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The Legend of the Prophet and the Assassin is an adventure game by Arxel Tribe. It is the sequel to Pilgrim: Faith as a Weapon. It was released in October 2000 for Windows | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Legends of Runeterra (LoR) is a 2020 digital collectible card game developed and published by Riot Games. Inspired by the physical collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, the developers sought to create a game within the same genre that significantly lowered the barrier to entry. Since its release in April 2020, the game has been free-to-play, and is monetised through purchasable cosmetics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Legion Arena is a computer wargame developed by Slitherine Strategies. It allows the player to play as several tribes during the rise of the Roman Empire. The player can play as the Latin tribes, the Celts and the Romans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lego 2K Drive is a Lego-based racing game developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K. It was released on May 19, 2023, for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. The game received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the gameplay while criticizing the live-service nature of the title | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lego Bricktales is a puzzle adventure game developed by ClockStone Studio and published by Thunderful. Lego Bricktales was released for Windows, macOS, Linux, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on 12 October 2022. The game was released for Android and iOS on 27 April 2023 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lego Minifigures Online was a massively multiplayer online game developed and published by Funcom, which was released on 29 June 2015. The game was based on the Lego Minifigures theme, allowing the player to unlock, and to play, as various characters from the theme, while also incorporating elements from classic Lego themes, such as castle, and space, and also involving new themes, like mythology. In addition to unlocking new minifigures through normal gameplay, the player was able to unlock minifigures by purchasing physical Lego Minifigures blind bags, which contain special codes that, once entered, allowed the character to be unlocked instantly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lemonade Tycoon 2 is the sequel to Lemonade Tycoon. This game contains more features, improved graphics, and is set in New York City, unlike its predecessor. Also, this version allowed the player to have more than one stand and the ability to have stands in more than one location at once | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Life by You is an upcoming life simulation game developed by Paradox Tectonic and published by Paradox Interactive. The game is set to be released for Windows PC via early access in March 2024.
Development
Life by You is the debut title for Paradox Tectonic, which was founded in March 2019 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Life is Feudal: MMO was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game in a medieval setting, developed by indie studio Bitbox Ltd. and published by Xsolla as a multiplayer expansion of the studio's earlier title, Life is Feudal: Your Own. The Open Beta release of the game occurred on November 17 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Aviary was a photo-editing platform for iOS, Android, Windows, and the web (web application). Aviary powered numerous mobile applications, including its self-titled iOS and Android apps, and a Windows app called Photo Editor. It contained a large collection of easy-to-use editing tools such as custom photo filters, frames, graphics, and overlays | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Backbone One is an attachable game controller for iOS devices. Both the controller and the Backbone iOS app are created by Backbone. The app acts as a social hub and allows for editing and sharing recorded gameplay through social media platforms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BAND is a mobile community application that facilitates group communication. Created by Naver Corporation, the service is available on iOS, Android, and desktop.
Users can create separate spaces for communicating with members of different groups, depending on the purpose of those groups | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bandsintown is a music website that allows users to receive notifications about tours and bands playing in the user's area. It also has tools for artists to manage tour dates. Bandsintown was included in Business Insiders 2014 list of world's greatest apps | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Binge Networks is a subscription-based video streaming service. It was founded by Bonnie Bruderer, who serves as CEO. The platform provides the ability to globally and instantly syndicate and monetize content through key strategic partnerships | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bitwarden is a freemium open-source password management service that stores sensitive information such as website credentials in an encrypted vault. The platform offers a variety of client applications including a web interface, desktop applications, browser extensions, mobile apps, and a command-line interface. Bitwarden offers a free US or European cloud-hosted service as well as the ability to self-host | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
blackra1n is a program that jailbreaks versions 3. 1, 3. 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bloom is a generative music application for iOS created by Brian Eno and Peter Chilvers. The software plays a low drone, and touching the screen produces different tones, which play in a loop. If the screen is left untouched, the software will create its own music | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bloom. fm was a London-based mobile-focused music service which combined free streaming genre and artist based radios, music discovery tools, a local library player and a catalogue of over 22 million tracks. The service allowed users to 'borrow' songs, making them available for offline playback | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Burner is a mobile application for iOS and Android made by Ad Hoc Labs, Inc. that allows users to create temporary disposable phone numbers in the U. S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Candid was a mobile app for anonymous discussions. It used machine learning to create personalized newsfeeds of opinions and real conversations, and also for moderation and filtering. Users posted under pseudonyms such as "HyperMantis", "SincereGiraffe", "GroundedTurtle" and "ExuberantRaptor", that are unique for each thread | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ChatSecure is a messaging application for iOS which allows OTR and OMEMO encryption for the XMPP protocol. ChatSecure is free and open source software available under the GPL-3. 0-or-later license | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chirp is a U. S. based audiobook retail service | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chord Master (also rendered Visual Chord Master, chordmaster) is the brand-name for a type of automated chording device produced for the ukulele. Competing products were sold under labels such as Noteless Player by Ferry & Co. These devices allowed a ukulele player to easily play chords simply by choosing the mechanical button on the device labeled for the desired chord, and depressing it, causing mechanical levers to fret each string at the proper place to compose a chord | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Citizen is a mobile app that sends users location-based safety alerts in real time. It allows users to read updates about ongoing reports, broadcast live video, and leave comments. The app uses radio antennas installed in major cities to monitor 911 communications, with employees filtering the audio to generate alerts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Codea. io is a code editor for iPad made by Two Lives Left. It is designed for prototyping visual ideas, primarily games and simulations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Colors! is a series of a digital painting applications for handheld game consoles and mobile devices. Originally created as a homebrew application for Nintendo DS (as Colors!), which was since legitimately distributed on PlayStation Vita, iOS, and Android, the project eventually evolved into an officially licensed application for Nintendo 3DS (as Colors! 3D) and Nintendo Switch (as Colors Live).
History
Colors!
Colors! was originally released in June 2007 as a simple homebrew painting application for the Nintendo DS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The following tables compare general and technical features for a number of iOS e-book reader software. Each section corresponds to a major area of functionality in an e-book reader software. The comparisons are based on the latest released version | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Case Corporation was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery and construction equipment. Founded, in 1842, by Jerome Increase Case as the J. I | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Malyshev Factory (Ukrainian: Завод імені В. О. Малишева, romanized: Zavod imeni V | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shanghai New Power Automotive Technology Co. , Ltd (SNAT) (Formerly known as Shanghai Diesel Engine Co. , Ltd | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A liposome extruder is a device that prepares cell membranes, exosomes and also generates nanoscale liposome formulations. The liposome extruder employs the track-etched membrane to filter huge particles and achieve sterile filtration.
Function
A liposome is made up of phospholipid bilayers, with the liposome being a spherical vesicle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The M1 protein is a matrix protein of the influenza virus. It forms a coat inside the viral envelope. This is a bifunctional membrane/RNA-binding protein that mediates the encapsidation of nucleoprotein cores into the membrane envelope | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Magnesium transporters are proteins that transport magnesium across the cell membrane. All forms of life require magnesium, yet the molecular mechanisms of Mg2+ uptake from the environment and the distribution of this vital element within the organism are only slowly being elucidated.
The ATPase function of MgtA is highly cardiolipin dependent and has been shown to detect free magnesium in the μM range In bacteria, Mg2+ is probably mainly supplied by the CorA protein and, where the CorA protein is absent, by the MgtE protein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mechanosensitive channels (MSCs), mechanosensitive ion channels or stretch-gated ion channels are membrane proteins capable of responding to mechanical stress over a wide dynamic range of external mechanical stimuli. They are present in the membranes of organisms from the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. They are the sensors for a number of systems including the senses of touch, hearing and balance, as well as participating in cardiovascular regulation and osmotic homeostasis (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Membrane channels are a family of biological membrane proteins which allow the passive movement of ions (ion channels), water (aquaporins) or other solutes to passively pass through the membrane down their electrochemical gradient. They are studied using a range of channelomics experimental and mathematical techniques. Insights have suggested endocannabinoids (eCBs) as molecules that can regulate the opening of these channels during diverse conditions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Membrane contact sites (MCS) are close appositions between two organelles. Ultrastructural studies typically reveal an intermembrane distance in the order of the size of a single protein, as small as 10 nm or wider, with no clear upper limit. These zones of apposition are highly conserved in evolution | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Membrane curvature is the geometrical measure or characterization of the curvature of membranes.
The membranes can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). An example of naturally occurring membrane is the lipid bilayer of cells, also known as cellular membranes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane or a synthetic lipid membrane. Lipid packing can influence the fluidity of the membrane. Viscosity of the membrane can affect the rotation and diffusion of proteins and other bio-molecules within the membrane, there-by affecting the functions of these things | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Membrane lipids are a group of compounds (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The three major classes of membrane lipids are phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Lipids are amphiphilic: they have one end that is soluble in water ('polar') and an ending that is soluble in fat ('nonpolar') | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Before the emergence of electron microscopy in the 1950s, scientists did not know the structure of a cell membrane or what its components were; biologists and other researchers used indirect evidence to identify membranes before they could actually be visualized. Specifically, it was through the models of Overton, Langmuir, Gorter and Grendel, and Davson and Danielli, that it was deduced that membranes have lipids, proteins, and a bilayer. The advent of the electron microscope, the findings of J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A tunneling nanotube (TNT) or membrane nanotube is a term that has been applied to protrusions that extend from the plasma membrane which enable different animal cells to touch over long distances, sometimes over 100 μm between T cells. Two types of structures have been called nanotubes. The first type are less than 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. That is, there is a difference in the energy required for electric charges to move from the internal to exterior cellular environments and vice versa, as long as there is no acquisition of kinetic energy or the production of radiation. The concentration gradients of the charges directly determine this energy requirement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Topology of a transmembrane protein refers to locations of N- and C-termini of membrane-spanning polypeptide chain with respect to the inner or outer sides of the biological membrane occupied by the protein.
Several databases provide experimentally determined topologies of membrane proteins. They include Uniprot, TOPDB, OPM, and ExTopoDB | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This template's initial visibility currently defaults to autocollapse, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.
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In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them. The regulation of passage through the membrane is due to selective membrane permeability – a characteristic of biological membranes which allows them to separate substances of distinct chemical nature. In other words, they can be permeable to certain substances but not to others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Membrane vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of biochemical signal molecules from synthesis-and-packaging locations in the Golgi body to specific release locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell. It takes place in the form of Golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles, termed membrane vesicles (MVs).
In this process, the packed cellular products are released or secreted outside the cell, across its plasma membrane | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mesosomes or chondrioids are folded invaginations in the plasma membrane of bacteria that are produced by the chemical fixation techniques used to prepare samples for electron microscopy. Although several functions were proposed for these structures in the 1960s, they were recognized as artifacts by the late 1970s and are no longer considered to be part of the normal structure of bacterial cells. These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A micelle () or micella () (plural micelles or micellae, respectively) is an aggregate (or supramolecular assembly) of surfactant amphipathic lipid molecules dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal suspension (also known as associated colloidal system). A typical micelle in water forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic single-tail regions in the micelle centre.
This phase is caused by the packing behavior of single-tail lipids in a bilayer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment. It concerns the three major domains of life—Eukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteria—as well as viruses. Microorganisms, by their omnipresence, impact the entire biosphere | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cell biology, microsomes are heterogeneous vesicle-like artifacts (~20-200 nm diameter) re-formed from pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when eukaryotic cells are broken-up in the laboratory; microsomes are not present in healthy, living cells. Rough (containing ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes) microsomes are made from the endoplasmic reticulum through cell disruption. These microsomes have an inside that is exactly the same as the endoplasmic reticulum lumen | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) represent a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which is reversibly tethered to mitochondria. These membranes are involved in import of certain lipids from the ER to mitochondria and in regulation of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial function, autophagy and apoptosis. They also play a role in development of neurodegenerative diseases and glucose homeostasis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A model lipid bilayer is any bilayer assembled in vitro, as opposed to the bilayer of natural cell membranes or covering various sub-cellular structures like the nucleus. They are used to study the fundamental properties of biological membranes in a simplified and well-controlled environment, and increasingly in bottom-up synthetic biology for the construction of artificial cells. A model bilayer can be made with either synthetic or natural lipids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. It is mostly of endodermal origin and is continuous with the skin at body openings such as the eyes, eyelids, ears, inside the nose, inside the mouth, lips, the genital areas, the urethral opening and the anus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The mucous membrane of the soft palate is thin, and covered with stratified squamous epithelium on both surfaces, except near the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, where it is columnar and ciliated.
According to Klein, the mucous membrane on the nasal surface of the soft palate in the fetus is covered throughout by columnar ciliated epithelium, which subsequently becomes squamous; some anatomists state that it is covered with columnar ciliated epithelium, except at its free margin, throughout life.
Beneath the mucous membrane on the oral surface of the soft palate is a considerable amount of adenoid tissue | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The muscular layer (muscular coat, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, muscularis externa) is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. The Latin, tunica muscularis, may also be used | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Niosomes are utilized for drug delivery to specific sites to achieve desired therapeutic effects.
Analogous to liposomes, niosomes are composed of non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that include non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol as an excipient, which may enhance drug absorption. Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes, as they both consist of a lipid bilayer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material.
The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A nuclear pore is a channel as part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a large protein complex found in the nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells, enveloping the cell nucleus containing DNA, which facilitates the selective membrane transport of various molecules across the membrane.
The nuclear pore complex predominantly consists of proteins known as nucleoporins, with each NPC comprising at least 456 individual protein molecules, and 34 distinct nucleoporin proteins. About half of the nucleoporins encompass solenoid protein domains, such as alpha solenoids or beta-propeller folds, and occasionally both as separate structural domains | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to move into one solution from another by osmosis. The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution, the more water tends to move into it | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The rock dove, Columbia livia, has a number of special adaptations for regulating water uptake and loss.
Challenges
C. livia pigeons drink directly by water source or indirectly from the food they ingest | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane.
It is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in its pure solvent by osmosis. Potential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from its pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes. Fundamentally, substances follow Fick's first law, and move from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration because this movement increases the entropy of the overall system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer outside the plasma membrane, the rigid cell wall (murein sacculus) characteristic of most bacteria (domain Bacteria). : 66–67 The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is an oligopeptide chain made of three to five amino acids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Perylene or perilene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12, occurring as a brown solid. It or its derivatives may be carcinogenic, and it is considered to be a hazardous pollutant. In cell membrane cytochemistry, perylene is used as a fluorescent lipid probe | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nir1 or Membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 3 (PITPNM3) is a mammalian protein that localizes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) membrane contact sites (MCS) and aids the transfer of phosphatidylinositol between these two membranes, potentially by recruiting additional proteins to the ER-PM MCS.
Classification
Nir1 has been classically categorized as a class IIA phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) that transfers phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA) between membranes. Class IIA PITPs are the multi-domain proteins PITPNM1/Nir2 (Drosophila homolog RdgBaI), PITPNM2/Nir3 (Drosophila homolog RdgBaII) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. The reverse process, deplasmolysis or cytolysis, can occur if the cell is in a hypotonic solution resulting in a lower external osmotic pressure and a net flow of water into the cell. Through observation of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis, it is possible to determine the tonicity of the cell's environment as well as the rate solute molecules cross the cellular membrane | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peptide:N-glycosidase F, commonly referred to as PNGase F, is an amidase of the peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase class. PNGase F works by cleaving between the innermost GlcNAc and asparagine residues of high mannose, hybrid, and complex oligosaccharides from N-linked glycoproteins and glycopeptides. This results in a deaminated protein or peptide and a free glycan | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Podosomes are conical, actin-rich structures found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of animal cells. Their size ranges from approximately 0. 5 µm to 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Porosomes are cup-shaped supramolecular structures in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells where secretory vesicles transiently dock in the process of vesicle fusion and secretion. The transient fusion of secretory vesicle membrane at a porosome, base via SNARE proteins, results in the formation of a fusion pore or continuity for the release of intravesicular contents from the cell. After secretion is complete, the fusion pore temporarily formed at the base of the porosome is sealed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Prenylation (also known as isoprenylation or lipidation) is the addition of hydrophobic molecules to a protein or a biomolecule. It is usually assumed that prenyl groups (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) facilitate attachment to cell membranes, similar to lipid anchors like the GPI anchor, though direct evidence of this has not been observed. Prenyl groups (also called isoprenyl groups, having one hydrogen atom more than isoprene) have been shown to be important for protein–protein binding through specialized prenyl-binding domains | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping stone toward the origin of life. A central question in evolution is how simple protocells first arose and how they could differ in reproductive output, thus enabling the accumulation of novel biological emergences over time, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pseudopeptidoglycan (also known as pseudomurein; PPG hereafter) is a major cell wall component of some Archaea that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles bacterial peptidoglycan in function and physical structure. Pseudopeptidoglycan, in general, is only present in a few methanogenic archaea. The basic components are N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (bacterial peptidoglycan containing N-acetylmuramic acid instead), which are linked by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Q-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit is the one that determines most of the channel's properties.
They are poorly understood, but like R-type calcium channels, they appear to be present in cerebellar granule cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rab GTPases are molecular switches that regulate membrane traffic. They are active in their GTP-bound form and inactive when bound to GDP. The GTPase YPT1, and its mammalian homologue Rab1, regulate membrane-tethering events on three different pathways: autophagy, ER-Golgi, and intra-Golgi traffic | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems. These signals are typically chemical messengers which bind to a receptor and produce physiological responses such as change in the electrical activity of a cell. For example, GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter inhibits electrical activity of neurons by binding to GABAA receptors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting membrane potential. The efflux of potassium (K+) ions results in the falling phase of an action potential | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A relatively static membrane potential which is usually referred to as the ground value for trans-membrane voltage.
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.
Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In a biological membrane, the reversal potential is the membrane potential at which the direction of ionic current reverses. At the reversal potential, there is no net flow of ions from one side of the membrane to the other. For channels that are permeable to only a single type of ions, the reversal potential is identical to the equilibrium potential of the ion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria.
The S-layers of both archaea and bacteria consists of a monomolecular layer composed of only one (or, in a few cases, two) identical proteins or glycoproteins. This structure is built via self-assembly and encloses the whole cell surface | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Semipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SkQ is a class of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, developed by Professor Vladimir Skulachev and his team. In a broad sense, SkQ is a lipophilic cation, linked via saturated hydrocarbon chain to an antioxidant. Due to its lipophilic properties, SkQ can effectively penetrate through various cell membranes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Proteins (SNAP, or Sec17p in yeast) are a family of cytosolic adaptor proteins involved in vesicular fusion at membranes during intracellular transport and exocytosis. SNAPs interact with proteins of the SNARE complex and NSF to play a key role in recycling the components of the fusion complex. SNAPs are involved in the priming of the vesicle fusion complex during assembly, as well as in the disassembly following a vesicle fusion event | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Solute pumping is a form of active transport of a solute through a cell membrane. Solute pumping allows a molecule that cannot regularly cross the lipid bilayer (because of concentration gradient, polarity, or other reasons) to enter the cell by way of a protein channel. Unlike diffusion (a form of passive transport), solute pumping requires energy (provided by ATP) to change the shape of the protein channel to allow the molecule to pass through, which is why it is an active transport mechanism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The subserosa or tela subserosa, is a thin layer of tissue in the walls of various organs. It is a layer of connective tissue (usually of the areolar type) between the muscular layer (muscularis externa) and the serosa (serous membrane).
The subserosa has clinical importance particularly in cancer staging (for example, in staging stomach cancer or uterine cancer) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration.
Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic) is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. These drugs are generally administered by an anaesthetist/anesthesiologist to induce or maintain general anaesthesia to facilitate surgery.
General anaesthetics have been widely used in surgery since 1842 when Crawford Long for the first time administered diethyl ether to a patient and performed a painless operation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A tissue membrane is a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body (for example, skin), the organs (for example, pericardium), internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body (for example, mucosa of stomach), and the lining of the moveable joint cavities. There are two basic types of tissue membranes: connective tissue and epithelial membranes.
Connective tissue membrane
The connective tissue membrane is formed solely from connective tissue | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transepithelial potential difference (TEPD) is the voltage across an epithelium, and is the sum of the membrane potentials for the outer and inner cell membranes.
TEPD in the nose
The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) is usually based on high sweat chloride concentrations, characteristic clinical findings (including sinopulmonary infections), and/or family history. However, a small portion of patients with cystic fibrosis especially those with "mild" mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) ion channel, have near-normal sweat tests | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) are a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous animal cell types. Most of these are grouped into two broad groups: Group 1 includes TRPC ( "C" for canonical), TRPV ("V" for vanilloid), TRPVL ("VL" for vanilloid-like), TRPM ("M" for melastatin), TRPS ("S" for soromelastatin), TRPN ("N" for no mechanoreceptor potential C), and TRPA ("A" for ankyrin). Group 2 consists of TRPP ("P" for polycystic) and TRPML ("ML" for mucolipin) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. It is also called hydrostatic pressure, and is defined as the pressure in a fluid measured at a certain point within itself when at equilibrium. Generally, turgor pressure is caused by the osmotic flow of water and occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The bacterial type IV secretion system, also known as the type IV secretion system or the T4SS, is a secretion protein complex found in gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, and archaea. It is able to transport proteins and DNA across the cell membrane. The type IV secretion system is just one of many bacterial secretion systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis), and the transport of materials within the plasma membrane. Alternatively, they may be prepared artificially, in which case they are called liposomes (not to be confused with lysosomes) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e. g. , muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
WALP peptides are a class of synthesized, membrane-spanning α-helices composed of tryptophan (W), alanine (A), and leucine (L) amino acids. They are designed to study properties of proteins in lipid membranes such as orientation, extent of insertion, and hydrophobic mismatch.
Significance
The transmembrane region of many integral membrane proteins consists of one or more alpha helices | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Zero ionic layer is the main site of interaction in the core SNARE complex. Dipole-dipole interactions take place between 3 glutamine (Q) residues and 1 arginine (R) residue exposed in this layer. Despite that, the majority of the SNARE complex is hydrophobic because of the leucine zipper | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography (NMR crystallography) is a method which utilizes primarily NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of solid materials on the atomic scale. Thus, solid-state NMR spectroscopy would be used primarily, possibly supplemented by quantum chemistry calculations (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An aromatic ring current is an effect observed in aromatic molecules such as benzene and naphthalene. If a magnetic field is directed perpendicular to the plane of the aromatic system, a ring current is induced in the delocalized π electrons of the aromatic ring. This is a direct consequence of Ampère's law; since the electrons involved are free to circulate, rather than being localized in bonds as they would be in most non-aromatic molecules, they respond much more strongly to the magnetic field | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Arterial spin labeling (ASL), also known as arterial spin tagging, is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used to quantify cerebral blood perfusion by labelling blood water as it flows throughout the brain. ASL specifically refers to magnetic labeling of arterial blood below or in the imaging slab, without the need of gadolinium contrast. A number of ASL schemes are possible, the simplest being flow alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) which requires two acquisitions of identical parameters with the exception of the out-of-slice saturation; the difference in the two images is theoretically only from inflowing spins, and may be considered a 'perfusion map' | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The GD Graphics Library is a graphics software library for dynamically manipulating images. It can create GIFs, JPEGs, PNGs, and WBMPs. The images can be composed of lines, arcs, text (using program-selected fonts), other images, and multiple colors, supporting truecolor images, alpha channels, resampling, and many other features | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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