title stringlengths 4 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 9.63k | answers.text stringlengths 55 11.4k | answers.score int64 2 32.7k | title_urls.url list | selftext_urls.url list | answers_urls.url list | sent_vec list |
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muscle mechanics? | i was reading about this and it's really fascinating, there's just one thing i don't get. during cross bridging, the atp hydrolyses into adp and phosphate, what is the source of atp replenishment? how does it magically keep turning into atp? | work generating atp, oxidative phosphorylation, constantly at work ====== the mitochondria of the cell are constantly at work generating atp by oxidative phosphorylation. the muscle also generates some atp directly via glycolysis. this is central cellular metabolism and keeps all of our cells running all of the time. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what keeps bullet drop from following the basic kinematic equation? | i was having an argument with my friend today about the numbers on bullet drop. i was saying that i could use d=d+vt+.5at^2. i tried to determine the time using muzzle velocity and distance then used the above equation to estimate bullet drop. i kept getting that the bullet drop is higher than it actually is (according... | bullet, bullet drop, sight ====== i suspect that you neglected the zero range in your calculator. the sight of a weapon is calibrated to a certain distance. when you shoot at a target you do not want to calculate the bullet drop each time. so the sight already is adjusted for the bullet drop up to the sight range (e.g.... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are there skeletal markers to tell if a fossil had keratin quills? | 21st century scientists have been trying to figure out if all dinosaurs had feathers, as feathers (keratin-based) don't hold up well to fossilization. but i'm curious about hedgehog/porcupine-like quills, as it seems like there must be some specialized musculature to 'flex' and hold these quills aloft. does a quill ada... | flexion is controlled, arrector muscles, involuntary muscles ====== in porcupines, quill flexion is controlled by the arrector muscles. these involuntary muscles, as far as i know, don't attach to any bones. something similar controls feather movement in birds. so the only way is really for the soft tissue to fossilize... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does the brain process measurements (i.e. distance or speed) . is it anything like the first person view in the terminator movies? | whenever i'm playing ball or driving or doing anything where my body is constantly making split second adjustments i imagine whirring numbers kinda like the first person view from the terminator movies. does the brain work in any way like that or is there a different mechanism all together at work? | ears for sound, patches' of skin, tactile sensory ====== it's rather too complex explain in one comment but the gist of it is that the brain takes the sensory information and integrates them in such a way to account for the difference in time and intensity of these signals (information from one eye and than the other f... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does hyperthermia kill you, biologically speaking? | looked a bit at the wiki page. it tells you what symptoms you get at various temperatures, and the maximum temperature you can survive in until you're likely to die. but it doesn't go into much detail in regards to the exact biological mechanism that hyperthermia kills you, only that it does. more curious than anything... | life processes, processes are unable, denaturation of proteins ====== denaturation of proteins such that life processes are unable to keep working. effectively why meat goes brown when you cook it - the haem molecule is misshapen by the heat and ceases to function the same way this can happen to all the proteins in you... | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
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a few years ago noreena hertz gave a ted talk and said that a part of the brain 'shuts down' when listening to experts. is the anterior cingulate cortex what she was talking about? links in comments. i already asked neuroscience. | here's the link to the [video](_url_1_). this is a link to a paper on the [anterior cingulate cortex](_url_0_). i think it's relevant, but i'm not a neuroscientist so it's not incredibly easy to read. i thought it might be helpful. | greg burns lab, emory university, burns lab ====== the study she is referring to comes from greg burns's lab at emory university. it is published in an open-access journal, so you can read it here: _url_0_ the actual results of the study are considerably more complex than the description given in hertz's ted talk. plea... | 2 | [] | [
"http://psych.colorado.edu/~mbanich/p/anteriorcingulatecortex.pdf",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNTk29zXl4A"
] | [
"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004957"
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how does a color test like this work? the answers i got were specifically directed at problems i'm aware of. uncanny, actually. | here's the quiz, it takes like 3 minutes. _url_0_ i read the little blurb about it... but i'd like some other thoughts please? | authoritative minnesota multiphasic, minnesota multiphasic personality, multiphasic personality inventory ====== it's called the lüscher color test and [a study](_url_0_) to test its agreement with the very authoritative minnesota multiphasic personality inventory apparently found that they don't correlate very well to... | 7 | [] | [
"http://www.colorquiz.com/index.php"
] | [
"http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ299316&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ299316",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forer_Effect"
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what do the numbers and letter "452b" signify in the recently discovered planet kebler 452b? | international astronomical union, astronomical union, naming conventions ====== the naming conventions are described on [this page](_url_0_) from the international astronomical union. the first part of the name -- here, *kepler* -- refers to the instrument/mission that has identified this system, unless the star alread... | 19 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_exoplanets/"
] | [
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could you measure the hydration of your body through bracelet band? | i was wondering if it would be possible to somehow measure how hydrated your body is through a nike fuelband like bracelet? thanks! | url, based, article ====== based on this article: _url_0_ the answer is "no, not to any useful degree". you might be able to sense moderate to severe dehydration, but probably not. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.jacn.org/content/26/suppl_5/575S.long"
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magnetic energy (free energy) question/discussion. | are these videos of perpetual energy (with magnets) i'm starting to notice on youtube and the likes actually a viable way to harvest energy? i see these magnetic wheels that have counter magnetic wheels around them that make the inside wheel spin in a certain direction. which i would assume you can put a generator to a... | well-known hoaxes, types of well-known, pretty badly written ====== no, these are various types of well-known hoaxes. at least as far as the newman machine is concerned, two fair overviews are here: _url_1_ and here: _url_0_ ; the latter text is pretty badly written (it looks like a set of personal notes/commentaries),... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=usBFNJSiU1g#t=133s"
] | [
"http://www.phact.org/articles/free/newman.php",
"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/590/is-it-possible-to-build-a-machine-that-generates-more-power-than-it-uses",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_energy_suppression"
] | [
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[to mods] what is the policy re this subreddits quality? | recently, this subreddit suffers increasingly from nonsense posts like [this one](_url_0_). in order to maintain/restore the initial quality, can we make use of the [report] link so that you mods just send such threads into the digital nirvana? | earnest question, line into assinine, things do cross ====== i second this. i am not above answering a very elementary, yet earnest question, but some things do cross the line into assinine. | 15 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ie02m/if_i_take_a_wire_on_one_hand_and_corn_on_the/"
] | [] | [
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determining volume of solutions? | say i have five cups of water, and one cup of salt. if i combine the two and stir, the final volume is definitely not two cups. why is this? is there any way to determine what the final volume would be? what if, instead of salt, i have sugar? | previously measured density, solid volumetrically, weigh the salt ====== it is possible to predict the final volume if you weigh the salt, rather than measure a solid volumetrically, and refer to a previously measured density for the salt solution you are creating. same goes for sugar. volume = mass/density if you don'... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do we use the same muscles for resting inhalation as we do for forced inhalation? | **the muscles we use during resting inhalation include (mostly thoratic muscles):** 1. diraphram 2. internal intercostals 3. external intercostals 4. costal elevators 5. serratus posterior inferior 6. serratus posterior superior i would assume we use the same for forced inhalation, but we use them manually or with more... | accessory muscle, pectoralis major, normal breathing ====== the scalenes are used in normal breathing as well, the serratus however are certainly an accessory muscle, sternocleidomastid, pectoralis major and traps also come to mind off the top of my head. there's definitely some debate over some of these though, i don'... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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would it be feasible to build a pressure cabin based on springs? | the pressure at the bottom of the mariana trench is over 16,000 psi which can crush all but the most masterfully engineered vessels. we've done it, but [not comfortably](_url_0_) in the least. the cockpit of the deapsea challenger is a 3 inch thick steel sphere 43 inches in diameter. building a vessel with a large enou... | springs will focus, interior hull, pressure ====== springs will focus all of the pressure wherever they are attached, transmitting it to the interior hull. they can't relieve pressure, only transmit it. the issue is that there is a massive pressure *differential* between the inside of the vessel and the outside. you're... | 4 | [] | [
"http://deepseachallenge.com/the-sub/pilot-sphere/"
] | [] | [
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how legitimate is satoshi kanazawa's new study citing that the more intelligent a woman is, the more likely she is to be childfree? | it's blowing up the blogosphere, but i can't find a link to the original study everywhere. [example](_url_0_) i'm childfree myself, but this strikes me as troll bait. and this is the guy who said black women are inherently less attractive, but if the study is legitimate, i'd like to know. (and then see a similar study ... | children, women, data ====== the legitimacy is in the data, not the outcome. the study shows a correlation between intelligence and absence of offspring. it's not necessarily that intelligent women choose not to have children, or that women who do choose to have children are stupid. it's just an aggregation of several ... | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2013/08/07/are-smarter-women-less-likely-to-want-children/"
] | [
"https://lesacreduprintemps19.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/intelligence-a-unifying-construct-for-the-social-sciences-richard-lynn-and-tatu-vanhanen.pdf"
] | [
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is time different at different points on the surface of psr j1748-2446ad? | was watching a video about neutron stars recently and the star psr j1748-2446ad came up with it's rather crazy spin rate (24% the speed of light). which got me to thinking since speed is determined by distance traveled and time would that not mean that if you could stand on the surface of this pulsar you'd experience t... | north pole, relativity, special relativity ====== it's not nonsense, it's relativity. let us consider only the effects due to special relativity (i.e. relative motion of a point on the equator compared to the north pole) and ignore all the myriad reasons i can't stand on the surface of a neutron star. if i were to sync... | 11 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does electricity work differently in a zero g environment? | such as the space shuttle or the iss? does the wiring have to be worked different or in a way more efficient that would not work on earth? also does the system still have to be grounded when there is no such thing as down? | electromagnetic force, gravity, force ====== electricity is based on electromagnetic force. it is one of the four fundamental forces, along with gravity. now, electromagnetic force is 10^36 times stronger than gravity. so, the presence/absence of gravity will have no noticeable effect on electricity. [source](_url_0_) | 7 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_forces#Overview"
] | [
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a question regarding aquaporins | i am an ap biology student who has a question regarding aquaporins and how their polarity allows only water molecules to move through them, and not ions. my question: if, say, a positively charged ion came near the aquaporin, it would at first be attracted to it because of its negative polarity, but would then be repel... | water, water molecules, npa ====== so! a few things to start off with: aquaporins tend to share a few motifs that help them selectively allow water to pass. these are the npa (asparagine, proline, alanine) motif, which forces water through in a specific way to prevent a proton chain, and the ar/r (aromatic/arginine) mo... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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"sound healing" - any studies on music with alpha waves or beta waves mixed in, placebo effect or proven effective? | alpha, beta, gamma brainwaves ====== there really isn't anything to it. "alpha, beta, or gamma brainwaves" mixed into music is just pseudoscientific mumbo-jumbo, so you're right to be skeptical. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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nir shaviv's climate skepticism --- what's the deal? | i've been going [name](_url_2_)-by-[name](_url_0_) through the signatories of [this wsj open letter](_url_1_) promoting climate skepticism. basically all are old crackpots with little to know relevant expertise, some recently employed by exxon and/or shell. nir shaviv, tho, has been harder to find dirt on ([best i coul... | outright crackpot, skeptic or denialist, cosmic rays ====== not every skeptic or denialist is an outright crackpot. some scientists do really think they found a different mechanism to explain global warming and they should be taken seriously. however, these skeptics' theories usually don't hold up to even the most curs... | 7 | [] | [
"http://brutishandshort.com/2012/01/30/shocking-news-both-global-warming-denialists-and-the-wsjs-editorial-page-are-dishonest-pt-2/",
"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204301404577171531838421366.html?mod=googlenews_wsj",
"http://brutishandshort.com/2012/01/27/shock-news-global-warming-denialists-a... | [
"http://www.nature.com/news/at-least-three-quarters-of-climate-change-is-man-made-1.9538",
"http://www.desmogblog.com/nir-shaviv"
] | [
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olympic records - how is it possible they continually get broken? | such as running, swimming, etc...are humans simply becoming faster ?? maybe it just seems this way... | long time ago, popular science article, read some popular ====== i read some popular science article about this a long time ago. even if the general/average quality of athletes doesn't improve, over time the record performance will asymptotically approach some theoretical maximum performance. so, in this scenario, reco... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.theledger.com/article/20060221/NEWS/602210305"
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is this any intuitive way to think about normal distribution function ? | normal distribution density function is given by: f(x) = (1/sqrt(2*pi*sig2)) * e(x-mi2 / 2mi2)) is there any way to visualize why there is pi,sqrt and esome stuff there ? i remember great answer for making sense out of euler formula some time ago here on askscience i wonder if there is similar way to make sense of norm... | gaussian distribution, normal distribution, distribution ====== the gaussian distribution is e^-x^2. it is the heart to the shape that is called the normal distribution. the pis, the sigmas, the various other values are just adjustments. the constant term in front of the exponential is just a multiplier to make the are... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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centripital accelerat | i am trying to figure this out. at the equator, we supposedly weigh less than at the north pole due to the centripital force of the earth's rotation. however, i can not figure out why we don't weigh more at the equator. at any moment at the equator, both gravity and the centripital acceleration are pointing toward the ... | force, centripetal force, centripetal ====== try thinking of centripetal force not as a force that exists, but as a force that you need. let's say it takes 1000 newtons of force for you to stay on a merry-go-round and the only force keeping you on it (let's say your arms) is 800 newtons. it's not enough and you go flyi... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why do see-through materials tend to be more fragile, and vice versa? | it seems that everything that's see-through is (relatively) fragile compared to anything that's not see-through (which is often much more sturdy). for instance iron and glass. why is it that see-through materials tend to be fragile and tough materials tend to be opaque? | including stuff, tungsten carbide, see-through materials ====== it's not really the case, as there are plenty of non-see through materials that are fragile, as well as see-through materials that aren't (plastics) most ceramics for example are quite fragile, including stuff like tungsten carbide. | 13 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does the human pineal gland have photoreceptors? | it's ok if they are 'nonvisual' but are they there? i'm slightly familiar with iprgcs (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells) which detect 480 nm (blue) light and transmit signals to our pineal gland to regulate melatonin release..... but are there any actual receptors on the pineal gland itself? this "th... | url, light, depolarization ====== photoreceptors -- no. iprgcs, by definition, are *retinal*. however, there is a more general question we can ask, which is: can cells outside of the retina be stimulated by light (without some sort of genetic or chemical modification)? the answer is nuanced -- yes, you can cause the de... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/171/3974/907",
"http://research.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/srdesign/2010/group20/docs/Izzo2006.pdf",
"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n3/abs/ncomms1742.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophore",
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/neu.10056/pdf",
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are there any evolutionary psychology hypotheses that explain royal incest as practiced by the ancient egyptians or other cultures? | i know evo psych gets a lot of flack for being untestable/just-so-stories, but i'm curious what evolutionary psychologists would have to say this phenomenon. | psychology graduate student, url, evolutionary psychology ====== i'm not an evolutionary psychologist, but i am a psychology graduate student and have taken a graduate-level course in evolutionary psychology. as it sounds like you already know, evolutionary psychology proposes an inherited aversion towards incest calle... | 15 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westermarck_effect",
"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224498209551152#.Ub08bOfVB8E",
"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00924434",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016230959600074X",
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1948.50.... | [
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explanation of hyatt regency walkway collapse. specifically, why does adding bolts increase the load? | the original design had a beam, with a bolt at the end, with the nut connected at the bottom. the constructed structure had a beam with two bolts, the bolt closest the the center had a nut connected at the top, and the bolt at the end had a bolt connected at the bottom. here is the image if my explanation was hard to f... | hyatt regency collapse, middle walkway, walkway ====== the issue with the hyatt regency collapse was more complex than just two bolts. in the original design, a single support beam ran all the way to the roof. one walkway hung about halfway down, and the other at the bottom of that beam. each nut only held the weight o... | 11 | [] | [
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/HRWalkway.svg"
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thought experiment: i'm holding the end of a thin pole many light-years long. despite its length, i can still twist it. could this twisting be used as a form of faster-than-light communication with someone at the other end of the pole? | short answer, long answer, chemical bonds ====== short answer: no. long answer: keep in mind what it means to "twist" something, and note that no physical object is perfectly rigid. by twisting, what you're doing is rotating the molecule on one end of the rod, which then (using the chemical bonds, which are in turn bas... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what conditions or assumptions are required for there to be a non-constant, time-dependent surface concentration in a diffusion system? | let's say that i have a perfect sphere, and i surround it with a fluid with concentration c1 that will diffuse into it. when solving the diffusion equation for the concentration profile "c", it is normal to assume that the concentration at the surface of the sphere is constant at the value of c1, which will be the boun... | clarify your question, sphere, oxygen ====== could you please clarify your question? it's not clear what the "perfect sphere" is made of (i.e., is it empty or is it a material), what you mean by "fluid with concentration c1" (e.g., concentration within another material? density?), what the context is when you say "it i... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential"
] | [
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how do 3dpcr and quantitativepcr work? | these are techniques used in my lab and i understand the concept behind pcr. is there someone who could generalize the idea behind how these techniques work and what they're used to elucidate. thanks askscience! | quantitating gene expression, gene expression, gene ====== qpcr is useful for quantitating gene expression. regular pcr can give you a qualitative idea of gene expression: isolate mrnas from an organism, convert to cdna, then run a pcr reaction. then check the dna concentration with a spectrophotometer. the problem is,... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there a constant of proportionality that describes the relationship between the size of the eye, the distance to an object and the percieved change in size of the object? | i was in work last night and we have several screens and monitors around the premises. i was looking at a 17" screen about 6m away and a 42" screen about 15m away (massively approximated values!) and even with the further distance the 42" screen still appeared larger, so i began to wonder if there is a constant that de... | screen, size, angle ====== the size of the eye doesn't really matter here. what you can do is calculate the angular size of the object from the distance you view it from. first convert the inches to metres. so we have 0.43 m and and 1.07 m. then we use some trigonometry to figure out the angle. think of a right triangl... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is it possible that we could discover some place deeper than challenger's deep? | ocean floor, mapped out completely, completely at low ====== the ocean floor has been mapped out completely at low resolution- you can [view it on google earth](_url_0_). it's a relatively shallow slope down to the deepest point on earth, but it wasn't hard to find it. that said, as we continue to map the ocean floor i... | 63 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.google.com/earth/download/"
] | [
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how is the effect of ekman forcing on upwelling zones affected by the milankovitch cycles?" | connection, heard, interglacial cycles ====== i've never heard of such a connection. the time-scales are so different. if there were a link it would be part of the larger question of how the strength of surface winds varied over glacial/interglacial cycles. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can being stressed offer any beneficial applications? | so this may be strange to ask but let me explain. i have never been one to stress out on obstacles i face in life. this would seem fantastic but i have notice a critical flaw in it. my motivation for school work, self improvement, pursing relationships, and challenging life dilemmas, all seem to fly over my head. to pu... | short answer, stress, short ====== # short answer: yes! certain types of stress can be beneficial to your mental and physical health. the concept of stress can be further broken down into two subtypes. you are likely familiar with the first one: it is **distress**, and it is commonly considered to be synonymous with st... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C44&q=eustress&btnG="
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i couldn't find a /r/askastrology. why do we only see a cone shaped universe on both sides? (image link inside). | _url_0_ edit: not astrology, astronomy. i meant /r/askastronomy | milky, image, plane ====== the plane of the milky way goes up-down through that image. we can't see through all the dust & gas in the milky way - we have to look "above" and "below" the disc, hence the pattern. | 20 | [] | [
"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_CiRP0UZPhGY/S0YV5mRcLnI/AAAAAAAAAgQ/qvD2dZmraNU/s1600-h/Known_universe.jpg"
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how am i able to think about two things at the same time? | for example: if i am counting money, i can think about a completely different topic while doing so and not lose track of my counting. if i am singing a song, i can also think about how the song is making me feel simultaneously without missing a lyric. sometimes i will even be reading something but another part of my mi... | scientific response, intensive thought process, thought process ====== althoguh not an entirely scientific response, people can generally "focus" on one intensive thought process while also being able to perform a more "automatic" thing. take your example of singing the song: if you know the song very well, the words j... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there a physical limit to how much we can "know"? | in case the title isn't clear enough: i'm curious as to what limits the brain has on retaining ideas/memories/skills/knowledge. is there a point where the brain simply can't store any new information? if so, roughly when is that? | scientists have determined, short-term memory, limit ====== scientists have determined that are short-term memory have a limit of about 7 things. it is reasonable to assume that the long-term memory also has a limit but said limit is unknown currently. this is mostly because we do not live long enough to reach said lim... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what phonon modes are occupied at temperatures above the debye temperature? | my understanding of the debye frequency is that it's the highest energy lattice vibration. molecular solids have low debye temperatures (~10^1 k). if there is a process that needs significantly more energy than the debye frequency, where does it get the energy? multiple phonons at the debye frequency? i'm specifically ... | arbitrary parameter introduced, expect classically, arbitrary parameter ====== the debye frequency/temperature is an arbitrary parameter introduced so that the total number of phonon modes is the same as what you would expect classically. its also roughly the temperature above which classical statistical mechanics is v... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how would viscity effect vibrations in a fluid? would a lower or higher viscocity be more effective in dampening them? | viscosity, sound, bulk viscosity ====== that's extremely dependent on the specifics of the vibrations and whether you mean dynamic or bulk viscosity. the two affect damping in opposite ways. in the simplest situations, viscosity isn't really important to vibrations, but in other situations it can be the dominant effect... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.gkn.com/globalassets/global-images/divisions/powder-metallurgy-product-tool-780x780/5.1-automotive-body-chasis-shock-absorber-piston-780x780-min.jpg",
"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marwan_Jaber/publication/221915498/figure/fig15/AS:305170027171844@1449769612260/Point-source-of-sound-reflectin... | [
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which famous scientist do you most admire? | science important, url, science ====== living or dead? my list'll be heavy on the guys who applied science beyond pure research and made their science important beyond just people within their field. * [vannevar bush](_url_2_) - arguably did more than anyone to make science important to the us. at one time, two-thirds ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://forum.stanford.edu/forum-staff/carolyn/terman.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_da_Rosa",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau",
"http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/3881/",
"http://en.wikipedia.or... | [
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why does the defeated elephant seal male give up after a fight? | i recently read in richard dawkins' book "the ancestor's tale" how elephant seals fight for harems, creating sexual dimorphism. essentially one male wins many females. why, then, does the defeated seal give up, leave the territory, and let the winner get it all? why not copulate with the females, behind the triumphant ... | sexual dimorphism refers, morphological differences, males ====== to be clear, sexual dimorphism refers to the morphological differences between males and females of a species. typically the term is used to describe obvious phenotypic differences, like larger or more colorful males (and sometimes females). in the case ... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection#Example:_intrasexual_selection"
] | [
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is there a particular word that refers to the physical space occupied by an ecosystem? | problem with delineating, ultimately arbitrary, sharp boundaries ====== the problem with delineating "an ecosystem" is that any sharp boundaries between ecosystems are ultimately arbitrary. the whole planet can be considered an ecosystem, in which case its spatial aspect is referred to as the ecosphere. smaller areas t... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is laser dressing? | for example, used in context: "laser dressing of the electronic bands in semiconductors." | laser light alters, light alters, laser light ====== the presence of the laser light alters the state of the material. the electronic eigenstates of an atom are changed in the presence of an intense laser field, in which case you can think of it as one "atom-plus-laser-field" system which has its own eigenstates. for w... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is "survival of the fittest" unfalsifiable? | pondering evolution there's a question that keeps appearing into my mind: can we falsify the idea of "survival of the fittest"? i mean, fittest can be defined as needed and if it fails, well you can argue you just defined "fittest" wrongly for that scenario. hope i'm being clear enough. i'm not arguing creationism or a... | theoretical part, funny thing, aspect of evolution ====== here's the funny thing about that aspect of evolution: it isn't the theoretical part. it's the mathematical part (statistics, to be exact). and math is just logic. the thing with statistical models is that they cannot make hard and fast predictions. we can perfo... | 8 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest"
] | [
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do biochemical processes have binary on/off switches? | i have a vague perception that biochemical processes don't generally have a binary on/off switch, but tend to occur on a gradient according to concentrations of precursors, enzymes, and other factors affecting the rate at which they occur. for example, the simple biology 101 story is that insulin is produced when blood... | processes occur, individual beta cell, cell ====== you're right that many processes occur on a gradient, but some do have reasonably well defined on/off states. i think this kind of depends on the scale at which you view most biochemical processes. as mentioned by u/dagl1, individual enzymes definitely can have on/off ... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the maximum theoretical efficiency of a dehumidifier? | existing small ones can extract 4 l/kwh. would it be possible to make one which extracted 40 or 400 l/kwh? | air conditioner, incoming air, dried air ====== most dehumidifiers operate on the same principle as a refrigerator or air conditioner, using a compressor and expansion valve to create a cold "pool" by removing the heat from the incoming air and transferring it to the refrigerant (in an air conditioner, the heat is then... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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aubre de grey's sens program. real science or pure speculation? | some of you might be familiar with aubrey de grey's talks and his research via the sens foundation. he is a gerontologist and basically claims that it can be possible in the next decades to develop therapies that will reverse the effect of aging, making everyone live a lot longer (maybe 1000s of years) as people will m... | stem cell, peer-reviewed biology, stem cell therapy ====== it isn't *crazy* in the sense that it is mostly rooted in peer-reviewed biology. yeah, that is my take on it. for example, oncosens wants to remove telomerase from our genome, and then periodically replenish our adult stem cell reserves (in all tissues i guess)... | 10 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMAwnA5WvLc",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence",
"http://www.sens.org/",
"https://www.amazon.com/Ending-Aging-Rejuvenation-Breakthroughs-Lifetime/dp/0312367074"
] | [] | [
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do scale-prevention devices based on quartz crystals work? if so, what is the scientific basis? | i've come across this product called [scalehound](_url_0_) that claims to prevent scale buildup, using nothing but quartz crystals. electricity is not provided, the quartz just sits there. quartz crystals, allegedly, "emit low end frequencies" which break up scale and prevent it from forming. it sounds like pseudoscien... | oscillating voltage applied, water, tiny crystals oscillate ====== quartz is piezoelectric, but it won't oscillate unless there is oscillating voltage applied or it is part of an oscillator circuit. the amplitude of motion for a tiny crystal is very tiny. the frequency of the crystal goes up with decreasing size, so ti... | 3 | [] | [
"http://scalehoundwater.com/"
] | [] | [
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what can layers and swrils in rock indicate? | i drive by this out cropping everyday and i've always noticed the curves and waves in the rock. what causes bending like this? i know it probably took a billion years for it to show on the side of the highway in ne tennessee, but what can you tell from looking at it? _url_0_ | rocks, url, layers ====== let's start at the most basic level. certain types of rocks have layers, mostly people think of [sedimentary rocks](_url_4_) in this case, which have ['bedding'](_url_7_) that was formed during deposition, i.e. individual events that caused sediment to deposit or changes in the type of sedimen... | 11 | [] | [
"https://imgur.com/3tdjgJu"
] | [
"http://podcast.sjrdesign.net/images/040_USAGeologicMap.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology\\)#/media/File:Flank_%26_hinge.PNG",
"http://slideplayer.com/slide/4204167/14/images/13/Recumbent+Fold.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary... | [
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is swimming through glowing plankton safe? | i swim in greece and out of curiosity decided to swim after the sun set, and to my surprise i found myself swimming and leaving what looked like fairydust behind each stroke. you ever seen tinkerbell? that's how much and what color. it appears and disappears almost as rapidly as sparks during welding. my guess is it's ... | bioluminescent dinoflagellates, dinoflagellates, super clean ====== what you are seeing are bioluminescent dinoflagellates. definitely safe to swim in. the med is, in general, super clean in terms of water quality, especially further out. | 7 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoflagellate#Life_cycle"
] | [
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does turning a cfl on and off use more electricity than leaving it on for a few minutes? what's the general rule of thumb? | my father-in-law installed some new cfl lamps in his home. i noticed some rooms where they were still on even though we hadn't been in that room for over 30 minutes. he responded to this by saying something like : "cfl lamps use much less energy if you leave them on for an hour than turning them off and on". | energy to start, worst case scenario, normal running ====== yes it does take more energy to start up that to run, but not a lot more. the initial startup lasts between 1/1000th and 1/100th of a second, and depending on the bulb can by up to 250 times the current demand of normal running, so worst case scenario is that ... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.electrical-installation.org/enwiki/Electrical_characteristics_of_lamps",
"https://energy.gov/energysaver/when-turn-your-lights"
] | [
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when can i find phase diagrams for common oxides? | i need some guidance. i am trying to find the key points on the phase diagram (triple and critical points) for some common oxides, such as sio2, al2o3, mgo, fe2o3, etc... i can find resources on pure elements all over the internet, and plenty of example phase diagrams for h2o and co2, but not much else. can anybody her... | multiple crystal phases, multiple crystal, metal oxides ====== metal oxides usually have multiple crystal phases, so their phase diagrams are more complicated. each solid phase may have it's own melting point, and most oxides are solid up to over a thousand degrees. check out this page on [silica polymorphs](_url_0_) f... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.quartzpage.de/gen_mod.html"
] | [
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is it possible to classically condition a function of the autonomic nervous system? | the [autonomic nervous system] (_url_0_), for those who do not know, is what controls all the involuntary functions of the body, such as breathing, digestion, etc. by [classical conditioning] (_url_1_) from psychology, is it possible, or have there been any examples of, organisms having a specific function of the auton... | classical conditioning involves, autonomic, response ====== almost every example of classical conditioning involves the autonomic nervous system. a fear response is autonomic (sympathetic), pavlov's original experiment was autonomic (salivation is parasympathetic), etc. coming up with entirely non-autonomic examples is... | 6 | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning"
] | [
"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F0-306-46897-2_11"
] | [
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at the atomic level, how can silly putty reform, but stones and wood not? | as title inquires; i have been studying in my first university chemistry course that when you smash- oh i dunno- a rock, the force you apply is enough to cause the +'ve -'ve attraction of the ions to become unaligned, and therefore they break apart. this is the part i don't quite understand, why cant they be realigned ... | material called poly, called poly, silly putty ====== the main component of silly putty is a material called poly(dimethylsiloxane), or pdms. [wikipedia](_url_0_) this material is what is referred to as a viscoelastomer. this means that over short time periods the material will behave as an elastomer - you will notice ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydimethylsiloxane",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"
] | [
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what methods did the media use to estimate that 6 million people attended the pope's visit to the philippines? | total occupied space, occupied space, total occupied ====== one very common and simple method is: #people = (total occupied space) / (average occupied space per person). you can determine how large the total occupied space is using pictures. the average occupied space per person can be determined using a sample of some... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nrc.nl/inbeeld/files/2015/01/1901WEBAPP6-980x654.jpg",
"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/article/view/24404",
"http://tinyurl.com/p5p5jrs"
] | [
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so was the faster-than-light travel discovery a few months back a mistake? | found the source, loose fiber optic, fiber optic connector ====== mistake isn't the right way to put it, but they found the source of the error. it appears that a loose fiber optic connector caused a delay and the incorrect measurement. | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i used some menthol crystals for a cold, and after about an hour this thing formed. what happened? | i'd used some of [these](_url_1_) crystals in boiling hot water, and they'd seemingly dissolved but i came back to find [this thing](_url_0_) floating in the water. i'm curious as to how it formed. thanks! | lower density, water, lower ====== menthol has lower density than water. so it floats. it is not soluble in water, so it separates. it also has a crystallization point that allows it to crystallize at reasonable temps. so, when the water cooled, the menthol floated to a bit in the middle, crystallized. that's all. | 58 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/fHSDl.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/825OH.jpg"
] | [] | [
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could someone explain this quantum physics experiment? | [click](_url_0_) [original paper](_url_1_) i'm assuming that it doesn't actually allow passing information to the past. but what's stopping alice and bob from combining their measurements and predicting victor's actions? | travel backwards, physics dis-allows, physical ====== i don't think my answer will be satisfactory to you, but it is the answer best that i know: this experiment does not violate any physical principles and while it makes us "uncomfortable" that entanglement can travel backwards in time, nothing in physics dis-allows t... | 3 | [] | [
"http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2012/04/decision-to-entangle-effects-results-of-measurements-taken-beforehand.ars",
"http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1203/1203.4834.pdf"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem"
] | [
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how does voluntary movement happen? | being a medical student (graduating in 1 year), i feel really embarassed to ask this question. i have neurology exam in 1 week and i have learned all about the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tract, alpha-gamma coactivation, motor control etc. but still i haven't been able to answer the question : where does this process ... | original stimulus', neural correlates, consciousness' territory ====== as far as i know, the answer to your question about 'what is the original stimulus' (the thought about moving) is unknown and goes into the 'do we really have free will' and 'neural correlates of consciousness' territory. you might like to look into... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Libet",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10847/"
] | [
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in network theory is their any simple way to be able to tell if you can create the network without having links overlapping each other? | basically i was wondering if it would be possible to recreate this network _url_0_ without having the branches over lapping (as it is kind of annoying my ocd) ps: as someone who doesnt spend to much time in this subreddit (and thus doesnt have alot of karma) having to wait 8 minutes to repost my question because the 1s... | url, issue is unrelated, unrelated to network ====== this issue is unrelated to network theory. it is the determination of the crossing number, the lowest number of edge crossings of a plane drawing of a graph. as you might've gathered, this is an important problem because graphs with fewer crossings are easier for hum... | 7 | [] | [
"https://i.imgur.com/pOIwe3L.png"
] | [
"https://graphviz.gitlab.io/theory/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-hardness",
"https://dreampuf.github.io/GraphvizOnline/#digraph%20G%20%7B%0A%20%20concentrate%3Dtrue%3B%0A%20%20attack%20-%3E%20finessecheck%3B%0A%20%20finessecheck%20-%3E%20nosneak%3B%0A%20%20finessecheck%20-%3E%20sneakusedcheck%3B%0A%20%20... | [
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why do we work so hard to keep dandelions out of our yards in america? are they harmful somehow? | when i was a kid, i always associated dandelions with those really prickly weeds that were a pain in the ass to step on, so it made sense to me... but really, what do dandelions do? | dandelions are generally, considered unsightly, generally just removed ====== dandelions are generally just removed because they are considered unsightly. for most americans it breaks up the uniformity of the lawn and thus ruins their beautiful lawns. that's mainly just everyone's opinion though | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion#As_a_beneficial_weed"
] | [
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how are valves used in space applications? with the low pressure and low temperature, my intuition tells me o-rings can't be used with the valves. | so how is the flow of a fluid controlled? | positive pressure inside, pressure inside, fluid or gas ====== the pressure inside of the craft must be positive if there is fluid or gas being kept there. o-rings and other gaskets can function well in that situation because the positive pressure inside the craft will push the gasket onto whatever surface is being sea... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster"
] | [
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this awesome storm is happening outside my apartment right now. could any meteorologists explain the formation process for us redditors. | air currents, temperatures, etc. anything interesting about how these storms form. here's my backyard _url_0_ | single cell thunderstorm, single cell, air mass thunderstorms ====== it appears to be a [single cell thunderstorm](_url_1_). they are often called air mass thunderstorms because they form inside air masses and not on frontal boundaries. the cloud itself is called a cumulonimbus. they are usually triggered by differenti... | 9 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/n4cZn.jpg"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm"
] | [
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will the cables laying along the bottom of the sea ever deteriorate or even decompose? | i mean there must be an estimate of if we ever need to replace them! | years now., under-sea cables, replace ====== it might surprise you to know that the first under-sea cables were laid in the mid-1800s - we've been doing this for over 150 years now. and yes, they do have a life-span. there's no "if" we ever need to replace them, we *do* replace them regularly (as in every few decades).... | 234 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.wikiwand.com/en/2008_submarine_cable_disruption",
"http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/14/google-undersea-fibre-optic-cables-shark-attacks",
"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/floridacurrent/background.php"
] | [
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what occurs in the brain during an out of body experience? | physical body-ness, current understanding, understanding of neurophysiology ====== the current understanding of neurophysiology is that the parietal lobe is the part of our brain that gives us our sense of self and physical body-ness. things that that disrupt the function of that part (permanent traumatic injuries or t... | 10 | [] | [] | [
"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=imaging+out+of+body+experience&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C11&as_sdtp="
] | [
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how long is the day/night cycle on europa? | tidally locked, earth moon, faces jupiter ====== europa is tidally locked to jupiter, meaning the same side of europa always faces jupiter (just like earth's moon). this also means that europa's orbital period around jupiter is also its rotational period. this period is about 3.55 earth days, or a bit more than 85 hour... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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... | |
seahorse in amber - how could this be possible or authentic? | my wife and i are selling off her collection of fossils (just some trilobite and shark teeth and stuff) and one of the items in her collection was a little amber pendant. at first the real question was whether or not it is real amber. we did the rubbing test to see if it smells like pine (it did, faintly), we rubbed to... | lizard in amber, catched by animal, hauled to land ====== related (may or may no be a fake) - _url_0_ - lizard in amber, sold for over 70,000 $ i can imagine ways how seahorse may end in amber (catched by animal, hauled to land, left on/under tree), but anyway due to sheer potential value of this thing i am almost cert... | 3 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/P0Auw.jpg"
] | [
"http://www.ambericawest.com/lizard.html",
"http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/trueamber.shtml"
] | [
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is there any scientific proof that baltic amber necklace 's do anything? | search on pubmed, words baltic, relevant results ====== if you search on pubmed (_url_0_) for any combination of the words baltic, amber, treatment/therapy, or succinate, there are no relevant results. so there doesn't seem to be any literature that documents any sort of effect. | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/"
] | [
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how to compare experimental data with theory? | i've got experimental data from a that shows the intensity of light against position for a diffraction pattern and a theoretical curve by imputing parameters into a function. i want to compare how good a fit the theoretical curve is to the experimental data. my demonstrator suggested a chi-square test but when i resear... | function, chi-square test, data ====== the chi-square test helps to determine whether the function has correlation with the data. remember, that there tons of types of functions and they vary in their progression. for example you won't adapt a linear function to an exponential one. what you should do is to do a graph a... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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“the only way to get alcohol out of your system is time”, what about exercise? | all my health and drivers ed classes have told me that the only way to become sober once your intoxicated is time. but wouldn’t aerobic exercise increase blood flow and purge the alcohol form you blood faster? now actually running 2 miles after half a bottle of whisky is another story but theoretically would exercise h... | called pseudo-zero order, pseudo-zero order kinetics., alcohol is metabolized ====== alcohol is metabolized in what's called pseudo-zero order kinetics. that means at most concentrations, your body is metabolizing it at peak capacity already. the _average_ rate of elimination is around 0.02 % bac (around one standard d... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the history & how did scientists derive the equations of kinetic energy and potential energy? | i've been searching for a while now, and i honestly can't find anything except that coriolis first "'described' kinetic energy in its modern sense" and that william rankine coined potential energy. but i cannot for the life of me find or understand how the equations came about. how did newton know energy was conserved ... | vis viva, original derivation, leibniz who gave ====== the original derivation of the kinetic energy came from leibniz who gave it as mv^2 and called it "vis viva". i believe he obtained it as a first integral of the motion while he was developing calculus. coriolis was the one to add the 1/2 factor to it some 200 year... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy"
] | [
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what a gpu overheats, why does it cause artifacts to occur? | i assume the general idea of this is that when the microprocessor in the gpu gets too hot, it starts making bad calculations and this results in weird things showing up on screen. what is the heat physically doing to the chip to cause the wrong bits to be produced? | circuit, electronic switches, frequency ====== **so some background first:** in microprocessors, transistors act like electronic switches to change voltage values. how fast the voltage values can change is determined by the parasitic capacitance of the circuit and the drive current of the transistor. this allows us to ... | 36 | [] | [] | [] | [
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if the door of an in flight commercial airplace was opened, would everything be sucked out a la hollywood films? | going even further, if somehow there was a small hole in the passenger section of the plane, would the suction immediately cause it to grow bigger and bigger eventually sucking out the passengers (again, as seen in hollywood films)? thanks in advance! edit - commercial airplane* | cabin is pressurized, door to open, open in flight ====== it is impossible for the door to open in flight while the cabin is pressurized. the pressure differential keeps it sealed shut. and being sucked out through a small hole is a myth. the real danger in an uncontrolled decompression is from hypoxia and hypothermia.... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811"
] | [
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how was this video made? | very nice, but how it was done? _url_0_ | curve, pendulum, url ====== the video shows a variant of the [harmonograph](_url_3_) called a *blackburn pendulum*. the general idea of a harmonograph is that of a pendulum that is allowed to oscillate *independently* in two orthogonal directions. a [classic harmonograph](_url_4_) is an apparatus in which a pen or mark... | 11 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kesRiQbm9V0"
] | [
"https://tinyurl.com/y7u2onnz",
"https://tinyurl.com/ybqecup9",
"https://tinyurl.com/y7v67agz",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonograph",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Harmon%C3%B3grafo.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/QXRsgVJxfSk/maxresdefault.jpg",
"https://tinyurl.com/ybp5nuyw... | [
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during a titration, some unexpected things happened. can you explain why? | in my chemistry class, we had to titrate 1ml 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5ml 6m hydrochloric acid, with 0.02m potassium permanganate. water was added as a medium for the reaction. here is a picture of what happened when one drop of potassium permanganate was added: _url_0_ for some reason, the solution is pink until the f... | intensely coloured reagents, coloured reagents, intensely coloured ====== sometimes a reaction takes time, and especially for very intensely coloured reagents, it can take some time before the colour disappears, even though you're not near the end point. a general rule i instruct first years for determining end point i... | 2 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/qcuXGMO.jpg?1"
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company claims it can create "rain on demand" is this possible? | it reminds me of the haarp thing that was going around a while ago. _url_0_ | read the page, absolute bullshit, sounds like complete ====== cloud seeding is a thing: _url_0_ so i read the page, it sounds like complete and absolute bullshit. even if their towers did produce local nucleation (which is dubious and they don't even explain *how*!), the system is absolutely useless in situations of lo... | 5 | [] | [
"https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/rain-on-request-make-it-rain"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_seeding"
] | [
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what colour is the sky on phobos? why? | would it change colour and how often? | sky, phobos, atmosphere ====== the color of the sky on phobos is black, because phobos is very small and can't retain an atmosphere. the reason our sky is blue is because there are molecules in our atmosphere that scatter blue light back to us preferentially over red light. phobos has no atmosphere, and therefore no sc... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is it possible to alter the epigenetic structure of a zygote? | directly influence major, influence major factors, changing epigenetics ====== theres 3 different is it possibles to this situation; 1. is it theoretically possible; it is _url_0_ 2. is it ethical; unclear, changing epigenetics can directly influence major factors in a human. its the old designer baby dilemma ( _url_1_... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics#Medicine",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY"
] | [
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what is missing from the standard model in physics? | i hear about the standard model and how it is the "theory of almost everything". what is missing from it that we don't know yet? | job explaining electromagnetism, good job explaining, weak force ====== the standard model does a very good job explaining electromagnetism, the weak force, and the strong force. it does not include gravity and certain physics yet has no explanation like neutrino oscillations and why they have mass. otherwise, the stan... | 18 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can pancreatic beta cell regenerate or be restored? | in the case of diabetic people, are there any studies indicating that beta cell damage as a result of hyperinsulinemia can be reversed? even more, can beta cells regenerate themselves, if a patient controls his diet and exercises the way he's supposed to, thus controlling his blood sugar? | normal insulin production, recovered normal insulin, immune system ====== there are studies that show that in type 2 they can maybe regenerate when controlled through diet depending on the amount of damage done previously meanwhile people are looking into restoring beta cells in vivo and in vitro either through alterin... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cdr/2006/00000002/00000001/art00002",
"http://www.healthcentral.com/diabetes/c/651280/59002/regeneration",
"http://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/can-beta-cells-be-healed/",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16306347"
] | [
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do xanax or similar drugs effect people who need them differently than people who do not need them? | if so, why? | anxiety, people, find ====== the term "people that do not need them" implies that there are people who do need them. while there are people who find benefit from them, they do not *need* them. compare this with diabetes, for example. in this case, people *need* insulin, because their pancreas does not produce enough. x... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why was caesium picked to define the second on? | what's special about caesium? wouldn't it make more sense to define the second based on an element more abundant and commonly found around the universe? (hydrogen, helium, carbon - easily found on/in the person who needs it) | reproducibility, nutshell, caesium ====== in a nutshell, reproducibility. standards need to be reproducible, so that any lab anywhere can re-create the standard on their own. caesium has a few properties regarding its hyperfine transition that give it advantages over other elements. additionally, nearly 100% of the cae... | 27 | [] | [] | [
"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acloc.html"
] | [
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how do we know whether a structure is vestigial or its purpose is unknown? | vestigial, longer, coccyx ====== it could always be both. vestigial doesn't mean "useless", but rather that a structure that is so reduced in size or form that it no longer functions in the way that it evolved to function. a vestigial structure might still have a function but still be considered vestigial. the human ta... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what would happen if observable actions and reactions were to reverse? | make this happen, function reverse, laws of thermodynamics ====== well, to make this happen, the three laws of thermodynamics would have to function reverse... which would mean, perpetual motion machines are possible, a ball of wool could spontaneously knit itself into a sock and water begins to freeze when being posit... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do the nodes and the anti-nodes in a stationary wave have equal energy or is energy non uniformly distributed? | wave, energy density, energy ====== the nodes of a standing wave are the points that never move. they have zero energy density. the anti-nodes are the points that move the most. they have the most energy. it really depends on what kind of wave you are talking about (wave on a string, electromagnetic wave, sound wave, e... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is a post-scarcity society possible? | i always hear this mentioned by transhumanists or futurists in general, but i'm not quite sure what factors would bring about a post-scarcity society, or if it's even possible. how would it develop? | amount of stuff, thee factors, terms of thee ====== let's frame this in terms of thee factors: the amount of stuff available (s), the number of people (n), and the amount of stuff that each person would like to have (a). to eliminate scarcity in a particular type of stuff, s needs to be greater than n x a. so if you ar... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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okay, after watching the olympics its hard not to see the racial pattern in different events. is there a scientific explanation for this? | the swimming events are mostly white and the running events are mostly black. is there scientific evidence to support that either race is better at that sport. i heard that white people tend to be oilier and black people have a extra tendon. is that true? | partially correct, racial divide, couple years ago ====== you are partially correct, there is a racial divide between the sports, however, it doesn't have to do with any of your assumptions. a couple years ago, scientists found that the divide had to do with centre of mass of each individual. now i can't find the actua... | 10 | [] | [] | [
"http://news.discovery.com/human/belly-buttons-sports-athletes.html",
"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7884135/Centre-of-gravity-theory-for-dominance-of-black-sprinters-and-white-swimmers.html"
] | [
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are there monoceps in the human body? | since there are **bi**ceps, **tri***ceps, and ****quad**riceps, i was wondering if there were monoceps in the human body (following the prefix ordering) | number of points, meaning head, muscles ====== the names refer to the number of points of origin, or "heads" of the muscles. bi, tri, and quad meaning 2,3, and 4, and "cep" from "cephalic" meaning head. we actually have 2 sets of muscles called the "biceps", the biceps brachii or the arm and the biceps femoris of the l... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are biosynthesis pathways forced to evolve "forward", with each intermediate reaction-step reaching fixation as its own useful trait? | example: the function of adrenaline on its receptor (activating the sympathetic nervous system) seems more "basic"—like it would be a beneficial adaptation to relatively simpler, "lower" organisms—than the effect of dopamine or noradrenaline. but you have to go "through" both of those to get to adrenaline. it's easy to... | microbial biochemistry, evolution of biosynthetic, biosynthetic pathways ====== here is a relevant portion of a book chapter from microbial biochemistry (g.n. cohen, 2nd ed): from the chapter [evolution of biosynthetic pathways](_url_0_) | 9 | [] | [] | [
"http://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-9437-7_40"
] | [
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i see this all over the place, but what does "reverse engineering" actually mean? | like when people say that hackers "reverse engineer" a product to figure out this and that... thank you! | reverse engineer, create drawings, reverse engineer software ====== to engineer is to take an idea, create drawings, models, circuit maps and software designs, then go get these things made. to reverse engineer is to take the final made product and get back to the drawings, models etc. the idea being that its easier to... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"simple.wikipedia.org"
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... |
what is the scientifically optimal way to "shake well", and why? | protein milkshake bottles, protein milkshake, milkshake bottles ====== you want the most turbulence to get the best (fastest) mixing. that's why those protein milkshake bottles have coils or bars in them, they provide obstructions for the liquid to flow around. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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0.4624249339103... | |
can you map every portion of the complex plain onto the reals? | title says it all, i can't remember if there's a one to one relationship with **z** and **r** or how to show it. bear in mind my last complex analysis course was several years ago. | set of integers, set, write ====== first, **z** is the set of integers; you want **c**. second, yes, there is a 1-1 correspondence between **r** and **c**. write z = x + iy for z in **c**. write x = x1.x2 and y = y1.y2. now interleave the integer parts and the decimal parts separately. for example, if you have x = 32.4... | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how much data could i put on a rubiks cube scramble? | for example, if there was a way to encrypt (not sure if that's the right word) text into a scrambled rubiks cube like a qr code or bar code, how much text could i place onto a rubiks cube so that someone else could still "read" what was encrypted on it? | cube, rubik cube, text ====== wikipedia says that the number of positions in a rubik's cube is about 43\*10^(18). take base 2 logarithm of that and you get 65.2. that's how many bits of information you can encode in the cube. if you want to encode text and include only basic alphabet and a handful of punctuation, then ... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik's_Cube"
] | [
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0.... |
use of giant kelp | i recently watched a documentary in which it was mentioned that giant kelp can grow up to half a metre a day,in the summer.does giant kelp have a genetic advantage when it comes to growth?if so,could the gene be spliced into crops to enhance growth and crop yield,or would it be simpler to just cultivate large amounts o... | land plants, basically algae, kelp ====== well, kelp are basically algae, so they are quite different from land plants in pretty much every way except photosynthesis. although their holdfasts resemble, and may be a primitive form of, plant roots, kelp are fundamentally different. in most land plants, while very limited... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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please explain what the hell i just watched in this bizarre leg amputation surgery video? (xpost from /truereddit; graphic) | i found this video quite captivating. 1. [the video](_url_1_) is in russian, which doesn't help my understanding. (again, graphic) 2. the [original r/truereddit post](_url_0_) with some context. for those afraid to watch, the leg is in a state of necrosis. they're swabbing the foot with something in the beginning. then... | horrible home-made opiate, home-made opiate, counter pain meds ====== this video is actually of a person who has used krokodil, or desomorphine, a horrible home-made opiate that is common in russia. its made from codeine (from over the counter pain meds), lighter fluid, industrial oil, iodine, and some other things too... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/Foodforthought/comments/ipwge/dont_watch_this_video_if_youre_squeamish/",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZGkO2xYcEU"
] | [
"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/krokodil-the-drug-that-eats-junkies-2300787.html"
] | [
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0.9320687055587769,
... |
does anyone know of any animated examples showing how fast light moves? | an example i can think of would be showing the earth and the moon, or the earth and the sun, and a line moving between them representing the speed of light. that would be sweet. | press the button, solar system, speed of light ====== if you go to the site "if the moon were a pixel" ( _url_0_ ) you can press the button on the bottom right that is a "c" with lines around it. that'll take you through the solar system at the speed of light in that scale. it's really crazy how slow light really is. | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://joshworth.com/dev/pixelspace/pixelspace_solarsystem.html",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fSqFWcb4rE"
] | [
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unit analysis of miles/gallon. isn't that an inverse area? | fuel efficiency is often measured in miles/gallon but since miles is a length and gallons is a cubed length, couldn't you divide out one length and get an inverse area? a professor of mine sort of mentioned one time what that inverse area actually means, but i didn't really understand it at the time, and now i've prett... | contexts, gallons, gasoline ====== no, the miles and gallons are in different contexts. you are not physically spreading a gallon of gasoline over a distance, in which case yes, you would be left with an area. the actual units are: gallons of gasoline, and miles driven on asphalt. | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is going on in this picture? a bunch of ants are standing in a circle around two ants. | _url_0_ are the two in the middle a different species or from a different colony? is there something else wrong with them? | unclear photo, sugar water, plain water ====== it is a very unclear photo, but ants usually surround droplets of sugar water or plain water like this ([as can also be seen here](_url_0_)). the ants in the middle likely got sucked in the droplet and are floating on top. | 14 | [] | [
"http://i2.kym-cdn.com/photos/images/original/000/611/679/736.jpg"
] | [
"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/these-rainbow-colored-transparent-ants-are-what-they-eat-25521112/?no-ist"
] | [
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is there a material man mad or otherwise that camera's have trouble recording? | i'm curious if there is a material that is not easily photographed; something that might show up as a lens flare or dark spot etc. anything that might confuse digital cameras. film camera's are not used as much these day so i think it is safe to exclude those. also why is everything in pirate speak? i really didn't wan... | problems with video, video recording, striped shirts ====== [striped shirts](_url_0_) tend to cause problems with video recording and, if the pattern is fine enough, photos. it is due to the creation of a [moire](_url_1_) pattern where 2 sets of parallel lines that are not quite parallel (the lines on the shirt and the... | 7 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXEgnRWRJfg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiré_pattern",
"http://www.talklikeapirate.com/piratehome.html"
] | [
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... |
where do you see your field of study/work heading in 5 years and again in 50 years? | combustion, military, side ====== in the next five years, my field (combustion) will probably do the following. 1. on the applied side, we'll develop more eco-friendly fuels and techniques, mostly involving biofuels. we'll also develop new techniques that will allow for faster supersonic travel, mostly for military app... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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1... |
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