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Nicking Enzyme Amplification Reaction (NEAR) is a method for in vitro DNA amplification like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). NEAR is isothermal, replicating DNA at a constant temperature using a polymerase (and nicking enzyme) to exponentially amplify the DNA at a temperature range of 55 °C to 59 °C.
One disadvantage of PCR is that it consumes time uncoiling the double-stranded DNA with heat into single strands (a process called denaturation) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nicotinamide cofactor analogues (mNADs) are compounds that mimic the natural nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors in structure, to explore a mechanism or be used in biocatalysis or other applications.
These nicotinamide cofactor mimics generally retain the nicotinamide moiety with varying substituents.
Background
Oxidoreductases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a hydride ion between a substrate and a cofactor, in many cases, particularly those in metabolic reactions, that cofator is a form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nidogens, formerly known as entactins, are a family of sulfated monomeric glycoproteins located in the basal lamina of parahoxozoans. Two nidogens have been identified in humans: nidogen-1 (NID1) and nidogen-2 (NID2). Remarkably, vertebrates are still capable of stabilizing basement membrane in the absence of either identified nidogen | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NIM811 is a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor. Also known as N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin, it is a four-substituted cyclosporine analogue that binds to cyclophilin, however this binary complex cannot bind to calcineurin, and therefore lacks immunosuppressive activity.
NIM811 is a form of treatment for patients with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Norsteroids (nor-, L. norma, from "normal" in chemistry, indicating carbon removal) are a structural class of steroids that have had an atom or atoms (typically carbon) removed, biosynthetically or synthetically, from positions of branching off of rings or side chains (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NP-40 (also known as Tergitol-type NP-40 and nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) is a commercially available detergent with CAS Registry Number 9016-45-9. NP-40 is an ethoxylated nonylphenol for non-ionic surfactants and can act as emulsifier and demulsifier agent.
NP-40 is often used to break open all membranes within a cell, including the nuclear membrane | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells. The technique can identify one or more RNA molecules of known sequence even at low total concentration. The extracted RNA is first mixed with antisense RNA or DNA probes that are complementary to the sequence or sequences of interest and the complementary strands are hybridized to form double-stranded RNA (or a DNA-RNA hybrid) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In nucleotide sugar metabolism a group of biochemicals known as nucleotide sugars act as donors for sugar residues in the glycosylation reactions that produce polysaccharides. They are substrates for glycosyltransferases. The nucleotide sugars are also intermediates in nucleotide sugar interconversions that produce some of the activated sugars needed for glycosylation reactions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1, also known as Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome protein, is an enzyme encoded by the OCRL gene located on the X chromosome in humans. This gene encodes an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase. The responsible gene locus is at Xq26 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The octadecanoid pathway is a biosynthetic pathway for the production of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), an important hormone for induction of defense genes. JA is synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid, which can be released from the plasma membrane by certain lipase enzymes. For example, in the wound defense response, phospholipase C will cause the release of alpha-linolenic acid for JA synthesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ommochrome (or visual pigment) refers to several biological pigments that occur in the eyes of crustaceans and insects. The eye color is determined by the ommochromes. Ommochromes are also found in the chromatophores of cephalopods, and in spiders | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
One-compartment kinetics for a chemical compound specifies that the uptake in the compartment is proportional to the concentration outside the compartment, and the elimination is proportional to the concentration inside the compartment. Both the compartment and the environment outside the compartment are considered to be homogeneous (well mixed). The compartment typically represents some organism (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Osmolytes are low-molecular weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids. Their primary role is to maintain the integrity of cells by affecting the viscosity, melting point, and ionic strength of the aqueous solution. When a cell swells due to external osmotic pressure, membrane channels open and allow efflux of osmolytes which carry water with them, restoring normal cell volume | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oxalosuccinic acid is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Salts and esters of oxalosuccinic acid are known as oxalosuccinates | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oxamic acid is an organic compound with the formula NH2C(O)COOH. It is a white, water-soluble solid. It is the monoamide of oxalic acid | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oxidative deamination is a form of deamination that generates α-keto acids and other oxidized products from amine-containing compounds, and occurs primarily in the liver. Oxidative deamination is stereospecific, meaning it contains different stereoisomers as reactants and products; this process is either catalyzed by L or D- amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase is present only in the liver and kidney. Oxidative deamination is an important step in the catabolism of amino acids, generating a more metabolizable form of the amino acid, and also generating ammonia as a toxic byproduct | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
3-Oxoacyl-CoA is a group of coenzymes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids.
References
Bibliography
A. W | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oxycholesterol or 5,6-epoxycholesterol is a form of oxidized cholesterol implicated in atherosclerosis. It is commonly formed from the reaction of fats and oxygen during high temperature cooking such as frying. In a study about the effects of oxycholesterol in rabbits with induced hypercholesterolemia, it was shown that compared feeding rabbits cholesterol and unoxidized cholesterol, feeding rabbits oxycholesterol resulted in their developing much higher levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), also known as the water-splitting complex, is a water-oxidizing enzyme involved in the photo-oxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis. OEC is surrounded by 4 core proteins of photosystem II at the membrane-lumen interface. The mechanism for splitting water involves absorption of three photons before the fourth provides sufficient energy for water oxidation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oxyntomodulin (often abbreviated OXM) is a naturally occurring 37-amino acid peptide hormone found in the colon, produced by the oxyntic (fundic) cells of the oxyntic (fundic) mucosa. It has been found to suppress appetite.
The mechanism of action of oxyntomodulin is not well understood | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
P2 receptor may refer to:
Nucleotides, if released into the extracellular environment, can lead to cell death or other harmful cellular consequences. To avoid cellular damage, nucleotides should be neutralized, which is accomplished by P2 receptors. Almost every cell type expresses P2 receptors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biochemistry, p50 represents the partial pressure of a gas required to achieve 50% saturation of a particular protein's binding sites. Values of p50 are negatively correlated with substrate affinity; lower values correspond to higher affinity and vice versa. The term is analogous to the Michaelis–Menten constant (KM), which identifies the concentration of substrate required for an enzyme to achieve 50% of its maximum reaction velocity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
P680, or photosystem II primary donor, is the reaction-center chlorophyll a molecular dimer associated with photosystem II in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, and central to oxygenic photosynthesis.
Etymology
Its name is derived from the word “pigment” (P) and the presence of a major bleaching band centered around 680-685 nm in the flash-induced absorbance difference spectra of P680/ P680+•.
Components
The structure of P680 consists of a heterodimer of two distinct chlorophyll molecules,
referred to as PD1 and PD2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Palmitoylcarnitine is an ester derivative of carnitine involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. During the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), fatty acids undergo a process known as β-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP. β-oxidation occurs primarily within mitochondria, however the mitochondrial membrane prevents the entry of long chain fatty acids (>C10), so the conversion of fatty acids such as palmitic acid is key | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A parasympatholytic agent is a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. The term parasympatholytic typically refers to the effect of a drug, although some poisons act to block the parasympathetic nervous system as well. Most drugs with parasympatholytic properties are anticholinergics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Pasteur point is a level of oxygen (about 0. 3% by volume which is less than 1% of Present Atmospheric Level or PAL) above which facultative aerobic microorganisms and facultative anaerobes adapt from fermentation to aerobic respiration. It is also used to mark the level of oxygen in the early atmosphere of the Earth that is believed to have led to major evolutionary changes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peanut agglutinin (PNA) is plant lectin protein derived from the fruits of Arachis hypogaea. Peanut agglutinin may also be referred to as Arachis hypogaea lectin. Lectins recognise and bind particular sugar sequences in carbohydrates; peanut agglutinin binds the carbohydrate sequence Gal-β(1-3)-GalNAc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peptide PHI, also known as peptide histidine isoleucine, is a peptide which functions as a hormone. This peptide contains a composition of 27 amino acids with histidine on the N-terminus and isoleucine on the C-terminus. It was originally isolated from the mammalian small intestine amongst mammalian neurons called intramural neurons which function in the motor activity of the intestinal walls | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peptide plane flipping is a type of conformational change that can occur in proteins by which the dihedral angles of adjacent amino acids undergo large-scale rotations with little displacement of the side chains. The plane flip is defined as a rotation of the dihedral angles φ,ψ at amino acids i and i+1 such that the resulting angles remain in structurally stable regions of Ramachandran space. The key requirement is that the sum of the ψi angle of residue i and the φi+1 angle of residue i+1 remain roughly constant; in effect, the flip is a crankshaft move about the axis defined by the Cα-C¹ and N-Cα bond vectors of the peptide group, which are roughly parallel | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peroxins (or peroxisomal/peroxisome biogenesis factors) represent several protein families found in peroxisomes. Deficiencies are associated with several peroxisomal disorders. Peroxins serve several functions including the recognition of cytoplasmic proteins that contain peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) that tag them for transport by peroxisomal proteins to the peroxisome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biochemical protein targeting, a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) is a region of the peroxisomal protein that receptors recognize and bind to. It is responsible for specifying that proteins containing this motif are localised to the peroxisome.
Overview
All peroxisomal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and must be directed to the peroxisome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Persephin is a neurotrophic factor in the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family. Persephin shares around a 40% similarity in amino acid sequence compared to GDNF and neurturin, two members of the GDNF family.
Function
Persephin has been found to be less potent than other members of the GDNF family | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The PFA-100 (Platelet Function Assay or Platelet Function Analyser) is a platelet function analyser that aspirates blood in vitro from a blood specimen into disposable test cartridges through a microscopic aperture cut into a biologically active membrane at the end of a capillary. The membrane of the cartridges are coated with collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or collagen and epinephrine inducing a platelet plug to form which closes the aperture.
The PFA test result is dependent on platelet function, plasma von Willebrand Factor level, platelet
number, and (to some extent) the hematocrit (that is, the percent composition of red blood cells in the sample) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylethanols (PEth) are a group of phospholipids formed only in the presence of ethanol via the action of phospholipase D (PLD). The lipid accumulates in the human body and competes at agonists sites of lipid-gated ion channels contributing to alcohol intoxication. The chemical similarity of PEth to phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) suggest a likely broad perturbation to lipid signaling; the exact role of PEth as a competitive lipid ligand has not been studied extensively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P, PI-4-P, PI4P, or PIP) is a precursor of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate. PtdIns4P is prevalent in the membrane of the Golgi apparatus.
In the Golgi apparatus, PtdIns4P binds to the GTP-binding protein ARF and to effector proteins, including four-phosphate-adaptor protein 1 and 2 (PLEKHA3 and PLEKHA8) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PG), or 2-phosphoglycerate, is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate.
In glycolysis
Compound C00197 at KEGG Pathway Database | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphomevalonate kinase is an enzyme (EC 2. 7. 4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The enzyme Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, or AIR carboxylase (EC 4. 1. 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. This can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages. A signaling pathway begins at the cell surface where a hormone or protein binds to a receptor at the extracellular matrix | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A photocarcinogen is a substance which causes cancer when an organism is exposed to it, then illuminated. Many chemicals that are not carcinogenic can be photocarcinogenic when combined with exposure to light, especially UV. This can easily be understood from a photochemical perspective: The reactivity of a chemical substance itself might be low, but after illumination it transitions to an excited state, which is chemically much more reactive and therefore potentially harmful to biological tissue and DNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In photosynthesis, state transitions are rearrangements of the photosynthetic apparatus which occur on short time-scales (seconds to minutes). The effect is prominent in cyanobacteria, whereby the phycobilisome light-harvesting antenna complexes alter their preference for transfer of excitation energy between the two reaction centers, PS I and PS II. This shift helps to minimize photodamage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stressful conditions such as high light, but may also be used to offset imbalances between the rates of generating reductant and ATP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
pHT01 is a plasmid used as a cloning vector for expressing proteins in Bacillus subtilis. It is 7,956 base pairs in length. pHT01 carries Pgrac, an artificial, strong, IPTG-inducible promoter consisting of the Bacillus subtilis groE promoter, a lac operator, and the gsiB ribosome binding site | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phycocyanobilin is a blue phycobilin, i. e. , a tetrapyrrole chromophore found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes, and some cryptomonads | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phycoerythrocyanin is a kind of phycobiliprotein, magenta chromoprotein involved in photosynthesis of some Cyanobacteria. This chromoprotein consists of alpha- and beta-subunits, generally aggregated as hexamer. Alpha-phycoerythrocyanin contains a phycoviolobilin, a violet bilin, that covalently attached at Cys-84, and beta-phycoerythrocyanin contains two phycocyanobilins, a blue bilin, that covalently attached at Cys-84 and -155, respectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964. Like all tachykinins, physalaemin is a sialagogue (increases salivation) and a potent vasodilator with hypotensive effects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Physical biochemistry is a branch of biochemistry that deals with the theory, techniques, and methodology used to study the physical chemistry of biomolecules.
It also deals with the mathematical approaches for the analysis of biochemical reaction and the modeling of biological systems. It provides insight into the structure of macromolecules, and how chemical structure influences the physical properties of a biological substance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phytoglycogen is a type of glycogen extracted from plants. It is a highly branched, water-soluble polysaccharide derived from glucose. Phytoglycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide used to store glucose in a similar way that glycogen is the glucose storage for animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phytoncides are antimicrobial allelochemic volatile organic compounds derived from plants. The word, which means "exterminated by the plant", was coined in 1928 by Dr. Boris P | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pipecolic acid (piperidine-2-carboxylic acid) is an organic compound with the formula HNC5H9CO2H. It is a carboxylic acid derivative of piperidine and, as such, an amino acid, although not one encoded genetically. Like many other α-amino acids, pipecolic acid is chiral, although the S-stereoisomer is more common | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PIPES is the common name for piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), and is a frequently used buffering agent in biochemistry. It is an ethanesulfonic acid buffer developed by Good et al. in the 1960s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
POU domain, class 1, transcription factor 1 (Pit1, growth hormone factor 1), also known as POU1F1, is a transcription factor for growth hormone.
Function
PIT1 is a pituitary-specific transcription factor responsible for pituitary development and hormone expression in mammals and is a member of the POU family of transcription factors that regulate mammalian development. The POU family is so named because the first 3 members identified were PIT1 and OCT1 (MIM 164175) of mammals, and Unc-86 of C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Placental lactogen, also called chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone, part of the somatotropin family. Its structure and function is similar to that of growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pleckstrin is a protein found in platelets. The name derives from platelet and leukocyte C kinase substrate and the KSTR string of amino acids.
It is the source of the name pleckstrin homology domain | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pleuran is an insoluble polysaccharide (β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan), isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus. Pleuran belongs to a group of glucose polymers commonly called beta-glucans demonstrating biological response modifier properties. These immunomodulating properties render the host more resistant to infections and neoplasms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Podocin is a protein component of the filtration slits of podocytes. Glomerular capillary endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane and the filtration slits function as the filtration barrier of the kidney glomerulus.
Mutations in the podocin gene NPHS2 can cause nephrotic syndrome, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or minimal change disease (MCD) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pokeweed mitogen is a mitogen derived from the roots of Phytolacca americana. It functions as a lectin and a mitotic stimulus for the division of lymphocytes.
Biological Functions
This lectin specifically induces the proliferation of B cells, plasma cells and T cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
4-PPBP is a neuroprotective cyclic amine which binds to sigma receptors. 4-PPBP decreases neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity and ischemia-evoked nitric oxide (NO) production. 4-PPBP provides neuroprotection; this involves the prevention of ischemia-induced intracellular Ca2+dysregulation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A precipitin is an antibody which can precipitate out of a solution upon antigen binding.
Precipitin reaction
The precipitin reaction provided the first quantitative assay for antibody. The precipitin reaction is based upon the interaction of antigen with antibody leading to the production of antigen-antibody complexes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
In biochemistry, the term "precursor" often refers more specifically to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway, such as a protein precursor.
Illicit drug precursors
In 1988, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances introduced detailed provisions and requirements relating the control of precursors used to produce drugs of abuse | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pregnancy-specific biological substances, which include the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, and amniotic membrane are being studied for a number of health uses. For example, Placental-derived stem cells are being studied so they can serve as a potential treatment method for cell therapy. Hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) are generated from differentiated human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC) that are abundant in the placenta | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pregnanediol, or 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, is an inactive metabolic product of progesterone. A test can be done to measure the amount of pregnanediol in urine, which offers an indirect way to measure progesterone levels in the body. From the urine of pregnant women from London clinics, Guy Frederic Marrian isolated a substance that contained two hydroxyl groups and could be converted into a diacetate with acetic anhydride | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pregnanetriol, or 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol, is a steroid and inactive metabolite of progesterone.
Urine testing
Urine excretion of pregnanetriol can be measured over a period of 24 hours. Elevated urine pregnanetriol levels suggest adrenogenital syndrome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, a primosome is a protein complex responsible for creating RNA primers on single stranded DNA during DNA replication.
The primosome consists of seven proteins: DnaG primase, DnaB helicase, DnaC helicase assistant, DnaT, PriA, Pri B, and PriC. At each replication fork, the primosome is utilized once on the leading strand of DNA and repeatedly, initiating each Okazaki fragment, on the lagging DNA strand | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A prostaglandin antagonist is a hormone antagonist acting upon one or more prostaglandins, a subclass of eicosanoid compounds which function as signaling molecules in numerous types of animal tissues.
NSAIDs are perhaps the best-known prostaglandin antagonists; they suppress the signaling function of prostaglandins, which are important mediators of pain, fever, and inflammation responses, by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzymes and thereby reducing prostaglandin synthesis. Corticosteroids inhibit phospholipase A2 production by boosting production of lipocortin, an inhibitor protein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Prostaglandin E is a family of naturally occurring prostaglandins that are used as medications.
Types include:
Prostaglandin E1 also known as alprostadil
Prostaglandin E2 also known as dinoprostoneBoth types are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Prostaglandin E play an important role in thermoregulation of the human brain | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that bind and are activated by prostaglandin E2. They are members of the prostaglandin receptors class of receptors and include the following Protein isoforms:
Prostaglandin E2 receptor 1 (EP1) - PTGER1
Prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2) - PTGER2
Prostaglandin E2 receptor 3 (EP3) - PTGER3
Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) - PTGER4
Studies
An antagonist of a prostaglandin E2 receptor has been shown to serve as an affective contraceptive for female macaques while unaffecting their menstrual cyclicity as well as hormonal patterns. The exact reason behind the reduced amount of successful pregnancies of primates during the study is unclear due a number of possibilities that may affect such result | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Protein 4. 1, (Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4. 1), is a protein associated with the cytoskeleton that in humans is encoded by the EPB41 gene | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Proteopedia is a wiki, 3D encyclopedia of proteins and other molecules.
The site contains a page for every entry in the Protein Data Bank (>130,000 pages), as well as pages that are more descriptive of protein structures in general such as acetylcholinesterase, hemoglobin, and the photosystem II with a Jmol view that highlights functional sites and ligands. It employs a scene-authoring tool so that users do not have to learn JSmol script language to create customized molecular scenes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A provitamin is a substance that may be converted within the body to a vitamin. The term previtamin is a synonym. The term "provitamin" is used when it is desirable to label a substance with little or no vitamin activity, but which can be converted to an active form by normal metabolic processes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pseudin is a peptide derived from Pseudis paradoxa. Pseudins have some antimicrobial function. There are several different forms:
pseudin-1
pseudin-2 -- has been proposed as a treatment for type 2 diabetes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Purine analogues are antimetabolites that mimic the structure of metabolic purines.
Examples
Nucleobase analogues
Thiopurines such as thioguanine are used to treat acute leukemias and remissions in acute granulocytic leukemias.
Azathioprine is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (systematic name 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) is a cyclic imino acid. Its conjugate base and anion is 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In solution, P5C is in spontaneous equilibrium with glutamate-5-semialdhyde (GSA) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rab27 is a member of the Rab subfamily of GTPases. Rab27 is post translationally modified by the addition of two geranylgeranyl groups on the two C-terminal cysteines.
Pathology
Mutations that prevent the expression of Rab27 ('knock out' mutations) cause the hypopigmentation and immunodeficiency disorder known as type II Griscelli syndrome, while a decrease in Rab27 prenylation is thought to be involved in choroideremia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rac is a subfamily of the Rho family of GTPases, small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins (more specifically a GTPase). Just as other G proteins, Rac acts as a molecular switch, remaining inactive while bound to GDP and activated once GEFs remove GDP, permitting GTP to bind. When bound to GTP, Rac is activated | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ras-GRF1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Its function is to release guanosine diphosphate, GDP, from the signaling protein RAS, thus increasing the activity of RAS by allowing it to bind to guanosine triphosphate, GTP, returning it to its active state. In this way, Ras-GRF1 has a key role in regulating the RAS signaling pathway | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are molecules with highly reactive carbonyl groups, and often known for their damaging effects on proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They are often generated as metabolic products. Important RCSs include 3-deoxyglucosone, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reductive stress is the counterpart to oxidative stress, where electron acceptors are expected to be mostly reduced. It can be caused by excess amounts of glutathione, and can contribute to cytotoxicity. Although different organelles may each have a different redox status, through probing for factors such as glutathione and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), it was determined that reductive stress is present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of senescent cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Replikins are a group of peptides, whose increase in concentration in virus or other organism proteins is associated with rapid replication. It is often measured in number of replikins per 100 amino acids. This particular group of peptides have been found to play a significant role in predicting both infectivity and lethality of various viral strains | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Response elements are short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter or enhancer region that are able to bind specific transcription factors and regulate transcription of genes.
Under conditions of stress, a transcription activator protein binds to the response element and stimulates transcription. If the same response element sequence is located in the control regions of different genes, then these genes will be activated by the same stimuli, thus producing a coordinated response | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a type of nuclear receptor which can also act as a ligand-activated transcription factor that is activated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, retinoid active derivatives of Vitamin A. They are typically found within the nucleus. There are three retinoic acid receptors (RAR), RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and RAR-gamma, encoded by the RARA, RARB, RARG genes, respectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rif is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rho family of GTPases. It is primarily active in the brain and plays a physiological role in the formation of neuronal dendritic spine. This process is regulated by FARP1, a type of activator for RhoA GTPases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Tapestry of the Fundació is a tapestry made by Joan Miró and Josep Royo in 1979 and that is conserved in the Fundació Joan Miró, in Barcelona. At the beginning of the 1970s Joan Miró began to collaborate with Josep Royo from an exhibition in Barcelona's Sala Gaspar. Miró began to produce sobreteixims, works that are halfway between painting, collage and tapestry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Triumph of Fame is a tapestry made in Flanders in the 1500s. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Creation
The Triumph of Fame is one of a set of six tapestries, the other five of which are now lost, based on Petrarch's Trionfi | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Batmobile is the fictional car driven by the superhero Batman. Housed in the Batcave, which it accesses through a hidden entrance, the Batmobile is both a heavily armored tactical assault vehicle and a personalized custom-built pursuit and capture vehicle that is used by Batman in his fight against crime. Using the latest civilian performance technology, coupled with prototype military-grade hardware—most of which was developed by Wayne Enterprises—Batman creates an imposing hybrid monster car to prowl the streets of Gotham City | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chopper bicycle is a highly customized bicycle whose design, construction and style is similar to that of a chopper-style motorcycle.
About
While the term "chopper" is generally used to describe a motorcycle or bicycle that has had some of its original parts replaced with custom parts, today's definition has grown to include custom motorcycles and bicycles that are low to the ground, usually with extended forks creating a long front end. Even as commercial interests are taking note of the popularity of choppers and expanding their lines, most riders of choppers have hand built choppers and encourage others to make their own | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A clown bicycle or clown bike is a bicycle designed for comedic visual effect or stunt riding, typically by circus clowns. It is sometimes called a circus bike.
Types of clown bike
BMX bicycle
Bucking bike (with one or more eccentric wheels);
Come-apart bike, (essentially a unicycle, plus a set of handlebars attached to forks and a wheel) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Customised buses are buses that have been modified for decorative purposes. The customisation is unrelated to performing their job or work, usually as public transport buses. Customised buses are also sometimes not used for a job or work, and are decorated as personal projects for exhibition, although this is rare compared to other types of art vehicle such as cars, bikes and customised trucks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Houston Art Car Parade is an annual event in Houston, Texas, featuring a display of all types of rolling art. The first and largest Art Car parade in the world, at any given parade spectators will see cars, bicycles, motorcycles, roller-skaters, and many other types of motorized and human-powered vehicles all decorated in various themes. There are also classic cars, lowriders, and various other highly modified roadworthy vehicles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Immortality Bus is a 1978 Wanderlodge that has been made to appear as a 38-foot brown coffin. The bus was used by Zoltan Istvan and various other transhumanist activists during his 2016 US presidential campaign to deliver a Transhumanist Bill of Rights to the US Capitol and to promote the idea that death can be conquered by science. The nearly four-month journey of the art vehicle from San Francisco to Washington, DC in 2015 had embedded journalists and documentarians, including those from The New York Times, Der Spiegel, The Verge, The Telegraph, and others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A lowrider bicycle is a highly customized bicycle with styling inspired by lowrider cars. These bikes often feature a long, curved banana seat with a sissy bar and very tall upward-swept ape hanger handlebars. A lot of chrome, velvet, and overspoked wheels are common accessories to these custom bicycles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A tall bike is an unusually tall bicycle often constructed by hobbyists from spare parts. Typically, two conventional bicycle frames are connected, by welding, brazing, or other means, one atop the other. The drive train is reconfigured to connect to the upper set of pedals, and the controls are moved to the upper handlebar area | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crucifixions and crucifixes have appeared in the arts and popular culture from before the era of the pagan Roman Empire. The crucifixion of Jesus has been depicted in a wide range of religious art since the 4th century CE, much of which has included the appearance of mournful onlookers, the Virgin Mary, angels, Pontius Pilate and even antisemeitc depictions of deicidal Jews. In more modern times, crucifixion has appeared in film and television as well as in fine art, and depictions of other historical crucifixions have appeared as well as the crucifixion of Christ | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A steel building is a metal structure fabricated with steel for the internal support and for exterior cladding, as opposed to steel framed buildings which generally use other materials for floors, walls, and external envelope. Steel buildings are used for a variety of purposes including storage, work spaces and living accommodation. They are classified into specific types depending on how they are used | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An air-supported (or air-inflated) structure is any building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air to inflate a pliable material (i. e. structural fabric) envelope, so that air is the main support of the structure, and where access is via airlocks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away. In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge carrying an artificial watercourse | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Architextiles refers to a broad range of projects and approaches that combine architecture, textiles, and materials science. Architextiles explore textile-based approaches and inspirations for creating structures, spaces, surfaces, and textures. Architextiles contribute to the creation of adaptable, interactive, and process-oriented spaces | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An arena is a large enclosed platform, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theatre, musical performances, or sporting events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators, and may be covered by a roof. The key feature of an arena is that the event space is the lowest point, allowing maximum visibility | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bakehouse is a building for baking bread. The term may be used interchangeably with the term "bakery", although the latter commonly includes both production and retail areas. Designated bakehouses can be found in archaeological sites from ancient times, e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bandstand (sometimes music kiosk) is a circular, semicircular or polygonal structure set in a park, garden, pier, or indoor space, designed to accommodate musical bands performing concerts. A simple construction, it both creates an ornamental focal point and also serves acoustic requirements while providing shelter for the changeable weather, if outdoors. In form bandstands resemble ornamental European garden gazebos modeled on outdoor open-sided pavilions found in Asian countries from early times | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Cabmen's Shelter Fund was established in London, England, in 1875 to run shelters for the drivers of hansom cabs and later hackney carriages (taxicabs). By law, cab drivers could not leave the cab stand while their cab was parked there. This made it very difficult for them to obtain hot meals and could be unpleasant in bad weather | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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