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BioSentinel is a lowcost CubeSat spacecraft on a astrobiology mission that will use budding yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on DNA repair over long time beyond low Earth orbit. Selected in 2013 for a 2022 launch, the spacecraft will operate in the deep space radiation environment throughout its 18-month mission. This will help scientists understand the health threat from cosmic rays and deep space environment on living organisms and reduce the risk associated with long-term human exploration, as NASA plans to send humans farther into space than ever before | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BLESS, also known as breaks labeling, enrichment on streptavidin and next-generation sequencing, is a method used to detect genome-wide double-strand DNA damage. In contrast to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based methods of identifying DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by labeling DNA repair proteins, BLESS utilizes biotinylated DNA linkers to directly label genomic DNA in situ which allows for high-specificity enrichment of samples on streptavidin beads and the subsequent sequencing-based DSB mapping to nucleotide resolution.
Workflow
Biotinylated linker design
The biotinylated linker is designed to form a hairpin structure that specifically labels DSBs and not single-strand DNA breaks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CCDC92, or Limkain beta-2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCDC92 gene. It is likely involved in DNA repair or reduction/oxidation reactions. The gene ubiquitously found in humans and is highly conserved across animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cell cycle regulator of non-homologous end joining is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYREN gene.
It prevents classical non-homologous end joining, a method of repair of double-stranded DNA breaks. This protein is therefore important in regulating DNA repair | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophilic bacterium and one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and therefore is known as a polyextremophile. It has been listed as the world's toughest known bacterium in The Guinness Book Of World Records | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA damage is an alteration in the chemical structure of DNA, such as a break in a strand of DNA, a nucleobase missing from the backbone of DNA, or a chemically changed base such as 8-OHdG. DNA damage can occur naturally or via environmental factors, but is distinctly different from mutation, although both are types of error in DNA. DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, while a mutation is a change in the sequence of base pairs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA end resection, also called 5′–3′ degradation, is a biochemical process where the blunt end of a section of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is modified by cutting away some nucleotides from the 5' end to produce a 3' single-stranded sequence. The presence of a section of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) allows the broken end of the DNA to line up accurately with a matching sequence, so that it can be accurately repaired. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) can occur at any phase of the cell cycle causing DNA end resection and repair activities to take place, but they are also normal intermediates in mitosis recombination | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3. 2. 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage. Mismatch repair is strand-specific. During DNA synthesis the newly synthesised (daughter) strand will commonly include errors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase beta, also known as POLB, is an enzyme present in eukaryotes. In humans, it is encoded by the POLB gene.
Function
In eukaryotic cells, DNA polymerase beta (POLB) performs base excision repair (BER) required for DNA maintenance, replication, recombination, and drug resistance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase delta (DNA Pol δ) is an enzyme complex found in eukaryotes that is involved in DNA replication and repair. The DNA polymerase delta complex consists of 4 subunits: POLD1, POLD2, POLD3, and POLD4. DNA Pol δ is an enzyme used for both leading and lagging strand synthesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase epsilon is a member of the DNA polymerase family of enzymes found in eukaryotes. It is composed of the following four subunits: POLE (central catalytic unit), POLE2 (subunit 2), POLE3 (subunit 3), and POLE4 (subunit 4). Recent evidence suggests that it plays a major role in leading strand DNA synthesis and nucleotide and base excision repair | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase lambda, also known as Pol λ, is an enzyme found in all eukaryotes. In humans, it is encoded by the POLL gene.
Function
Pol λ is a member of the X family of DNA polymerases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase mu is a polymerase enzyme found in eukaryotes. In humans, this protein is encoded by the POLM gene.
Function
Pol μ is a member of the X family of DNA polymerases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA Repair is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers cellular responses to DNA damage. Published monthly since January 2002 by Elsevier as the continuation of Mutation Research/DNA Repair, with Samuel H. Wilson as editor in chief | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA repair protein XRCC4 also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 or XRCC4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC4 gene. In addition to humans, the XRCC4 protein is also expressed in many other metazoans, fungi and in plants. The X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 is one of several core proteins involved in the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway to repair DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A DNA repair-deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to reduced functionality of DNA repair.
DNA repair defects can cause an accelerated aging disease or an increased risk of cancer, or sometimes both.
DNA repair defects and accelerated aging
DNA repair defects are seen in nearly all of the diseases described as accelerated aging disease, in which various tissues, organs or systems of the human body age prematurely | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A double-strand break repair model refers to the various models of pathways that cells undertake to repair double strand-breaks (DSB). DSB repair is an important cellular process, as the accumulation of unrepaired DSB could lead to chromosomal rearrangements, tumorigenesis or even cell death. In human cells, there are two main DSB repair mechanisms: Homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Excision endonuclease, also known as excinuclease or UV-specific endonuclease, is a nuclease (enzyme) which excises a fragment of nucleotides during DNA repair. The excinuclease cuts out a fragment by hydrolyzing two phosphodiester bonds, one on either side of the lesion in the DNA. This process is part of "nucleotide excision repair", a mechanism that can fix specific types of damage to the DNA in the G1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Free radical damage to DNA can occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation or to radiomimetic compounds. Damage to DNA as a result of free radical attack is called indirect DNA damage because the radicals formed can diffuse throughout the body and affect other organs. Malignant melanoma can be caused by indirect DNA damage because it is found in parts of the body not exposed to sunlight | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The G2-M DNA damage checkpoint is an important cell cycle checkpoint in eukaryotic organisms that ensures that cells don't initiate mitosis until damaged or incompletely replicated DNA is sufficiently repaired. Cells with a defective G2-M checkpoint will undergo apoptosis or death after cell division if they enter the M phase before repairing their DNA. The defining biochemical feature of this checkpoint is the activation of M-phase cyclin-CDK complexes, which phosphorylate proteins that promote spindle assembly and bring the cell to metaphase | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
H2A histone family member X (usually abbreviated as H2AX) is a type of histone protein from the H2A family encoded by the H2AFX gene. An important phosphorylated form is γH2AX (S139), which forms when double-strand breaks appear.
In humans and other eukaryotes, the DNA is wrapped around histone octamers, consisting of core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, to form chromatin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Helicase, POLQ-like, also known as helicase Q, hel308 and Holliday junction migration protein, encoded by the gene HELQ1, is a DNA helicase found in humans, archea and many other organisms.
Gene
The gene encoding this enzyme, HELQ1, is located on chromosome 4q21 in humans. It is associated with the polymerase pathway | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which genetic information is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of double-stranded or single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA as in cellular organisms but may be also RNA in viruses).
Homologous recombination is widely used by cells to accurately repair harmful DNA breaks that occur on both strands of DNA, known as double-strand breaks (DSB), in a process called homologous recombinational repair (HRR). Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences during meiosis, the process by which eukaryotes make gamete cells, like sperm and egg cells in animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Homology-directed repair (HDR) is a mechanism in cells to repair double-strand DNA lesions. The most common form of HDR is homologous recombination. The HDR mechanism can only be used by the cell when there is a homologous piece of DNA present in the nucleus, mostly in G2 and S phase of the cell cycle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term host cell reactivation or HCR was first used to describe the survival of UV-irradiated bacteriophages, that were transfected to UV-pretreated cells. This phenomenon was first thought to be the result of homologous recombination between both bacteria and phage, but later recognized as enzymatic repair. Modifications of the assay were later developed, using transient expression plasmid DNA vectors on immortalized fibroblasts, and lately on human lymphocytes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HUMHOT is a database of human meiotic recombination hot spot DNA sequences.
See also
meiotic recombination
References
External links
http://www. jncasr | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Illegitimate recombination, or nonhomologous recombination, is the process by which two unrelated double stranded segments of DNA are joined. This insertion of genetic material which is not meant to be adjacent tends to lead to genes being broken causing the protein which they encode to not be properly expressed. One of the primary pathways by which this will occur is the repair mechanism known as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ku is a dimeric protein complex that binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair. Ku is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans. The ancestral bacterial Ku is a homodimer (two copies of the same protein bound to each other) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
LigD is a multifunctional ligase/polymerase/nuclease (3'-phosphoesterase) found in bacterial non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair systems. It is much more error-prone than the more complex eukaryotic system of NHEJ, which uses multiple enzymes to fill its role. The polymerase preferentially use rNTPs (RNA nucleotides), possibly advantageous in dormant cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The meiotic recombination checkpoint monitors meiotic recombination during meiosis, and blocks the entry into metaphase I if recombination is not efficiently processed.
Generally speaking, the cell cycle regulation of meiosis is similar to that of mitosis. As in the mitotic cycle, these transitions are regulated by combinations of different gene regulatory factors, the cyclin-Cdk complex and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), also known as alternative nonhomologous end-joining (Alt-NHEJ) is one of the pathways for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA. As reviewed by McVey and Lee, the foremost distinguishing property of MMEJ is the use of microhomologous sequences during the alignment of broken ends before joining, thereby resulting in deletions flanking the original break. MMEJ is frequently associated with chromosome abnormalities such as deletions, translocations, inversions and other complex rearrangements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The microprocessor complex subunit DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DGCR8 gene. In other animals, particularly the common model organisms Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, the protein is known as Pasha (partner of Drosha). It is a required component of the RNA interference pathway | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. NHEJ is referred to as "non-homologous" because the break ends are directly ligated without the need for a homologous template, in contrast to homology directed repair (HDR), which requires a homologous sequence to guide repair. NHEJ is active in both non-dividing and proliferating cells, while HDR is not readily accessible in non-dividing cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nucleotide excision repair is a DNA repair mechanism. DNA damage occurs constantly because of chemicals (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (also known as AGT, MGMT or AGAT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene.
O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase is crucial for genome stability. It repairs the naturally occurring mutagenic DNA lesion O6-methylguanine back to guanine and prevents mismatch and errors during DNA replication and transcription | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The origin and function of meiosis are currently not well understood scientifically, and would provide fundamental insight into the evolution of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. There is no current consensus among biologists on the questions of how sex in eukaryotes arose in evolution, what basic function sexual reproduction serves, and why it is maintained, given the basic two-fold cost of sex. It is clear that it evolved over 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
8-Oxoguanine (8-hydroxyguanine, 8-oxo-Gua, or OH8Gua) is one of the most common DNA lesions resulting from reactive oxygen species modifying guanine, and can result in a mismatched pairing with adenine resulting in G to T and C to A substitutions in the genome. In humans, it is primarily repaired by DNA glycosylase OGG1. It can be caused by ionizing radiation, in connection with oxidative metabolism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PcrA, standing for plasmid copy reduced is a helicase that was originally discovered in a screen for chromosomally encoded genes that are affected in plasmid rolling circle replication in the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.
Biological functions
Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that the helicase is essential for plasmid rolling-circle replication and repair of DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. It catalyzes the unwinding of double-stranded plasmid DNA that has been nicked at the replication origin by the replication initiation protein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in a number of cellular processes such as DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death.
Members of PARP family
The PARP family comprises 17 members (10 putative). They vary greatly in structure and function within the cell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Postreplication repair is the repair of damage to the DNA that takes place after replication.
Some example genes in humans include:
BRCA2 and BRCA1
BLM
NBS1Accurate and efficient DNA replication is crucial for the health and survival of all living organisms. Under optimal conditions, the replicative DNA polymerases ε, δ, and α can work in concert to ensure that the genome is replicated efficiently with high accuracy in every cell cycle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication. PCNA is a homotrimer and achieves its processivity by encircling the DNA, where it acts as a scaffold to recruit proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and epigenetics. Many proteins interact with PCNA via the two known PCNA-interacting motifs PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) box and AlkB homologue 2 PCNA interacting motif (APIM) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error-correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication, immune system specificity, enzyme-substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity. The proofreading mechanisms of Hopfield and Ninio are non-equilibrium active processes that consume ATP to enhance specificity of various biochemical reactions.
In bacteria, all three DNA polymerases (I, II and III) have the ability to proofread, using 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 is a protein encoded by the gene RAD51. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family which assists in repair of DNA double strand breaks. RAD51 family members are homologous to the bacterial RecA, Archaeal RadA and yeast Rad51 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA. A RecA structural and functional homolog has been found in every species in which one has been seriously sought and serves as an archetype for this class of homologous DNA repair proteins. The homologous protein is called RAD51 in eukaryotes and RadA in archaea | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The RecF pathway, also called the RecFOR pathway, is a pathway of homologous recombination that repairs DNA in bacteria. It repairs breaks that occur on only one of DNA's two strands, known as single-strand gaps. The RecF pathway can also repair double-strand breaks in DNA when the RecBCD pathway, another pathway of homologous recombination in bacteria, is inactivated by mutations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sgs1, also known as slow growth suppressor 1, is a DNA helicase protein found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a homolog of the bacterial RecQ helicase. Like the other members of the RecQ helicase family, Sgs1 is important for DNA repair | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SLX4 (also known as BTBD12 and FANCP) is a protein involved in DNA repair, where it has important roles in the final steps of homologous recombination. Mutations in the gene are associated with the disease Fanconi anemia. The version of SLX4 present in humans and other mammals acts as a sort of scaffold upon which other proteins form several different multiprotein complexes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SOS box is the region in the promoter of various genes to which the LexA repressor binds to repress the transcription of SOS-induced proteins. This occurs in the absence of DNA damage. In the presence of DNA damage the binding of LexA is inactivated by the RecA activator | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SOS response is a global response to DNA damage in which the cell cycle is arrested and DNA repair and mutagenesis is induced. The system involves the RecA protein (Rad51 in eukaryotes). The RecA protein, stimulated by single-stranded DNA, is involved in the inactivation of the repressor (LexA) of SOS response genes thereby inducing the response | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, the XPG-I is a protein domain found on Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group G (XPG) protein. The XPG protein is an endonuclease which repairs DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light (UV light). The XPG protein repairs DNA by a process called, Nucleotide excision repair | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rolling hairpin replication (RHR) is a unidirectional, strand displacement form of DNA replication used by parvoviruses, a group of viruses that constitute the family Parvoviridae. Parvoviruses have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes in which the coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each end that form hairpin loops. During RHR, these hairpin loops repeatedly unfold and refold to change the direction of DNA replication so that replication progresses in a continuous manner back and forth across the genome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cdc6, or cell division cycle 6, is a protein in eukaryotic cells. It is mainly studied in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P09119). It is an essential regulator of DNA replication and plays important roles in the activation and maintenance of the checkpoint mechanisms in the cell cycle that coordinate S phase and mitosis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The centromere links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division. This constricted region of chromosome connects the sister chromatids, creating a short arm (p) and a long arm (q) on the chromatids. During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere via the kinetochore | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1) is a protein complex — including Chaf1a (p150), Chaf1b (p60), and p48 subunits in humans, or Cac1, Cac2, and Cac3, respectively, in yeast— that assembles histone tetramers onto replicating DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle.
Function
CAF-1 functions as a histone chaperone that mediates the first step in nucleosome formation by tetramerizing and depositing newly synthesized histone H3/H4 onto DNA rapidly behind replication forks. H3 and H4 are synthesized in the cytoplasm | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chromosome segregation is the process in eukaryotes by which two sister chromatids formed as a consequence of DNA replication, or paired homologous chromosomes, separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus. This segregation process occurs during both mitosis and meiosis. Chromosome segregation also occurs in prokaryotes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6 (i. e. CMTM6), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 6 (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 7 (i. e. CMTM7), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 7 (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 8 (i. e. CMTM8), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 8 (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM), previously termed the chemokine-like factor superfamily (CKLFSF), consists of 9 proteins, some of which have various isoforms due to alternative splicing of their respective genes. These proteins along with their isoforms are:
Chemokine-like factor (CKLF), the founding member of this family, has 4 known isoforms, CKLF1 to CKLF4.
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 1 (CMTM1) has 23 known isoforms, CMTM1-v1 to CMTM1-v23 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 3 (i. e. CMTM3), also termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 3 (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cell biology, eukaryotes possess a regulatory system that ensures that DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle.
A key feature of the DNA replication mechanism in eukaryotes is that it is designed to replicate relatively large genomes rapidly and with high fidelity. Replication is initiated at multiple origins of replication on multiple chromosomes simultaneously so that the duration of S phase is not limited by the total amount of DNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A DNA clamp, also known as a sliding clamp, is a protein complex that serves as a processivity-promoting factor in DNA replication. As a critical component of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, the clamp protein binds DNA polymerase and prevents this enzyme from dissociating from the template DNA strand. The clamp-polymerase protein–protein interactions are stronger and more specific than the direct interactions between the polymerase and the template DNA strand; because one of the rate-limiting steps in the DNA synthesis reaction is the association of the polymerase with the DNA template, the presence of the sliding clamp dramatically increases the number of nucleotides that the polymerase can add to the growing strand per association event | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms (such as DNA ligase IV) may specifically repair double-strand breaks (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex. During this process, DNA polymerase "reads" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase alpha also known as Pol α is an enzyme complex found in eukaryotes that is involved in initiation of DNA replication. The DNA polymerase alpha complex consists of 4 subunits: POLA1, POLA2, PRIM1, and PRIM2. Pol α has limited processivity and lacks 3′ exonuclease activity for proofreading errors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase eta (Pol η), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POLH gene. DNA polymerase eta is a eukaryotic DNA polymerase involved in the DNA repair by translesion synthesis. The gene encoding DNA polymerase eta is POLH, also known as XPV, because loss of this gene results in the disease xeroderma pigmentosum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase I (or Pol I) is an enzyme that participates in the process of prokaryotic DNA replication. Discovered by Arthur Kornberg in 1956, it was the first known DNA polymerase (and the first known of any kind of polymerase). It was initially characterized in E | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase II (also known as DNA Pol II or Pol II) is a prokaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase encoded by the PolB gene. DNA Polymerase II is an 89. 9-kDa protein and is a member of the B family of DNA polymerases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the primary enzyme complex involved in prokaryotic DNA replication. It was discovered by Thomas Kornberg (son of Arthur Kornberg) and Malcolm Gefter in 1970. The complex has high processivity (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The τ and γ subunits are part of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of prokaryotes. The protein family is characterized by the well-conserved first N-terminal domain, approx. 365 amino acids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA polymerase IV is a prokaryotic polymerase that is involved in mutagenesis and is encoded by the dinB gene. It exhibits no 3′→5′ exonuclease (proofreading) activity and hence is error prone. In E | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA Polymerase V (Pol V) is a polymerase enzyme involved in DNA repair mechanisms in bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. It is composed of a UmuD' homodimer and a UmuC monomer, forming the UmuD'2C protein complex. It is part of the Y-family of DNA Polymerases, which are capable of performing DNA translesion synthesis (TLS) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part of biological inheritance. This is essential for cell division during growth and repair of damaged tissues, while it also ensures that each of the new cells receives its own copy of the DNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CDT1 (Chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDT1 gene. It is a licensing factor that functions to limit DNA from replicating more than once per cell cycle.
Role in pre-replication complexes
The protein encoded by this gene is a key licensing factor in the assembly of pre-replication complexes (pre-RC), which occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bounty Hunter: Shootout at the Saloon is a combat picture book game published by Nova Game Designs in 1982 that simulates an Old West shootout between a lawman and an outlaw. The game uses two picture books to delineate combat, similar to the air combat game Ace of Aces. Shootout at the Saloon was supposed to be the first in a series of Bounty Hunter games that would encompass an entire town, but critical reception and sales were tepid, and no further games in the line were published | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
To Be or Not to Be: A Chooseable-Path Adventure, also referred to as To Be or Not to Be: That Is the Adventure, is a 2013 novel by Ryan North, retelling the story of Shakespeare's Hamlet in a choose your own adventure format and mostly contemporary language. The initial run of the book was crowd funded through Kickstarter and published by charitable "uncorporation" Breadpig. It was eventually followed by two sequels, also by North, Romeo and/or Juliet and William Shakespeare Punches a Friggin' Shark and/or Other Stories | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Twistaplot is a series of children's gamebooks that were published by Scholastic from 1982 to 1985. Books #1, #4, #9, and #14 were written by R. L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Virtual Reality was the name of a series of six gamebooks released in 1993 and 1994. Four of the books were written by Dave Morris, and two by Mark Smith.
Game system
The game system used in the series is unusual for gamebooks, in that there is no use of dice or other random elements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Way of the Tiger is a series of adventure gamebooks by Mark Smith and Jamie Thomson, originally published by Knight Books (an imprint of Hodder & Stoughton) from 1985. They are set on the fantasy world of Orb. The reader takes the part of a young monk/ninja, named Avenger, initially on a quest to avenge his foster father's murder and recover stolen scrolls | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Zork books were a series of four books, written by S. Eric Meretzky, which took place in the fictional universe of Zork. The books were published by Tor Books | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A grue is a fictional, predatory creature that dwells in the dark. The term was first used to identify a human-bat hybrid predator in the Dying Earth series. The term was then borrowed to introduce a similar monster in Zork, a 1977 interactive fiction computer game published by Infocom | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
InvisiClues were hint booklets sold by Infocom to help players solve puzzles in their interactive fiction computer games. Before Infocom's games exploded in popularity, players could request hints by mail and receive a type-written sheet in response. When the number of requests proved unmanageable, the Zork Users Group began a pay-per-hint telephone system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Z-machine is a virtual machine that was developed by Joel Berez and Marc Blank in 1979 and used by Infocom for its text adventure games. Infocom compiled game code to files containing Z-machine instructions (called story files or Z-code files) and could therefore port its text adventures to a new platform simply by writing a Z-machine implementation for that platform. With the large number of incompatible home computer systems in use at the time, this was an important advantage over using native code or developing a compiler for each system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BattleTech: The Crescent Hawks' Revenge is a real-time tactics game based in the FASA BattleTech universe. It is a direct sequel to BattleTech: The Crescent Hawk's Inception, though the gameplay is considerably different from that of the first title, which was primarily an adventure/role-playing game. Developed by Westwood Associates for Mediagenic, and produced by Scott Berfield, the game serves as a prototype for what later became Dune II, the first real-time strategy title on the PC | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Lurking Horror is an interactive fiction game released by Infocom in 1987. The game was written by Dave Lebling and inspired by the horror fiction writings of H. P | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Return to Zork is a 1993 graphic adventure game in the Zork series. It was developed by Activision and was the final Zork game to be published under the Infocom label.
Gameplay
Unlike the previous games in the Zork franchise, which were text adventures, Return to Zork takes place from a first-person perspective and makes use of video-captured actors as well as detailed graphics and a musical score; a point-and-click interface replaced the text parser for the first time in a Zork game | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fergus McNeill is a Scottish author and award-winning interactive entertainment developer. He has designed and created games since the early 1980s, working with companies such as CRL, Silversoft, Macmillan Group, Activision, SCi Eidos and EA. He was a founder member of TIGA and is a member of the Crime Writers' Association and BAFTA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cyberdillo is a first-person shooter developed by Pixel Technologies and published by Panasonic in 1996. It was released for the 3DO and MS-DOS.
The game received mixed reviews | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lost Eden is an adventure game developed by Cryo and published by Virgin Interactive in March 1995 for MS-DOS, Macintosh, 3DO, and CD-i. It is set in a world where humans and dinosaurs coexist.
Plot
Adam, prince of Mo, has grown up in an isolated world of humans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Night Trap is a 1992 interactive movie developed by Digital Pictures and published by Sega for the Sega CD. Presented primarily through full-motion video (FMV), Night Trap tasks the player to observe teenage girls having a sleepover visiting a house which, unbeknownst to them, is infested with vampires. The player watches live surveillance footage and triggers traps to capture anyone endangering the girls | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Off-World Interceptor is a third-person vehicular car combat game, released for the 3DO. An alternate version of the game was later released for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation consoles, named Off-World Interceptor Extreme. The two versions of the game have identical core gameplay elements, though the Extreme version is tweaked to feel more like the arcade mode in the original Off-World Interceptor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Panzer General is a 1994 computer wargame developed and published by Strategic Simulations Inc. (SSI). It simulates conflict during World War II | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Perfect General is a computer wargame published in 1991 by Quantum Quality Productions.
Publication
The game was designed by Peter Zaccagnino and published in 1991 for the Amiga and DOS. A sequel, The Perfect General II, was released in 1994 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Policenauts is a graphic adventure game developed and published by Konami. It was written and directed by Hideo Kojima, and originally released for the PC-9821 in 1994. A hard science fiction story, Policenauts is set in the mid 21st century and follows Jonathan Ingram, an astronaut recently recovered floating in space in cryosleep after an accident at a space colony sent him drifting into space for 24 years | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Primal Rage is a fighting game developed and is released by the group of Atari Games to an arcades in the year 1994. The game takes place on a post-apocalyptic version of Earth called "Urth". Players control one of seven large beasts that battle each other to determine the planet's fate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The San Diego Zoo Presents: The Animals (Also known as "The Animals") is an educational game developed by Software Toolworks and Arnowitz Studios and published by Software Toolworks in 1992 for Windows. Arnowitz Studios developed the multimedia assets and Software Toolworks did the software development. A release for 3DO was planned for release in November 1993 but was ultimately launched in 1994 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Supreme Warrior is a full-motion video (FMV) beat 'em up game developed by Digital Pictures. It was released for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer and Sega CD in November 1994 in North America and in early 1995 in Europe, with subsequent releases in 1995 for the 32X, Macintosh, and Windows. The game is themed as a kung fu film where the player has to fight off opponents to protect half of a magical mask | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neurophysins are carrier proteins which transport the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, respectively. Inside the neurosecretory granules, the analogous neurophysin I and II form stabilizing complexes via covalent interactions. Stabilizing neurophysin-hormone complexes that are formed within neurosecretory granules located in the posterior pituitary gland aid in intra-axonal transport | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neutral fats, also known as true fats, are simple lipids that are produced by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol like glycerol. Many types of neutral fats are possible both because of the number and variety of fatty acids that could form part of it and because of the different bonding locations for the fatty acids. An example is a monoglyceride, which has one fatty acid combined with glycerol, a diglyceride, which has two fatty acids combined with glycerol, or a triglyceride, which has three fatty acids combined with glycerol | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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