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The Bacteroid-trp RNA motif is a conserved RNA element detected by bioinformatics. It is found in the phylum Bacteroidota in the apparent 5' untranslated regions of genes that encode enzymes used in the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. A short open reading frame is found within the motif that encodes at least two tryptophan codons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Bacteroidales-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics. It has been identified only in bacteria within the order (biology) Bacteroidales. Its presumed length is marked by a promoter on one end that conforms to an alternate consensus sequence that is common in the phylum Bacteroidota, and its 3′ end is indicated by predicted transcription terminators | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The bag-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is a cis-acting element located in the 5 ' untranslated region of the BAG-1 protein mRNA. Its effects apoptosis through IRES mediated translation of the BAG-1 protein. When expressed, the BAG-1 protein is known to enhance the anti-apoptotic properties of the Bcl-2 protein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Beta-globin co-transcriptional cleavage ribozyme (CotC ribozyme) was proposed to be an RNA enzyme known as a ribozyme.
Transcription termination of RNA polymerase II transcripts is proposed to occur by a two-stage process. The first stage involves pre-termination cleavage (PTC) of the nascent transcript downstream of the poly(A) site | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The C0343 RNA is a bacterial non-coding RNA of 74 nucleotides in length that is found between the ydaN and dbpA genes in the genomes of Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella typhimurium. This ncRNA was originally identified in E. coli using high-density oligonucleotide probe arrays (microarray) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The CAG promoter is a strong synthetic promoter frequently used to drive high levels of gene expression in mammalian expression vectors. CAG promoter was constructed in the lab of Dr Jun-ichi Miyazaki from the following sequences:
(C) the cytomegalovirus (CMV) early enhancer element,
(A) the promoter, the first exon and the first intron of chicken beta-actin gene,
(G) the splice acceptor of the rabbit beta-globin geneThe resulting synthetic element was used in the pCAGGS expression vector. The initiation codon located at the proximal region of the second exon was disrupted by digesting with NcoI restriction enzyme and replacing the site with a HindIII linker | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The carA non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA motif proposed as a Strong Riboswitch Candidate (SRC). CarA ncRNA has been recognized by a comparative sequence analysis in GC-rich intergenic regions (IGR) of bacteria, using a pipeline call Discovery of Intergenic Motifs PipeLine (DIMPL). CarA ncRNA was located upstream of carA gene which codes for the small subunit of carbamoyl phosphate synthase, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Chloroflexi-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure detected by bioinformatics within the species Chloroflexus aggregans. C. aggregans has three predicted Chloroflexi-1 RNAs, which are located nearby to one another | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) method is a technique in molecular biology for the analysis of genetic markers. It is an extension to the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to more quickly analyse the results.
Like RFLP, CAPS works on the principle that genetic differences between individuals can create or abolish restriction endonuclease restriction sites, and that these differences can be detected in the resulting DNA fragment length after digestion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot is an RNA structure found in the coronavirus genome. Coronaviruses contain 30 kb single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes. The 3′ UTR region of these coronavirus genomes contains a conserved ~55 nucleotide pseudoknot structure which is necessary for viral genome replication | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element is a conserved stem-loop of RNA found in coronaviruses that can promote ribosomal frameshifting. Such RNA molecules interact with a downstream region to form a pseudoknot structure; the region varies according to the virus but pseudoknot formation is known to stimulate frameshifting. In the classical situation, a sequence 32 nucleotides downstream of the stem is complementary to part of the loop | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Coronavirus packaging signal is a conserved cis-regulatory element found in Betacoronavirus (part of the Coronavirus subfamily of viruses). It has an important role in regulating the packaging of the viral genome into the capsid. As part of the viral life cycle, within the infected cell, the viral genome becomes associated with viral proteins and assembles into new infective progeny viruses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Critical Assessment of PRediction of Interactions (CAPRI) is a community-wide experiment in modelling the molecular structure of protein complexes, otherwise known as protein–protein docking.
The CAPRI is an ongoing series of events in which researchers throughout the community attempt to dock the same proteins, as provided by the assessors. Rounds take place about every six months | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The CsrB RNA is a non-coding RNA that binds to approximately 9 to 10 dimers of the CsrA protein. The CsrB RNAs contain a conserved motif CAGGXXG that is found in up to 18 copies and has been suggested to bind CsrA. The Csr regulatory system has a strong negative regulatory effect on glycogen biosynthesis, glyconeogenesis and glycogen catabolism and a positive regulatory effect on glycolysis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology ctRNA (counter-transcribed RNA) is a plasmid encoded noncoding RNA that binds to the mRNA of repB and causes translational inhibition.
ctRNA is encoded by plasmids and functions in rolling circle replication to maintain a low copy number. In Corynebacterium glutamicum, it achieves this by antisense pairing with the mRNA of RepB, a replication initiation protein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Cyano-S1 RNA motif (originally named the Cyano-30S motif) is a conserved RNA structure present in some species of Cyanobacteria. Cyano-S1 RNAs are consistently found upstream of genes encoding ribosomal protein S1, a subunit of the ribosome. Therefore, they are presumed to be ribosomal protein leaders, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The first cyanobacterial RNA thermometer (RNAT) Hsp17 was found in the 5'UTR of Synechocystis heat shock hsp17 mRNA. Further study demonstrated that cyanobacteria commonly use RNATs to control the translation of their heat shock genes. HspA is a homolog of Hsp17 in thermophilic Thermosynechococcus elongatus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches are a class of riboswitch that specifically bind cyclic di-GMP, which is a second messenger that is used in a variety of microbial processes including virulence, motility and biofilm formation. Cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches were originally identified by bioinformatics as a conserved RNA-like structure called the "GEMM motif". These riboswitches are present in a wide variety of bacteria, and are most common in Clostridia and certain varieties of Pseudomonadota | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches (also c-di-GMP-II riboswitches) form a class of riboswitches that specifically bind cyclic di-GMP, a second messenger used in multiple bacterial processes such as virulence, motility and biofilm formation. Cyclic di-GMP II riboswitches are structurally unrelated to cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches, though they have the same function.
Cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches were discovered by bioinformatics, and are common in species within the class Clostridia and the genus Deinococcus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DicF RNA is a non-coding RNA that is an antisense inhibitor of cell division gene ftsZ. DicF is bound by the Hfq protein which enhances its interaction with its targets. Pathogenic E | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The class I RNA is a non-coding RNA. This family was identified in Shotgun sequencing approach of full-length cDNA libraries from small RNAs from Dictyostelium discoideum. The function of this RNA is unknown, but it bears some resemblance to riboswitches found primarily in bacteria | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element is a RNA element found in the mRNA of the dnaX gene in E. coli. The dnaX gene has two encoded products, tau and gamma, which are produced in a 1:1 ratio | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The DUF1646 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. One of the two DUF1646 RNAs in Enterococcus faecalis was independently detected by term-seq. Data from both discoveries suggest that DUF1646 RNAs are cis-regulatory RNAss, and that at least some DUF1646 RNAs use Rho-independent transcription terminators as their mechanism to regulate gene expression | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An eL15 ribosomal protein leader is a ribosomal protein leader involved in ribosome biogenesis. It is used as an autoregulatory mechanism to control the concentration of the ribosomal protein eL15, which is used in archaea and eukaryotes. Known Examples were predicted in Euryarchaeota with bioinformatic approaches | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ENA/VASP homology proteins or EVH proteins are a family of closely related proteins involved in cell motility in vertebrate and invertebrate animals. EVH proteins are modular proteins that are involved in actin polymerization, as well as interactions with other proteins. Within the cell, Ena/VASP proteins are found at the leading edge of Lamellipodia and at the tips of filopodia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The adenylate energy charge is an index used to measure the energy status of biological cells.
ATP or Mg-ATP is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in the cell : it is used for biosynthetic pathways, maintenance of transmembrane gradients, movement, cell division, etc. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biochemistry, enzymatic hydrolysis is a process in which enzymes facilitate the cleavage of bonds in molecules with the addition of the elements of water (i. e. hydrolysis) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The FIE3 (ftz instability element 3′) element is an RNA element found in the 3′ UTR of the fushi tarazu mRNA.
The fushi tarazu gene is essential for the establishment of the Drosophila embryonic body plan. When first expressed in early embryogenesis, fushi tarazu mRNA is uniformly distributed over most of the embryo | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Flavivirus 5' UTR are untranslated regions in the genome of viruses in the genus Flavivirus.
Background
The Flavivirus positive-oriented, single-stranded RNA genome has a length of 10,000 - 11,000 bases. The genus includes human pathogens like Zika virus, West-Nile virus, Dengue virus, Yellow Fever virus and other | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Flavivirus capsid hairpin cHP is a conserved RNA hairpin structure identified within the capsid coding region of several flavivirus genomes. These positive strand RNA genomes are translated as a single polypeptide and subsequently cleaved into constituent proteins, the first of which is the capsid protein. The cHP hairpin is located within the capsid coding region between two AUG start codons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Several small RNAs have been identified in Francisella tularensis, pathogenic bacterium that causes the disease tularaemia. Very little is known about Francisella's regulatory networks that allow this bacterium to survive in many environments.
Ftr A and Ftr B (Francisella tularensis sRNA A and B) were the first sRNAs identified in F | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The G-CSF factor stem-loop destabilising element (SLDE) is an RNA element secreted by fibroblasts and endothelial cells in response to the inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and by activated macrophages. The synthesis of G-CSF is regulated both transcriptionally and through control of mRNA stability. In unstimulated cells G-CSF mRNA is unstable but becomes stabilised in response to IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor alpha, and also in the case of monocytes and macrophages, in response to lipopolysaccharide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The gamma interferon inhibitor of translation element or GAIT element is a cis-acting RNA element located in the 3'-UTR of the ceruloplasmin (Cp) mRNA.
The GAIT element forms a stem-loop secondary structure. The GAIT element is involved in selective translational silencing of the Cp transcript within monocytic cells, but not hepatic cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The gamma-150 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that is found in bacteria within the order Pseudomonadales. Because gamma-150 RNAs are not consistently in 5' UTRs, the gamma-150 motif is presumed to correspond to a non-coding RNA.
Experiments conducted on RNA transcripts in Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 revealed that two gamma-150 RNAs in that organism are transcribed as separate RNA molecules | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Growth/differentiation factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF5 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is closely related to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
K. C. Munchkin!, released in Europe as Munchkin, is a maze game for the Magnavox Odyssey 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mainframe computers are computers used primarily by businesses and academic institutions for large-scale processes. Before personal computers, first termed microcomputers, became widely available to the general public in the 1970s, the computing industry was composed of mainframe computers and the relatively smaller and cheaper minicomputer variant. During the mid to late 1960s, many early video games were programmed on these computers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Colossal Cave Adventure (also known as Adventure or ADVENT) is a text-based adventure game, released in 1976 by developer Will Crowther for the PDP-10 mainframe computer. It was expanded upon in 1977 by Don Woods. In the game, the player explores a cave system rumored to be filled with treasure and gold | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DECWAR is a multiplayer computer game first written in 1978 at the University of Texas at Austin for the PDP-10. It was developed from a lesser-known two-player version, WAR, adding multi-terminal support for between one and ten players. WAR and DECWAR are essentially multiplayer versions of the classic Star Trek game, but with added strategic elements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Haunt was a straightforward but engagingly irreverent text-based mainframe computer game. It was created in OPS4 language in 1979 by John E. Laird | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Online games are video games played over a computer network. The evolution of these games parallels the evolution of computers and computer networking, with new technologies improving the essential functionality needed for playing video games on a remote server. Many video games have an online component, allowing players to play against or cooperatively with players across a network around the world | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mission: Thunderbolt is a roguelike computer game developed in 1986 commercially released in 1992. Developed by Dave Scheifler for Digital Equipment Corporation mainframe computers, it was later released as Doomsday 2000 on Mac OS and Windows.
Gameplay
Players control a character in 16 randomly generated levels from a top-down view | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Multi-User Dungeon, or MUD (referred to as MUD1, to distinguish it from its successor, MUD2, and the MUD genre in general), is the first MUD.
History
MUD was created in 1978 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex on a DEC PDP-10. Trubshaw named the game Multi-User Dungeon, in tribute to the Dungeon variant of Zork, which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MUD2 is the successor of MUD1, Richard Bartle's pioneering Multi-User Dungeon. Rather than a sequel, it is the result of over 20 years of continuous development, and is still largely based on the game's original code.
The game is nominally a roleplaying game, with a very strict set of rules, character classes and levels | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dogfight is a demonstration program initially written by Gary Tarolli (later founder of 3dfx) at Silicon Graphics, Inc in the summer of 1983. It represents landmarks in two key areas of Internet development: games and multicasting, and notable advancement in creating rendered virtual environments.
Overview
Dogfight might more properly be referred to as three programs, flight, dog, and shadow | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Activision Decathlon is a sports game written by David Crane for the Atari 2600 and published by Activision in 1983. It was ported to the Atari 8-bit family, Atari 5200, Commodore 64, ColecoVision, and MSX. Up to four players compete in the ten different events of a real-life decathlon, either in sequence or individually | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ballblazer is a futuristic sports game created by Lucasfilm Games and published in 1985 by Epyx. Along with Rescue on Fractalus!, it was one of the initial pair of releases from Lucasfilm Games, Ballblazer was developed and first published for the Atari 8-bit family. The principal creator and programmer was David Levine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Starships Unlimited is a 4X real-time strategy game series. Unlike other 4X games, Starships Unlimited puts greater emphasis on starships than on colonies. The series was developed by Andrew Ewanchyna of ApeZone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tigers on the Prowl 2 is computer wargame released in 1996 by HPS Simulations. It is the sequel to Tigers on the Prowl.
Gameplay
Tigers on the Prowl 2 is a World War II tactical wargame | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tunnels of Armageddon is a computer game involving racing and shooting while avoiding obstacles.
Summary
The game features pseudo-3D graphics. Gameplay involves piloting a futuristic spacecraft through a series of tunnels to a destination within a certain time limit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
WorldGaming Network (WGN), formerly Virgin Gaming, is an online video gaming platform that hosts head-to-head matches, tournaments and ladders for consoles and PC gamers. WorldGaming has had over 3 million gamers register for its platform worldwide which makes it one of the most robust and dynamic global eSports communities. There have been over 6 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The DocBook XSL stylesheets are a set of XSLT stylesheets for the XML-based DocBook language.
Purpose
DocBook is a semantic markup language. That is, it specifies the meaning of the elements in a document, not how they are intended to be presented to the end user | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the meaning and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The alt attribute is the HTML attribute used in HTML and XHTML documents to specify alternative text (alt text) that is to be displayed in place of an element that cannot be rendered. The alt attribute is used for short descriptions, with longer descriptions using the longdesc attribute. The standards organization for the World Wide Web, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), recommends that every image displayed through HTML have an alt attribute, though the alt attribute does not need to contain text | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bootstrap is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive, mobile-first front-end web development. It contains HTML, CSS and (optionally) JavaScript-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation, and other interface components.
As of May 2023, Bootstrap is the 17th most starred project (4th most starred library) on GitHub, with over 164,000 stars | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A canonical link element is an HTML element that helps webmasters prevent duplicate content issues in search engine optimization by specifying the "canonical" or "preferred" version of a web page. It is described in RFC 6596, which went live in April 2012.
Purpose
A major problem for search engines is to determine the original source for documents that are available on multiple URLs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CE-HTML is an XHTML-based standard for designing webpages with remote user interfaces for consumer electronic devices on Universal Plug and Play networks. The standard is intended for defining user interfaces that can gracefully scale on a variety of screen sizes and geometries, including those of mobile devices to high definition television sets. CE-HTML is part of the CEA-2014 standard (also referred to as "Web4CE" which is short for Web for Consumer Electronics), defined within the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cellpadding (along with cellspacing) is a term used in the computer language HTML which stands for Hypertext Markup Language. When used in conjunction with the table element, it specifies the amount of space between the border of a table cell and its contents.
Cellpadding is an attribute of an individual cell in a table, so each cell in a table can have its own cellpadding value | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
While Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) has been in use since 1991, HTML 4. 0 from December 1997 was the first standardized version where international characters were given reasonably complete treatment. When an HTML document includes special characters outside the range of seven-bit ASCII, two goals are worth considering: the information's integrity, and universal browser display | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Web colors are colors used in displaying web pages on the World Wide Web, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors. Colors may be specified as an RGB triplet or in hexadecimal format (a hex triplet) or according to their common English names in some cases. A color tool or other graphics software is often used to generate color values | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In HTML, div and span tags are elements used to define parts of a document, so that they are identifiable when a unique classification is necessary. Where other HTML elements such as p (paragraph), em (emphasis), and so on, accurately represent the semantics of the content, the additional use of span and div tags leads to better accessibility for readers and easier maintainability for authors. Where no existing HTML element is applicable, span and div can valuably represent parts of a document so that HTML attributes such as class, id, lang, or dir can be applied | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform and language-independent interface that treats an HTML or XML document as a tree structure wherein each node is an object representing a part of the document. The DOM represents a document with a logical tree. Each branch of the tree ends in a node, and each node contains objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DVB-HTML, or Digital Video Broadcast HyperText Markup Language, is a standard for allowing digital televisions to access web content. It is an optional part of the larger MHP1. 1 standard of DVB | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In HTML, a file-select control is a component of a web form with which a user can select a local file. When the form is submitted (perhaps together with other form data), the file is uploaded to the web server. There, when the file arrives, some action usually takes place, such as saving the file on the web server | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the context of a web browser, a frame is a part of a web page or browser window which displays content independent of its container, with the ability to load content independently. The HTML or media elements in a frame may come from a web site distinct from the site providing the enclosing content. This practice, known as framing, is today often regarded as a violation of same-origin policy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A framekiller (or framebuster or framebreaker) is a technique used by websites and web applications to prevent their web pages from being displayed within a frame. A frame is a subdivision of a Web browser window and can act like a smaller window. A framekiller is usually used to prevent a website from being loaded from within a frameset without permission or as an attack, as with clickjacking | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HTML attributes are special words used inside the opening tag to control the element's behaviour. HTML attributes are a modifier of a HTML element type. An attribute either modifies the default functionality of an element type or provides functionality to certain element types unable to function correctly without them | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HTML email is the use of a subset of HTML to provide formatting and semantic markup capabilities in email that are not available with plain text: Text can be linked without displaying a URL, or breaking long URLs into multiple pieces. Text is wrapped to fit the width of the viewing window, rather than uniformly breaking each line at 78 characters (defined in RFC 5322, which was necessary on older text terminals). It allows in-line inclusion of images, tables, as well as diagrams or mathematical formulae as images, which are otherwise difficult to convey (typically using ASCII art) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A webform, web form or HTML form on a web page allows a user to enter data that is sent to a server for processing. Forms can resemble paper or database forms because web users fill out the forms using checkboxes, radio buttons, or text fields. For example, forms can be used to enter shipping or credit card data to order a product, or can be used to retrieve search results from a search engine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HTML landmarks are used to categorize and group content on a web page for better accessibility and SEO.
Sectioning elements
HTML5 included the addition of the following content sectioning elements, which inherit default landmark roles:
Landmark roles
The role attribute is used to define an element's role on a page. When sectioning elements were introduced, the role attribute became used less for landmarking | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In data sanitization, HTML sanitization is the process of examining an HTML document and producing a new HTML document that preserves only whatever tags are designated "safe" and desired. HTML sanitization can be used to protect against attacks such as cross-site scripting (XSS) by sanitizing any HTML code submitted by a user.
Details
Basic tags for changing fonts are often allowed, such as <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, and <strong> while more advanced tags such as <script>, <object>, <embed>, and <link> are removed by the sanitization process | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In HTML and XHTML, an image map is a list of coordinates relating to a specific image, created in order to hyperlink areas of the image to different destinations (as opposed to a normal image link, in which the entire area of the image links to a single destination). For example, a map of the world may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. The intention of an image map is to provide an easy way of linking various parts of an image without dividing the image into separate image files | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
JHTML stands for Java within HTML. This is a page authoring system developed at Art Technology Group (ATG). Files with a " | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A link relation is a descriptive attribute attached to a hyperlink in order to define the type of the link, or the relationship between the source and destination resources. The attribute can be used by automated systems, or can be presented to a user in a different way.
In HTML these are designated with the rel attribute on link, a, or area elements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An HTML element is a type of HTML (HyperText Markup Language) document component, one of several types of HTML nodes (there are also text nodes, comment nodes and others). The first used version of HTML was written by Tim Berners-Lee in 1993 and there have since been many versions of HTML. The most commonly used version is HTML 4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MHTML, an initialism of "MIME encapsulation of aggregate HTML documents", is a Web archive file format used to combine, in a single computer file, the HTML code and its companion resources (such as images) that are represented by external hyperlinks in the web page's HTML code. The content of an MHTML file is encoded using the same techniques that were first developed for HTML email messages, using the MIME content type multipart/related. MHTML files use an | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
There are at least two interpretations of the term microcontent. Usability adviser Jakob Nielsen originally referred to microcontent as small groups of words that can be skimmed by a person to get a clear idea of the content of a Web page. He included article headlines, page titles, subject lines and e-mail headings | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Modernizr is a JavaScript library that detects the features available in a user's browser. This lets web pages avoid unsupported features by informing the user their browser isn't supported or loading a polyfill. Modernizr aims to provide feature detection in a consistent and easy to use manner that discourages the use of failure-prone browser sniffing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A numeric character reference (NCR) is a common markup construct used in SGML and SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represents a single character. Since WebSgml, XML and HTML 4, the code points of the Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode are used | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing, quirks mode is a technique used by some web browsers for the sake of maintaining backward compatibility with web pages designed for old web browsers instead of strictly complying with W3C and IETF standards in standards mode. This behavior has since been codified in the standard, so what was previously standards mode is now referred to as simply no quirks mode.
Overview
The structure and appearance of a web page is described by a combination of two standardized languages:
HTML, a markup language designed for web use, which describes the structure and content of the page; and
CSS, a generalized stylesheet language, which specifies how the page should be rendered in various media (visual styles for screen display, print styles to use when printing the page, aural styles to use when the page is read aloud by a screen reader, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A table cell is one grouping within a chart table used for storing information or data. Cells are grouped horizontally (rows of cells) and vertically (columns of cells). Each cell contains information relating to the combination of the row and column headings it is collinear with | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In web development, "tag soup" is a pejorative for syntactically or structurally incorrect HTML written for a web page. Because web browsers have historically treated structural or syntax errors in HTML leniently, there has been little pressure for web developers to follow published standards, and therefore there is a need for all browser implementations to provide mechanisms to cope with the appearance of "tag soup", accepting and correcting for invalid syntax and structure where possible.
An HTML parser (part of a web browser) that is capable of interpreting HTML-like markup even if it contains invalid syntax or structure may be called a tag soup parser | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TeX4ht is a configurable converter capable of translating TeX and LaTeX documents to HTML and certain XML formats. Most notably, TeX4ht serves for converting (La)TeX documents to formats used by word processors. It was developed by Eitan M | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer science, transclusion is the inclusion of part or all of an electronic document into one or more other documents by reference via hypertext. Transclusion is usually performed when the referencing document is displayed, and is normally automatic and transparent to the end user. The result of transclusion is a single integrated document made of parts assembled dynamically from separate sources, possibly stored on different computers in disparate places | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Web pages authored using HyperText Markup Language (HTML) may contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set. Key to the relationship between Unicode and HTML is the relationship between the "document character set", which defines the set of characters that may be present in an HTML document and assigns numbers to them, and the "external character encoding", or "charset", used to encode a given document as a sequence of bytes.
In RFC 1866, the initial HTML 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Upload components are software products that are designed to be embedded into a web site to add upload functionality to it. Upload components are designed to replace the standard HTML4 upload mechanism. Compared with HTML4, Upload Components have a more user-friendly interface and support a wider range of features | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The HTML5 draft specification adds video and audio elements for embedding video and audio in HTML documents. The specification had formerly recommended support for playback of Theora video and Vorbis audio encapsulated in Ogg containers to provide for easier distribution of audio and video over the internet by using open standards, but the recommendation was soon after dropped.
Motivation
Because some visitors and publishers choose not to take part in the use of proprietary software, web content has been made available through open standards in order to reach these users | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Web Messaging, or cross-document messaging, is an API introduced in the WHATWG HTML5 draft specification, allowing documents to communicate with one another across different origins, or source domains while rendered in a web browser. Prior to HTML5, web browsers disallowed cross-site scripting, to protect against security attacks. This practice barred communication between non-hostile pages as well, making document interaction of any kind difficult | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In web page design, and generally for all markup languages such as SGML, HTML, and XML, a well-formed element is one that is either a) opened and subsequently closed, or b) an empty element, which in that case must be terminated; and in either case which is properly nested so that it does not overlap with other elements.
For example, in HTML: <b>word</b> is a well-formed element, while <i><b>word</i> is not, since the bold element <b> is not closed.
In XHTML, and XML, empty elements (elements that inherently have no content) are terminated by putting a slash at the end of the "opening" (only) tag, e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XML markup languages. It mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated.
While HTML, prior to HTML5, was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
XHTML+SMIL is a W3C Note that describes an integration of SMIL semantics with XHTML and CSS. It is based generally upon the HTML+TIME submission. The language is also known as HTML+SMIL | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
XHTML+RDFa (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language + Resource Description Framework in attributes) is an extended version of the XHTML markup language for supporting RDF through a collection of attributes and processing rules in the form of well-formed XML documents. XHTML+RDFa is one of the techniques used to develop Semantic Web content by embedding rich semantic markup.
Version 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Yeoman is an open source client-side scaffolding tool for web applications. Yeoman runs as a command-line interface written for Node. js and combines several functions into one place, such as generating a starter template, managing dependencies, running unit tests, providing a local development server, and optimizing production code for deployment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in tens of thousands of individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 14 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PARP14 gene.
Function
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is an immediate DNA damage-dependent post-translational modification of histones and other nuclear proteins that contributes to the survival of injured proliferating cells. PARP14 belongs to the superfamily of enzymes that perform this modification (Ame et al | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase (EC 3. 6. 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The adaptive response is a form of direct DNA repair in E. coli that protects DNA from damage by external agents or by errors during replication. It is initiated against alkylation, particularly methylation, of guanine or thymine nucleotides or phosphate groups on the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase II (O6 AGT II) previously known as O6 Guanine transferase (ogt) is a bacterial protein that is involved in DNA repair together with Ada ( also known as O6 AGT I). Like AGT I, AGT II is responsible for the removal of alkyl groups from O6-alkyl guanine, O4-alkyl thymine and alkyl phosphotriester in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. AGT II shows a greater preference for O4-alkyl thymine than O6-alkyl guanine and alkyl phosphotriester | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biochemistry and molecular genetics, an AP site (apurinic/apyrimidinic site), also known as an abasic site, is a location in DNA (also in RNA but much less likely) that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base, either spontaneously or due to DNA damage. It has been estimated that under physiological conditions 10,000 apurinic sites and 500 apyrimidinic may be generated in a cell daily. AP sites can be formed by spontaneous depurination, but also occur as intermediates in base excision repair | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Base excision repair (BER) is a cellular mechanism, studied in the fields of biochemistry and genetics, that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle. It is responsible primarily for removing small, non-helix-distorting base lesions from the genome. The related nucleotide excision repair pathway repairs bulky helix-distorting lesions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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