_constants"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model#Theoretical_aspects"
] | [
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the least-intuitive question in physics: how does gryoscopic precession work? (e.g. helicopter blades) | this isn't a casual question for me, it's something i've tried to understand for some time now. not sure what concept i'm missing. but the outright weirdness of how gyroscopes work still bugs me, the fact that placing a torque on a gyroscope produces a force that is 90° off-axis is freaking bizarre, and i'm not the onl... | orbit, wheel, important to note ====== the way i think of it, is when you place force on a rotating object, it's important to note that you are applying acceleration, not velocity or position. and the object still has all the same rotational inertia as before. to simplify the problem, imagine you on a spaceship orbitin... | 6 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty9QSiVC2g0"
] | [
"https://imgur.com/Pd0U25A"
] | [
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sit/standing while eating | my mum is adamant that i should sit down while i eat as i often eat standing up and staring out the kitchen window. apparently, sitting down "aids digestion", is there some truth in this or is it just an old wive's tale? | blood flow, food, peristalsis ====== eat upside down if you want - it truly does not matter. sounds like your mom just wants you to sit at the table. chewing is the only mechanical process in eating. once you swallow, the bolus of food is propelled down the esophagus by peristalsis which is an autonomic response (compl... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how well do we know physical constants? | constant, atomic, depends ====== it depends on the constant. the gravitational constant for instance is relatively poorly known because it is so weak. it's only known to about 5 decimal places. atomic constants (elementary charge, atomic masses, boltzmanns constant, etc.) can be much more accurately measured because th... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_SI_definitions#The_proposals",
"http://pdg.lbl.gov/2011/tables/contents_tables.html"
] | [
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why is living in the sea so conducive to having omega 3? | i am talking about fish and squid and so on. all seem to contain omega 3, but not many land creatures do. why is this? this is not a silly question about humans living in the sea. i didn't know how else to phrase it... | fatty acid, fatty acid chain, type fatty acid ====== it's the type of fat or fatty acid chain. since sea creatures live in a colder environment and they need their fat to be in a liquid state at a lower temperature. omega 3 is a type fatty acid that has more kink in the carbon chain thus it is harder to be solidify. fi... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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... |
what does the (ii) mean in chemistry? | can someone please explain in depth what the (i) means in chemistry? i know it stands for oxidation state, but what is an oxidation state exactly? does every element have the same amount of oxidation states? if not can someone link a chart or table with every possible element/oxidation state combination. | copper atoms, copper, protons ====== as an example, copper atoms with the same amount of electrons as protons, would be considered cu(0). once it has lost an electron, it has one positive charge and an oxidation state of +1, cu(+1) or cu(i), if it loses another electron, it becomes cu(+2) or cu(ii). oxidation is loss o... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.acronymfinder.com/Oxidation-Is-Loss-Reduction-Is-Gain-%28mnemonic%2Facronym-for-how-electrons-are-lost-or-gained-in-reactions%3B-chemistry%29-%28OILRIG%29.html",
"http://periodictablefinalzh.wikispaces.com/file/view/jfksdnf.jpg/77356285/1719x1212/jfksdnf.jpg"
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how do the thermoreceptors in the skin work? | temperature is just a manifestation of the vibrational energy of an atom or a molecule, so what's the mechanism of these thermoreceptors and what makes them work? | organization dependent, temperature, sensitive to temperature ====== very simply, proteins are sensitive to temperature changes and can undergo different conformations/3d organization dependent on the temperature. the channels which cause action potential in your sensory neurons specialized for heat are extremely sensi... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how do thermoreceptors in our body work? | normal thermometers work by measuring the height of a liquid, some electric thermometers work by measuring the resistance of an electric circuit; how do our ‘thermometers’ work? | specialized type, type of neuron, dorsal root ganglia ====== thermoreceptors are a specialized type of neuron that can sense changes in temperature. the signals are then sent through the dorsal root ganglia into the spinal cord, where the signal crosses to the opposite side and travels up the lateral spinothalamic trac... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are quadriplegics able to feel emotions such as 'the sinking feeling' or butterflies in the stomach? | i understand that the enteric nervous system is responsible for the feeling of butterflies and i can only assume feelings like the sinking feeling one gets when something bad happens or the soft and fuzzy feeling one gets when falling in love are created by the nervous system below the neck, if not the enteric. so i wa... | cranial nerve, descending colon, brain stem ====== cranial nerve x (vagus) reaches from the brain stem to the gut all the way to the descending colon. damage to the spinal cord would not affect the vagus. | 104 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraplegia",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies_in_the_stomach",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/1fg98f/til_there_is_an_ancient_second_brain_in_the/"
] | [
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what are interferons and how does learning about them aid in the study of neurological disorders? moreover, have there been any recent breakthroughs in the same? | i came across the following sentence: "one of the most promising fields of research involve interferons. advances in neuroscience across the world and ongoing research are culminating in better remedies for multiple sclerosis. " what does this mean? i checked up interferons but wikipedia became bit difficult to decrypt... | proteins made, made by immune, immune cells ====== interferons (ifn for short) are proteins made by immune cells. the are part of the antiviral response and are secreted by several different cell types, including natural killer cells and certain t cell subtypes. at a basic level there are three different ifns; alpha, b... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694361"
] | [
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can someone explain the cause of these "out of nowhere" sparks??? not my video, but youtubers leave more to be desired in their poor answers | i was just downstairs putting wood in the fire and remembered that sometimes if i bang the charred wood/coals it'll cause this. so i got curious and did it a few times and thought to try and find out what causes it. found this youtube video which shows a pretty good example in my search, but a less then proper explaina... | combustible material floating, particles of combustible, higher-oxygen air ====== particles of combustible material floating in the air of the stove are igniting when they hit the higher-oxygen air in the room. they don't burn in the stove because you have the intake vents and flue closed, forming an oxygen-poor "reduc... | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fC6elbPe1ig"
] | [] | [
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what is the core technology or innovation that allowed hp to create the machine? | i've seen mention of memristors, but if that's all it is, i don't really understand how they can so drastically change the computing game. | software guy, hardware guy, data ====== i may be wrong since i'm generally a software guy instead of a hardware guy but from what i understand the thing that makes it so much faster is the lack of a bus needed to move data from storage to the processor's cores. i read somewhere (~~i'll try to find it again~~ edit: sour... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www8.hp.com/hpnext/posts/discover-day-two-future-now-machine-hp#.U6SIX_ldUWI",
"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-06-11/with-the-machine-hp-may-have-invented-a-new-kind-of-computer"
] | [
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can we say that young's modulus of a material is equal to the pressure required to deform a sheet of that material? i ask this because the dimensions of ym and pressure are the same. | vanishingly small strain, unit length, small strain ====== it depends on exactly what you mean by a sheet and "deform" but in general the answer is no. young's modulus is the amount of force per unit area you need to apply to produce a particular amount of compression or extension per unit length, also known as strain,... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can you change the shape of an object but keep both the area and perimeter constant? | a few of my friends and i were pondering this and we concluded that this was not possible. however, we aren't well versed in this type of geometry, and we would like to know if we are right or wrong. initially the question was to transform a rectangle (bound by a piece of string) into a circle (bound by the same string... | time-dependent parametrized closed, parametrized closed curve, bit ====== i had to think about it a bit, but it is certainly possible. after all, a time-dependent parametrized closed curve has, in a certain sense, an infinite number of degrees of freedom, while you only have two restrictions. it would be highly unreaso... | 18 | [] | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/l5kGKGs.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/g020kJu.jpg"
] | [
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how does rope based depth sounding work? | i'm referring to the physics of it. to measure the challenger deep, the hms challenger would have had to use a rope almost 7 *miles* long. this would have had to resist getting waterlogged, and support a weight at the end. how does a rope soaked in water that long hold itself together? how in the world did they haul it... | nylon fishing line, fishing line, specific gravity ====== [dyneema or nylon fishing line](_url_0_) for example is pretty strong and has a certain specific gravity. you can calculate the volume/weight for 10km of it, with 1-2-3mm(whatever) diameter, the buoyancy (or lack thereof), and the weight needed to pull it down t... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.marlowropes.com/material-properties"
] | [
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can anyone help explain a particle-in-box question? | it can be shown in a 2-d particle in a box by finding commutators, that the quantities x, py and y, px (px is momentum in x) can be measured simultaneously to arbitrary precision. that is [x,py]=[y,px]= 0. i'm having trouble figuring out what this means. does it mean that the position in x can be known while the moment... | uncertainty principle, fourier transforms, uncertainty ====== yes, that's pretty much exactly what it means. one thing that might help is to think about the uncertainty principle in terms of fourier transforms between the position and momentum domains. when you fourier transform a gaussian, you get another gaussian wit... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what causes the shape of the 'interference' displayed in this video? | i know basically nothing, so a sort of 'eli15' style reply would be appreciated- though if that isn't possible i'd be happy to learn more. thank you. _url_0_ | flat plate, doctoral thesis, ice cube tray ====== [this is someone's doctoral thesis which contains information on the vibration of flat plates. on page 38 of the pdf (31 of the document), you will see some vibrational modes drawn for a flat plate. the higher-frequency aa mode ought to look familiar.](_url_0_) while th... | 3 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jNpC5s2tTM"
] | [
"http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/32630/1/1518.pdf"
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why do we use different units for the same thing? | hey guys. in richard feynman's book the character of physical law he says that if you want to embarrass a physicist, ask them why they use different units to measure different kinds of energy when they could use one for all energy and make it less confusing, since energy is everything. do you actually think this would ... | energy, simplify the matter, necessarily simplify ====== i do not think using one unit of energy would necessarily simplify the matter (sorry for the pun). sometimes, using a specific unit of energy allows one to quickly gauge the relative energy of the system one is investigating. for example, consider the unit of ele... | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is something we think we know could be disproven in the near future? | completely wrong guys, full power, gravitational waves ====== the thing is, if we are confident enough to say that we know it, then it is likely that we are not just going to come out of nowhere and say "hey! completely wrong guys, oops!". at the point where there is a large scientific consensus on something, we usuall... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how much thrust is produced by the average stream of urine? | feel free, exact parameters, free to throw ====== well, i don't feel like looking up papers for the exact parameters of urine ejection (which i'm sure exist) so i'm just going to fermi it. feel free to throw in your own values or look up accurate ones. my legs are, let's say, 80 cm tall, and if i peed horizontally i fi... | 14 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how do centrifugal governors regulate speed to a constant rather then oscillating speed? | shouldn't a centrifugal governor constantly be oscillating around a stable point but not actually achieve it? if that were the case why don't tractor engines that use these sound like engines that are revving and releasing? & #x200b; [_url_0_](_url_1_) | internal inertia, lot of internal, result in sudden ====== usually these systems have a lot of internal inertia (often by design) so sudden changes in input do not result in sudden changes in output. for example, the original steam engines that used these governors almost always had large flywheels because most of them... | 16 | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal\\_governor",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_governor"
] | [
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ahd38o/how_do_centrifugal_governors_regulate_speed_to_a/eedq1wm/",
"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7569049"
] | [
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[biology](oncology) why is ca-125/muc16 not reliable during the menstrual cycle? | hello scientists of r/askscience. i would like to know why is the tumor biomarker ca-125 protein elevated during some parts of the menstrual cycle, i've been looking for some articles regarding this subject but it seems i suck at finding the right info. you don't have to use layman's terms. thanks in advance! | female reproductive organs, role lubricating surfaces, large transmembrane glycosylated ====== muc16 encodes a (very) large transmembrane glycosylated protein called mucin which plays a role lubricating surfaces hence its expression in female reproductive organs (fros), airways etc. screening of an ovarian cancer cell ... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does classical conditioning occur at a physiological level? | hypothetical situation: over the course of the the last year i have had a cup of caffeinated coffee every morning. the same contents/temperature/flavour/serving size each day. i always feel the physiological effects of the caffeine after consuming the coffee. after a year of this consistent behaviour, i unknowingly con... | swapped for decaf, conditioning, classical conditioning ====== you may experience some of the effects of caffeine even though your coffee was swapped for decaf. expectations can have profound influenced on people. there is a long line of research which finds that people will mimic some of the effects of alcohol, for ex... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3035442.stm"
] | [
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is there such thing as a "floor particle"? | everything in the universe is made of something smaller than itself, but is there a point where the smallest possible particle simply starts making itself out of itself or does everything have different smaller particles going infinitely downwards in scale? | electrons, quarks, neutrinos ====== there are particles we know of now - electrons, quarks, neutrinos, photons, etc. - which we believe are "as small as it gets," or in physicist language, are "fundamental particles." they're listed [here](_url_0_). we don't know for sure that they're fundamental, of course, but they a... | 15 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg"
] | [
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if i were to extrude a perfectly straight bar, would it go around the earth or out to space? | let's propose we have a fantastical material that doesn't bend, stretch, compress, shear, whatever. i have a machine which if i were to point directly up, would extrude a continuous bar of material straight up. if i position it parallel to the ground, would the extruded bar wrap around the surface of the planet, as gra... | slightly bowed, url, space ====== if you set it down flat on the ground it would going _almost_ straight out into space, but it would be very very very _very_ slightly bowed like a saddle "downwards". it would be the same effect as bent the light here _url_1_ there's no such thing as a straight line in general relativi... | 7 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity",
"http://www.wired.com/2009/05/dayintech_0529/"
] | [
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why are we so clumsy? | it may just be my imagination, but it seems to me that the majority of animals are a lot less clumsy than humans are. we often trip/lose our balance/fall and hurt ourselves, but i don't recall such misjudgements regularly happening within other species. is there a reason for this? | make misjudgments, animals, url ====== animals [often](_url_0_) make misjudgments. one small thing that might contribute to clumsiness is a lack of experiencing unstable footing - people spend most of their time nowadays on perfectly flat surfaces, and usually have no need to keep practice in balance on unsteady footin... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00_YBgo1LrA"
] | [
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what are the major causes of, what seems like, an intensifying deterioration of relations between russia and the west? | it seems to me that we are on a steady downward spiral towards another cold war. could this be the case? why so many acts of provocation from both sides? | active political science, active political, questions ====== i'm not even sure reddit has an active political science sub where you can ask questions. putin is very ambitious and very dangerous. he would like to restore russia to its former soviet glory, and he has the world's eighth largest military and arguably some ... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what would you compare the viscosity of lava to? | also the texture | thread. wow, shadowbanned accounts, accounts have commented ====== three shadowbanned accounts have commented in this thread. wow. according to [this wired article](_url_0_), lava has three times the density and 1,000,000 times the viscosity of water. if you fell into lava, it would be like falling on a water bed made ... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.wired.com/2011/12/the-right-and-wrong-way-to-die-when-you-fall-into-lava/"
] | [
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the houseman at my work was using a powermop/floor buffer next to the pool. he got it as close to the edge as possible, if he was to accidently drop it in would the resulting electricity kill everyone? | seems unsafe... | national electrical code, generally requires wet, fault circuit interrupter ====== the [national electrical code](_url_0_) generally requires wet areas to have outlets protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter (gfci). these significantly reduce the chances of electrocution due to accidental ground. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electrical_Code"
] | [
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how can we tell the difference between an "ancient" globular cluster and one that is not ancient? | obviously this is more directed towards the astronomers if reddit, but i always see clusters described as "ancient", how can we tell that they're ancient? is it even possible to have a non ancient cluster? | globular clusters, clusters, age ====== determining the age of clusters is quite a big field in itself. one of the "easy" methods is done by fitting what is called isochrones to the colour-magnitude diagram (cmd) of the cluster. a cmd is created by observing a cluster in various colours (filters) and then creating a di... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://hermes.aei.mpg.de/lrr/2006/2/M3HSTBSS.png",
"http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2013-4/NGC288_age_spread.png",
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is it possible to replace the actuator arm with a device that spans the whole width of the platter, to read/write faster? | i was thinking about how hard drives work, and found myself thinking that the actuator arm/assembly seems like it could be improved. i was imagining something that can read and write data without having to rely on the speed of the actuator arm to do so. would such a task be possible? like one larger device that spans t... | olden days, drum memory, hard drive engineer ====== this was done back in the olden days, it was called a [drum memory](_url_1_). i'll wait for the official answer from a hard drive engineer, but i would imagine it's not done these days is because of density of the heads would interfere with each other, along with the ... | 8 | [] | [] | [
"http://catb.org/jargon/html/story-of-mel.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_drum"
] | [
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how much water does it take to infiltrate the water table? | if i were to dump a gallon of water onto a bare patch of dirt, would that water eventually work its way down into the water table or would it just absorb into the dirt and evaporate? if it would just evaporate, how much water does it actually take to get absorbed and infiltrate the water table? does the amount of water... | soil structure, temperature and humidity, soil ====== it depends on the soil, the sub soil structure, the temperature and humidity of the air, the slope, etc. also it can only absorb so much water so fast, so a lot of that gallon is going to run off or evaporate, but if you poured a smaller amount, or poured the gallon... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the cutoff point for the number of atoms or molecules needed to declare their state of matter? | for example, how many water molecules must there be in a chamber to declare them a gas? at what point can you declare them a liquid? solid? | exist a sharp, thermodynamic, particles ====== there doesn't really exist a sharp cutoff. rather the issue is that you can't really apply thermodynamics to systems of just a few particles. the reason has to do with fluctuations. for example when you allow a system to exchange energy and particles with a reservoir you a... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_canonical_ensemble",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_limit"
] | [
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an accurate helium thought experiment? | i was going to explain to my kids why hydrogen/helium balloons float, but thought i should vet the example here first, to make sure it flies (heh). here `tis: "imagine that i have a handful of helium atoms and a jar that's totally empty, let's say in a vacuum. if i put the helium atoms in the jar, they should settle do... | particles accept, accept during collisions, bouncy balls ====== an "ideal" gas is one which doesn't really interact with other particles accept during collisions. so imagine a bunch of tiny little bouncy balls flying around in a vacuum so no wind resistance. next you must remember that the bouncy balls on average don't... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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my friend claims that he and his sister cannot wear mechanical watches. apparently they simply stop working after a week or two, despite trying different brands and taking perfect care of them. is this a legitimate phenomenon, and if so, what the hell is causing it? | stranger things happen, thought, things happen ====== just a thought...do they think to wind them? i've seen stranger things happen. otherwise, "perfect" care is a bit of an opinion based description. so... i suspect they're doing something that they don't think would damage it but actually does. a good example of this... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i have two identical digital watches. one i wear for work, and the other one i wear around the house. after a couple days/weeks they are off by a couple minutes. why? | i have put new batteries in both and have synchronized them to the second at the same time. does the fact that one travels in a car affect the times being off? | digital clocks, quartz resonator, tuning fork ====== digital clocks are timed by a quartz resonator, cut into the shape of a tuning fork, which vibrates at 2^15 hz, at least theoretically. in practice, this crystal is expensive to machine to precise tolerances, so manufacturers have a certain allowable margin of error ... | 13 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock"
] | [
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can capillary action be used to draw water 'uphill'? | i was reading about capillary action and was curious to understand this effect more. could it be used to draw water from a lower pool of water, to a higher elevation pool where you could then create a waterfall that deposits the water back into the lower pool? & nbsp; the reason i was picturing this is if you could put... | upper end back, sucking the water, capillaries are sucking ====== i think the problem with your machine is that your capillaries are sucking the water that is in the upper end back in with the same force with they are pumping the water up in the first place. so getting a droplet to separate from the straw requires a st... | 3 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/HhchN9v.jpg"
] | [] | [
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how do we keep stably anchored dry platforms in the deep sea? | this may be more of an engineering question but i am interested in the forces that must be overcome to keep a permanent mooring at sea and what solutions we've found. i've seen spar buoys and things like oil rigs that are permanently moored at sea but i don't understand how they actually manage to resist the stress of ... | array of anchors, array, cables ====== there are usually an array of anchors to keep them stable. the array will cover every direction the vessel might try to drift. either way, as you can possibly imagine, the cables will never be truly straight, but will actually hang in a [catenary](_url_0_). the tension on catenari... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenary"
] | [
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is it possible to make glass frosted on one side but see-through on the other? | i wear glasses and when i leave them in the bathroom for a shower, i get out and put them on and see how cool they look fogged up and white. i always wished that it'd be possible to wear glasses that looked like that—basically white sunglasses—but i never thought that it was possible. before i wrote it off as something... | principles of optics, founding principles, light ray ====== no. if you trace any 'light ray' and plot it as a line, it will follow the line exactly no matter which way it travels that line, it's one of the founding principles of optics. so that basically means, anything that scrambles light scrambles it either directio... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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askscience ama series: i'm max welling, a research chair in machine learning at university of amsterdam and vp of technology at qualcomm. i've over 200 scientific publications in machine learning, computer vision, statistics and physics. i'm currently researching energy efficient ai. ama! | prof. dr. max welling is a research chair in machine learning at the university of amsterdam and a vp technologies at qualcomm. he has a secondary appointment as a senior fellow at the canadian institute for advanced research (cifar). he is co-founder of "scyfer bv" a university spin-off in deep learning which got acqu... | good at multi-tasking, juggle your life, multiple positions ====== how do you juggle your life while having multiple positions that sound like they could be full-time? are you extremely good at multi-tasking, or do you go after small amounts of work at each place? | 194 | [] | [] | [
"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.08244.pdf",
"https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.4082",
"https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6114",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/7yegux/aaas_ama_hi_were_researchers_from_google/duglcrh",
"https://www.quantamagazine.org/to-build-truly-intelligent-machines-teach-them-cause-and-effect-2... | [
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can someone in mid indiana, go outside, look up, take a picture of the giant ring around the moon. what the hell is that? | url, halo, randomly oriented ice ====== perhaps you are looking at a [22-degree halo](_url_0_) around the moon? they are formed by [randomly oriented ice crystals](_url_1_) in thin clouds (usually high up in the sky) refracting light from the moon at approximately a 22-degree angle. [they often form around the sun too]... | 21 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/circmoon.htm",
"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/circ2.htm",
"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/22phots.htm"
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what kind of experiments could you do to find the effect of temperature on a commercial lipase? | lipase assay, googled, url ====== googled [lipase assay](_url_0_). this provides a variety of qualitative/quantitative protocols. for a temperature-based readout, simply repeat over a range of temperatures. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nshtvn.org/ebook/molbio/Current%20Protocols/CPFAC/fac0301.pdf"
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do we know whether advertisements featuring "real people" work better or worse than advertisements featuring models? | real people, real, luxury product ====== i think it really depends on what you're advertising. if you're going to use the women from dove's "real beauty" commercials to promote a luxury product, you're probably going to fail. but for dove it works. even if you might attract costumers on some level by using some known m... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what process causes joule-thomson heating? | my current understanding is that gasses that are allowed to expand into a vacuum adiabatically are subject to the joule-thomson effect. for most gasses at room temperature, this results in cooling because these gasses have a joule-thomson inversion temperature well above room temperature. i think i have a decent unders... | cooling effect, potential energy, kinetic energy ====== you are right about the cooling effect. at higher temperatures, the intermolecular attraction is weak compared to kinetic energy, and the potential is essentially negligible except for molecules instantaneously in collision (i.e. at their closest point). this mean... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how many people would need to march together to cause the ground to tremble? | in the movie 300, they say that when the prussian army matches you can feel the earth trembling like an earthquake. so how many people marching togetjer would it take to make it feel like the geound is trembling? also would they have to march in unison for.the effect to hold, or could they all walk out of step and crea... | person marching produces, vibration, person ====== just one person marching produces a vibration that can be read using a seismograph. the more people marching *in synch* the stronger the vibrations. to find how many people it would take, you would have to figure out what the minimum amplitude vibration that a human ca... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does the color of a parasol affect its effectiveness? is white more effective than black or vice versa? | fiber based material, large the holes, fiber based ====== it would depend more on the nature of the material (thickness, how large the holes are if it's a fiber based material, etc.). in general, black will *block* sunlight considerably better, because light won't scatter through it as well (with white cloths, light th... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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circuit resistance question | hi, i have a question. is it possible to come up with a formula in terms of 'n', to work out the total resistance of a cascading circuit, for example, in something like this.... _url_0_ i didnt know where else to ask this, so i thought this would be my best bet | fibonacci sequence, sequence, fibonacci ====== yes. the solutions are as follows: 2r/1 5r/3 13r/8 34r/21 89r/55 ... if you look at the lower then upper number of each fraction in sequence, you get this: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ... this is the [fibonacci sequence](_url_0_). the individual terms of the fibonac... | 6 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/pg12aeM.png"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"
] | [
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will the redbull jumper experience heat as a result of the freefall? | i was curious if the friction with the air would actually cause the skydiver to experience heat during his descent? for those who are unaware there is a live jump from 23 miles, 37 km, above the surface of the earth. watch live [here](_url_0_) | primarily caused, compression of gas, gas in front ====== yes but not much. first of all the heat of 're-entry' is primarily caused by the compression of gas in front of the object not friction. regardless though the jumper is not traveling at speeds nearly that of interstellar objects or orbital velocity so they will ... | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.redbullstratos.com/live/"
] | [] | [
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how do kinetochore microtubuli take chromatides with them when depolymerising? | so i know that it happens: kinetochore microtubuli bind to the kinetochores on the chromosome, then they start depolymerising and they take the chromatides with them. i can find all of this on the internet, what i can't find, however, is how it happens. why does the chromatide go along with the depolymerising microtubu... | end, ring, rope ====== if you can [see this figure](_url_0_) i think it might help you understand. the kinetochore of the chromatid is not attached to the *end* of the microtubule. it is attached a little further 'in', on the side of the microtubule. imagine a rope with a ring loosely fitted *near* one end, but not dir... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v9/n1/fig_tab/nrm2310_F5.html"
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if octopi are entirely soft-bodied all the way through; where do their muscles anchor that they can still pull and push with their arms? | super insightful question, super insightful, question ====== this is a super insightful question. the two researchers i've found [discussing this topic](_url_0_) have studied the microscopic physiology of octopus and squid muscle. they concluded that the muscles themselves contract in a multi-directional way so as to p... | 19 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/flatview?cuecard=5706"
] | [
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instead of going to the gym and doing bicep curls, can a person just contract their bicep with the same force they would while holding an actual dumbbell and still see the same results as they would at the gym? | resistance of pulling, force required, required to move ====== i believe the resistance of pulling up your arm with weight in it is what causes your biceps to "tear" and rebuild, not the force required to move your arm up. | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the small, round bone at the base of your skull (seemingly where the brainstem meets the skull) called? | i'm pretty sure we all have one, and i've been trying to google it but everyone seems to be convinced they've got brain cancer. it's that same bone that came with the old adage, "the bigger the lump, the smarter the man." what's the scientific name for that small, round, bony lump at the base of my skull called? | external occipital protuberance, external occipital, url ====== it's an outcropping of the occipital bone, called the [external occipital protuberance](_url_0_). outcroppings in bone like this typically provide purchase for ligaments and muscles allowing them to act on the bone. in this case, it's where the [ligamentum... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_occipital_protuberance",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_ligament"
] | [
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1.0564303398132324,
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1.2082760334014893,
0... |
what's the difference between a prediction made with a model and one made through simple pattern recognition? | inspired by a question in [this thread](_url_1_). > please explain to me how those two things (pattern recognition and prediction) are functionally distinct? i'm not asking sarcastically, i just think that one begets the other and i feel as though you may have a different understanding of the terms. i attempted to resp... | inductive reasoning, url, pattern recognition ====== both are examples of [inductive reasoning](_url_1_) and you could very well say that pattern recognition is a simple model. model usually suggests that there is more rigor and some [deductive reasoning](_url_0_) behind what is happening but there is nothing inherent ... | 14 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/japan/comments/24lw5u/shaky_around_takayama/ch9vewi",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/japan/comments/24lw5u/shaky_around_takayama/ch9un2a"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_noise"
] | [
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how do we know the indeterminacy principle is not illusory? | with sub atomic particles "appearing and disappearing" or "disappearing then appearing else where" or "existing then not existing". is it possible they simply move so fast that it appears to us there was no time between the particle moving from point 'a' to 'b'? so when we say that sub atomic particles do not occupy a ... | measuring problem, philosophically very similar, information ontologically ====== so at its heart, this is the same question (or philosophically very similar to it) that einstein was asking in the [epr paradox](_url_2_): is quantum uncertainty (or indeterminacy) _real_ or is it just an artifact of the measuring problem... | 8 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_Theorem",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_test_experiments",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox"
] | [
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do we still use real mode for anything? | does this happen or everything is in virtual mode nowadays? | mode, explain, real mode ====== can you explain? [real mode](_url_0_) usually refers to the 16 bit mode of x86 processors. in that sense, any x86 machine that is not using efi will boot into real mode (and rapidly switch to 32 or 64 bit protected mode). | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_mode"
] | [
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is there enough information available to evaluate this weinstein proposal, and if so, what do you think of it? | [for instance see coverage here.](_url_0_) i saw a snarky, dismissive response from a physicist in an article that basically said "if he's so ready to talk why didn't he invite the physicists" when it turned out that he had actually invited them, so that was a bit of a faceplant, response-wise. but at this point the is... | hard mathematical details, hard to judge, hard mathematical ====== he hasn't published anything yet so it's hard to judge if the idea has any merit. there appears to be no small amount of contention over the talk as many of the particle physicists at oxford were unaware of his presentation , and that the lack of hard m... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2013/may/23/roll-over-einstein-meet-weinstein"
] | [
"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23595-weinsteins-theory-of-everything-is-probably-nothing.html"
] | [
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what happens in mules' reproductive organs (when their bodies attempt to create gametes)? | the question also applies to any other hybrids with an odd number of chromosomes. | short answer, meiosis fails, parent species ====== the short answer is that meiosis fails because the parent species each have a different number of chromosomes and when the chromosomes try to pair up in the mule the corresponding chromosomes are missing. _url_0_ | 43 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.biolbull.org/content/30/1/1.abstract"
] | [
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what is the ads/cft correspondence? | i know it deals with quantum gravity and quantum field theory, but can someone elaborate on this? as of 2015, juan maldacena's 1997 paper on the subject had over 10,000 citations, becoming the most highly cited article in the field of high energy physics. what was/is the significance of his paper? | anti-de sitter space, physical quantities, conformal field theory ====== to oversimplify, the ads/cft correspondence is a mathematical duality between two different kinds of theories -- it formally relates the physical quantities that appear in an [anti-de sitter space](_url_1_) (ads) of *n+1* dimensions to the physica... | 14 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-de_Sitter_space",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_field_theory"
] | [
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"72% of americans this...", ""25% of americans that..." where do these statistics come from, who checks them? no one ever asked me anything... | also what if lets say the surveys are optional, those people who take the surveys are statistically more open minded, etc? is there a "department of facts"? | student job, worked for statistics, statistics canada ====== i worked for statistics canada for a while as a student job. i would assume in the u.s. data is collected in a similar way. they either randomly phone somebody or send an in-person interviewer. with a large enough sample size you can make reasonable valid ext... | 14 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.gallup.com/home.aspx"
] | [
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